Plant Structure, Growth, and Development: Roots

The Three Basic Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves
Chapter 35 • Concept 35.1: The plant body has a hierarchy • The basic morphology of vascular plants
of organs, tissues, and cells
– Reflects their evolutionary history as terrestrial
Plant Structure, Growth, and • Plants, like multicellular animals organisms that draw nutrients from two very
different environments: below-ground and
Development – Have organs composed of different tissues, above-ground
which are in turn composed of cells
PowerPoint Lectures for

Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Roots
• Three basic organs evolved: roots, stems, and • A root • In most plants
leaves
– Is an organ that anchors the vascular plant – The absorption of water and minerals occurs
• They are organized into a root near the root tips, where vast numbers of tiny
Reproductive shoot (flower) – Absorbs minerals and water root hairs increase the surface area of the root
system and a shoot system Terminal bud
Node
Internode
Terminal
– Often stores organic nutrients
bud
Shoot
system
Vegetative
shoot
Leaf Blade
Petiole
Axillary
bud
Stem
Taproot
Lateral roots Root

system
Figure 35.2 Figure 35.3

Stems
• Many plants have modified roots • A stem is an organ consisting of • An axillary bud
– An alternating system of nodes, the points at – Is a structure that has the potential to form a
which leaves are attached lateral shoot, or branch
– Internodes, the stem segments between nodes • A terminal bud
(a) Prop roots (b) Storage roots (c) “Strangling” aerial
roots – Is located near the shoot tip and causes
elongation of a young shoot
Figure 35.4a–e (d) Buttress roots (e) Pneumatophores
1
Leaves
• Many plants have modified stems • The leaf • Leaves generally consist of
(a) Stolons. Shown here on a
strawberry plant, stolons
are horizontal stems that grow
along the surface. These “runners”
– Is the main photosynthetic organ of most – A flattened blade and a stalk
enable a plant to reproduce
asexually, as plantlets form at
nodes along each runner.
vascular plants
– The petiole, which joins the leaf to a node of
Storage leaves
the stem
(d) Rhizomes. The edible base
of this ginger plant is an example
of a rhizome, a horizontal stem
that grows just below the surface
or emerges and grows along the
Stem
surface.
Root Node
(b) Bulbs. Bulbs are vertical,

underground shoots consisting Rhizome
(c) Tubers. Tubers, such as these
mostly of the enlarged bases
red potatoes, are enlarged
of leaves that store food. You
ends of rhizomes specialized
can see the many layers of Root
for storing food. The “eyes”
modified leaves attached
arranged in a spiral pattern
to the short stem by slicing an
around a potato are clusters
Figure 35.5a–d onion bulb lengthwise.
of axillary buds that mark
the nodes.
• Monocots and dicots • In classifying angiosperms • Some plant species

– Differ in the arrangement of veins, the vascular – Taxonomists may use leaf morphology as a – Have evolved modified leaves that serve
tissue of leaves criterion (a) Simple leaf. A simple leaf
is a single, undivided blade. various functions (a) Tendrils. The tendrils by which this
pea plant clings to a support are
modified leaves. After it has “lassoed”
Some simple leaves are a support, a tendril forms a coil that
brings the plant closer to the support.
deeply lobed, as in an Tendrils are typically modified leaves,
• Most monocots oak leaf.

Petiole
but some tendrils are modified stems,
as in grapevines.
(b) Compound leaf. In a Axillary bud (b) Spines. The spines of cacti, such
compound leaf, the
– Have parallel veins blade consists of
Leaflet
as this prickly pear, are actually
leaves, and photosynthesis is
carried out mainly by the fleshy
multiple leaflets. green stems.
Notice that a leaflet
has no axillary bud
• Most dicots at its base.
Petiole
(c) Storage leaves. Most succulents,
such as this ice plant, have leaves
modified for storing water.
Axillary bud
(c) Doubly compound leaf.
– Have branching veins In a doubly compound
leaf, each leaflet is
(d) Bracts. Red parts of the poinsettia
are often mistaken for petals but are
actually modified leaves called bracts
that surround a group of flowers.
divided into smaller Such brightly colored leaves attract
leaflets. pollinators.
(e) Reproductive leaves. The leaves

Leaflet of some succulents, such as Kalanchoe
Figure 35.6a–c Petiole daigremontiana, produce adventitious
Axillary bud plantlets, which fall off the leaf and
Figure 35.6a–e take root in the soil.
The Three Tissue Systems: Dermal, Vascular, and Ground
• Each plant organ • The dermal tissue system • The vascular tissue system
– Has dermal, vascular, and ground tissues – Consists of the epidermis and periderm – Carries out long-distance transport of materials
between roots and shoots
– Consists of two tissues, xylem and phloem
Dermal
tissue
Ground
tissue Vascular
Figure 35.8 tissue
2
Common Types of Plant Cells
• Xylem • Ground tissue • Like any multicellular organism
– Conveys water and dissolved minerals upward – Includes various cells specialized for functions – A plant is characterized by cellular
from roots into the shoots such as storage, photosynthesis, and support differentiation, the specialization of cells in
structure and function
• Phloem
– Transports organic nutrients from where they
are made to where they are needed
• Some of the major types of plant cells include • Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma • Water-conducting cells of the xylem and sugar-
cells conducting cells of the phloem
– Parenchyma
WATER-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE XYLEM SUGAR-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE PHLOEM
– Collenchyma Sieve-tube members:
PARENCHYMA CELLS COLLENCHYMA CELLS SCLERENCHYMA CELLS longitudinal view
Vessel Tracheids 100 m
5 m
80 m
– Sclerenchyma Cortical parenchyma cells
Sclereid cells
in pear Companion cell
Pits
25 m
– Water-conducting cells of the xylem Sieve-tube
member
– Sugar-conducting cells of the phloem Cell wall

Tracheids and vessels
Sieve
plate
Parenchyma cells 60 m Vessel Nucleus

Collenchyma cells element
Vessel elements with 30 m
Fiber cells partially perforated
15 m
end walls Tracheids
Companion
Cytoplasm cell
Figure 35.9 Figure. 35.9

• Concept 35.2: Meristems generate cells for • Lateral meristems • An overview of primary and secondary growth
new organs Shoot apical
Primary growth in stems
– Add thickness to woody plants through meristems

(in buds)
Epidermis
• Apical meristems secondary growth In woody plants,

there are lateral
Cortex
Primary phloem
meristems that
add secondary Primary xylem
growth, increasing Vascular
– Are located at the tips of roots and in the buds the girth of
roots and stems.
cambium
Lateral
meristems
Pith
Cork
of shoots cambium
Apical meristems Secondary growth in stems
– Elongate shoots and roots through primary add primary growth,

or growth in length.
Periderm
Cork
Pith cambium
growth The cork
cambium adds
secondary
Primary dermal tissue.
xylem Cortex
Primary
phloem
Root apical Secondary The vascular
meristems xylem cambium adds
Secondary
secondary
phloem
Vascular cambium xylem and
phloem.
Figure. 35.10
3
Primary Growth of Roots
• In woody plants • Concept 35.3: Primary growth lengthens roots • The root tip is covered by a root cap, which
– Primary and secondary growth occur
and shoots protects the delicate apical meristem as the
simultaneously but in different locations root pushes through soil during primary growth
Terminal bud
Bud scale
• Primary growth produces the primary plant Cortex Vascular cylinder
Axillary buds
body, the parts of the root and shoot systems Epidermis
Key
This year’s growth

Leaf scar
Node
produced by apical meristems Dermal Root hair
Zone of
maturation
Stem Ground
(one year old)
Internode Vascular
One-year-old side
branch formed
from axillary bud
near shoot apex Zone of
elongation
Leaf scar
Last year’s growth Scars left by terminal
(two years old) bud scales of previous
winters
Apical
meristem
Zone of cell
Leaf scar
Growth of two division
years ago (three Root cap
Figure 35.11 years old)
Figure 35.12 100 m
• The primary growth of roots • Organization of primary tissues in young roots • Lateral roots
Epidermis
– Produces the epidermis, ground tissue, and Cortex
Vascular
– Arise from within the pericycle, the outermost
cylinder
vascular tissue Endodermis cell layer in the vascular cylinder

100 m
Pericycle
Emerging
lateral
Core of
parenchyma
root
cells
Xylem
Cortex
100 m Phloem
100 m
(a) Transverse section of a typical root. In the
roots of typical gymnosperms and eudicots, as (b) Transverse section of a root with parenchyma
well as some monocots, the stele is a vascular in the center. The stele of many monocot roots Vascular
cylinder consisting of a lobed core of xylem is a vascular cylinder with a core of parenchyma cylinder
with phloem between the lobes. surrounded by a ring of alternating xylem and phloem. 1 2
Endodermis Key
Epidermis
Dermal Lateral root

Pericycle
Ground
Vascular
Xylem
Phloem
Figure 35.13a, b
50 m
Figure 35.14 3 4
Primary Growth of Shoots Tissue Organization of Stems

• A shoot apical meristem • In gymnosperms and most eudicots • In most monocot stems
– Is a dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the – The vascular tissue consists of vascular – The vascular bundles are scattered throughout
tip of the terminal bud bundles arranged in a ring the ground tissue, rather than forming a ring
Phloem Xylem
Ground
– Gives rise to a repetition of internodes and Sclerenchyma

(fiber cells)
Ground tissue
connecting
pith to cortex
tissue
Apical meristem Leaf primordia

leaf-bearing nodes
Pith Epidermis
Developing
vascular
Key
strand
Epidermis Cortex Dermal Vascular
Vascular Ground
bundles
bundle
Vascular
1 mm
Axillary bud 1 mm
meristems Figure 35.16b (b) A monocot stem. A monocot stem (maize) with vascular
Figure 35.16a (a) A eudicot stem. A eudicot stem (sunflower), with
bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue. In such an
vascular bundles forming a ring. Ground tissue toward
Figure. 35.15 the inside is called pith, and ground tissue toward the arrangement, ground tissue is not partitioned into pith and
outside is called cortex. (LM of transverse section) cortex. (LM of transverse section)
0.25 mm
4
Tissue Organization of Leaves
Key Guard
• The epidermal barrier in leaves • Leaf anatomy to labels cells
• Concept 35.4: Secondary growth adds girth to
Dermal
– Is interrupted by stomata, which allow CO2

Ground Stomatal pore stems and roots in woody plants
Vascular Epidermal
exchange between the surrounding air and the cell
photosynthetic cells within a leaf Cuticle

Sclerenchyma
fibers 50 µm
• Secondary growth
(b) Surface view of a spiderwort
Stoma
(Tradescantia) leaf (LM)
• The ground tissue in a leaf – Occurs in stems and roots of woody plants but
Upper
epidermis rarely in leaves
– Is sandwiched between the upper and lower Palisade
epidermis Bundle-
sheath
mesophyll
• The secondary plant body
cell
Spongy
• The vascular tissue of each leaf mesophyll – Consists of the tissues produced by the
Guard
Lower
epidermis vascular cambium and cork cambium
– Is continuous with the vascular tissue of the cells Cuticle
stem Xylem
Phloem Guard
Vein
Figure 35.17a–c
Vein Air spaces Guard cells
cells (c) Transverse section of a lilac 100 µm

(a) Cutaway drawing of leaf tissues
(Syringa) leaf (LM)
The Vascular Cambium and Secondary Vascular Tissue
• The vascular cambium • Primary and secondary growth of a stem

1 1 In the youngest part of the stem, you can see the primary
(a) Primary and secondary growth plant body, as formed by the apical meristem during primary
– Is a cylinder of meristematic cells one cell thick in a two-year-old stem growth. The vascular cambium is beginning to develop.
2 As primary growth continues to elongate the stem, the portion

Pith of the stem formed earlier the same year has already started
Epidermis its secondary growth. This portion increases in girth as fusiform
Primary xylem
initials of the vascular cambium form secondary xylem to the
Secondary phloem
– Develops from parenchyma cells Cortex
Primary
phloem
Vascular cambium
Primary phloem
Cortex
inside and secondary phloem to the outside.
Vascular cambium Cork
Vascular Phloem ray
2 Epidermis 3 The ray initials of the vascular cambium give rise to the xylem Secondary Late wood cambium Periderm
3 and phloem rays.
cambium
Xylem xylem Early wood Cork
Primary ray 4 As the diameter of the vascular cambium increases, the
xylem secondary phloem and other tissues external to the cambium
Pith cannot keep pace with the expansion because the cells no
longer divide. As a result, these tissues, including the
epidermis, rupture. A second lateral meristem, the cork
Primary
cambium, develops from parenchyma cells in the cortex. The
xylem
cork cambium produces cork cells, which replace the epidermis.
Secondary xylem (b) Transverse section
Vascular cambium
Secondary phloem 5 In year 2 of secondary growth, the vascular cambium adds to of a three-year-
Primary phloem Cork the secondary xylem and phloem, and the cork cambium
Periderm 4 First cork cambium produces cork. old stem (LM)
(mainly cork 6
cambia
6 As the diameter of the stem continues to increase, the
Xylem ray
and cork)
outermost tissues exterior to the cork cambium rupture and
slough off from the stem. Bark
Primary
phloem 7 Cork cambium re-forms in progressively deeper layers of the
cortex. When none of the original cortex is left, the cork
Secondary
cambium develops from parenchyma cells in the 0.5 mm 0.5 mm
phloem Secondary secondary phloem.
Vascular
cambium
xylem (two
years of 8 Each cork cambium and the tissues it produces form a
Figure 35.18b
Secondary production) layer of periderm.
xylem Vascular cambium
9 Bark 9 Bark consists of all tissues exterior to the vascular
Primary xylem Secondary phloem
cambium.
Pith 5 Most recent 7 Cork 8 Layers of
cork cambium periderm
Figure 35.18a
• Viewed in transverse section, the vascular • As a tree or woody shrub ages

cambium Growth ring
– The older layers of secondary xylem, the

– Appears as a ring, with interspersed regions of heartwood, no longer transport water and
Vascular
dividing cells called fusiform initials and ray minerals ray
initials Vascular
cambium
• The outer layers, known as sapwood Heartwood
Secondary
xylem
(a) Types of cell division. An initial can divide
– Still transport materials through the xylem Sapwood
transversely to form two cambial initials (C)
or radially to form an initial and either a
xylem (X) or phloem (P) cell. Vascular cambium
Secondary phloem
C
Bark
Layers of periderm
(b) Accumulation of secondary growth. Although shown here
as alternately adding xylem and phloem, a cambial initial usually
Figure 35.20
Figure 35.19a, b produces much more xylem.
5
Cork Cambia and the Production of Periderm
• The cork cambium • Periderm Chapter 38
– Gives rise to the secondary plant body’s – Consists of the cork cambium plus the layers
protective covering, or periderm of cork cells it produces Angiosperm Reproduction
• Bark
– Consists of all the tissues external to the
vascular cambium, including secondary
phloem and periderm
PowerPoint Lectures for
Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero

• Overview: To Seed or Not to Seed • Concept 38.1: Pollination enables gametes to • An overview of angiosperm reproduction
Germinated pollen grain
come together within a flower Stigma Anther at

(n) (male gametophyte)
on stigma of carpel
• The parasitic plant Rafflesia arnoldii Stamen

Anther
Style
Carpel tip of stamen
• In angiosperms, the dominant sporophyte Filament Ovary

Pollen tube
Ovary (base of carpel)
– Produces enormous flowers that can produce Ovule
Embryo sac (n)

up to 4 million seeds – Produces spores that develop within flowers (female gametophyte)
Sepal
into male gametophytes (pollen grains) Egg (n) FERTILIZATION
Petal
Receptacle
– Produces female gametophytes (embryo sacs) Sperm (n) Zygote
(a) An idealized flower. Mature sporophyte Seed (2n)
plant (2n) with (develops
flowers from ovule)
Key Seed
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
(b) Simplified angiosperm life cycle. Embryo (2n)

Germinating
See Figure 30.10 for a more detailed (sporophyte)
seed
version of the life cycle, including meiosis. Simple fruit
(develops from ovary)
Figure 38.1 Figure 38.2a, b
Flower Structure Gametophyte Development and Pollination

• Flowers • Many variations in floral structure • In angiosperms
– Are the reproductive shoots of the angiosperm – Have evolved during the 140 million years of – Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an
sporophyte angiosperm history anther to a stigma
SYMMETRY OVARY LOCATION FLORAL DISTRIBUTION
Lupine inflorescence
– Are composed of four floral organs: sepals, Bilateral symmetry

(orchid)
– If pollination is successful, a pollen grain
petals, stamens, and carpels Superior
ovary produces a structure called a pollen tube,
Sunflower
inflorescence which grows down into the ovary and
Sepal
Semi-inferior ovary Inferior ovary
discharges sperm near the embryo sac
Radial symmetry
(daffodil)
Fused petals
REPRODUCTIVE VARIATIONS
Maize, a monoecious Dioecious Sagittaria

latifolia (common
Figure 38.3 species
arrowhead)
6
Mechanisms That Prevent Self-Fertilization
• Pollen • Embryo sacs • Many angiosperms
– Develops from microspores within – Develop from megaspores within ovules – Have mechanisms that make it difficult or
the sporangia of anthers Pollen sac
(b) Development of a female gametophyte
(embryo sac) impossible for a flower to fertilize itself
(a) Development of a male gametophyte (microsporangium)
(pollen grain) Stigma Stigma
1 Each one of the
microsporangia Micro- MEIOSIS
contains diploid sporocyte
Mega- 1 Within the ovule’s
microsporocytes
sporangium megasporangium
(microspore
is a large diploid
mother cells). Ovule Mega-
cell called the
Micro- sporocyte
megasporocyte
spores (4) MEIOSIS Integuments (megaspore
Micropyle mother cell).
2 Each microsporo-
cyte divides by 2 The megasporocyte divides by
meiosis to produce Each of 4 MITOSIS Surviving meiosis and gives rise to four
four haploid microspores megaspore haploid cells, but in most
microspores, species only one of these
Female gametophyte survives as the megaspore.
each of which
(embryo sac)
develops into
Generative MITOSIS
a pollen grain. Ovule Antipodel
cell (will Male Cells (3)
3 Three mitotic divisions Anther
form 2 Gametophyte of the megaspore form
sperm) Polar the embryo sac, a
with
(pollen grain)
Nuclei (2) multicellular female pollen
3 A pollen grain becomes a
gametophyte. The
mature male gametophyte Egg (1)
Nucleus ovule now consists of
when its generative nucleus Integuments Synergids (2)
of tube cell KEY the embryo sac along
divides and forms two sperm.
20 m to labels with the surrounding
This usually occurs after a
integuments (protective
pollen grain lands on the stigma
Haploid (2n) Key tissue).
of a carpel and the pollen Ragweed
to labels Embryo Pin flower
tube begins to grow. (See pollen Diploid (2n)
sac
Thrum flower
grain
100 m
Figure 38.2b.) 75 m Haploid (2n)
Figure 38.4a Figure 38.4b
Diploid (2n)
Figure 38.5
• The most common anti-selfing mechanism in • Some plants • Concept 38.2: After fertilization, ovules develop
flowering plants into seeds and ovaries into fruits
– Reject pollen that has an S-gene matching an
– Is known as self-incompatibility, the ability of a allele in the stigma cells
plant to reject its own pollen
• Recognition of self pollen
• Researchers are unraveling the molecular
– Triggers a signal transduction pathway leading
mechanisms that are involved in self-
to a block in growth of a pollen tube
incompatibility
Double Fertilization
• After landing on a receptive stigma • In double fertilization • Growth of the pollen tube and double
fertilization Pollen grain Stigma
– A pollen grain germinates and produces a – One sperm fertilizes the egg Pollen tube
pollen tube that extends down between the 1 If a pollen grain

germinates, a pollen tube 2 sperm
cells of the style toward the ovary – The other sperm combines with the polar grows down the style
toward the ovary.
Style
nuclei, giving rise to the food-storing Polar Ovary

nuclei
• The pollen tube endosperm Egg

Ovule (containing
female
gametophyte, or
embryo sac)
– Then discharges two sperm into the embryo 2 The pollen tube
Micropyle
Ovule
sac discharges two sperm into

the female gametophyte
(embryo sac) within an ovule.
Polar nuclei
Egg
Two sperm
about to be
3 One sperm fertilizes discharged
the egg, forming the zygote.
The other sperm combines with
the two polar nuclei of the embryo Endosperm nucleus (3n)
sac’s large central cell, forming (2 polar nuclei plus sperm)
a triploid cell that develops into
the nutritive tissue called Zygote (2n)
endosperm. (egg plus sperm) Figure 38.6
7
From Ovule to Seed Endosperm Development Embryo Development
• After double fertilization • Endosperm development • The first mitotic division of the zygote is
transverse
– Each ovule develops into a seed – Usually precedes embryo development
– Splitting the fertilized egg into a basal cell and
– The ovary develops into a fruit enclosing the • In most monocots and some eudicots a terminal cell
seed(s)
– The endosperm stores nutrients that can be Ovule
Endosperm
used by the seedling after germination nucleus
Integuments
Zygote
• In other eudicots Zygote

Terminal cell
Basal cell
Proembryo
– The food reserves of the endosperm are Suspensor
Basal cell
completely exported to the cotyledons Cotyledons
Shoot
apex
Root
Seed coat
apex
Endosperm
Figure 38.7 Suspensor
Structure of the Mature Seed

• The embryo and its food supply • In a common garden bean, a eudicot • The seeds of other eudicots, such as castor
beans
– Are enclosed by a hard, protective seed coat – The embryo consists of the hypocotyl, radicle,
and thick cotyledons – Have similar structures, but thin cotyledons
Seed coat Epicotyl Seed coat
Endosperm
Hypocotyl
Radicle
Cotyledons
Cotyledons Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Hypocotyl
Radicle
Radicle
(a) Common garden bean, a eudicot with thick cotyledons. The
fleshy cotyledons store food absorbed from the endosperm before
the seed germinates.
(b) Castor bean, a eudicot with thin cotyledons. The narrow,
membranous cotyledons (shown in edge and flat views) absorb
Figure 38.8a food from the endosperm when the seed germinates.
Figure 38.8b
From Ovary to Fruit

• The embryo of a monocot • A fruit • Fruits are classified into several types
– Has a single cotyledon, a coleoptile, and a – Develops from the ovary – Depending on their developmental origin
coleorhiza Carpels
– Protects the enclosed seeds Stamen
Ovary
Flower
Stigma
Pericarp fused
with seed coat
Scutellum
(cotyledon)
– Aids in the dispersal of seeds by wind or Stamen
Endosperm
animals Pea flower
Ovule
Raspberry flower Pineapple inflorescence
Epicotyl
Coleoptile Carpel
Each
(fruitlet) Stigma segment
Hypocotyl develops
Seed
Coleorhiza Ovary from the
Radicle carpel of
Stamen
one flower
(c) Maize, a monocot. Like all monocots, maize has only one
cotyledon. Maize and other grasses have a large cotyledon called a Pea fruit
Raspberry fruit Pineapple fruit
scutellum. The rudimentary shoot is sheathed in a structure called (b) Aggregate fruit. An aggregate fruit (c) Multiple fruit. A multiple fruit
(a) Simple fruit. A simple fruit
the coleoptile, and the coleorhiza covers the young root. develops from a single carpel (or develops from many separate develops from many carpels
several fused carpels) of one flower carpels of one flower (examples: of many flowers (examples:
Figure 38.8c (examples: pea, lemon, peanut). raspberry, blackberry, strawberry). pineapple, fig).
Figure 38.9a–c
8
Seed Germination Seed Dormancy: Adaptation for Tough Times From Seed to Seedling
• As a seed matures • Seed dormancy • Germination of seeds depends on the physical
process called imbibition
– It dehydrates and enters a phase referred to as – Increases the chances that germination will
dormancy occur at a time and place most advantageous – The uptake of water due to low water potential
to the seedling of the dry seed
• The breaking of seed dormancy

– Often requires environmental cues, such as
temperature or lighting cues
• The radicle • Monocots • Concept 38.3: Many flowering plants clone

– Is the first organ to emerge from the germinating
themselves by asexual reproduction
– Use a different method for breaking ground when
seed they germinate • Many angiosperm species
• In many eudicots • The coleoptile – Reproduce both asexually and sexually
– A hook forms in the hypocotyl, and growth pushes – Pushes upward through the soil and into the air
the hook above ground Foliage leaves • Sexual reproduction
Cotyledon
Hypocotyl
Epicotyl Foliage leaves
– Generates the genetic variation that makes
Hypocotyl
Cotyledon
Cotyledon
Coleoptile Coleoptile evolutionary adaptation possible
Hypocotyl
• Asexual reproduction in plants

Radicle
Seed coat Radicle
(a)
Figure 38.10a
Common garden bean. In common garden
beans, straightening of a hook in the
hypocotyl pulls the cotyledons from the soil. Figure 38.10b
(b) Maize. In maize and other grasses, the shoot grows
straight up through the tube of the coleoptile.
– Is called vegetative reproduction
Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction

• Fragmentation
– Is the separation of a parent plant into parts
that develop into whole plants
– Is one of the most common modes of asexual
reproduction
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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The Three Basic Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves

PowerPoint Lectures for

Lectures by Chris Romero

Lateral roots Root

Figure 35.2 Figure 35.3

Figure 35.4a–e (d) Buttress roots (e) Pneumatophores

(b) Bulbs. Bulbs are vertical,

• Monocots and dicots • In classifying angiosperms • Some plant species

• Most monocots oak leaf.

(e) Reproductive leaves. The leaves

The Three Tissue Systems: Dermal, Vascular, and Ground

– Sugar-conducting cells of the phloem Cell wall

Parenchyma cells 60 m Vessel Nucleus

Figure 35.9 Figure. 35.9

– Add thickness to woody plants through meristems

• Apical meristems secondary growth In woody plants,

Apical meristems Secondary growth in stems

– Elongate shoots and roots through primary add primary growth,

This year’s growth

Figure 35.12 100 m

– Produces the epidermis, ground tissue, and Cortex

vascular tissue Endodermis cell layer in the vascular cylinder

Dermal Lateral root

Primary Growth of Shoots Tissue Organization of Stems

– Gives rise to a repetition of internodes and Sclerenchyma

Apical meristem Leaf primordia

– Is interrupted by stomata, which allow CO2

exchange between the surrounding air and the cell

photosynthetic cells within a leaf Cuticle

cells (c) Transverse section of a lilac 100 µm

The Vascular Cambium and Secondary Vascular Tissue

• The vascular cambium • Primary and secondary growth of a stem

2 As primary growth continues to elongate the stem, the portion

• Viewed in transverse section, the vascular • As a tree or woody shrub ages

– The older layers of secondary xylem, the

Lectures by Chris Romero

come together within a flower Stigma Anther at

• The parasitic plant Rafflesia arnoldii Stamen

• In angiosperms, the dominant sporophyte Filament Ovary

– Produces enormous flowers that can produce Ovule

Embryo sac (n)

(b) Simplified angiosperm life cycle. Embryo (2n)

Flower Structure Gametophyte Development and Pollination

– Are composed of four floral organs: sepals, Bilateral symmetry

Maize, a monoecious Dioecious Sagittaria

pollen tube that extends down between the 1 If a pollen grain

nuclei, giving rise to the food-storing Polar Ovary

• The pollen tube endosperm Egg

sac discharges two sperm into

• In other eudicots Zygote

Structure of the Mature Seed

Seed coat Epicotyl Seed coat

From Ovary to Fruit

• The breaking of seed dormancy

• The radicle • Monocots • Concept 38.3: Many flowering plants clone

• Asexual reproduction in plants

Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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