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    08 Gaya Gaya

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    Clarita Bangun
    This document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including: 1. The zeroth law of thermodynamics which states that if two objects are each in thermal equilibrium with a third object, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. 2. Thermal expansion, which is the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature. 3. Specific heat capacity, which is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance by a given amount. 4. The first law of thermodynamics which states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat supplied minus the work done by the system on its surroundings.

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    08 Gaya Gaya

    Uploaded by

    Clarita Bangun
    20 views22 pages
    This document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including: 1. The zeroth law of thermodynamics which states that if two objects are each in thermal equilibrium with a third object, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. 2. Thermal expansion, which is the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature. 3. Specific heat capacity, which is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance by a given amount. 4. The first law of thermodynamics which states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat supplied minus the work done by the system on its surroundings.

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    This document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including: 1. The zeroth law of thermodynamics which states that if two objects are each in thermal equilibrium with a third object, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. 2. Thermal expansion, which is the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature. 3. Specific heat capacity, which is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance by a given amount. 4. The first law of thermodynamics which states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat supplied minus the work done by the system on its surroundings.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views22 pages

    08 Gaya Gaya

    Uploaded by

    Clarita Bangun
    This document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including: 1. The zeroth law of thermodynamics which states that if two objects are each in thermal equilibrium with a third object, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. 2. Thermal expansion, which is the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature. 3. Specific heat capacity, which is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance by a given amount. 4. The first law of thermodynamics which states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat supplied minus the work done by the system on its surroundings.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 22

    Thermodynamics

    6 November 2012
    Temperature
    & Thermal
    Equilibrium
    Zeroth Law of
    Thermodynamics

    If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C,


    then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
    Thermal Expansion

    a cavity in a piece of material


    expands in the same way as if the
    cavity were filled with the material

    : average coefficient of linear expansion


    ß : average coefficient of volume expansion
    Water and Its Anomaly
    Heat and Internal Energy
    • Internal energy is all the energy of a system that is
    associated with its microscopic components—atoms
    and molecules—when viewed from a reference
    frame at rest with respect to the center of mass of the
    system.
    • Heat is defined as the transfer of energy across the
    boundary of a system due to a temperature
    difference between the system and its
    surroundings
    The Absorption of Heat by Solids
    and Liquids: Specific Heat Capacity
    • Heat capacity C → proportionality constant between the
    heat Q that the object absorbs or loses and the resulting
    temperature change ΔT of the object;

    • Specific heat ("heat capacity per unit mass") refers to a


    unit mass of the material of which the object is made.

    →
    When no change in temperature
    • Heat of transformation/latent heat: the amount of
    energy per unit mass that must be transferred as heat
    when a sample completely undergoes a phase change

    =
    Conservation of Energy:
    Calorimetry
    Heat and Work
    Quasi-static (slow) process

    A system can be taken from a given


    initial state to a given final state by an
    infinite number of processes. Heat may
    or may not be involved, and in general,
    the work and the heat will have
    different values for different processes.
    We say that heat and work are path-
    dependent quantities.
    First Law of
    Thermodynamics
    Δ = , − , = −
    = −

    The internal energy of a system tends to increase if


    energy is added as heat and tends to decrease if
    energy is lost as work done by the system.
    1. Adiabatic processes
    • process is one that occurs
    so rapidly
    • occurs in a system that is
    so well insulated
     no transfer of energy as
    heat occurs between the
    system and its
    environment.

    Δ =−
    2. Constant volume processes
    • volume of a system (such as a gas) is held constant
    • system can do no work

    Δ =
    3. Cyclical processes
    • after certain interchanges of heat and work, the system is
    restored to its initial state.
    • no intrinsic property of the system-including its internal
    energy-can possibly change

    =
    4. Free expansions
    • Adiabatic processes
     no transfer of heat
    occurs between the
    system and its
    environment and
     no work is done on or by
    the system.

    Δ =0

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