Achievers Academy Chemistry XI

Some Basic Concepts

of Chemistry 1

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Syllabus
CHAPTER

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Matter and its Nature, Dalton's Atomic Theory; Concepts of Atom,
Molecule, Element and Compound; Physical Quantities and their
Measurements in Chemistry, Precision and Accuracy, Significant Figures,
S.I. Units, Dimensional Analysis; Laws of Chemical Combination; Atomic

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and Molecular Masses, Mole Concept, Molar Mass, Percentage
Composition, Empirical and Molecular Formulae; Chemical Equations
and Stoichiometry.

LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

THIS CHAPTER

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INCLUDES
There are five laws of chemical combination.
 Laws of chemical
1. Law of Conservation of Mass (Lavoisier 1774). It deals with the mass
combination
of reactants and products and states that in a chemical change the total
mass of the products is equal to the total mass of the reactants. e.g.  Mole concept
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C + O2  CO2
12g + 32g = 44g  Measurement of
concentration
2. Law of Constant Composition (Proust 1799). A chemical compound
always contains same elements combined together in same proportion  Limiting reagent
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by mass e.g H2O prepared from any source contains H and O in the
ratio of 1 : 8 by mass.  Equivalent Weight
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3. Law of Multiple Proportion (Dalton 1804). When two elements  n-factor or valence
combine to form two or more compounds then the masses of one of factor
which combines with a fixed mass of the other element bears a simple
 Laws of
whole number ratio to one another.
equivalence
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4. Law of Reciprocal Proportion (Richter 1792). It states that when two

elements combine separately with a fixed mass of the third element  Empirical and
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then the ratio in which they do so is either the same or whole number molecular formula
multiple of the ratio in which they combine with each other.
5. Gay Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes. It states that at a given
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temperature and pressure, when the gases combine they do so in

volumes which bear a simple ratio to each other and also to the volume
of gaseous product e.g.

H2 (g)  Cl2 (g)  2HCl (g) . The ratio of their volumes is 1 : 1 : 2

(1L ) (1L ) ( 2L )
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MOLE CONCEPT
A mole is nothing but a collection of 6.023 × 1023 particles (atoms or
molecules or ions) as well as it is equal to atomic weight (in g), molecular
weight (in g) and ionic weight (in g) for atoms, molecules and ions
respectively.

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 Achievers Academy Chemistry XI

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

1 mole is represented in the forms of atoms, molecules and ions as:-

For atoms → 1 gm atom
For molecules → 1 gm molecule or 1 gm mole
For ions → 1 gm ion
Moles can be calculated by the following ways :

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Weight of substance (in g)
(a) Number of moles of molecules =
Molecular weight

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Weight of substance (in g)
(b) Number of moles of atoms =
Atomic weight

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Volume of gas at NTP (in litres)
(c) Number of moles of gases =
22.4
(1 mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 litres at N.T.P., N.T.P. Corresponds to 0ºC and 1 atm
pressure)

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(d) Number of moles of atoms/molecules/ions

Number of atoms / molecules / ions

=
Avogadro constant

(Avogadro constant is equal to 6.023 × 1023).

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MEASUREMENT OF CONCENTRATION
The concentration of a solution reflects the relative proportion of solute and solvent present in the solution. The
various concentration terms are
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(a) % w/W (weight percent or Mass percent)

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x % w/W means that x g solute is present in 100 g of solution.

(b) % w/V — x % w/V means that x g of solute is present in 100 ml solution.
(c) % v/V — x % v/V means that x ml of solute is present in 100 ml solution.
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(d) Molality (m) – It is defined as number of moles of solute present in 1 kilogram of solvent.
(e) Molarity (M) – It is defined as number of moles of solute present in 1 litre of solution.
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Number of moles of solute

M
Volume of solution (in litre)

Suppose, w gram solute is dissolved in V (in ml) solution and molecular weight of solute is m.
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w /m w 1000
M  
V(in ml) / 1000 m V(in ml)

w
= Moles of solute.
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w
1000  Millimoles of solute.
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So, millimoles of solute = M × V (in ml)
Moles of solute = M × V (in litre).

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 Achievers Academy Chemistry XI

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

LIMITING REAGENT
In the given reaction if number of quantities (either in gm/mole/molecules) if are present with exact
co-efficients then it is referred as, reactants are present in exact molar proportions required by chemical
equation.
However if exact proportion is not present then the one which gets totally consumed is known as
limiting reagent (Limiting reagent decides the product quantity for given information).

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e.g., 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
In above e.g. 2 moles of H2 reacts exactly with 1 mole of O2 to give 2 moles of H2O. If given moles of H2 are

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4 moles and that of O2 are 0.5, then 0.5 O2 will act as limiting reagent as it is in minimum amount and product
formation is given w.r.t. O2 i.e., 1 mole of H2O.

EQUIVALENT WEIGHT

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Equivalent weight of substance is defined as number of parts by weight of given substance which combines
or displaces 1 part by weight of hydrogen (11.2 L of H2 at STP), 8 parts by weight of oxygen (5.6 L at STP),
35.5 parts by weight of chlorine (11.2 L at STP).

Atomic weight

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Equivalent weight of element =
Valency

Molecular weight of acid

Equivalent weight of acids =
Basicity
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Molecular weight of base
Equivalent weight of bases =
Acidity

Molecular weight of salt

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Equivalent weight of salts =

Total  ve or  ve charge
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n-FACTOR OR VALENCE FACTOR

n-factor is very important for both redox and non redox reactions through which we predict the following two
informations:
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(a) It predicts the molar ratio of the species taking part in reactions i.e. reactants. The reciprocal of
n-factor's ratio of the reactants is the molar ratio of the reactants.
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For example : If X (having n-factor = a) reacts with Y (having n-factor = b) then its n-factor's ratio is
a : b, so molar ratio of X to Y is b : a.

It can be represented as bX  aY  Pr oducts

(nf  a) (nf b )
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Molecular weight Atomic weight

(b) Equivalent weight = or
n  factor n  factor

LAWS OF EQUIVALENCE
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According to law of equivalence, for each and every reactant and product,
Equivalents of each reactant reacted = Equivalents of each product formed.
For example :
Suppose, the reaction is taking place as under
A + B → C + D.

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 Achievers Academy Chemistry XI

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Then according to law of equivalence,

Equivalents of A reacted = Equivalents of B reacted
= Equivalents of C produced
= Equivalents of D produced

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Weight of substance (in g)
Equivalents of any substance = Equivalent weight

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= Normality (N) × Volume (V) (In litre)
Normality (N) = n-factor × Molarity (M)
Normality and molarity are temperature dependent. Since on changing the temperature, the volume of solution

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changes, so normality and molarity change.

EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA

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(a) Empirical Formula of a compound is the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of elements
constituting its one molecule. The sum of atomic masses of the atoms representing empirical formula is
called empirical formula mass.
(b) Molecular Formula of a compound shows the actual number of the atoms of the elements present in its
one molecule. The sum of atomic masses of the atoms representing molecule is called molecular mass.
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(c) Relationship between Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula
Molecular formula = n × empirical formula where n is a simple whole number having values of 1, 2, 3... etc.
Also, n = Molecular formula mass/Empirical formula mass.
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Weigh Weigh Calculate moles Calculate C : H Calculate

sample CO2 and H2O of C and H mole ratio empirical formula
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
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