Guru Nanak Public School: Chemistry Investigatory Project

Guru nanak public
school
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
Topic- Pain killers, their chemistry and their long

term effect on body
Submitted to- Submitted by-

Purnima Tiwari Yogeshwar jadhav
Class XII A
INDEX
1. Certification
2. Acknowledgement
3. What are painkillers?
4. Examples of painkillers
5. Paracetamol
6. Dynapar
7. Combiflam
8. Ibuprofen
9. How do painkillers work?
10. Their effects on body
11. Chemistry of painkillers
12. Home remedies
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that I Yogeshwar jadhav
of class 12 A, has completed my project
on the topic “pain killers, their chemistry
and long term effect on body” under the
guidance of Purnima mam during the
year 2018-19 conducted by CBSE.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Yogeshwar Jadhav of class 12-A is very
thankful to cbse for conducting this
project. It helped me to learn more about
this project. I would also like to thank my
principal sir as well as our chemistry
teacher for helping me throughout this
project. My parents as well as my friends
also helped me to make this project.
WHAT ARE PAINKILLERS?
painkillers are powerful drugs that interfere with the nervous
system’s transmission of the nerve signals we perceive as pain.
Most painkillers also stimulate portions of the brain associated
with pleasure. Thus, in addition to blocking pain, they produce a
“high.”
The most powerful prescription painkillers are called opioids,

which are opium-like compounds. They are manufactured to react
on the nervous system in the same way as drugs derived from the
opium poppy, like heroin. The most commonly abused opioid
painkillers include oxycodone, hydrocodone, meperidine,
hydromorphone and propoxyphene.
Some of the examples of painkillers…
Some of the most well known painkillers are listed below
with the names we might find on a prescription label.
although painkillers have different potencies and are taken
in different ways, when they are abused, all pose a risk for
addiction and other serious effects.
o Opium - from the opium poppy, formerly used n medicine to
soothe pain but is now often replaced by derivative alkaloids
(as morphine or codeine) or man-made substitutes (opioids).
o Morphine - the powerful, active ingredient of opium is used as
a painkiller and sedative.
o Codeine - like morphine is found in opium, is weaker in
action than morphine, and is used especially as a painkiller.

o Hydrocodone - often combined with acetaminophen for use as
a painkiller. Vicodin is an example.
o Oxycodone - a narcotic painkiller, for example OxyContin,
Percocet, and Percodan.
MORPHINE CODEINE HYDROCODONE

PARACETAMOL….
1. Paracetamol is a common painkiller used to treat aches and pain. It can also
be used to reduce fever (38C and above).
It's also available combined with other painkillers and anti-sickness medicines.
It's an ingredient in a wide range of cold and flu remedies.
2. Key facts
 Paracetamol takes up to an hour to work.
 The usual dose of paracetamol is one or two 500mg tablets at a time.
 Don't take paracetamol with other medicines containing paracetamol.
 Paracetamol is safe to take in pregnancy and while breastfeeding, at

recommended doses.
 It may be called by the brand names Disprol, Hedex, Medinol, and Panadol.
DAYNAPAR
Dynapar Aq 75 MG Injection is a Non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory (NSAID) drug used to treat pain associated
with conditions like Gout, Migraine, Rheumatoid Arthritis,
sprains of muscles and joints and in mild to moderate
fever in some cases.
It is prescribed for-
1) Mild to moderate pain
2) Migraine
3) Bursitis
4) Tendinitis
5) Dysmenorrhea
COMBIFLAM
Combiflam (325/400 mg) Tablet is a combination
medicine used to relieve pain associated with menstrual
cycles and arthritis. It is used to relieve mild to moderate
pain associated with a headache, toothache, muscle pain,
or back pain. It is also used to temporarily relieve fever.
This medicine should be used with caution due to the
increased risk of liver damage and bleeding
complications.
Uses of Combiflam (325/400 mg) Tablet

What is it prescribed for?
 Fever and Pain
 Mild to Moderate pain
 Menstrual Cramps
 Osteoarthritis
IBUPROFEN……..
Ibuprofen is used to relieve pain from various conditions such as headache,
dental pain, menstrual cramps, muscle aches, or arthritis. It is also used to
reduce fever and to relieve minor aches and pain due to the common
cold or flu. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It
works by blocking your body's production of certain natural substances that
cause inflammation. This effect helps to decrease swelling, pain, or fever.
See also Warning section.
Upset
stomach, nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, constipation, dizziness, or
drowsiness may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your
doctor or pharmacist promptly.
If your doctor has prescribed this medication, remember that he or she has
judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many
people using this medication do not have serious side effects.
This medication may raise your blood pressure.

HOW DO PAINKILLERS WORK?
Your body is full of nerve endings in your skin and tissues.
Some of these nerve endings can sense pain, like from a
burn or a blow to a body part (like your friend's foot hitting
your shin). When cells in your body are injured or
damaged, they release chemicals called prostaglandins.
When you take a pain reliever like ibuprofen, it keeps
injured or damaged cells from making and releasing
prostaglandin. When the cells don't release this chemical,
it means that the brain won't get the pain message as
quickly or clearly. So your pain goes away or becomes
less severe for as long as the cells aren't releasing the
chemical. Acetaminophen works in the brain so you don't
feel the pain. If you ever have an operation or another
health problem that causes a lot of pain, doctors may
prescribe pain relievers that are stronger than
acetaminophen and ibuprofen. These types of pain
relievers work by getting in between the nerve cells so
they can't transmit the pain message to one another. The
message isn't able to make it to the brain, and this keeps
the person from feeling pain.
EFFECT OF PAINKILLERS ON
BODY…….
There are a number of unpleasant side effects associated with painkiller
abuse. Mild side effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, usually
caused by the way the drug interacts with opioid receptors along the
digestive tract. You can also expect random muscle spasms that occur as
a result of the nerves reacting at random to various stimuli. As the opiate in
the body breaks down at the opioid receptor, GABA starts going back into
full swing, but this also causes a sudden cessation of dopamine, which
causes the random twitches.
The long-term effects also depend on how the drug is taken.Crushing

and injecting the tablet into the bloodstream can cause long-term heart
damage and other cardiovascular issues, and can increase the
likelihood of a heart attack.
MENTAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PAINKILLERS
 Constipation
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Dizziness
 Confusion
 Addiction
 Unconsciousness
 Respiratory depression
 Increased risk of heart attack
 Coma
 Death
Chemistry of painkillers…
Home remedies….
We all know that these painkillers are very useful and they help
us in curing and treating our pain but with these advantages
there are some disadvantages or I should say some side effects
which can be very harmful for us and our body and therefore
there should be limited use of these painkillers rather we should
use some natural ways or treatment.
Many herbs and spices can treat inflammation and other related
conditions. These plant-based options fall under a category of
treatment known as alternative medicine, which also
includes acupuncture, yoga, Reiki, and other practices. When it
comes to pain relief, you may be surprised by what might help
you feel better.
Some of them are-
1)TURMERIC-
Turmeric also known as haldi can be used as the painkillers or
an alternative to reduce the pain.
Turmeric can also be used for the treatment of many conditions,

including:
 indigestion
 ulcers
 stomach upset
 psoriasis
 cancer
Some people with OA also turn to turmeric as a natural pain
reliever because it helps relieve inflammation.
2) ACUPUNCTURE
This is an ancient method used by people to relive pain by
balancing body’s natural energy pathways.
for this practice, acupuncturists place tiny, thin needles into your
skin. The location of the insertion is related to the source of the
pain. Based on the qi, a needle may be inserted far from the part
of the body experiencing pain.
Acupuncture may relieve pain by causing the body to

release serotonin, a “feel-good” chemical that eases pain.
According to a survey it help to relieve the pain associated with

OA, migraines as well as chronic disease.
3) HEAT AND ICE-
Among the most common home pain remedies is applying heat

and ice directly to sites of pain. While this treatment may seem
obvious, not everyone’s clear on exactly when to use ice versus
heat. Applying an ice pack to reduce swelling and inflammation
shortly after you experience a strained muscle, tendon, or
ligament may bring relief. Interestingly, once the inflammation
has disappeared, heat may help reduce the stiffness that comes
with sprains and strains. A cold pack used briefly on the head
may also help take away the pain of a headache. If your painful
problem is arthritis, moist heat applied to the affected joint will
help more than ice. Moist heat packs can be warmed in the
microwave and used many times, making them effective and
easy to use.
If you get injured, talk with your doctor or pharmacist about

how to best use heat or ice to help ease the pain.
HEAT AND ICE ACUPUNCTURE
TURMERIC

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Guru nanak public

Topic- Pain killers, their chemistry and their long

Submitted to- Submitted by-

The most powerful prescription painkillers are called opioids,

action than morphine, and is used especially as a painkiller.

MORPHINE CODEINE HYDROCODONE

 The usual dose of paracetamol is one or two 500mg tablets at a time.

 Don't take paracetamol with other medicines containing paracetamol.

 Paracetamol is safe to take in pregnancy and while breastfeeding, at

1) Mild to moderate pain

Uses of Combiflam (325/400 mg) Tablet

 Mild to Moderate pain

See also Warning section.

This medication may raise your blood pressure.

The long-term effects also depend on how the drug is taken.Crushing

MENTAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PAINKILLERS

Turmeric can also be used for the treatment of many conditions,

Acupuncture may relieve pain by causing the body to

According to a survey it help to relieve the pain associated with

3) HEAT AND ICE-

Among the most common home pain remedies is applying heat

If you get injured, talk with your doctor or pharmacist about

HEAT AND ICE ACUPUNCTURE

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