2014 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom)

Employing 60 GHz ISM Band for 5G Wireless

Communications
(Invited Paper)
Turker Yilmaz⇤ Etimad Fadel† Ozgur B. Akan⇤
⇤ Next-generation and Wireless Communications Laboratory (NWCL)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
Email: {turkeryilmaz, akan}@ku.edu.tr
† Faculty of Computing and Information Theory

Computer Science Department

King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Email: eafadel@kau.edu.sa

Abstract—Wireless data traffic is continuously increasing due 5.8 GHz [1], the latter being extended through 5150 - 5350
to the steady rise in both connected device number and traffic per megahertz (MHz) and 5470 - 5725 MHz with further restric-
device. Wireless networks, traditionally confined below 6 giga- tions [2]. However, because IEEE 802.11 initially designed
hertz, are getting clogged and unable to satisfy the ever-increasing
demands of its users. Already aware of this, telecommunications for best service support through contention-based access and
industry and academia have been working on solutions. One of due to the open nature of the spectrum, despite the quality
the main methods for throughput increase is operation bandwidth of service (QoS) amendments like IEEE 802.11e [3], service
expansion; however, sufficient spectrum is not available within guarantee is not possible. To offer reliable and satisfactory
the conventional frequencies. Following various considerations, communications, exclusive spectrum is needed, and therefore
60 GHz industrial, scientific and medical radio band has been
selected as the new spectrum to be utilized and wireless personal the high-priced mobile spectrum auctions occur. To get an
and local area network standards for the band are already idea of the worth of bandwidth, the July 2012 dated technical
completed. In line with the stated developments, this paper report commissioned by the United Kingdom (UK)’s Office of
proposes the use of 60 GHz band for the fifth generation (5G) Communications can be consulted [4]. One part of the report
communication systems. After very briefly setting the scene of presents benchmark valuation results which are compiled using
the current wireless communication networks, the physical layer
properties of the 60 GHz band are presented. A representative similar recent auctions held across the Europe. For larger
indoor simulation between the fourth generation and proposed incumbent operators the value of the spectrum in the 800 MHz
5G cases is set and performed. The results are assessed and band is found to be between £0.460 and £0.714 per MHz per
compared before concluding the paper. capita. This amount decreases to the £0.087 - £0.121 range for
Index Terms—Future wireless communication, 5G mobile com- the 2.6 GHz band. 800 MHz is important for widespread cov-
munication, millimetre wave communication, IEEE standards.
erage, whereas 2.6 GHz is necessary to support high data rates,
and the nearly 6 times valuation difference between the bands
I. I NTRODUCTION
therefore stems from the respective economic importance of
The increase in requirement of information and data within the stated channel properties. The monetary quantities given in
our daily lives and routines has been a major driver for connec- the report further validated by the results of UK’s 4G mobile
tivity growth for more than a decade now. Up until the end of auction, which was held in February 2013 [5].
the third generation (3G) mobile telecommunication systems, Providing data communications without facing the hefty
it can be argued that telecommunication and data services upfront licence costs requires resorting to the ISM bands.
have been treated as separate features. However, with the The corresponding designations according to the International
introduction of fourth generation (4G), network convergence Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radiocommunication Sector
took over and all services essentially became a form of data (ITU-R)’s Radio Regulations, Edition of 2012 [1], are provided
communications. in Table I. Since the 2.4 and 5 GHz ISM bands are already
Conventional mobile and data communications have always being utilized by WLANs, in order to satisfy the data rate
been conducted within the frequency bands below 6 gigahertz requirements of the next-generation of wireless communica-
(GHz). The simple reasons are the favourable electromagnetic tion systems, ISM bands in the higher frequencies should
(EM) wave propagation conditions and hardware capabilities. be put into use. 24 and 61 GHz bands are the next ones
However, as the demand for communications exponentially in line. While 24 GHz have better EM wave propagation
increased the available spectrum became insufficient. Wireless characteristics due to lower atmospheric and free-space losses,
local area networks (WLANs) operate within the industrial, it is confined within a bandwidth of 250 MHz. On the contrary,
scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands centred at 2.45 and although the 500 MHz wide 61 GHz ISM band is not large

978-1-4799-4067-7/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE 77

 2014 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom)

TABLE I 2
10
ITU-R DESIGNATED ISM BANDS

Frequency Range Bandwidth

1
10
6.765 6.795 MHz 30 kHz
13.553 13.567 14
26.957 27.283 326

Specific attenuation (dB/km)

40.66 40.70 40 0
10

433.05 434.79 1.74 MHz

902 928 26
2.4 2.5 GHz 100 −1
10
5.725 5.875 150
24 24.25 250
61 61.5 500
−2
10
122 123 1 GHz
244 246 2 Dry air
Water vapour
Total
−3
10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Frequency (GHz)
by itself, because the whole or continuous parts of the 57 -
66 GHz frequency band surrounding it has been allocated for Fig. 1. Specific attenuation due to atmospheric gases, calculated under
unlicensed operations in all of the major regulatory domains, standard atmospheric conditions and up to 300 GHz at 1 MHz intervals.
the 60 GHz presents a unique realizable opportunity for
worldwide very high data rate supporting WLANs.
In consideration of the stated arguments, this paper proposes categories, respectively. Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3 [7]
the utilization of the 60 GHz ISM band for 5G communication provides the procedure to calculate the specific attenuation due
systems and presents an indoor coverage simulation to com- to rain for frequencies up to 1 THz and in the figure vertical
pare transmission properties between a channel standardized polarization is assumed. According to the recommendation,
within the 60 GHz band and the highest allocated frequency general behaviour of rain attenuation between 1 and 1000 GHz
band for 4G systems, which is 3.5 GHz. With this aim Section can be described as a decelerating curve that almost flatlines
II provides an overview on the EM propagation characteristics around and after 100 GHz.
of the 60 GHz ISM band. The performed simulations are When the properties of EM wave propagation in 60 GHz is
explained in detail in Section III whereas the results together compared with the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands, the main difference
with their explanations are available in Section IV, which is is seen to be the additional free-space losses of 27.96 and
then followed by the conclusion. 21.58 dB, respectively, for the same transmission distances.
At 60 GHz attenuation by atmospheric gases is nearly 15.17
II. T HE 60 G IGAHERTZ BAND dB/km whereas this is virtually non-existent for the 2.4 and
The unmatched 9 GHz of unlicensed spectrum makes many 5 GHz bands. In-building material absorption is also larger at
data-intensive applications viable, however this comes at the 60 GHz [8]–[10]. When all these greater losses for 60 GHz
cost of very poor EM wave propagation properties. While in- are combined it can be inferred that multipath contributions
tensive signal degradation is useful for some specific attributes would be limited and highly directive antennas are necessary
like frequency reuse, it primarily reduces the signal-to-noise to maintain reliable communication links.
ratio (SNR), thus decreasing the coverage and link quality. One of the main steps towards standardization of a new
In Fig.1 the specific attenuation up to 300 GHz due to dry frequency band is channel modelling, and as two 60 GHz
air and water vapour under standard atmospheric conditions wireless personal area network (WPAN) standards, ECMA-
of 15 C, 1013 hPa and 7.5 g/m3 water vapour density, and 387 [11] and IEEE 802.15.3c [12], are available since De-
calculated according to the Recommendation ITU-R P.676-9 cember 2008 and October 2009, respectively, together with the
[6], is illustrated. When the figure is examined the four local only WLAN standard for 60 GHz, IEEE 802.11ad [13], which
maxima are seen to be occurring at 22.748 GHz with 0.196 is ratified in December 2012, propagation studies are compar-
dB/km, 59.755 GHz with 15.225 dB/km, 118.788 GHz with atively advanced. Presently the IEEE 802.11ad channel model
2.065 dB/km and 183.376 GHz with 28.7 dB/km. Comparing [14] is commonly used as the benchmark for comparison by
these frequencies with the assigned ISM bands in Table I, it newly proposed models. The model adopts ray clustering and
can be concluded that actually the bands with the locally worst defines two sets of parameters for intercluster and intracluster
transmission characteristics, thus having little or no economic characteristics, together with extension for polarization impact
value, are released for open use. support. The intercluster parameters consist of amplitude, time
In Fig.2 emphasis is given on the specific attenuation until of arrival and azimuth and elevation angles of arrival and
the local minimum of 78.002 GHz. Additionally included in departure, whereas intracluster parameters model a central ray
the figure are the attenuations due to rain for rates of 4, 16 and with fixed amplitude surrounded by precursor and postcursor
25 mm/h, representing moderate, heavy and very heavy rain rays, and therefore contains the number of rays and rays’

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 2014 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom)

The authors’ laboratory has dimensions of 12.12 m ⇥ 11.64

1
10 m ⇥ 3.26 m. It is separated from the hall with a 0.2 m
thick wall that is constructed of sand-lime brick having a
1.82 m wide high-density fibreboard (HDF) door and the hall
is 2.8 metres across. For the simulations one BS, located
exactly on the centre point of the ceiling, is presumed. 4G
Specific attenuation (dB/km)

simulation is shaped according to the baseline configuration

10

parameters provided in [15] for the indoor hotspot scenario:

Total transmit power of the BS is assumed to be 24 dBm with
no antenna gains anticipated at either BS or user equipment
−1
10 (UE), and noise figures for the BS and UE are taken to be
5 and 7 dB, respectively. Bandwidth is taken on the large
side with 100 MHz and carrier frequency is selected as 3.5
Total
4 mm/h rain rate GHz, which is the midpoint of the highest allocated frequency
−2
16 mm/h rain rate
25 mm/h rain rate band for mobile services, 3400 - 3600 MHz, by ITU’s Radio
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Regulations, Edition of 2012. Temperature is assumed to be
Frequency (GHz)
15 C for the noise power spectral density calculations and
Fig. 2. Specific attenuation due to atmospheric gases and rain, calculated up system margin is accepted to be 10 dB. Signal-to-noise ratio
to 78.002 GHz and for rain rates of 4, 16 and 25 mm/h. (SNR) is calculated for comparison in both simulations and
for the 4G case respective line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-
of-sight (NLOS) PL models from [15] are employed, which,
K-factors, power decay times, arrival rates and amplitude with d being distance in meters and fc being carrier frequency
distributions. in GHz, are:
III. I NDOOR S IMULATIONS PLLOS = 16.9 log(d) + 32.8 + 20 log(fc ), (1)
Low-cost millimetre wave (mm-wave) device technologies PLNLOS = 43.3 log(d) + 11.5 + 20 log(fc ). (2)
based on silicon and complementary metaloxidesemiconductor
are recently surging with output powers of different implemen- 5G mm-wave simulation parameters, on the other hand, are
tations are yet to reach adequate levels. Moreover, since the constrained by the available literature on the subject. One
primarily envisioned benefit of 60 GHz utilization is expected useful document is the channel models that are developed
to be extremely high peak data rates that are comparable to for the IEEE 802.11ad standardization process [14] and the
the current wired communication standards, it is appropriate LOS PL model of the conference room STA-AP sub-scenario,
to compare current 4G systems with proposed mm-wave 5G which is provided below, is used for the simulations:
system in a deployment scenario where data rate maximization
is intended. Correspondingly, out of the four test environments PLLOS = 20 log(d) + 32.5 + 20 log(fc ). (3)
defined in report ITU-R M.2135-1 [15], indoor test environ-
In line with the operating classes defined in IEEE 802.11ad,
ment with indoor hotspot deployment scenario matches the
the first channel set which starts at 57.24 GHz is selected for
assessment purposes.
the 5G simulations, together with the common bandwidth of
The scenario, as described in the said report and based
2160 MHz. Unlike 4G case, since official guidelines are not
essentially on [16], contains one floor of a building with 16
available for mm-wave simulations, for the sake of accuracy
rooms, which are divided equally between each side of the
power parameters are selected from the mm-wave transmitters
corridor that is 120 m ⇥ 20 m. The rooms are 15 m ⇥ 15 m
(TXs) which are currently available for purchase. One such TX
apiece and the height of the floor is 6 m. Two base stations
is Hittite Microwave Corporation’s model HMC6000LP711E
(BSs) are planned for the scenario, placed in the middle of the
[17], which has 16 dBm transmit power and 7.5 dBi antenna
corridor and 30 metres away from the ends of the floor. In line
gain, and these values are used in simulations with antenna
with this plan, for the simulation, authors’ laboratory and the
gain assumed at both TX and receiver ends. For comparison
part of the hall directly in front of the room is selected as a
objectivity noise figures are not changed, however system
real world example. Only one room is selected because at 60
margin is assumed to be 5 dB since antenna directivity reduces
GHz in-building material absorptions together with attenuation
the likelihood of unanticipated events. To detect the hall power
due to atmospheric gases are high enough to severely limit
levels, ray tracing approach is appended to (3). According
the coverage of a mm-wave band BS, thus also constraining
to Lambert-Beer’s attenuation law, the intensity of a beam
the access network architecture accordingly. Furthermore, the
propagating through an absorbing medium can be expressed
choice of the limited part of the hall included in simulations
with !
is due to the room-corridor measurement results provided in Z P2
[16]: Additional walls to be propagated beyond the front of I2 = I1 exp ↵(r)dl , (4)
the room cause a leap in path loss (PL). P1

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 2014 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom)

TABLE II
S IMULATION PARAMETERS setting the power difference on the order of the immensely
high 220 dB, and the absorption through the wall is the
Quantity 4G 5G main reason for this. Although exact ray tracing with true
Transmitting power 24 dBm 16 refraction angles is conducted for simulations, to provide a
TX antenna gain 0 dBi 7.5
general idea on the effect of material absorption, according
RX antenna gain 0 7.5 to (5), propagation through 20 cm of sand-lime brick causes
Carrier frequency 3.5 GHz 58.32 a loss of 148.53 dB, whereas 4 cm thick HDF door reduces
Noise bandwidth 0.1 2.16 the power by 32.14 dB. These facts clearly demonstrate the
BS noise figure 5 dB 5 coverage boundaries for the 60 GHz communication systems:
UE noise figure 7 7 Unless the rooms are parted with thin materials having low
System margin 10 5 absorption coefficients, the coverage is confined within one
room and a different BS or access point is required for each
room which is to be included in the network. Third aspect to
where the absorption coefficient ↵ varies along the position contemplate is the trapezoid shape occurring behind the door.
vector r, which is extended over a distance of l between The reason is, rays passing through the top of the door form
the points P1 and P2 . For the simulations the absorption a much wider horizontal angle compared to the ones directly
coefficient is assumed to be constant, reducing (4) to hitting the door on the h = 0.75 m plane, and so spread over
↵l a longer line.
I2 = I1 e . (5)
To demonstrate power distribution better, in Fig.4b wall
Since comprehensive mm-wave characterization of building propagated hall area is left out, and the colour scale is set
materials are not currently available in literature and consid- between the maximum received power of -40.4 dBm and -
ering the fact that absorption coefficients of brick and wood 90 dBm, where the minimum of the remaining of the 1.75
does not tend to alter much below 100 GHz [9], the absorption m plane is nearly -89 dBm. Tighter colour scale makes the
coefficients available for 100 GHz, which are 171 and 185 nearly 35 dB loss caused due to absorption by the door easier
m 1 for sand-lime brick and HDF [10], respectively, are used to notice. One other difference between the received power
for the simulations. A summary of the simulation parameters results of 5G simulations is the smaller trapezoid area on the
is provided in Table II. h = 1.75 m plane. Although the hall is 2.8 m across, since the
door is only 2.09 m long, rays originated from the BS that is
IV. P ERFORMANCE E VALUATION 6.06 m away on horizontal axis and passing through the 0.36
The simulations are run for each 1 cm3 volume within m segment of the door are unable to cover the entire hall.
the defined laboratory and hall area, and results are provided
for two different heights: 0.75 m, representing the average B. Signal-to-Noise Ratio
height of a desk within an office room and covering fixed Remaining figures compare the SNR values between the
communications, and 1.75 m, representing the ear level of a 4G and 5G simulations. Fig.5a shows the calculated SNR
standing person and covering mobile communications. values for the h = 0.75 m plane of the 4G case. As can be
seen from the plot, values range from 30 to 50 dB, which
A. Received Power are much higher than the 14.9 dB required for successful
In Fig.3 received power outcomes of 4G simulation are transmission with 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation
provided for both heights, using the same colour scale. For (16-QAM) and bit error ratio (BER) of 10-6 . Here 16-QAM
visualization purposes received power inside the wall and door is chosen as the performance parameter since it is the highest
is matched to the lowest power level within the respective defined modulation technique in the latest completed 3GPP
planes for all the figures in this section, thus the wall and specification, Release 11. The outcome for 4G is as expected
door indent are clearly visible in Fig.3. As expected, the power since it is an accomplished technology with known end results.
levels gradually decrease as the distance to the BS increases, Fig.5b, on the other hand, presents the SNR values of 5G
and since Fig.3b is closer to the BS, the power levels are simulation. Maximum SNR achieved is 18.85 dB, which is
higher for the h = 1.75 m case. safely higher than the successful quadrature phase-shift keying
5G simulation results for power outcomes are presented in (QPSK) modulated transmission with 10-6 BER limit of 10.78
Fig.4. For better illustration different colour scales are used dB. Although modulation techniques as high as 64-QAM are
between the figures. When Fig.4a is reviewed in detail, firstly defined within the IEEE 802.11ad standard, since at 60 GHz
a power difference of nearly 20 dB can be noticed for the QPSK is capable of providing a maximum data rate of 2079
laboratory area between the 4G and 5G cases. The maximum Mb/s, for initial 60 GHz deployments QPSK performance can
received power is -44.81 dBm for 5G simulation and the power be accepted as satisfactory. However, SNR on the furthest
drop is in line with the additional free-space loss for 60 GHz point of the room within the 0.75 m plane drops to 8 dB.
which is explained in Section II. The second consideration is This clearly shows the necessity of high gain antennas and
the very high power difference between the extremes of the output power transmitters, even for in-room communications.
result. The minimum received power stands at -269.22 dBm, With the wall propagated hall area again left out, SNR in

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 2014 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom)

−24 −24
2 2
−26 −26

4 −28 4 −28

Received power (dBm)

Received power (dBm)

−30 −30
Western Edge (m)

Western Edge (m)

6 6
−32 −32

8 −34 8 −34

−36 −36
10 10
−38 −38
12 12
−40 −40

14 −42 14 −42

2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
Southern Edge (m) Southern Edge (m)

(a) h = 0.75 m (b) h = 1.75 m

Fig. 3. Received power outcomes of 4G indoor hotspot deployment simulation, displayed for two different heights.

−60 −45
2 2
−80
−50
4 −100 4
−55
Received power (dBm)

Received power (dBm)

−120
Western Edge (m)

6 Western Edge (m) 6 −60

−140
−65
8 −160 8

−180 −70
10 10
−200 −75

12 −220 12 −80
−240
−85
14 14
−260
−90
2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
Southern Edge (m) Southern Edge (m)

(a) h = 0.75 m (b) h = 1.75 m

Fig. 4. Received power outcomes of 5G mm-wave simulation, displayed for two different heights.

the corridor ranges between -22.7 and -29.5 dB, the latter 5G systems. From the results the suitability of 60 GHz for
of which also is the end of the colour scale. As reliable in-room communications can be deduced. However, the need
communication is not possible at these rates, for practical use for a novel indoor access network architecture to establish an
of 60 GHz band, alternative solutions, such as dual frequency uninterrupted communications link in 60 GHz band is also
operation with a lower band or constructing new buildings apparent.
with wireless communications infrastructure just like water or
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
energy infrastructures, should be employed.
Finally, Fig.6 illustrates the SNR values for the h = 1.75 m This work was supported in part by the Scientific and
plane. Apart from slightly higher values due to being closer to Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under
the BS, there is not any observable difference between Fig.5 grant #113E962.
and 6. R EFERENCES
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 2014 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom)

48 15
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Signal−to−noise ratio (dB)

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