Unit 1 Human Settlement Planning

AR6702 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING
Syllabus
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Elements of Human Settlements – human beings and settlements – nature shells& Net work – their functions and Linkages – Anatomy &
classification of Human settlements – Locational, Resource based, Population size & Occupational structure.
UNIT II FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 9

Structure and form of Human settlements – Linear, non-linear and circular – Combinations – reasons for development – advantages and
disadvantages – case studies – factors influencing the growth and decay of human settlements.
UNIT III PLANNING CONCEPTS 9

Planning concepts and their relevance to Indian Planning practice in respect of Ebenezer Howard – Garden city concepts and contents –
Patrick Geddes – Conservative surgery – case study – C.A. Perry – Neighborhood concept Le Corbusier – concept and case studies.
UNIT IV URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN RENEWAL 9

Scope and Content of Master plan – planning area, land use plan and Zoning regulations – zonal plan – need, linkage to master plan and land
use plan – planned unit development (PUD) – need, applicability and development regulations - Urban Renewal Plan –
Meaning,Redevelopment, Rehabilitation and Conservation – JNNURM – case studies.
UNIT V ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA 9

Globalization and its impact on cities – Urbanisation, emergence of new forms of developments – self sustained communities – SEZ – transit
development – integrated townships – case studies.
EKISTICS
• the science of human settlements
• includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling design
• involves the study of all kinds of human settlements, with a view to geography and ecology — the
physical environment — and human psychology and anthropology, and cultural, political, and occasionally
aesthetics
• coined by Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942
Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at which time he estimated (in
1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of 50,000,000,000 with human civilization being
powered by fusion energy.
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
3. House – 5
4. House group (hamlet) – 40
5. Small neighborhood (village) – 250
6. Neighborhood – 1,500
7. Small polis (town) – 10,000
8. Polis (city) – 75,000
9. Small metropolis – 500,000
10. Metropolis – 4 million
11. Small megalopolis – 25 million
12. Megalopolis – 150 million
13. Small eperopolis – 750 million
14. Eperopolis – 7,500 million
15. Ecumenopolis – 50,000 million
Ekistic Units
1. Anthropos – 1
Ekistic Units
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
Ekistic Units
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
3. House – 5
Ekistic Units
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
3. House – 5
Ekistic Units
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
3. House – 5
Ekistic Units
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
3. House – 5
Ekistic Units
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
3. House – 5
Ekistic Units
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
3. House – 5
8. Polis (city) – 75,000
Ekistic Units
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
3. House – 5
8. Polis (city) – 75,000
Ekistic Units
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
3. House – 5
8. Polis (city) – 75,000
Ekistic Units
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
3. House – 5
8. Polis (city) – 75,000
Ekistic Units
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
3. House – 5
8. Polis (city) – 75,000
Ekistic Units
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
3. House – 5
8. Polis (city) – 75,000
Ekistic Units
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
3. House – 5
8. Polis (city) – 75,000
Ekistic Units
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
3. House – 5
8. Polis (city) – 75,000
15. Ecumenopolis – 50,000 million
Ekistic Units
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
GENERAL
The definition of human settlement is as given below:
“The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements and services to which these elements provide
the material support. The physical components comprise shelter, i.e. the superstructures of different shape,
size, type and materials erected by mankind for security, privacy, and protection from the elements and for his
singularity within a community; infrastructure, i.e. the complex networks designed to deliver or remove from
the shelter people, goods, energy of information. Services cover those required by a community for the
fulfillment of its functions as a social body, such as education, health, culture, welfare, recreation and
nutrition.”
Services are color nodes
Services
Physical elements (x axis)
(Shelter)
Dwellings
Infra
Infrastructure (y axis)
Human settlements means the totality of the human community - whether city, town or village - with all the social,
material, organizational, spiritual and cultural elements that sustain it. The fabric of human settlements consists of
physical elements and services to which these elements provide the material support. The physical components
comprise,
Shelter, i.e. the superstructures of different shapes, size, type and materials erected by mankind for security, privacy
and protection from the elements and for his singularity within a community;
Infrastructure, i.e. the complex networks designed to deliver to or remove from the shelter people, goods, energy or
information;
Services cover those required by a community for the fulfillment of its functions as a social body, such as education,
health, culture, welfare, recreation and nutrition.
ELEMENTS
OF
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
These elements always interact with one another.
A human being has some invisible spheres around

him. These spheres are the spheres of the senses like
touch, smell, sight, hearing and also supernatural or
spiritual.
The spiritual sphere is directly proportional to his

intellect.
People interact with one another by direct interaction

of these spheres.
Human habitation requires a certain amount of

overlapping of these spheres, and the planning of
habitation would mean, social planning’.
Human desires and endurances have remained the

same throughout the years and manifestations of
which have changed by evolution.
EVOLUTION of HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
The evolution of human settlements is a continuous
cyclic process from the smallest, the room, to the
largest possible, the universal human settlement.
The process are born, develop, decline and die which

can be compared to plant and animal which are
everywhere in this universe.
Settlements may have an initial structure, which only

allows for a certain degree of growth, but nothing
excludes the possibility of an expansion and
transformation of this structure, which will allow them
to surpass the initial structural limitations.
The human settlements have no pre-determined

death, though there is death in their activities, there
will be born of another where the active exists.
The evolution of human settlements can be divided into five major phases:
1. Primitive non-organised human settlements (started with the evolution of man.)
2. Primitive organised settlements ( the period of villages - eopolis - which lasted about
10,000 years.)
3. Static urban settlements or cities (polis - which lasted about 5,000-6,000 years.)
4. Dynamic urban settlements (dynapolis - which lasted 200 - 400 years.)
5. The universal city (ecumenopolis - which is now beginning.)

1.Primitive human
settlements
¾ Non - organised
settlements
The man began to modify Nature and to settle temporarily or permanently in different location.
Probably began with fire, they went on to animal husbandry and the domestication of grazing animals;
afterwards came deforestation and agriculture, and with it, permanent human settlements.
Man had settled first in natural shelters such as hollows in the ground, hollow trees or shallow caves,
1.Primitive human before he began to build his own primitive and unorganised habitat. After first exploiting natural
settlements formations and transforming them into dwellings, by various changes and additions, he began to
create shells independent of, and unrelated to, pre-existing natural forms and their boundary were
¾ Non - organised within certain limit beyond which the settlement had no link and transportation.
settlements
For example observing the level of agriculture communities. The communities take up a smaller area
where they are agricultural, and a larger one where they are hunting and cattle-breeding communities.
Their nucleus under normal conditions is in the center of gravity; or of security problem, in the safest
place in their area, or even beyond their area of cultivation.
There are no transportation and communication lines between the communities. If we look at these
primitive non-organised communities on a macro scale, there consists of a nucleus which is the built up
part of the human settlement, and several parts which lead out into the open, thinning out until they
disappear – either because nobody goes beyond certain limits of the community or because these trips
take place so seldom that they would not be placed on the same scale of densities. There is no
physical lines connecting this primitive settlement with others; there are no networks between
settlements.
1.Primitive human
settlements
¾ Non - organised
settlements
2. Primitive human
settlements
Organised settlements
2. Primitive human
settlements
Man, some ten to twelve thousand years ago, began to enter the era of organised
agriculture, his settlements also began to show some characteristics of organisation.
It required time and acquisition of experience in organising the relationship between man
and man, man and nature, and finally expressing these relationships through cohesive
2. Primitive human
forms of settlements.
settlements
In initial the human had one-room dwelling in circular form, to organise the relationship of
his community with other communities he expanded his dwelling by placing many round
forms side by side, then elongated to elliptical ones and at some point came to conclusion
and adopted the rectilinear forms.
Due to the loss of space between them, they developed more regular shapes with no space
lost between them.
The evolution reached the stage at which a rectilinear pattern develops into a regular grid -
iron one.
In Nature evolution work towards a compression of circles and the gradual formation of
polygonic systems, the clearest form of which is the hexagon. In evolution of human
settlements we see two courses:
On the micro-scale, where man must divide the land, construct one or more shells (rooms
2. Primitive human
and houses), and circulate within a built-up area (neighbourhood), the solution leads to a
settlements
synthesis at a right angle;
On the macro-scale, where man must own and use space but not build it, and circulate
within it, although to a much lesser degree than before (usually non more than one
movement to and from every day), man continues to follow the course of nature towards
hexagonal patterns.
During this era of the development of human settlements the patterns or regional
distribution of the settlements differ depending on the phase of evolution and the
prevailing conditions of safety, the population still small, the villages can be found in the
plains, near the rivers and near the sea. When the population becomes dense, new
patterns develop, and the villages come over to cover the entire plain on the basis of the
small hexagonal pattern and the hills and the mountains on a larger hexagonal pattern. The
development of land cultivation, the population might be larger, but would still be smaller
than that of the era of large population and full exploitation of the land, when it would
reach five hundred thousand or even one million.
At some point 5,000 or 6,000 years ago, the first urban settlement appeared as small cities
in a plain or as fortresses on hills and mountains.
As settlements grew in size, man came to realise that the principle of the single-nucleus was
not always valid in the internal organisation of the total shells of the community, at this
3.Static urban settlements
single nodal point, which was adequate for the village and for small cities, no longer
or cities
sufficed.
The first thing to happen was the expansion of the nucleus in one or more directions; it was
no longer limited to the settlement's center of gravity.
Example:
The small settlement of Priene, in ancient Greece, where the central nucleus expanded in
two ways:
first in a linear form along a main street which contained shops that would
normally be clustered in the central agora,
the secondly through the decentralisation of some functions, such as temples. In
larger cities additional nodal points and central places gradually came into being within the
shells of the settlements - a phenomenon that is unique to human settlements.
4.Dynamic urban
settlements
Started in the seventeenth century and became apparent only a century later in all
probability, it wall last for another 100 or 200 years until we reach the next phase that of
the universal settlement.
In the dynamic urban phase settlements in space are characterised by continuous growth.
4.Dynamic urban
Hence, all their problems are continuously intensified (make stronger) and new ones
settlements
continuously created.
Dynamic settlements, created as a result of an industrial technological revolution,

multiplying in number and form, and now being created at an even higher rate. The evils
described in them are the evils of yesterday which are being multiplied today in a very
dangerous manner. This makes the dynamic settlement completely different from any other
category of settlements and a real threat to humanity itself.
Example: London - atmospheric pollution may be so severe as to account for 4,000 deaths
in a single week of intense "fog". Hydrocarbons, lead, carcinogenic agents, deteriorating
conditions of atmospheric electricity -- all of these represent retrogressive processes
introduced and supported by man.
The man's position is dangerous in the dynamic settlement, this can be shown through the
following graph.
4.Dynamic urban
settlements
• First expansion of the urban
settlement.
• 30 miles in diameter.
4.Dynamic urban
settlements • All part of the land it covers
Dynapolis: is not sterilised.
• The microorganisms in the

soil no longer exist.
• The original animal inhabit

ants have largely been
banished.
• Rivers are foul and the

atmosphere is polluted.
• Climate and microclimate

have retrogressed.
4.Dynamic urban
settlements
Dynapolis:
The first dynamic urban settlement - the early Dynapolis.
This is the phase when small independent human settlements when small independent
4.Dynamic urban human settlements with independent administrative units are beginning to grow beyond
settlements their initial boundaries.
Dynapolis:
From the economic point of view this development is related to industrialisation, and from
the technological point of view to the railroad era, which first made commuting from
distance points possible.
The settlements expands in all directions, instead of spreading only along the railway lines
creating new islands of dependent settlements around railway stations, as during the phase
of the early Dynapolis.
The city is breaking its walls and spreading into the countryside in a disorgnised manner.
The next phase of dynamic settlement is of metropolis, which incorporates several other
urban and rural settlements of the surrounding area
4.Dynamic urban
settlements
Metropolis I
Dynametropolis :
The few metropolises from the past became static following a period of dynamic growth,
then declined and died. This was to a certain extent, true of ancient Rome in its last phases
and Byzantine Constantinople - which disintegrated to such a degree that the mobs in the
streets became uncontrollable and sometimes succeeded in imposing their will on the
government. From the economic, social, administrative or technological point of view, the
4.Dynamic urban
fate of the historical metropolises has been dynamic growth, a static phase, and then death.
settlements
To base our experience on the history of cities, we must recognise the fact that a static
Metropolis I
phase for a metropolis is the prelude of its decline and death. In such a case this should be
Dynametropolis :
said as a dynamic metropolis, after losing its momentum for growth, becomes negatively
dynamic.
To calculate the number of metropolises attributed to the effect of the railway and to the
effect of the automobile, we will find the latter to be much greater, out of all proportion to
the number of the former.
Dynametropolis, continuing its course towards becoming a megalopolis.

The area on a large scale including more than one metropolis and many other urban
settlements and it cannot be static.
A megalopolis has the same external characteristics as the metropolis, the only difference
being that every phenomenon appears on a much larger scale. It is characteristic that all
phenomenon of the development of human settlements up to the metropolis shown on a
4.Dynamic urban
100 sq.km. Scale, for megalopolis would be 1,000sq.km.
settlements
Megalopolis I
Dynamegalopolis:
Regardless of whether dynamic settlements are simple (Dynapolis), or composite
(metropolises and megalopolises), they have been growing continuously during the last
centuries and this is apparent everywhere at present
i.e. the whole Earth will be covered by one human settlement. The population explosion,
5.The Universal human
will be definitely be the most decisive factor in the next phase of human settlements.
settlement:
Ecumenopolis
Settlement Characteristics
Area : How large the area of a settlement is.
Settlement Characteristics Site : describes the actual land upon which a settlement is built.
Population: The size and type of people that live in a settlement.
Function : The function of a settlement relates to its economic and social

development and refers to its main activities.
Situation : describes where a settlement is located in relation to other surrounding

features such as other settlements, rivers and communications.
Shape : describes how the settlement is laid out. Its pattern.

Site Factors: Some sites
have specific advantages
that mean settlements
developed in that place.
The function of a Settlement relates to its economic and social development and refers to its
main activities.
Function of a Settlement:
This refers to the arrangement of settlements in an order of importance , usually from many
isolated dwelling or hamlets at the base of the Hierarchy to a Conurbation.
Settlement Hierarchy The order of importance is based on the following:
· The area and population of the settlement (size)
· The range and number of services/functions within each settlement
· The relative sphere of influence of each settlement
Sphere of Influence is defined as the area served by a particular settlement.
The size of this sphere of influence depends on the size and functions of a town and its
surrounding settlement ,the transport facilities available and the level of competition
Sphere of Influence from a rival settlement.
In general, the larger the settlement the larger the sphere of Influence.
Eg: London compared to Barnsley
Sphere of Influence is based upon two main principles:

1.Threshold Population: The minimum number of people needed to support a
settlement or service.
2.Range: The maximum distance that people are prepared to travel to obtain a
particular service
Sphere of Influence
Sphere of Influence
Sphere of Influence
Sphere of Influence
Sphere of Influence

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AR6702 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING

UNIT II FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 9

UNIT III PLANNING CONCEPTS 9

UNIT IV URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN RENEWAL 9

UNIT V ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA 9

A human being has some invisible spheres around

The spiritual sphere is directly proportional to his

People interact with one another by direct interaction

Human habitation requires a certain amount of

Human desires and endurances have remained the

The process are born, develop, decline and die which

Settlements may have an initial structure, which only

The human settlements have no pre-determined

1. Primitive non-organised human settlements (started with the evolution of man.)

4. Dynamic urban settlements (dynapolis - which lasted 200 - 400 years.)

5. The universal city (ecumenopolis - which is now beginning.)

Dynamic settlements, created as a result of an industrial technological revolution,

• The microorganisms in the

• The original animal inhabit

• Rivers are foul and the

• Climate and microclimate

Dynametropolis, continuing its course towards becoming a megalopolis.

Population: The size and type of people that live in a settlement.

Function : The function of a settlement relates to its economic and social

Situation : describes where a settlement is located in relation to other surrounding

Shape : describes how the settlement is laid out. Its pattern.

Sphere of Influence is based upon two main principles:

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