Ultrasonic Sensor

DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARINAS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE

AND TECHNOLOGY
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SCHOOL YEAR 1ST SEMESTER 2018 – 2019

SUBJECT: CPET513
ASSIGNMENT No.: 6
ULTRASONIC SENSOR
SUBMITTED BY: CALEB V. LEONCITO

CYS: CPE52
SUBMITTED TO: MR. FERDINAND G. OSORIO
DATE OF SUBMISSION: OCTOBER 05, 2018
Ultrasonic Sensors
An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an object using ultrasonic sound
waves.
An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back
information about an object’s proximity.
High-frequency sound waves reflect from boundaries to produce distinct echo patterns.
How Ultrasonic Sensors Work.
Ultrasonic sound vibrates at a frequency above the range of human hearing.
Transducers are the microphones used to receive and send the ultrasonic sound.
Our ultrasonic sensors, like many others, use a single transducer to send a pulse and to receive the
echo. The sensor determines the distance to a target by measuring time lapses between the sending
and receiving of the ultrasonic pulse.
Why use an ultrasonic sensor?
Ultrasound is reliable in any lighting environment and can be used inside or outside. Ultrasonic sensors
can handle collision avoidance for a robot, and being moved often, as long as it isn’t too fast.
Ultrasonics are so widely used, they can be reliably implemented in grain bin sensing applications,
water level sensing, drone applications and sensing cars at your local drive-thru restaurant or bank.
Ultrasonic rangefinders are commonly used as devices to detect a collision.
Ultrasonic Sensors are best used in the non-contact detection of:
 Presence
 Level
 Position
 Distance
Non-contact sensors are also referred to as proximity sensors.
Ultrasonics are Independent of :
 Light
 Smoke
 Dust
 Color
 Material (except for soft surfaces, i.e. wool, because the surface absorbs the ultrasonic sound
wave and doesn’t reflect sound.)
Long range detection of targets with varied surface properties.
Ultrasonic sensors are superior to infrared sensors because they aren’t affected by smoke or black
materials, however, soft materials which don’t reflect the sonar (ultrasonic) waves very well may cause
issues. It’s not a perfect system, but it’s good and reliable.
Applications Involving Ultrasonic Detection
 Ultrasonic Distance Measurement

- Ex. Distance measurement would be applied in a garage parking application, sensing when a
vehicle is pulled completely into a garage.
 Ultrasonic Sensors for water level detection
- Tank level measurement, Fuel gauging, irrigation control.
 Ultrasonic Obstacle Detection
- Our UAV Sensors for Drones as well as our proximity sensors that are used for robots are for
obstacle detection.
Distance Calculation
The distance can be calculated with the following formula:
Distance L = 1/2 × T × C
where L is the distance, T is the time between the emission and reception, and C is the sonic speed.
(The value is multiplied by 1/2 because T is the time for go-and-return distance.)
Line Tracking Proximity Sensor
Principle of line tracking

Tracker Sensor has five analog outputs, and the outputted data are affected by the distance and the
color of the detected object. The detected object with higher infrared reflectance (in white) will make
larger output value, and the one with lower infrared reflectance (in black) will make smaller output
value. When the sensor is getting close to a black line, the output value will come to smaller and
smaller. So it is easy to get the distance from the black line by checking the analog output (The closer
distance between the sensor and the black line, the smaller output value you will get). Compare to any
other module only with logical (HIGH/LOW) output, we can get more precise result from the analog
output of this module. In the following section, we are going to present the algorithm in three parts.
Normalization process
Different sensors may output different results for the same color and distance. Furthermore,
environment can affect the range of analog output. For example, if we apply 10AD for sampling, we
may get the output range from 0 to 1023 theoretically. However, what we get actually will be the Min
output value higher than 0 and the Max output value lower than 1023. Normalization process is
important and necessary for reducing the affecting factors from different sensors and different
environments. Normalization process is a kind of linear transformation by transforming the range of
Min~Max to the range of 0~1 with the following formulas.
y = (x - Min) / (Max - Min)
(In which, x is the original output value from sensor, y is the transformed value, and Max and Min are
the maximum output value and the minimum output value, respectively.
y = (x - Min) * 1000 / (Max - Min)
After transformed, the output value will be in the range of 0~1000, in which 1000 means the sensor is
far away from the black line, and 0 means the sensor is above the black line.
The program will sample the values from the sensors for many times to get the proper value of Min
and Max. In order to get the precise Min and Max, the car should be always running in course of
sampling.
Proximity Sensor
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical
contact.
A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation

(infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is
often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different
sensors. For example, a capacitive proximity sensor or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a
plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor always requires a metal target.
Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of
mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between the sensor and the sensed object.
Proximity sensors are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance
between a shaft and its support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines, compressors, and
motors that use sleeve-type bearings.
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60947-5-2 defines the technical details of proximity
sensors.
A proximity sensor adjusted to a very short range is often used as a touch switch.
Use with mobile telephones and tablet computers

Proximity sensors are commonly used on mobile devices. When the target is within nominal range, the
device lock screen UI will appear, thus emerging from what is known as sleep mode. Once the device
has awoken from sleep mode, if the proximity sensor's target is still for an extended period of time, the
sensor will then ignore it, and the device will eventually revert into sleep mode. For example, during a
telephone call, proximity sensors play a role in detecting (and skipping) accidental touchscreen taps
when mobiles are held to the ear.
Proximity sensors can be used to recognise air gestures and hover-manipulations. An array of proximity
sensing elements can replace vision-camera or depth camera based solutions for the hand gesture
detection.

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DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARINAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE

SCHOOL YEAR 1ST SEMESTER 2018 – 2019

SUBMITTED BY: CALEB V. LEONCITO

How Ultrasonic Sensors Work.

Ultrasonic sound vibrates at a frequency above the range of human hearing.

Why use an ultrasonic sensor?

Ultrasonic Sensors are best used in the non-contact detection of:

Non-contact sensors are also referred to as proximity sensors.

Ultrasonics are Independent of :

Long range detection of targets with varied surface properties.

Applications Involving Ultrasonic Detection

 Ultrasonic Distance Measurement

The distance can be calculated with the following formula:

Principle of line tracking

y = (x - Min) / (Max - Min)

y = (x - Min) * 1000 / (Max - Min)

A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation

Use with mobile telephones and tablet computers

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