NDIFOR - Internship Report Draft

UNIVERSITY OF BUEA
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING PROGRAMME
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON
A HIGH-SPEED BROADBAND
ACCESS NETWORK BASED ON
GPON
Offered by
By: DOLVIE MANSINDOUNG NDIFOR
FE11A048
dolviendifor@gmail.com
Performed at: HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co. Ltd.

Rue 1794, Bastos BP: 4427 Nlongkak, Yaounde, Cameroon
In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Bachelor of Engineering Programme in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Report of Internship from 1st September 2014 to 31st January 2015
Industrial Supervisor: Mr. Pusuma Sulemanu Leboh
Academic Supervisor: Dr. Michael Ekonde Sone March 2015

Declaration
I, Dolvie Mansindoung Ndifor, declare that this report has been written by me and has not
received any previous academic credit at this or any other institution.
Student’s Signature Academic Supervisor’s Signature
........................................................ …………………………………………
i
Acknowledgement
First of all, I thank the Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Buea, for having
the internship program included in the curriculum. This gave me an opportunity to get some
field experience before completion of my studies, hence preparing me for the work environment.
I heartily thank Mr. Xiehui Eric, Mr. Pusuma Leboh, and Mr.Jack Xiaodanjie (my mentor and
field supervisor respectively), Mr. Tangyuan, Mr. Epair Emmanuel, Mr. Ndi Desmond, Mr.
Fomumbod Nicol, Mr. Boris Ngosso, Mr. Taguia Arnaud, and all other team members, for their
technical assistance, advice, unrelenting efforts and unending support, throughout my stay at
Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd.
My gratitude also goes to my academic supervisor, Dr. Ekonde Sone, for all the efforts he put in
to ensure that my work was well done.
I also thank my parents, Mr. Ndifor Victor and Mrs. Ndifor Dorothy, who have always been
there for me, unfailingly supporting and encouraging me throughout my internship.
I thank all my friends and loved ones. I may not be able to show my gratitude enough, but God in
His abundant kindness will see you through life’s journey.
Above all, I thank God Almighty for his Grace and blessings throughout this period, and in my
life as a whole.
ii
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 : GPON Architecture ..................................................................................................... 7

Figure 2.2 : Access Network user type ........................................................................................... 9
Figure 2.3 : MSAN schéma .......................................................................................................... 11
Figure 2.4 : FTTH ODN architecture ........................................................................................... 13
Figure 2.5 : Typical ODN Topology............................................................................................. 13
Figure 2.6 : FTTH Access Network Devices ................................................................................ 16
Figure 2.7 : Data Multiplexing...................................................................................................... 16
Figure 2.8 : (a) Upstream Data (TDMA mode). (b)Downstream data (Broadcast mode) ............ 17
Figure 2.9 : GPON Multiplexing Architecture ............................................................................. 18
Figure 3.3.1 : Extending the reach of PON ................................................................................... 27
Figure 4.1 : FTTX Network Architecture ..................................................................................... 28
Figure 4.2 : GPON FTTX Network Structure .............................................................................. 29
Figure 4.3 : Service Mapping........................................................................................................ 29
Figure 4.4 : Service Control .......................................................................................................... 30
Figure 5.1 : CommissioningFlow chart ........................................................................................ 32
Figure 5.2 : Connection between device and terminal .................................................................. 36
Figure 5.3 : DBA Profile creation ................................................................................................. 38
Figure 5.4 : DBA profile parameters ............................................................................................ 38
Figure 5.5: GPON Traffic profile creation ................................................................................... 39
Figure 5.6 : Global profile for the traffic profile .......................................................................... 39
Figure 5.7: Definition of bandwidth ............................................................................................. 40
Figure 5.8: GPON line profile creation......................................................................................... 40
Figure 5.9 : GPON Line profile properties ................................................................................... 41
Figure 5.10: adding T-CONT and assigning a DBA profile ......................................................... 42
Figure 5.11: Adding GEM port to T-CONT ................................................................................. 42
Figure 5.12: GEM port and GEM connection properties ............................................................. 43
Figure 5.13: Creation of GPON Service Profile ........................................................................... 44
Figure 5.14 : Port configuration .................................................................................................... 44
Figure 5.15: VLAN Switch configuration .................................................................................... 45
Figure 5.16: Adding the ONT ....................................................................................................... 46
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Figure 5.17 : WAN connection ..................................................................................................... 47
Figure 5.18: General VAS profile configuration for internet ....................................................... 47
Figure 5.19 : WAN Interface parameters ...................................................................................... 48
Figure 5.20 : WAN connection configuration .............................................................................. 48
Figure 5.21: Voice service interface configuration ....................................................................... 49
Figure 5.22: Configuration of SIP service .................................................................................... 49
Figure 5.23 : Add voice user ......................................................................................................... 50
Figure 5.24 : General VAS Profile ............................................................................................... 50
Figure 5.25: Configuration of Voice user ..................................................................................... 51
Figure 5.26 : WAN connection configuration .............................................................................. 51
Figure 5.27 : Enable IGMP for IPTV Transmission ..................................................................... 52
Figure 5.28: WAN interface configuration ................................................................................... 52
Figure 5.29 : Adding the service port ........................................................................................... 53
Figure 5.30 : Binding ONT to a general VAS profile................................................................... 53
Figure 5.31 : Select ONT VAS Profile ......................................................................................... 54
Figure 5.32 : Configure the ONT VAS Services .......................................................................... 54
Figure 5.33 : Internet Service Configuration ................................................................................ 55
Figure 5.34 : Voice Service configuration .................................................................................... 55
Figure 5.35 : Voice user parameters ............................................................................................. 56
Figure 5.36 : IPTV Configuration ................................................................................................. 56
Figure 5.37 : Loading the configurations into the ONT ............................................................... 57
Figure 5.38 : Download service and line profiles into OLT ......................................................... 57
Figure 5.39 : Choose specific OLT ............................................................................................... 58
Figure 5.40: Optical Power Meter ................................................................................................ 58
iv
List of Tables
Table 1 : ID of the company ........................................................................................................... 2

Table 2 : Comparing PON types ..................................................................................................... 8
Table 3 : Tool requirement for commissioning ............................................................................ 35
v
List of Photographs
Picture 2.2.1 : Passive Optical Network ......................................................................................... 5

Picture 2.2 : The OLT ................................................................................................................... 12
Picture 2.3 : iODF ......................................................................................................................... 12
Picture 2.4 : Splitter ...................................................................................................................... 14
Picture 2.5: FDT............................................................................................................................ 14
Picture 2.6 : (a) Inside the FAT (b) Pole mounted FAT ............................................................... 15
Picture 2.7 : ONT on air ................................................................................................................ 15
Picture 5.1 : Patch cord connections ............................................................................................. 35
Picture 5.2: (a) ONT on air and (b) ONT not on air ..................................................................... 45
vi
List of Symbols/Abbreviations
ADSL: Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
AES: Advanced Encryption Standard
BRAS: Broadband Remote Access Server
CLI: Command Line Interface
CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
DSLAM: Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
Gbps: Gigabits per second
GPBD: GPON Board
GPON: Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol
IGW: Internet Gateway
IMS-Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem
IPTV: Internet Protocol TV
ITU-T: International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunications Standards Section
LOS: Loss of Signal
MDF: Main Distribution Frame
MPLS: Multiprotocol Label Switching
MSAN: Multi Service Access Node
MXU: Multi Access Unit
NBN: National Broadband Network
NMS: Network Management System
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OMCI: ONT Management and Control Interface protocol
OPM: Optical Power Meter
OTDR: Optical Time Domain Reflectometry
PDF: Power Distribution Frame
PDH: Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
PLOAM: Physical Layer Operation, Administration and Maintenance
POTS: Plain Old Telephone Service
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
P2P: Point to point
P2MP: Point to Multipoint
SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SIP: Session Initial Protocol
SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol
TDM: Time Division Multiplexing
UNI: User Network Interface
VDSL: Virtual Digital Subscriber Line
VLAN: Virtual Local Area Network
VoIP: Voice over IP
VPI/VCI: Virtual Path Identifier/ Virtual Channel Identifier
WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing
viii
ABSTRACT
The work documented in this report pertains to industrial training carried out at HUAWEI
Technologies Co. Ltd. which is done in partial fulfillment of the requirements of a Bachelor of
Engineering in telecommunications engineering at the University of Buea.
This report contains seven chapters. Chapter one gives a brief introduction of the company,
objectives and purpose for which the training was done. The following chapter gives History of
Passive Optical Network (PON) systems with emphasis on the Gigabit PON (GPON) system and
its advantages over other broadband systems.
The subsequent chapters contain a few improvements to the system, an overview of a GPON
Fiber To The Home (FTTH) network, a summary of the procedure used in carrying out the work
(MSAN commissioning and FTTH service configuration) done during the internship.
Access networks based on Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) has been proven to be the most promising
fixed internet access service. Gigabit- capable PON systems are now being deployed to support
broadband optical access services. The purpose of the training is to deliver data, voice and video
services at high broadband speeds over optical fiber lines, to users. The last two chapters present
solutions to the various problems encountered on the field and a conclusion on the internship and
future scope of study.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
1. Declaration ....................................................................................................................................... i
2. Acknowledgement........................................................................................................................... ii
3. List of Figures.................................................................................................................................. iii
4. List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... v
5. List of Photographs ........................................................................................................................ vi
6. ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... ix
7. CONTENTS........................................................................................................................................ x
8. CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................ 1
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Overview of The Company ........................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Subject of the Report ................................................................................................................ 3
1.3. Project Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 3
9. CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................... 5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 5
2.1. History of PONs (Passive Optical Networks) ............................................................................. 5
2.2. Types of PON systems available................................................................................................ 6
2.3. ACCESS NETWORK..................................................................................................................... 9
2.4. GPON Working Principe .......................................................................................................... 16
2.5. Advantages of GPON over other fixed broadband Technologies ........................................... 21
2.6. Disadvantages of GPON over other Fixed Broadband Technologies ...................................... 22
2.7. APPLICATIONS OF THE GPON SYSTEM .................................................................................... 22
10. CHAPTER THREE ..................................................................................................................... 25
3. IMPROVEMENTS TO THE EXISTING SYSTEM ................................................................ 25
3.1. Power Saving: ............................................................................................................................... 25
3.2. Long-reach PON ...................................................................................................................... 26
11. CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................................................................ 28
4. GPON FTTH ................................................................................................................................ 28
4.1. Overview of FTTX .................................................................................................................... 28
x
4.2. GPON FTTH Service Configuration .......................................................................................... 29
4.3. VLANs and Ports ...................................................................................................................... 30
4.4. ONT Profiles ............................................................................................................................ 31
12. CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................................................... 32
5. METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 32
5.1. Site Survey............................................................................................................................... 32
5.2. Commissioning ........................................................................................................................ 32
5.3. FTTH SERVICE CONFIGURATION ON iManager U2000 ........................................................... 38
13. CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................................ 59
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................................ 59
6.1. Commissioning of outdoor MSANs ......................................................................................... 59
6.2. FTTH Deployment :.................................................................................................................. 60
14. CHAPTER SEVEN...................................................................................................................... 62
7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE OF STUDY ............................................................ 62
xi
High-Speed Broadband Access based on GPON
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Overview of The Company
My internship was done in HUAWEI Technologies Co. Ltd. Yaoundé. HUAWEI is a

Chinese multinational networking and telecommunications equipment and services
company, headquartered in Shenzhen. It is the largest telecom equipment maker in the
world. It was founded in 1987 by ex-military officer, Ren Zhengfei and formed as a
private company.
1.1.1. Purpose/ Function
Its core missions are:

 Building telecommunication networks
 Providing operational and consulting services and equipment to the enterprises inside
and outside of China.
 Manufacturing communication devices for the consumer market
1.1.2. Services and products
 Huawei offers a variety of network technologies and solutions to help telecom

operators expand the capacity of their mobile broadband networks.
 Huawei’s core network solutions offer mobile and fixed soft switches, plus next-
generation HLRs and IMS.
 Huawei assists content service providers looking to migrate from copper to fiber with
solutions that support xDSL and PON on a single platform.
 The company also offers mobile infrastructure, broadband access and service provider
routers and switches (SPRS).
 Globally, Huawei provides telecom operators with equipment to build and operate
networks as well as consulting and engineering services to improve operational
efficiencies.
These include:
 Network integration services such as those for mobile and fixed networks.
 Assurance services such as network safety
 Learning services such competency consulting
1
 Huawei’s devices division provides products to content-service providers, including USB

modems, wireless modems and wireless routers for mobile Wi-Fi, fixed wireless
terminals, wireless gateways, set-top boxes, mobile handsets and video products.
1.1.3. Identification of the Company
Name HUAWEI Technologies Co. Ltd
Type Private
Founded 1987
Founder/CEO Ren Zhengfei
Headquarters Shenzhen, China
Area served Worldwide
Products Mobile and fixed broadband networks, consultancy and

management services, multimedia technology,
smartphones, tablet, computers
Owners Employee-owned corporation

Employees 140,000 (2012)
Website www.huawei.com
www.huaweidevice.com
www.gethuawei.com
Table 1 : ID of the company
1.1.4. Department
I worked with the Fixed Broadband (FBB) Access Network team.
Access Network is that part of the network which connects subscribers to their immediate
service provider. That is, how the services to be provided can be distributed to the end
users, or how the services can be accessed.
The Access Network:
2
 Consists of a series of wires, cables and equipment lying between a consumer/business

telephone termination point (where a telephone connection reaches the customer) and
the local telephone exchange.
 It is the oldest and most important asset a telecom operator owns.
 Is constantly evolving
 Most complicated and costly part of an operator’s infrastructure.
1.2. Subject of the Report
This write up is about a high-speed broadband access network (Gigabit Passive Optical
network (GPON)). The access mode/system used to obtain or to deliver high-speed broadband
services within a GPON, is a Fiber To The x (x: Home, Building, Curb, Node) system.
In telecommunications, broadband is wide bandwidth transmission with an ability to

simultaneously transport multiple signals and traffic types. In contrast, baseband describes a
communication system in which information is transported across a single channel. The major
types of broadband include DSL, cable, satellite, fiber-optic and mobile broadband. The
GPON is a fiber-optic broadband network. The fiber-optic lines use light to transmit data
signals at far faster speeds than traditional copper wires or coaxial cables.
GPON is a type of PON (Passive Optical Network) which is a point-to-multipoint optical

fiber network that only uses fiber and passive components like splitters and combiners rather
than active components like amplifiers or repeaters. A PON consists of an Optical Line
Terminal (OLT) at the service provider’s central office, a number of Optical Network Units
(ONUs) or Optical Network Terminal (ONTs) near end users, and the fibers and splitters
between them, called the Optical Distribution Network (ODN). Details on the above
components of the network shall be further discussed in the subsequent chapters.
1.3. Project Objectives
Huawei, as the main project contractor company, is currently working on Camtel’s NBN
(National Broadband Network). The main objective of this project is to create a large capacity
network which supports high bandwidth transmission in order to deliver higher quality of
services (data, voice and video), multiplexed over a single optical fiber. This network is
generally referred to as FTTx - Fiber to the x (i.e. Home, Building, or Node) network. The
latter is to amend the problems faced with ADSL (copper lines) such as limited bandwidth,
3
transmission speed and the distributed nature of the network topology(i.e. in the previous
network, one piece of hardware was dedicated to the delivery of a particular service offering).
CAMTEL is the number one carrier in Cameroon and the only diversified carrier which has
more than 120,000 fixed users and 100,000 CDMA mobile users. In the CAMTEL network,
there are a lot of PSTN switches that have existed for more than 20 years. It is difficult to add
new services and expand new users. Most of the network devices, which include internet
IGW, IP core switches and access DSLAM, are old and of low capability. These devices
cannot adapt to the increase in services and users, and it is difficult to manage and maintain
them. CAMTEL thus saw a need to use new devices and build a new NBN network to
upgrade the existing system. Rolls and rolls of fiber optic cables are being installed all over
the country. Eventually, the NBN will replace the old copper networks that we currently use
for our home phone and broadband services.
Optical Fiber-based networks will:
 Better suit the environment, as data speeds are not affected by bad weather and/or
extreme heat, the way existing copper lines are.
 Provide better stability of voice and video calls.
 Provide faster download and upload options
 Deliver a higher capacity than existing ADSL, thus enabling multiple users to share a
better experience.
4
CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. History of PONs (Passive Optical Networks)
A passive optical network (PON) is a fiber network that brings optical fiber cabling and
signals all or most of the way to the end user. The passive simply describes the fact that
optical transmission has no optical amplifiers, regenerators, power requirements or active
electronic parts once the signal is going through the network. Such networks cost significantly
less than those using active components.
Picture 2.1 : Passive Optical Network
The main disadvantage is a shorter range of coverage limited by signal strength. While an
active optical network (AON) can cover a range to about 100 km (62 miles), a PON is
typically limited to fiber cable runs of up to 20 km (12 miles). PONs are also called fiber to
the home (FTTH) networks.
The typical PON arrangement is a point to multi-point (P2MP) network where a central
optical line terminal (OLT) at the service provider’s facility distributes TV, voice or Internet
services to as many as 16 to 128 customers per fiber line. Optical splitters, passive optical
devices that divide a single optical signal into multiple equal but lower-power signals,
distribute the signals to users. An ONU terminates the PON at the customer’s home. The
ONU usually communicates with ONT, which may be a separate box that connects the PON
to TV sets, telephones, computers, or a wireless router. The ONU/ONT may be one device.
5
In the basic method of operation for downstream distribution on one wavelength of light from
OLT to ONU/ONT, all customers receive the same data. The ONU recognizes data targeted at
each user. For the upstream from ONU to OLT, a TDM technique is used where each user is
assigned a timeslot on a different wavelength of light. With this arrangement, the splitters act
as power combiners. The upstream transmissions, called burst-mode operations, occur at
random as a user needs to send data. The system assigns a slot as needed. Because the TDM
method involves multiple users on a single transmission, the upstream data rate is always
slower than the downstream rate. [1]
2.2. Types of PON systems available
Over the years, various PON standards have been developed. They have essentially the same
theoretical capacity at the optical level, and the general technology is the same. The
differences are in the specifications and upper layer protocols. [2]
APON/BPON:
The first PON systems that achieved significant commercial deployment had an electrical
layer built on Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM, or "cell switching") for long-haul packet
transmission and were called “APON”. These are still being used today, although the term
"broadband PON" or BPON is now applied. APON/BPON systems typically have
downstream capacity of 155 Mbps or 622 Mbps, with the latter now the most common.
Upstream transmission is in the form of cell bursts at 155 Mbps. [3] BPON also uses ATM
encapsulation but supports superior features and higher speeds. Standardized by the ITU-T.
EPON
A rival activity to GPON is Ethernet PON (EPON), which uses Ethernet packets instead of
ATM cells. EPON should be cheaper to deploy, according to supporters, but it has not
garnered the level of acceptance of GPON, so it is not clear how EPON will figure in the
future of broadband access. [3]
It is a PON standard developed by IEEE. Based on the Ethernet standard 802.3, EPON 802.3
specifies a similar passive network with a range of up to 20 km. It uses WDM with the same
optical frequencies as GPON and TDMA. The raw line data rate is 1.25 Gbits/s in both the
downstream and upstream directions. The network is sometimes referred to as Gigabit
Ethernet PON or GEPON.
6
EPON is fully compatible with other Ethernet standards, so no conversion or encapsulation is

necessary when connecting to Ethernet-based networks on either end. The same Ethernet
frame is used with a payload of up to 1518 bytes. EPON does not use the CSMA/CD access
method used in other versions of Ethernet. Since Ethernet is the primary networking
technology used in local-area networks (LANs) and now in metro-area networks (MANs), no
protocol conversion is needed.
GPON
The successor to APON/BPON is GPON, which has a variety of speed options ranging from
622 Mbps symmetrical (the same upstream/downstream capacity) to 2.5 Gbps downstream
and 1.25 Gbps upstream. GPON is also based on ATM transport. GPON is the type of PON
most widely deployed in today's fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) networks in new installations and
is generally considered suitable for consumer broadband services for the next 5 to 10 years.
[3]
Figure 2.1 : GPON Architecture
7
Table 2 : Comparing PON types
Summary on PON
Telecommunications companies use PONs to provide triple-play services including TV, VoIP
phone, and Internet service to subscribers.
The benefit is much higher data rates that are essential to video distribution and other Internet
services. The low cost of passive components means simpler systems with fewer components
that fail or require maintenance.
PONs are growing in popularity as the demand for faster Internet service and more video
grows. GPON is the most popular in the U.S. EPON systems are more prevalent in Asia and
Europe. [3]
WHY GPON
• GPON supports Triple play services (data, voice and video), providing competitive
all-service solution.
• GPON supports high-bandwidth transmission to break down the bandwidth bottleneck
of the access over twisted pair cables, so as to satisfy the requirements of high-
bandwidth services, such as IPTV and live TV broadcasts.
• GPON supports the long-reach (up to 20 km) service coverage to overcome the
obstacle of the access technology over twisted pair cables and reduce the network
nodes.
8
• With complete standards and high technical requirements, GPON supports integrated
services in a good way.
• GPON is the choice of large carriers in the international market.
2.3. ACCESS NETWORK
Figure 2.2 : Access Network user type
There are 4 types of users to connect to the access network; they are FTTH, FTTB, FTTC and
P2P. The detailed description is as follows:
 FTTH, which connects fiber to the user’s home. We will deploy one ONT in the home,
and connects the MSAN by GPON.
 FTTB, which connects fiber to enterprise buildings. MXU deployed in the enterprise
office, and connects the MSAN by GPON.
 FTTC, which connects cable to user home. We will deploy one XDSL HG in the home,
and connect MSAN by ADSL2+.
 P2P, which connects some special customers, may be enterprise, school, government or
other. [4]
2.3. Overview of Main Components of a GPON FTTH Access Network
 Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
9
 Optical Distribution Frame (ODF)/Intelligent ODF (iODF)

 Passive optical splitters /Optical Distribution Network (ODN):
 Fiber Distribution Terminal (FDT)

 Fiber Access Terminal (FAT)
 Optical Network Units (ONUs) or Optical Network Termination (ONT) units.
The OLT is connected to the ONU or ONT via a network of fiber cables, splitters and other
passive components (ODN).
2.3.1. The OLT/MSAN:
The OLT is the main element of the network and it is usually placed in the Local Exchange
and it’s the engine that drives FTTH system. They provide the boundary between customer
interfaces and the transport network. The most important functions that OLT perform are
traffic scheduling, buffer control and bandwidth allocation. OLTs typically operate using
redundant DC power (-48VDC).
The MSAN, which is referred to as an OLT, is an integrated optical-copper access platform

that provides flexible user access modes and effectively ensures the smooth evolution from
copper access to optical access.
The OLT is able to provide multiple services over legacy copper lines using xDSL access
technologies such as ADSL and VDSL2.
Why MSANs?
Before MSAN's were developed a telecommunications operator would have had one piece of
hardware dedicated to delivery of a particular service offering. For example:-
-A telephone switch for voice services
-IP-DSLAM for Internet services
-PDH Multiplexer for digital leased lines
-ATM/SDH switch or multiplexer for the back-haul of traffic
Each of the above service offerings would have required its owns rack space, power supply
and cabling as well as potentially a different skill set for each offering in terms of
configuration, operation and management.
This is a costly model. Each service requires its own dedicated hardware, software, OAM and
skills to function.
10
The overall result being increased Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operational
Expenditure (OPEX).
MSAN's overcome many of these service limitations by integrating multiple network
functions into a single platform.
Customer facing services such as traditional voice, DSL and leased line services can be
provisioned as well as new emerging IP based services such as optical Ethernet, VoIP and
Video on Demand (triple-play services) all delivered from the same hardware. [5]
The Schematic of an MSAN is as follows:
Figure 2.3 : MSAN schéma
 GPBD board: can support access by GPON users.

 CAME board: can support access by ADSL and POTS users.
 ETDB board: can support access by PBX users.
 OPGD board: can support access by P2P users.
 GICK board: It is the uplink board.
[4]
11
Picture 2.2 : The OLT
2.3.2. ODF/ iODF:
A device used to provide efficient connections between optical fibers and optical
communication devices, or among optical communication devices. The ODF is generally used
indoor.
Picture 2.3 : iODF
Basic functions of the iODF are:

-Cable entry and protection
-Fiber Splicing
-Fiber termination
-Cable distribution
-Fiber storage
12
2.3.3. Passive Optical Splitters/ODN:
It is a network of optical fibers that connect between an OLT and one or more ONUs,
using passive optical devices such as FDTs and FATs. [6]
Figure 2.4 : FTTH ODN architecture
Figure 2.5 : Typical ODN Topology
 These devices split incoming light and distribute the light among multiple
fibers, or in the reverse direction combine multiple light streams onto a single
fiber.
 Optical splitters are classified as passive because there are no active electrical
components. Thus the device is not sensitive to temperature or other elements
that would be problematic for electrical component entry.
13
 The optical splitter can be seen as an optical junction box. One side of the box
is the fiber that connects to the telco exchange (OLT), and on the other side are
up to 64 fibers, each of which connects to a customer premise. [8]
Picture 2.4 : Splitter
2.3.3.1. Fiber Distribution Terminal (FDT):
This is an outdoor device that contains level-1 splitters in the ODN. The rest of the
splitters (level-2) are located in the FAT. The FDT is connected at the upper end to the
iODF and to the FAT at the lower end, closer to the users’ premises.
The splitting ratio is 1:8
Picture 2.5: FDT
2.3.3.2. Fiber Access Terminal (FAT):
It is usually placed at the entrance of a neighborhood. It also contains splitters

The splitting ratio is 1:8, which means each FAT serves 8 homes. [7]
14
Picture 2.6 : (a) Inside the FAT (b) Pole mounted FAT
2.3.4. Optical Network Terminal (ONT)/ Optical Network Unit (ONU):
• ONTs provide the opto-electrical conversion, allowing information to transit from an

optical fiber framework to an electrical metallic framework.
• ONTs can be thought of as the demarcation point where the carrier network ends and
the customer network begins. From a physical perspective the carrier fiber connects to
one end of the device, and a customer cable on the other end.
• ONUs terminate the optical stream, and convert the signal into electrical format for
transmission to the customer premise
• ONUs would tend to be located in weather reinforced street/pole cabinets, and ONTs
would be located at customer premises. [8]
Picture 2.7 : ONT on air
15
Below are the devices that make up the access network:
Figure 2.6 : FTTH Access Network Devices
2.4. GPON Working Principe
Data Multiplexing
GPON uses optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) so a single fiber can be used for
both downstream and upstream data. A laser on a wavelength (λ) of 1490 nm transmits
downstream data. Upstream data transmits on a wavelength of 1310 nm. If TV is being
distributed, a wavelength of 1550 nm is used.
Figure 2.7 : Data Multiplexing
To separate upstream/downstream signals of multiple users over a single fiber, GPON

adopts two multiplexing mechanisms:
– In downstream direction, data packets are transmitted in a broadcast manner;

– In upstream direction, data packets are transmitted in a TDMA manner.
While each ONU gets the full downstream rate of 2.488 Gbits/s, GPON uses a time division
multiple access (TDMA) format to allocate a specific timeslot to each user. This divides the
bandwidth so each user gets a fraction such as 100 Mbits/s depending upon how the service
provider allocates it.
16
The upstream rate is less than the maximum because it is shared with other ONUs in a TDMA
scheme. The OLT determines the distance and time delay of each subscriber. Then software
provides a way to allot timeslots to upstream data for each user.
Figure 2.8 : (a) Upstream Data (TDMA mode). (b)Downstream data (Broadcast mode)
The typical split of a single fiber is 1:32 or 1:64. That means each fiber can serve up to 32 or
64 subscribers. Split ratios up to 1:128 are possible in some systems.
As for data format, the GPON packets can handle ATM packets directly. ATM packages
everything in 53-byte packets with 48 for data and 5 for overhead. GPON also uses a generic
encapsulation method (GEM) to carry other protocols. It can encapsulate Ethernet, IP, TCP,
UDP, T1/E1, video, VoIP, or other protocols as called for by the data transmission. Minimum
packet size is 53 bytes, and the maximum is 1518. AES encryption is used downstream only.
[9]
GPON Multiplexing Architecture
17
Figure 2.9 : GPON Multiplexing Architecture
Basic GPON Concepts
 GEM: In the GPON system, a GPON encapsulation mode (GEM) frame is the
smallest service-carrying unit and the most basic encapsulation structure. All service
streams are encapsulated into the GEM frame and transmitted over GPON lines. The
service streams are identified by GEM ports and every GEM port is identified by a
unique Port-ID. The GEM port is used to identify the virtual service channel that
carries the service stream between the OLT and the ONU. It is similar to the VPI/VCI
of the ATM virtual connection.
 GEM Port: the minimum unit for carrying services.
 ONU Identifier (ONU-ID)

ONU-ID is an 8-bit identifier that an OLT assigns to an ONU during ONU activation
via PLOAM messages. The ONU-ID is unique across the PON and remains until the
ONU is powered off or deactivated by the OLT.
 Allocation Identifier (ALLOC_ID)
ALLOC_ID is a 12-bit number that the OLT assigns to an ONU to identify a traffic-
bearing entity that is a recipient of upstream bandwidth allocations within that ONU.
This traffic-bearing entity is also called T-CONT.
Each ONU is assigned a default ALLOC_ID which is equal to that ONU's ONU-ID,
and may be assigned additional ALLOC_IDs as per OLT's discretion.
18
 Transmission Containers (T-CONT): It is a kind of Buffer that carries services. It is

an ONU object representing a group of logical connections that appear as a single
entity for the purpose of upstream bandwidth assignment on the PON. T-CONT is
introduced to realize the dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA) of the upstream
bandwidth, so as to enhance the utilization of the line.
For a given ONU, the number of supported T-CONTs is fixed. The ONU
autonomously creates all the supported T-CONT instances during ONU activation.
The OLT discovers the number of T-CONT instances supported by a given ONU.
To activate a T-CONT instance to carry upstream user traffic, the OLT has to establish
a mapping between T-CONT instance and an ALLOC_ID, which has been previously
assigned to the ONU via PLOAM messages (Physical Layer Operations,
Administration and Maintenance). Any ALLOC_ID assigned to the ONU, including
the default ALLOC_ID, can be associated with single user traffic T-CONT.
There are 5 types of T-CONTs which can be allocated to the user:
1. Type 1: This T-CONT is of fixed bandwidth type and mainly used for services
sensitive to delay and high priority like VOIP.
2. Type 2 and Type 3: Both T-CONTs are of guaranteed bandwidth types and mainly
used for video services and data services of higher priorities.
3. Type 4: This T-CONT is of best-effort type and mainly used for data services such as
Internet and services of low priority which do not require high bandwidth.
4. Type 5: This T-CONT is of mixed type, involving all bandwidth types and bearing all
services.
-It is mainly used to transmit upstream data units.
-Based on the mapping scheme, service traffic is carried to different GEM ports and
then to different T-CONTs. The mapping between the GEM port and the T-CONT is
flexible. A GEM Port can correspond to a T-CONT; or multiple GEM Ports can
correspond to the same T-CONT.
-A GPON interface (IF PON) of an ONU contains one or multiple T-CONTs.
 DBA (Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment):
19
It is a scheme facilitating dynamic bandwidth assignment at an interval of ns and us.

The OLT is responsible for allocating upstream bandwidth to the ONUs. Because the access
network is shared, ONU upstream transmissions could collide if they were transmitted at
random times. ONUs can be located at varying distances from the OLT, and hence the
transmission delay from each ONU is unique. The OLT measures delay and sets a register in
each ONU via PLOAM messages to equalize its delay with respect to all other ONUs on the
access network. This is called Ranging.
Once the delay of all ONUs have been set, the OLT transmits grants to individual ONUs. A
grant is permission to use a defined interval of time for upstream transmission. The grant map
is dynamically re-calculated every few milliseconds. The map allocates bandwidth to all
ONUs such that each ONU receives timely bandwidth for its service needs.
Some services – POTS, for example – require essentially constant upstream bandwidth, and
the OLT may provide a fixed bandwidth allocation to each such service that has been
provisioned. DS1 and some classes of data service may also require constant upstream bit
rate. But much data traffic – internet surfing, for example – is burst and highly variable.
DBA is a methodology that allows quick adoption of users' bandwidth allocation based on
current traffic requirements and it is especially good for dealing with bursty upstream traffic.
GPON uses TDMA for managing upstream access by ONUs, and at any one point in time;
TDMA provides unshared timeslots (upstream bandwidth over time) to each ONU for
upstream transmission.
DBA allows upstream timeslots to shrink and grow based on the distribution of upstream
traffic loads. DBA functions on T-CONTs, which are upstream timeslots, and each is
identified by a particular ALLOC_ID. An ONU must have at least one T-CONT, but most
have several T-CONTs, each with its own priority or traffic class, and each corresponds to a
particular upstream timeslot on the PON. Without DBA support on the OLT, upstream
bandwidth is statically assigned to T-CONTs, which cannot be shared, and can be changed
only through a management system. [10]
Why DBA?
-It enhances the uplink bandwidth utilization of PON ports
20
-More users can be added on a PON port.
-Users can enjoy higher-bandwidth services, especially those requiring comparatively greater
change in terms of the bandwidth.
GPON ONU Terminal Management
 The OLT manages the GPON ONUs through the OMCI protocol.
 OMCI is a configuration and transmission channel defined in the GPON standard. A
dedicated GEM port is set up between the OLT and the ONUs for transmitting the
OMCI messages.
 After the ONU registration, the OMCI channel is set up. The OLT controls the
multiple ONUs connected to it through this OMCI channel.
 The OMCI protocol supports the configuration of offline ONUs. The ONUs need not
store the configuration, which facilitates service provisioning.
2.5. Advantages of GPON over other fixed broadband Technologies
 A new framing mechanism called GEM can encapsulate both Ethernet and TDM
traffic on a GPON link.
 GPON supports both upstream and downstream traffic at gigabit speeds. The G.984
specification defines GPON downstream speeds at either 1.25 or 2.5 Gbps and
upstream speeds of either 155, 622, 1.25 or 2.5 Gbps (both big leaps over existing
BPON systems). Most of the telecom service providers in North America have
adopted 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.25 Gbps upstream as the standard speeds for
deployment.
 GPON provides better traffic management and security schemes with the new GPON
MAC.
 GPON will be able to support the emerging demand for switched digital video and
HDTV.
 GPON helps drive network convergence:
In the last decade, there has been a lot of talk about broadband and VoIP services, but
few deployments because the enabling technologies were not proven and the last mile
infrastructure for broadband applications lacked sufficient bandwidth. Recently, the
enabling technologies for broadband and VoIP have become more mature. The growth
demand for HDTV with emerging IPTV creates a much bigger bandwidth requirement
21
into each premise. FTTP is the next major push for service providers to offer high-
quality triple-play services. GPON is seen as the technology choice to deliver FTTP
by the telecom companies because it can provide higher bandwidth, better QoS and
enhanced scalability when compared to other PON technologies.
Also, traditional TDM voice traffic is moving to IP packets and TV signals are moving
to digital MPEG packets. Most of broadband applications are packet-based, but have a
much lower margin of profit for the service providers when compared to traditional
voice services. Today’s overlay and traditional circuit-based infrastructure will
become less optimal for the new packet-based services as the profit margin decreases.
The vision of network convergence is coming back to reduce the cost of the existing
network with the focus on packet-based technologies like bridging, VLAN and MPLS.
2.6. Disadvantages of GPON over other Fixed Broadband Technologies
 They have less range than an active optical network, meaning subscribers must be
geographically closer to the central source of the data.
 GPON also makes it difficult to isolate a failure when they occur. On the other hand,
because the bandwidth in a PON is not dedicated to individual subscribers, data
transmission speed may slow down during peak usage times in an effect known as
latency.
 Latency quickly degrades services such as audio and video, which need a smooth rate
to maintain quality.
2.7. APPLICATIONS OF THE GPON SYSTEM
2.7.1. GPON Voice Applications
There are two possible ways to handle voice services—H.248 or SIP. The H.248-based POTS
voice service uses packetized voice frames and signaling to emulate a subscriber loop. An
external or integrated voice gateway system maps packetized voice and voice-signaling
frames to an interface on Class 5 switches.
The voice media channel is cut through all the way to the Class 5 switch as soon as the end
user goes off hook. All call progress tones and CLASS features are served from the switch
directly and passed transparently through the GPON access network.
When migrating from legacy circuit-switched voice communication services to a packet

network based on IP, SIP is the preferred call control signaling protocol for VoIP service.
22
Telecom companies plan to eventually replace their current circuit-switched Class 5 switches
with packet-based Soft switch platforms. Customer analog lines with RJ-11 connections from
the ONT will perform a TDM-to-VoIP function. The VoIP will be carried over Ethernet and
GEM in the GPON link and the voice traffic in IP packets across the network to the Soft
switch.
The primary role of SIP is to allow the caller and the called parties to contact each other and
set up, modify, and end various types of communication sessions such as voice calls and
video conferencing. The protocol components mentioned above deliver messages embedded
with the SDP protocol to define their content and characteristics and complete a SIP session.
2.7.2. GPON Data Applications
The primary GPON data application is high-speed Internet access via the 10/100/1000Base-T
Ethernet connections from the ONT. These are standard data connections and are compliant
with ANSI/IEEE 802.3.
For business DS1 private line applications, GPON uses either CES or traditional SONET for
transport. E-Line and E-LAN services are also possible business-oriented services that
provide a point-to-point transparent Ethernet connection via the GPON system.
2.7.3. GPON Video Applications
The delivery of television services over PON networks is accomplished using one of two
approaches: video overlay or IPTV.
In the video overlay model, a separate 1550 nm optical wavelength is used on the fiber to
transport video services between the OLT at the CO, or head end, and the ONT at the
subscriber location. In the IPTV model, video services are transported as digital data in the
same digital stream with other voice and data services on the fiber.
The video overlay approach uses WDM to combine the video and other optical transport
signals onto a single fiber. The video wavelength (at 1550 nm) carries a broadband analog RF
signal containing all TV signals and is independent of any other wavelength used for the PON
itself. Some carriers initially chose to deliver broadcast video using an RF overlay network.
The second model for providing TV services is over an IPTV network. Signal transport is
initiated automatically when a viewer selects a channel, triggering a request for service back
to the system CO.
The IPTV model operates as a bandwidth-on-demand system. When more than one viewer on
the PON is watching the same program, the signal need only be sent once over the PON, and
multicast techniques are used to connect to the single transport stream as many subscribers as
23
are viewing this signal. IGMP snooping/proxy is required to be supported in the OLT and
ONT to provide bandwidth efficiency in the access network.
Also, this approach is more cost-effective than the overlay model because it does not require a
separate optical overlay network and all the RF modulators and ONT receivers associated
with it.
Conclusion
GPON is seen as the choice of the future to deliver high-bandwidth and multiple broadband
services in the access network. GPON is also seen as a means to a packet-based converged
network under unified network management. The IEEE VLAN tagging and bridging model is
used initially to provide aggregation and switching services to residential and business
customers. However, there is a limitation on protection, fault tolerance and scalability when
the bridged Ethernet model is used. As the core network migrates to an MPLS-based network,
it makes more sense to extend MPLS and PW support to the edge of the network, and
eventually to the end point of the network.
The vision of network convergence is driven by packet-based services and the need for
CAPEX and OPEX savings. The evolution of technology and applications is beginning to
erase the barriers between different networks. Service providers can regain customers by
bundling voice, data, and video services together.
The need for a low cost, operationally efficient, and service performance guaranteed network
creates a lot of challenges for service providers and equipment vendors. The next-generation,
packet-based transport market is still in its early stages. However, the increased penetration of
new packet-based broadband wire line technologies such as GPON can help to push the
reality of network convergence even closer.
24
CHAPTER THREE
3. IMPROVEMENTS TO THE EXISTING SYSTEM
3.1. Power Saving:
In the face of high energy costs and climate change concerns, power saving starts to play a
central role in the design and operation of information and telecommunication equipment.On
average a GPON access point is active only about 15 percent of the time, means to be in the
idle mode for about 85 percent. Therefore it is important to reduce the power consumption in
idle mode.
Two low power modes are described below:
Sleep Mode:
The basic idea behind a sleep mode for GPON is to switch off all PON related circuitry,
including optics, relevant packet processing, and storage engines when no traffic has to be
transmitted. An ONT/ONU decides to request to enter sleep mode based on status indicators,
such as traffic flow activity, UNI status, upper layer activity control messages or external
connected device indicators. In case the OLT grants the sleep mode request, the ONT/ONU
stops processing any kind of data for a configured time period derived from the GPON frame
counter. The OLT can prolong the sleeping period by putting waking ONTs back to sleep via
a broadcast OAM message. A sleeping ONT can at any time request to wake-up if upstream
traffic is waiting for transmission.
An ONU in operation can request sleep mode by sending a sleep request PLOAM message to
the OLT. The OLT can place the ONU in sleep mode by responding with a unicast sleep
approval PLOAM message containing the duration of sleep. On reception the ONU enters
sleep mode and wakes up after expiration of the sleep duration receiving all data the OLT has
buffered during the sleeping. The OLT can send ONUs back to sleep by broadcasting a sleep
cycle PLOAM message. At any time, an ONU detecting activity can request to wake-up by
sending a wake-up request PLOAM message to the OLT, which needs to approve with a
unicast wake-up approval PLOAM.
Power Shedding:
This mode offers the capability of shutting down unnecessary services in a power failure
event in order to preserve a certain number of hours (e.g. 8) of battery power for defined
minimum services (lifeline). The feature is modeled by UNI and could be extended to include
ONT/ONU core functions to achieve notable power saving even when on AC power.
A possible power saving mode based on power shedding could include the following features:
25
•ONU monitors the status of the UNIs based on reliable indicators such as physical link
activity (e.g. loss of signal, loss of carrier) independent of the service layer
•UNI related core functions can be switched off in case the UNI is switched off
•GEM ports (excluding OMCI port) pertaining to switched off UNIs can be disconnected,
stopping the flow into the ONT core functions and reducing traffic processing cycles.
Disconnected ports stay provisioned and can be connected on UNI request.
Power shedding is more effective than sleeping, since it mainly affects the PON related
circuitry and not so much UNIs and SoC functions. An ONU sleeping 80% of the time would
reduce the power consumption by 30% (3 Watts savings).
The efficiency of power shedding depends heavily on the traffic assumed. In the evaluation
below, it is assumed that the voice interface is used 5% and the data interface 20% of the
time. Under these conditions, 60% of the power can be saved (6 Watts savings). Aggressive
power shedding is twice as effective as the sleep mode. When combining both methods, 80%
of the power could be saved.
A suggested breakdown on the cost of the FTTH network is the use of more splitters. Splitters
and WDMs are worth the savings in fiber networks because adding more fiber to the network
would increase installation and thereby construction costs. Splitters do indeed save costs
because one splitter can substitute for many fibers connected point-to-point.
3.2.Long-reach PON
 Longer reach: Reach-extended PONs supporting 100km would allow thousands of

today’s central offices to be consolidated to a handful of huge metro nodes, thereby
simplifying the network architecture and reducing operating expenses. A modest increase
in budget would make it possible to reach remote customers.
There are two basic ways of extending reach:
A single-sided extender enhancing the optical transceiver function of the OLT keeps the ODN
passive and allows for a limited budget increase.
An active mid-span extender (reach extender, sometimes designated RE), as currently

drafted in G.984.re, would allow the optical trunk line to be extended to achieve a total reach
of 60km. This represents the maximum logical reach of the GPON protocol layer.
To succeed, a reach extender must comply with the following fundamental requirements:
- It must be cost-effective – that is, there must be a business case that supports the deployment
of reach extenders (cost benefits over keeping exchange buildings).
26
-It must be transparent to existing GPON.

OLTs situated on the network side and ONT on the user side.
-It must be available for early GPON deployment
 Increase in split ratio: The splitter ratio used in the current FTTx system is 1:64.
A split ratio of 1:128 would reduce the cost per subscriber of a PON system.
There is a need for higher bandwidth, but low take rates also mean that the business case for
high-rate services is a future promise rather than a current fact. As a consequence, operators
want to serve a large number of basic users from each PON by sharing common equipment.
Figure 3.3.1 : Extending the reach of PON
27
CHAPTER FOUR
4. GPON FTTH
4.1. Overview of FTTX
The term FTTx is used to state how far a fiber run is (depending on where the PON
terminates). In FTTH, x is for home. You may also see it called FTTP (fiber to the
premises). Another variation is FTTB for fiber to the building. These three versions define
systems where the fiber runs all the way from the service provider to the customer.
In other forms, the fiber is not run all the way to the customer. Instead, it is run to an interim
node in the neighborhood. This is called FTTN for fiber to the node. Another variation is
FTTC, or fiber to the curb. Here too the fiber does not run all the way to the home. FTTC and
FTTN networks may use a customer’s UTP copper telephone line to extend the services at
lower cost. For example, a fast ADSL line carries the fiber data to the customer’s devices.
Figure 4.1 : FTTX Network Architecture
In this chapter, I will lay more emphasis on the FTTH network.
28
4.2.GPON FTTH Service Configuration
Figure 4.2 : GPON FTTX Network Structure
Figure 4.3 : Service Mapping
29
4.3.VLANs and Ports
 User VLAN
-User VLAN is used to map the service type of the user’s side.
-One user VLAN is configured for one port of ONU.
 GEM port
-GEM port is used to carry traffic streams between the OLT and ONU
-One user VLAN usually maps one GEM port
 Service VLAN
-Service VLAN represents different kinds of services which are used in the
upper-layer network.
-One VLAN maps one kind of service.
 Service port
-Create a connection between the traffic of user’s side (user-VLAN) and the traffic of upper-
layer network (s-VLAN).
Figure 4.4 : Service Control
30
4.4.ONT Profiles
 DBA Profile
A DBA profile describes the GPON traffic parameters. A T-CONT is bound to a DBA profile
for dynamic bandwidth allocation, improving the upstream bandwidth usage rate.
 ONT line Profile
A line profile describes the binding between the T-CONT and the DBA profile, the QoS mode
of the traffic stream, and the mapping between the GEM port and the ONT-side service.
 ONT Service Profile
A service profile provides the service configuration channel for the ONT that is managed
through OMCI.
A service profile describes the ability of the ONT such as type of the port, quantity of the port
etc.
31
CHAPTER FIVE
5. METHODOLOGY
The various tasks/activities carried out, and their procedures, are presented in this chapter.
5.1.Site Survey
 Get the dimensions of the equipment room

 Take note of the positions of the window, sockets, air conditioner, cable ladder
or antistatic floor and entry position of cables from the generator room.
 Take snapshots
 Draw a plan on how and where equipment will be installed.
The equipment installed were PDF, MDF, a Switch, iODF and MSAN.
Some indoor sites already had all the equipment installed, but for the
MSAN. I was therefore expected to estimate its appropriate position, with
respect to the other equipment already installed.
5.2.Commissioning
Commissioning generally refers to the stand-alone commissioning, the interconnection

commissioning, the service and function commissioning, and the maintenance and
management commissioning after the hardware installation. This ensures that the device
works in the normal state based on the design specifications.
Figure 5.1 : Commissioning Flow chart
32
5.2.1. Preparation for the Commissioning
This involves hardware requirements, software requirements and tool requirements.

5.2.1.1.Hardware Requirements
 Power supply and grounding:
Ensure That:
-The power cable and ground cable are connected properly and are in good contact.
-The power cable, ground cable, and power distribution switch are labeled properly,
clearly and in an orderly manner.
-The connectors of the external ground cables and protection ground cables of the
cabinet are connected properly, without any damage.
-The power supply for the device is in the normal state
 Cables and connectors:
Check the serial port cable for local maintenance, the network cable, optical fiber and
subscriber line, and ensure that:
-The connectors are tight and firm.
-The cable sheath is intact.
-Labels are clear and neat.
-Cables are bundled properly

 Upper layer device:
-The physical position of the interconnection port of the upper layer device is correct.
-The upper layer device works in the normal state and can be used in the
commissioning.
5.2.1.2. Software Requirements
 Software package:
Ensure that the related files in the software package for the commissioning are
complete and the version of the software package is correct.
 Software Commissioning tools:
33
-Check whether all the commissioning tools are available e.g. HyperTerminal: used
for logging in to the MSAN through the CLI. The tool is embedded in the Windows
OS.
-IPOP, Tera Term, etc.
5.2.1.3.Tool Requirements
No. Item Description Remarks
1 Cables One serial port cable Used to connect the maintenance terminal to the
(one end is a RJ-45 MSAN for maintenance through the serial port.
network port connector
used to connect to the
board and the other
end is a DB-9 female
connector used to
connect to the
maintenance terminal)
One crossover cable Used to connect the maintenance terminal to the

MA5600T for maintenance through telnet.
Two straight through Used for service commissioning.

cables
Some spare optical Used to measure the optical power, service access,
fibers and upstream transmission.
2 Maintenance A maintenance Used to log in to the MA5600T, and commission

terminal terminal with a the MA5600T.
HyperTerminal
application, such as a
laptop
3 Auxiliary One optical power Used to check the mean launched power, input
device and meter optical power, and other power values.
meter
One optical attenuator Used to attenuate the input optical signal. It is used
on the port that receives the optical signal during
34
the commissioning, to protect the optical port from

being damaged by the intense optical signal.
One multimeter Used to measure the voltage, resistance and current

intensity during the power commissioning.
4 Test terminal An xDSL mode, An Used for service commissioning.

ONT, PC, telephone,
and TV
Table 3 : Tool requirement for commissioning
MSAN Commissioning
This is the process by which an MSAN (which is already installed, is complete or near
completion) is tested to verify if it functions according to the design objectives or
specifications. This is to ensure that the stand-alone MSAN works in the normal state.
(I participated in the Stand-alone commissioning of most of the outdoor MSANs in Yaounde).
5.2.2. Stand-Alone Commissioning
After the hardware installation, a stand-alone MSAN should be commissioned to ensure that
the stand-alone MSAN works in normal state.
 Laying of Patch cords (fiber optics)

Connection of fiber at the uplink ports of the MSAN, in order to complete
the link from the MSAN to the indoor router.
Picture 5.1 : Patch cord connections
35
 Power on the device

 Connecting the Maintenance Terminal (usually a laptop):
The OS installed should be Windows OS. A network cable (crossover cable) is used to
connect the maintenance terminal to the MSAN.
Figure 5.2 : Connection between device and terminal
OR: A serial port cable (one end is RJ-45 network port connector and the other is a
DB-9 female connector) could be used to connect the terminal to the console (CON)
port of the control board.
 Logging into the System (through the serial port):
-A HyperTerminal application (e.g. IPOP, Tera Term) has to be installed.
-The parameters for the HyperTerminal (bits per second, flow control, parity, etc.)
should be configured.
-After configuring the parameters, press ENTER and provide the username and
password, according to the messages on the console.
Maintenance and management of the device can be done after logging in, through the
serial port.
 Check the status of the MSAN Boards, by running the display board 0 command, to
query the status of all the boards, so as to ensure that all boards are Online and not in
Fault state.
 Loading the Script:
The commands in the script can be run in batches by loading the script instead of
running the commands one by one. This decreases the time for configuring the service
and improves the efficiency for configuring the service, which facilitates the
commissioning.
 Save the data
36
To ensure that the MSAN is on air (i.e. connected to the rest of the network), the LED
light associated to the uplink port has to be GREEN and then execute the ping <ip
address>command to ensure that the MSAN can see all other devices in the network.
5.2.3. Maintenance and Management Commissioning on IManager U2000
The U2000 is an equipment management system developed by Huawei. It is also a major

future oriented network management solution that provides powerful element management
and network management functions. It improves its management capability, scalability, and
usability to construct a unified and customer-oriented next-generation NMS. It is future-
oriented and provides unified management of all-IP and FMC bearer and access equipment.
 The U2000 supports not only unified management of multi-domain equipment but also
unified management at the element and network layers. The U2000 has revolutionized
the layer-based management mode to meet the management requirements for
transforming from the existing vertical network to the flattened horizontal network.
 The U2000 is a unified network management system (NMS) for multiple domains that
aim to minimize operation and maintenance (O&M) costs and to bring more network
benefits to carriers
The configuration of the FTTH services is done through the U2000, for easier
management and maintenance.
37
5.3.FTTH SERVICE CONFIGURATION ON iManager U2000
 Creating the GPON Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) Profile
Right Click
here
Figure 5.3 : DBA Profile creation
Name it and
define the
type of DBA
Figure 5.4 : DBA profile parameters
 Creating the GPON Traffic Profile
 Go to Access Profile Management
38
Figure 5.5: GPON Traffic profile creation
 Add a Global profile for the traffic profile
Right Click
here
Figure 5.6 : Global profile for the traffic profile
 Name it and define the Committed Information Rate (CIR), in other words bandwidth.
39
Define the
Bandwidth
Figure 5.7: Definition of bandwidth
 Creating the GPON Line Profile
 Go to GPON profiles and add a Global Profile
Right Click
here
Figure 5.8: GPON line profile creation
40
 Name it and verify the properties (VlAN as Mapping mode and GEM Port CAR as
Qos Mode)
Figure 5.9 : GPON Line profile properties
 Goto Line, on T-CONT Info add a T-CONT and give a DBA profile
41
CLICK and choose

a DBA Profile
RIGHT CLICK and
choose ADD T-
CONT
DBA Profiles
Figure 5.10: adding T-CONT and assigning a DBA profile
 Add GEM port on the T-CONT created
On the T-CONT
created RIGHT
CLICK and
choose ADD
GEM Port
Figure 5.11: Adding GEM port to T-CONT
42
 Fill in the properties of this GEM port and add its GEM connection
GEM Port Index

Internet service: 11
VoIP: 13
IPTV 12
Choose a CAR
profile, ETH as
Service Type and
Encryption ON
On the GEM Port

created RIGHT
CLICK and
choose ADD
GEM Connection
Figure 5.12: GEM port and GEM connection properties
 Fill in the parameters of the GEM connection and Redo the T-CONT, GEM port and
GEM connection operation for the various VLANs required
Fill in the GEM Connection

Index (0)
and the VLAN ID
Internet Service: 10
VoIP: 20
IPTV: 30
Continue
adding T-
CONTs, GEM
Ports and
GEM
Connections
untill all
required
services and
VLANs are
configured
43
 Creating the GPON Service Profile
 Still in the Access Profile Management; for the GPON Profile option add a global
profile in the GPON Service Profile Tab. Name it and configure it.
Choose the
number of each
type of port on
the ONT, ie
2POTs,4ETH etc
Multi-cast Mode: IGMP Snooping
Multicast foward Mode : Untag
Figure 5.13: Creation of GPON Service Profile
 Go to UNI PORT tab and configure each of the ports with respect to the VLAN data
Right click on the

ETH port and
choose UNI Port
Configuration
properties
Right
Click
here
Figure 5.14 : Port configuration
44
VLAN switch
For Internet service; configure ETH

port 1; 3 and 4 Describe the
service Type S-
For IPTV and VOD configure ETH VLAN and C-
port 2 VLAN for VLAN
(ETH port 1=Port ID 1=VLAN 10) switch and the
ETH port 2=port ID 2=SVLAN 30 repeat the
CVLAN 30) whole
ETH port 3=port ID 3= VLAN 10) process for
ETH port 4=Port ID 4=VLAN 10 each of the
ETH port
Figure 5.15: VLAN Switch configuration
 Adding an ONU (ONT)
 Connect the ONT to the OLT port and make sure the latter is well connected with no
LOS alarm; according to the following image
Picture 5.2: (a) ONT on air and (b) ONT not on air
 In the Main topology Tab of the U2000, go to NE Explorer

 Go to GPON>>GPON Management; on the specific slot and port of the GPON UNI
Port, confirm the ONU and add it.
45
Confirm the
unregisterred
ONU on the port
of the slot where
it is e.g 0/2
Select the Service

profile and Line profile
for the ONT
Figure 5.16: Adding the ONT
 Configuring the Value Added Service (VAS) profile
 Go to Access profile Management and on the PON profile of the Navigation tree,
choose ONT VAS Profile. On the General ONT VAS Profile, Add an ONT general
VAS Profile
Internet service
46
Right click and

choose WAN
connection 1
Right click and
choose the PPP Enable the WAN and
interface 1
Configure the VLAN
10 and priority 0
Connection type
Routed
Figure 5.17 : WAN connection
Figure 5.18: General VAS profile configuration for internet
47
Give the WAN Interface

Name (Same for all)
Enable the NAT
Service Type : INTERNET
Figure 5.19 : WAN Interface parameters
Voice service
 Go to Services and Configure the Voice Service
Right click and

choose WAN
connection 2
Enable the WAN and
Right click and
choose the IP Configure the VLAN
interface 1 20 and priority 5
Addressing type
Static
Figure 5.20 : WAN connection configuration
48
Configure the
interface of the
voice service Signalling protocol:SIP
DTMF Method :Inband
Addressing WAN Interface: WAN
Figure 5.21: Voice service interface configuration
 Configure the SIP service and the Voice user
Proxy server: 10.12.251.65

Home Domain: ims.camtel.cm
Figure 5.22: Configuration of SIP service
49
Right click and

choose ADD to
add Voice user
Figure 5.23 : Add voice user
Figure 5.24 : General VAS Profile
50
Give the WAN Interface

Name (Same for all)
Enable the IPv4 Ethernet
Service Type : VoIP
Figure 5.25: Configuration of Voice user
IPTV
Right click and

choose WAN Right click and
connection 3 choose the IP
interface 1 WAN Enable: Enable
Connection Type:Bridged
Vlan :30
Priority: 4
Figure 5.26 : WAN connection configuration
51
 Enable the IGMP function for IPTV transmission
WAN Port IGMP Switch: Enable
Figure 5.27 : Enable IGMP for IPTV Transmission
Give a WAN Interface Name

Multicast VLAN: 101
Service type: IPTV
Then Enable IPv4
Figure 5.28: WAN interface configuration
52
 Create Service Port
Service type:
HSI or VoiP VLAN Choice:Stacking
or IPTV VLAN
ONT side
configuration; user
VLAN; 10 for
Internet,
20 for VoIP
Outer VLAN:1031(OLT) Inner
And 30 for IPtv,
VLAN:10 or 20 or 30 (Service VLAN)
service type: Multi-
Service VLAN
, and ONT GEM
port; 11 for Internt
12 for IPTV
And 13 for VoIP
Figure 5.29 : Adding the service port
Binding ONT to a general VAS profile
Right click on the

ONT
Bind General VAS

Profile
Figure 5.30 : Binding ONT to a general VAS profile
53
Select the profile in the up and down tab then take OK
Figure 5.31 : Select ONT VAS Profile
 Configure the ONT VAS Service.
Right click
on ONT
Configure Value
Added Services
Figure 5.32 : Configure the ONT VAS Services
54
Internet Service
Choose the WAN

with VLAN 10
Put the Internet Service User

Name and Password
Figure 5.33 : Internet Service Configuration
Voice Service
Choose the WAN

with VLAN 20
IP Address: 10.12.XX.XX
Default Gateway : 10.12.XX.1
Subnet Mask : 255.255.254.0
Figure 5.34 : Voice Service configuration
55
Choos the VoIP

User account to
be configured
Directory Number: Auth User Name:

+237XXXXXXXXX +237XXXXXXXXX@ims.camtel.cm
and Password
Figure 5.35 : Voice user parameters
IPTV
Choose the
WAN with
VLAN 10
Figure 5.36 : IPTV Configuration
56
 Load Configuration into ONT
Check the box

Switch to ONT load
Task and click OK
Figure 5.37 : Loading the configurations into the ONT
 Downloading service and Line Profiles into an OLT
Right click here After creating a GPON

and Choose service or Line profile , for it
to be functional in any OLT;
Download to NE
you need to be downloaded
it from the U2000 server
into the OLT
Figure 5.38 : Download service and line profiles into OLT
57
Choose the
specific OLT and
click OK
Figure 5.39 : Choose specific OLT
Other Tasks carried out:
 Labelling of fiber before connections were made to their respective devices. For
example, the labels at the router are different from those at the MSAN and iODF.
 Optical Power Measurements (using an OPM). This was done in order to ensure that
the received signal power is in the required range (between -13dB and -28dB) and to
know whether there is any signal received, especially during troubleshooting.
Figure 5.40: Optical Power Meter
58
CHAPTER SIX
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The following problems where faced and solutions found as discussed below:
6.1. Commissioning of outdoor MSANs
After configuring the uplinks of the MSANs, to ensure that the PE (Provider Edge) router is
connected to or can see the MSAN in the network, and that it can be accessed or seen by all
other devices in the network, I ran the ping <ip address> command on each of the MSANs
whose uplinks I configured.
Problems faced:
1. The uplink LEDs of some MSANs where OFF, implying that the links are DOWN.
2. One of the outdoor MSANs which was OFF (not electrically powered), indicated ON
at the router (the routers have LEDs which are ON when a link is UP, and OFF when
a link is DOWN).
Another outdoor MSAN which was powered, with uplink LED ON, indicated OFF at
the router.
3. A number of sites linked to a common C.O, were not able to “ping” the router or see
other devices in the network.
Possible Causes of the Problems:
A. Very low or no optical signal power received at the MSAN due to fiber cut (s) or
power attenuation.
B. Wrong or incomplete configuration of the MSAN uplink boards.
C. Poor fiber splicing
D. Fiber connections within the C.O altered and/or poorly done. Some fibers (patch
cords) may have been wrongly labeled and connected to the wrong ports.
Solutions to:
 Problem 1
The cause of this problem could be A, B, C or D.
An optical power meter was used to measure the optical power received at the MSAN. In
some sites, there was no power received (0dBm) due to cut (s) in the fiber along the ODN
path.
59
In other sites, the signals received were too weak to be interpreted by the MSAN. This is as a
result of optical attenuation along the PON due to poor fiber splicing or bending of fiber
beyond the minimum bending radius.
Those in the transmission department, in charge of splicing, were alerted and action was taken
to solve the problem.
In one of the MSANs, the SNMP configuration was omitted from the configuration script, and
thus the uplink could not be up until it was configured.
 Problem2
The fibers from both MSANs were interchanged at the level of the router thus one MSAN
was receiving signals intended for the other, and vice versa.
The connections were thus re-swapped.
 Problem 3
The fiber connections between the router and the iODF, in the C.O, were poorly done. I
referred to the original data plan for the connections, and then I disconnected all the previous
patch cord connections, re-labeled them and reconnected them accordingly.
Result:
The ports on the router which correspond to the outdoor MSANs that were DOWN, came UP.
(DOWN=LED off and UP=LED on).
Returning to the respective outdoor MSAN sites, the uplink ports of some MSANs came UP
(indicated by a green LED). I reran the ping command and most of them where OK.
The MSANs can be accessed and added to the iManager U2000, for management purposes.
At this level, the MSAN is considered to be “on air”.
6.2.FTTH Deployment :
Problem faced:
One of our customers could not access the voice and data services.
Solution Attempts:
60
-I Went to the customer’s residence with a member of my team and measured the optical
power received (using an Optical Power Meter (OPM)) at the level of the pig-tail fiber that
connects to the user’s ONT.
-The power received was 0dBm, implying that no optical signals where received at the user’s
home, and thus no services.
-An OTDR was used to detect any fiber cut (s) along the network, after which a cut was
discovered and solved.
-The voice service was not yet okay after splicing the fiber where the cut was.
Going through the voice service configuration file within the ONT, I discovered that after the
upgrade of telephone numbers from 8digits to 9 digits, the user’s telephone number was not
upgraded as well.
I added a “2” before the previous number, in the configuration file and saved it
-Going through the configuration of the data service on the ONT, I discovered that the LAN
ports were disabled, so I enabled them.
Result:
- A voice call was made to that number and I could get the dial tone and talk with someone on
the other end. Thus the voice service was okay.
-I opened my browser and connected wirelessly to the ONT. I could browse the internet thus,
the data service was okay.
61
CHAPTER SEVEN
7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE OF STUDY
The FTTH project, although not yet complete, is working as required and has been successful
so far. 8 VIP users have access to the FTTH network (the IPTV service is not yet available) so
far, with a projection of connecting about 800 users by the end of March.
Working at HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO. CAMEROON LTD was a great experience. I

am thankful to the Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET) University of Buea, for
having the internship program in the curriculum and to Huawei for accepting me as a trainee
or an intern.
In the five months that I spent in Huawei, I gained considerable knowledge in the
telecommunication field, both practical and theoretical.
FUTURE OF FTTH
Carriers cannot easily predict what applications will be critical for consumers and business
users in five years but an important part of the appeal of FTTH access networks is that they
will provide ample bandwidth for 5, 10 and even 20 years or more.
From GPON, the future could take two branches:
1) 10 GPON would increase the speed of a single electrical broadband feed to 10G;
2) WDM-PON would use wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) to split each signal into
32 branches.
62
Overview of Next generation PON
The latest version of GPON is a 10-Gigabit version called XGPON, or 10G-PON. As the
demand for video and over the top (OTT) TV services has increased, there is an increasing
need to boost line rates to handle the massive data of high-definition video. XGPON serves
this purpose. The ITU standard is G.987.
XGPON’s maximum rate is 10 Gbits/s (9.95328) downstream and 2.5 Gbits/s (2.48832)
upstream. Different WDM wavelengths are used; 1577 nm downstream and 1270nm
upstream. This allows 10-Gbit/s service to coexist on the same fiber with standard GPON.
Optical split is 1:128, and data formatting is the same as GPON. Maximum range is still 20
km. XGPON is not yet widely implemented but provides an excellent upgrade path for service
providers and customers.
It is still early, but one general trend we see is more interest in 10 Gbps GPON for business or
enterprise services. There’s an expectation that GPON, because of the way it was standardized
by FSAN and the ITU, is a little more stringent in meeting service level agreements.
There are a number of alternatives on how to do 10G. It depends on your confidence level in
your optics and your assumptions about span design. If you want to maintain 20 km and 32-
way splits, you have to increase your launch power on 10G or have very good receiver
designs that can handle signals with low receive levels. There’s going to be varying points of
view from technology companies: increase power, reduce split ratios, shorten distances, have
really good receiver designs (or combinations of those things) or go to parallel modulations. A
lot of different approaches will be suggested, and it will boil down to: What’s your
assumption of [outside plant] span design? Do you still think you have to meet 20 km and 32-
way splits? That was driven very much by a North American model — typical suburbia. If
you think your main markets are going to be high-density big cities in Asia or Europe, 32-way
splits with 20 km may not make sense.
63
REFERENCES
[1]http://www.electronicdesign.com/what-s-difference-between/what-s-difference-between-
epon-and-gpon-optical-fiber-networks
[2]Joe Trost, “An Overview of GPON in the Access Network”, November 14, 2008
[3]Passive optical network- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm
[4]Cameroon CAMTEL NBN Network Low Level Design, prepared by Tangyuan,

Zhangpengfei, Xiaodanjie and Sedio Ngalle Christian. HUAWEI
[5] http://www.lanode.com/products/msans-multi-service-access-nodes.html
[6] Introduction to the ODN, A Product Technology Department, Huawei
[7] Mahmoud M. Al-Quzwini, “Design and Implementation of a Fiber to the Home FTTH
Access Network based on GPON”
[8] Antony Pius KG S7, ECE. Govt. Engg. College, Wayanad, “Gpon FTTH Marketing and
Technology”
[9] GPON Fundamentals—Technical Team from FTTH Marketing Department, Huawei
[10] https://sites.google.com/site/amitsciscozone/home/gpon/gpon-fundamentals
[11] Huawei - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm
[12] International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication

Engineering (IJARCCE) Vol. 3, Issue 3, March 2014
[13] www.huawei.com
[14] Cedric Lam, “Passive Optical Networks, Principles and Practice”, Elsevier 2007
[15] Passive Optical Network (PON).ppt
[16] A Training presentation, “The road to NBN training”
64
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UNIVERSITY OF BUEA

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING PROGRAMME

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ACCESS NETWORK BASED ON

By: DOLVIE MANSINDOUNG NDIFOR

Performed at: HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co. Ltd.

Industrial Supervisor: Mr. Pusuma Sulemanu Leboh

Academic Supervisor: Dr. Michael Ekonde Sone March 2015

Student’s Signature Academic Supervisor’s Signature

Figure 2.1 : GPON Architecture ..................................................................................................... 7

Table 1 : ID of the company ........................................................................................................... 2

Picture 2.2.1 : Passive Optical Network ......................................................................................... 5

ADSL: Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line

AES: Advanced Encryption Standard

BRAS: Broadband Remote Access Server

CLI: Command Line Interface

CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection

DSLAM: Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer

Gbps: Gigabits per second

GPBD: GPON Board

GPON: Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network

IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol

IGW: Internet Gateway

IMS-Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem

IPTV: Internet Protocol TV

ITU-T: International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunications Standards Section

LOS: Loss of Signal

MDF: Main Distribution Frame

MPLS: Multiprotocol Label Switching

MSAN: Multi Service Access Node

MXU: Multi Access Unit

NBN: National Broadband Network

NMS: Network Management System

OPM: Optical Power Meter

OTDR: Optical Time Domain Reflectometry

PDF: Power Distribution Frame

PDH: Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

PLOAM: Physical Layer Operation, Administration and Maintenance

POTS: Plain Old Telephone Service

PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network

P2P: Point to point

P2MP: Point to Multipoint

SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SIP: Session Initial Protocol

SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol

TDM: Time Division Multiplexing

UNI: User Network Interface

VDSL: Virtual Digital Subscriber Line

VLAN: Virtual Local Area Network

VoIP: Voice over IP

VPI/VCI: Virtual Path Identifier/ Virtual Channel Identifier

WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing

My internship was done in HUAWEI Technologies Co. Ltd. Yaoundé. HUAWEI is a

1.1.1. Purpose/ Function

Its core missions are:

1.1.2. Services and products

 Huawei offers a variety of network technologies and solutions to help telecom