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    Zener Diode

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    Dinesh Vel
    Zener diode is a reverse biased PN junction diode that operates in the breakdown region. It maintains a constant voltage when the reverse voltage exceeds the Zener voltage. The current through the diode is limited by an external circuit to prevent overheating. With increasing reverse voltage, the current suddenly increases from cutoff value at the breakdown voltage. Feedback in amplifiers involves feeding a portion of the output signal back to the input. Negative feedback reduces gain variations and noise. Positive feedback increases gain but is unstable. The feedback amplifier diagram shows the input receiving the original signal plus a fraction of the amplified output.

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    Zener Diode

    Uploaded by

    Dinesh Vel
    94 views3 pages
    Zener diode is a reverse biased PN junction diode that operates in the breakdown region. It maintains a constant voltage when the reverse voltage exceeds the Zener voltage. The current through the diode is limited by an external circuit to prevent overheating. With increasing reverse voltage, the current suddenly increases from cutoff value at the breakdown voltage. Feedback in amplifiers involves feeding a portion of the output signal back to the input. Negative feedback reduces gain variations and noise. Positive feedback increases gain but is unstable. The feedback amplifier diagram shows the input receiving the original signal plus a fraction of the amplified output.

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    Zener diode

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    Zener diode is a reverse biased PN junction diode that operates in the breakdown region. It maintains a constant voltage when the reverse voltage exceeds the Zener voltage. The current through the diode is limited by an external circuit to prevent overheating. With increasing reverse voltage, the current suddenly increases from cutoff value at the breakdown voltage. Feedback in amplifiers involves feeding a portion of the output signal back to the input. Negative feedback reduces gain variations and noise. Positive feedback increases gain but is unstable. The feedback amplifier diagram shows the input receiving the original signal plus a fraction of the amplified output.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    94 views3 pages

    Zener Diode

    Uploaded by

    Dinesh Vel
    Zener diode is a reverse biased PN junction diode that operates in the breakdown region. It maintains a constant voltage when the reverse voltage exceeds the Zener voltage. The current through the diode is limited by an external circuit to prevent overheating. With increasing reverse voltage, the current suddenly increases from cutoff value at the breakdown voltage. Feedback in amplifiers involves feeding a portion of the output signal back to the input. Negative feedback reduces gain variations and noise. Positive feedback increases gain but is unstable. The feedback amplifier diagram shows the input receiving the original signal plus a fraction of the amplified output.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Zener diode

    Zener diode

    Fig Symbol for Zener diode

    Zener diode is a reverse biased heavily doped semiconductor (silicon or germanium) PN


    junction diode, which is operated exclusively in the breakdown region. The symbol of a
    Zener diode is shown in Fig For normal operation of a Zener diode, in breakdown region,
    the current through the diode should be limited by an external circuit. Hence the power
    dissipated across the junction is within its power-handling capacity. Unless this precaution
    is observed, a large current will destroy the diode. The V-I characteristic curve for the
    Zener diode is shown in Fig. It can be seen from the figure, that, as the reverse voltage
    applied to the PN junction is increased, at a particular voltage, the current increases
    enormously from its normal cut off value. This voltage is called zener voltage or breakdown
    voltage (Vz).

    FEEDBACK IN AMPLIFIERS

    The characteristics of an amplifier are highly dependent on transistor parameters like


    current gain, input impedance and output impedance etc. The transistor parameters exhibit
    variations due to ageing of transistors. Manufacturing processes cause variations in
    parameters of transistors of the same type. To overcome any adverse effect on the overall
    performance of an amplifier, feedback is used. Feedback is said to exist in an amplifier
    circuit, when a fraction of the output signal is returned or fed back to the input and
    combined with the input signal. If the magnitude of the input signal is reduced by the feed
    back, the feed back is called negative or degenerative. If the magnitude of the input signal is
    increased by the feed back, such feed back is called positive or regenerative.

    Page 1
    Zener diode

    Principle of feedback amplifier

    For an ordinary amplifier i.e. without feedback, let V0 and Vi be the output voltage and
    input voltage respectively. If A be the voltage gain of the amplifier, then

    A =VO/Vi

    The gain A is often called as open–loop gain. The general theory of feedback can be
    explained with the help of block diagram shown in Fig 9.39. The feedback amplifier has two
    parts (i.e) amplifier and feedback circuit. The feedback circuit usually consists of passive
    components (resistor, capacitor, inductor). A fraction (say β) of the output voltage is fed
    back to the input through the feedback circuit. Let V′ ο be the output voltge with feedback.

    Feedback amplifier

    Therefore, after feedback the input voltage V′ i becomes,

    V′ i = Vi + βV′ ο ... (1)

    For positive feedback, β is taken as positive. For negative feedback, β is taken as negative.

    For positive feedback, the input voltage will be Vi + βV′ ο. When this is amplified A times by
    the amplifier, the output voltage after feedback (V′ ο) will be A(Vi + βV′ ο)

    ∴ V′ ο = A (Vi + βV′ ο ) ... (2)

    V′ ο (1– βA) = AVi ... (3)

    Page 2
    Zener diode

    Then the voltage gain of the amplifier with feedback is

    Af = V′ο/Vι =A/1- βA

    Since |1−βA| < 1, Af >A. The positive feedback increases the amplifier gain.

    For negative feedback, the feedback fraction is – β

    ∴ Af = A/1− (−Aβ )= A/1 + Aβ

    Since |1+βA| > 1, Af <A. Therefore negative feedback reduces the amplifier gain. The term
    Aβ is called loop gain and β is called feedback ratio.

    Page 3

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