History 2012 PDF

CURRICULUM
OF
HISTORY
BS & MS
(Revised 2012)
HIG HER SSIO N

EDUC ATIO N CO M MI
HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION

ISLAMABAD
1
CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC
Prof. Dr. Syed Sohail H. Naqvi Executive Director
Mr. Muhammad Javed Khan Adviser (Academics)
Malik Arshad Mahmood Director (Curri)
Dr. M. Tahir Ali Shah Deputy Director (Curri)
Mr. Farrukh Raza Asst. Director (Curri)
Mr. Abdul Fatah Bhatti Asst. Director (Curri)
Composed by: Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC, Islamabad
2
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 6
2. Scheme of Studies
BS 4-year programme in History 10
3. Detail of Courses 11
4. Scheme of Studies MS (2-Year) in History 51
5. Research Methodology (Advance) 52
6. Philosophy of History 54
6. Recommendations 56
7. Annexures A to C 57
3
PREFACE
The curriculum of subject is described as a throbbing pulse of a nation. By
viewing curriculum one can judge the stage of development and its pace of
socio-economic development of a nation. With the advent of new technology,
the world has turned into a global village. In view of tremendous research
taking place world over new ideas and information pours in like of a stream of
fresh water, making it imperative to update the curricula after regular intervals,
for introducing latest development and innovation in the relevant field of
knowledge.
In exercise of the powers conferred under Section 3, Sub-Section 2 (ii) of Act

of Parliament No. X of 1976 titled “Supervision of Curricula and Textbooks
and Maintenance of Standard of Education” the erstwhile University Grants
Commission was designated as competent authority to develop, review and
revise curricula beyond Class-XII. With the repeal of UGC Act, the same
function was assigned to the Higher Education Commission under its
Ordinance of 2002, Section 10, Sub-Section 1 (v).
In compliance with the above provisions, the HEC undertakes revamping and
refurbishing of curricula after regular intervals in a democratic manner
involving universities/DAIs, research and development institutions and local
Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The intellectual inputs by expatriate
Pakistanis working in universities and R&D institutions of technically advanced
countries are also invited to contribute and their views are incorporated where
considered appropriate by the National Curriculum Revision Committee
(NCRC).
A committee of experts comprising of conveners from the National

Curriculum Revision Committees of HEC in the disciplines of Basic, Applied,
Social Sciences, Agriculture and Engineering met in 2007 & 2009 and
developed the unified templates to standardize degree programmes in the
country so as to bring the national curriculum at par with international
standards, and to fulfil the national needs. It also aimed to give a basic,
broad based knowledge to the students to ensure the quality of education.
In line with above, NCRC comprising senior university faculty and experts from
various stakeholders has finalized the curriculum for BS 4-year & MS 2-year in
History. The same is being recommended for adoption by the
universities/DAIs channelizing through relevant statutory bodies of the
universities.
MUHAMMAD JAVED KHAN

Adviser (Academics)
April, 2012
4
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
STAGE-I STAGE-II STAGE-III STAGE-IV
CURRI. UNDER CURRI. IN DRAFT FINAL STAGE FOLLOW UP

CONSIDERATION STAGE
COLLECTION OF
EXP
NOMINATION APPRAISAL OF 1ST PREP. OF FINAL QUESTIONNAIRE
UNI, R&D, DRAFT BY EXP CURRI.
INDUSTRY &
COUNCILS
CONS. OF NCRC. FINALIZATION OF COMMENTS

DRAFT BY NCRC
PRINTING OF
CURRI.
PREP. OF DRAFT REVIEW

BY NCRC
IMPLE. OF
CURRI.
Abbreviations Used: ORIENTATION BACK TO

COURSES BY
NCRC. National Curriculum Revision Committee LI, HEC STAGE-I
VCC. Vice Chancellor’s Committee
EXP. Experts
COL. Colleges
UNI. Universities
PREP. Preparation
REC. Recommendations
LI Learning Innovation
R&D Research & Development Organization
INTRODUCTION
HECHigher Education Commission
5
INTRODUCTION
The final meeting of National Curriculum Revision Committee on History was held at
HEC Regional Centre, Lahore from February 27-29, 2012 to review the BS (4- year)
and MS (2-year) History Curriculum 2006. The following members attended the
meeting:
Prof. Dr. Mumtaz Bhutto, Convener

Chairperson,
Faculty of Social Sciences,
Department of Pakistan Studies,
Preston University,
Karachi
Dr. Kishwar Sultana, Secretary

Assistant Professor,
Department of History,
Allama Iqbal Open University,
Islamabad
Prof. Dr. Humaira Arif Dasti, Member

Professor/Chairperson,
Bahauddin Zakariya University,
Multan
Dr. Mohammad Qasim Soomro, Member

Professor & Chairman,
Department of General History,
University of Sindh,
Jamshoro
Prof. Dr. Nadir Bakht, Member

Professor/Chairman,
Department of History and Pakistan Studies,
University of Sargodha, Sargodha
Prof. Dr. (R). Abdul Rashid Khan, Member

Professor,
Bahauddin Zakariya University,
Multan
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla, Member

Professor,
University of the Punjab,
Quaid-e-Azam Campus,
Lahore
6
Mr. Kaleemullah Baraich, Member
Chairman,
University of Balochistan,
Quetta
Ms. Abida Javaid, Member

University of Education,
Bank Road Campus,
Lahore
Dr. Javed Iqbal, Member

University of Peshawar,
Peshawar
Dr. Muhammad Safeeruddin , Member

International Islamic University,
Islamabad
Syed Umer Hayat, Member

Acting Director,
Senior Research Fellow,
National Institute of Historical and Research,
Centre of Excellence,
Quaid-i-Azam University,
Islamabad
Dr. Shahid Latif, Member

G.C University Faisalabad,
Allama Iqbal Road,
Faisalabad.
Mrs. Gulnaz Mumtaz, Member

Govt. Post Graduate College for Women,
Wahdat Colony,
Lahore
Ms. Tahira Tanveer, Member

Deputy Director,
National Archives of Pakistan,
Block-N, Pak Secretariat,
Islamabad
7
The meeting started with recitation from the Holy Quran by Dr. Muhammad Qasim
Soomro. Mr. Muhammad Raza Chohan, Director HEC, Regional Centre, Lahore
welcomed the participants. Malik Arshad Mahmood, Director (Curriculum) then
requested the convener to conduct proceedings of all technical sessions of meeting
for three days.
Dr. Shahid Ahmad Rajput, who was secretary of preliminary meeting, could not
attend the final meeting being on training abroad. The members of NCRC
unanimously elected Dr. Kishwar Sultana, Assistant Professor, Department of
History, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad Secretary of NCRC for the final
meeting.
On the request of the convener, Dr Mumtaz Bhutto, all members gave their detailed
comments on the preliminary draft of the History Curriculum and on the evaluation
made by expatriate Indian Bengali Expert on History, Dr. Yasmin Saikia, Professor
of History, Arizona State University. The members of the NCRC welcomed and
appreciated the efforts of Dr. Saikia who had gone through the preliminary draft and
also had given her suggestions. The Committee was of the view that Dr. Saikia’s
suggestions are quite constructive and helpful for the improvement of the various
courses under review. Therefore, while finalizing the courses in the curriculum, the
members of the Committee considered her suggestions with great interest. Her
recommendations were deliberated, debated and incorporated where they were
found necessary.
The committee during its deliberation considered the following objectives:
1. To finalize the curriculum in the discipline of History and to bring it at

par with international standards.
2. To incorporate latest reading & writing material against each course.
3. To bring uniformity and develop minimum baseline courses in each

and every course of study.
4. To consider and incorporate the inputs given by the expatriate

Pakistani in the discipline of History where necessary
5. To make recommendations for promotion/development of the

discipline.
After three days’ long deliberations, the Committee unanimously approved final draft
of the curriculum of the BS (4-year) and MS (2-year) History degree programmes.
Malik Arshad Mahmood, Director, Curriculum thanked the Convener, Secretary and
all members of the Committee for sparing their valuable time and for their quality
contribution towards preparation of the preliminary draft curriculum of the BS (4-
year) and MS History programme. He acknowledged that their efforts will go long
way in developing workable, useful and comprehensive degree programs in History.
The Committee highly admired the efforts made by the officials of HEC Regional
Centre, Lahore, and Malik Arshad Mahmood, Director Curriculum for making
8
excellent arrangements to facilitate the forming of the committee and their
accommodation at Lahore.
The meeting ended with the vote of thanks to the HEC officials for providing an ideal
environment to discuss the agenda. The convener of the NCRC also thanked the
members for their inputs in re-engineering the teaching / learning landscape of the
country to make it more practical, competitive and effective.
MISSION STATEMENT
This curriculum has been developed with a mission to inculcate among the
young student community of Pakistan a greater understanding of history and
its influence on the evolution and progress of the society, so that they may
acquire proper perspective of thoughts and actions of the mankind in the
past. This approach will furnish the youngsters in Pakistan with the
knowledge and skill to learn and develop universal human values in the
society, to promote a sense of patriotism and respect for other cultures and
societies.
9
Scheme of Studies
BS (4 years) Programme in History
1st Year Semester-I Semester-II
Course Title Credit Course Title Credit
Hours Hours
History:100 English Compulsory-I 3 History: 107 English 3
History:101 Islamic Studies 2 History: 108 Pakistan Studies 2
History:102 Introduction to 3 History: 109 Research Methodology 3
History
History: 103 History of Ancient 3 History: 110 Islamic History (517-661) 3
Civilizations (Prophet Muhammad S.A.W & Pious
Caliphate)
History 104 Communication Skills 1 History: 111 Communication Skills (use 1
(use of PC, Report writing and of PC, Report writing and
presentations etc.) presentations etc.)
History;105 Minor Course 3 History: 112 Minor Course 3
History: 106 Minor Course 3 History: 113 Minor Course 3
Total 18 Total 18
Semester-III Semester-IV
History: 200 English Compulsory 2 History: 207 English (Compulsory) 2
History: 201 Urdu (Functional) / 3 History: 208 Urdu (Functional) / 3
Regional Language Regional Language
History: 202 History of Umayyads 3 History: 209 Muslim Rule in South Asia 3
& Abbasids (1526-1857 AD)
History: 203 Muslim Rule in 3 History: 210 History of Europe (1453- 3
South Asia (711-1526 AD) 1789 AD)
History: 204 Communication 1 History: 211 Communication Skills (use 1
Skills (use of PC, Report writing of PC, Report writing and
and presentations etc.) presentations etc.)
Total 18 Total 18
Semester-V Semester-VI
List of optional courses *
History: 300 Historiography 3 History: 306 Islamic History
History: 301 History of Europe 3 History: 307 General History
(1789--1919 AD)
History: 302 History of Freedom 3 History: 308 Indo-Pakistan Sub-
Movement (1857-1947) continent
History:303 History of Pakistan 3 History: 309 Heritage Studies
(1947-2008)
History:304 Cultural Heritage of 3 * Instruction: Students have to
Pakistan choose 5 courses (of 3 credits each)
from the given list.
History: 305 Persian /Arabic / 2
Turkish
Total 17 Total (5x3) 15
10
Semester-VII Semester-VIII
History: 400 Islamic History History: 404 Research Project + 15
Comprehensive Viva-Voce
History: 401 General History
History: 402 Indo-Pakistan Sub- .
continent
History: 403 Heritage Studies
Instruction: Students have to Instruction: The student is required to write
choose one group out of 4 to thesis on a topic to be decided in
study 5 courses (of 3 credits consultation with the department from the
each) not studied so far. list of the topics submitted by the students.
The evaluation of the thesis should be within
the department. 10 credit hours for thesis
writing and presentation while 5 credit hours
viva voce (comprehensive) covering all the
courses
Total 15 Total 15
Note: Number of options that shall be offered during the course of study will depend
upon availability of faculty members. More groups can also be added
depending on the availability of resources.
DETAILS OF THE COURSES

Semester-I
Course No. History: 102
Introduction to History
3 Credit Hours
Course Content:
1. What is History?
2. Nature and scope of History
3. Benefits of History: History as a corrective force; History as a repetitive force
4. Branches of History (political, cultural, social, economic)
5. Relationship of History with other social sciences
6. Causation
7. Objectivity and subjectivity
8. Classification of History: Narrative History, Scientific History, Philosophy of
History, Future History
Suggested Readings:
1. Bernard Cohn. An Anthropologist among Historians and Other Essay, Oxford
University Press, 1988
2. Caroline Steedman. Dust: The Archive and Cultural History, Manchester
3. Carlo, Ginzburg. Clues. Myths, and the Historical Method, John Hopkins:
4. Carr, E. H., What is History? Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961.
5. Collingwood, R. G. The Idea of History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.
11
6. G. W. G. Hegel. Elements of the Philosophy of Right. Cambridge University
Press, 1991
7. Gertrude Himmalfarb. The New History and the Old, Cambridge: Harvard
8. Govranski. History Meaning and Methods, USA, 1969
9. John Struart Mill. On Liberty and Other Essay, Oxford University Press, 2008
10. Qureshi, Muhammad Aslam. A Study of Historiography. Lahore: Pakistan Book
Centre, Latest Edition.
11. Peter Burke. Varieties of Cultural History, Cornell University Press, 1977
12. Ranjit Guha. The Small Voice of History, Delhi: Permanent Black, Delhi, 2010
13. Stern Fritz. Varieties of History: from Voltaire to the Present, Vintage, 2nd
Edition 1975

History of Ancient Civilizations
3 Credit Hours
Note: Students have to choose any three civilizations.
Course Content:
1. Indus Valley Civilization
2. Mesopotamian Civilization
3. Egyptian Civilization
4. Ancient China
5. Ancient Greece (Hellenic)
6. Roman Civilization
Suggested Readings:
1. Burkitt, M. C. Our Early Ancestors. Cambridge: 1929.
2. Burns, E. M. and Ralph. P. L. World Civilizations, Latest Edition.
3. Cary, C. A. History of the Greek World: From 323 to 146 BC. London: 1959.
4. Durant, Will. The Life of Greece. New York: 1939.
5. Easton, Stewart C. The Heritage of the Past: Earliest Times to 1500. USA:
1970.
6. Frankfort, Henri. The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient. London: 1958.
7. Gibb, H. A. R., Studies on the Civilization of Islam, Ed. Stanford J. Slaw,
London, 1962.
8. Graig, A. M., The Heritage of World Civilizations, II Vols, New York, 1986.
9. Kosambi, D. D., The Culture and Civilization in Ancient India: An Historical
Outline, New Delhi, 1982.
10. Martin Whiller, Five Thousand Years of Pakistan,
11. Masson-Oursel, Paul HD Willman Grabowska. Philippe Stern. Ancient India
and Indian Civilization. London: 1951.
12. Reither, J., World History: A Brief Introduction, 1973.
13. Roberts, J. M. Huntington, World History, Latest Edition.
14. Sabt-i-Hasan, Pakistan Main Tahzeeb Ka Irtiqa (Urdu)
15. Tannebaum, Edward R. A History of World Civilisations. USA: 1973.
16. Toynbee, Arnold J. Hellenism: The History of a Civilization. Oxford: 1959
17. Wallbank, T. W. and A. M. Taylor, Civilization: Past and Present, Vol. 1, 3rd
Ed., Chicago, 1954.
12
Semester-II
Research Methodology
3 Credit Hours
Course Content:
Historical research: An introduction
 Definition and significance
 Objectivity & subjectivity in historical research
Sources of historical Research
Nature of historical documents
Kinds of historical documents
 Formal and informal documents
 Official and Non official documents
Research process
 Identification of a problem
 Review of literature
 Research design
 Data collection
 Data analysis
 Writing the research paper
Techniques of Research
 Qualitative Research
 Quantitative Research
Acknowledgement & documentation

 Turabian manual for writing
 Questionnaire
 Notes and References
 Bibliography
Suggested Readings:
1. Gay, L. R. Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application,
New Jersey: Prentice hall Inc., Latest Edition.
2. Kumar, Ranjit. Research Methodology: A Step by Step Guide for Beginners.
London: Sage Publication Latest Edition.
3. Langlois, Ch. V. and Ch. Seignobos. Introduction to the Study of History, New
York Barnes, Latest Edition.
4. Majumdar, P. K. Research Methods in social Sciences. New Delhi Viva Books
Latest Edition.
5. Pathan G. M., Tahqeeq Jo- Fun,Sindhi: University of Sindh (Jamshoro), 1984
6. Qadir, Khurram, Tarekh Naweesi (Urdu), Lahore San-e-Meel Publishers
7. Research Methodology: An Anthology Islamabad: National Books Foundation,
Latest Edition.
8. Roberta H. Markman, Peter T. Markman, Marie L. Waddell; Ten Steps to
Research, Barron’s , Sixth Edition
9. Robinson, Chare, F. Islamic Historiography. London: Cambridge University
Press, Latest Edition.
13
10. Williams, Robert C. The Historian’s Toolbox: A student Guide to the Theory
and Craft of History, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Latest Edition.
11. Zina, O Leary, The Essential Guide to Doing Research. United Kingdom: Sage
Pub. Co. 2004

Muslim History
(Life & Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) and Pious
Caliphate (Khulafa-i-Rashideen)
3 Credit Hours
Course Content
1. Pre-Islamic Arabia.
Geographical, Socio Economic and Religious conditions of Pre-Islamic
Arabia, especially the City State of Makkah.
2. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W) (517-632 AD)

Early Life of the Prophet, Prophet-hood and Preaching of Islam, Response of
the Society, Migration to Ethiopia and Medina, Socio-economic and cultural
conditions in Madinah, contributions of Ansar and their ‘Brotherhood’, Charter
of Madinah, Wars with Quraysh, (Battles of Badr, Uhd and Ahzab), Peace
Accord of Hudaybia, Prophet’s letters to the various rulers, Conquest of
Makkah, Battle of Hunayn, Spread of Islam in Central Arabia, Tubuk
Expedition, Prophet’s last pilgrimage and the significance of the last Sermon,
Life and achievements as a Prophet and Statesman. Role and Contribution
of Ashab-i-Suffah.
3. Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (R.A) (632-634 AD)

Early life and sacrifices for the cause of Islam, his Election as Caliph;
Movements of Apostasy, rise of false prophets, the refusal of Zakat payment,
Consolidation of Centre, Conquest of Iraq, relations with Iran, Syria, and
Byzantine, Compilation of Quran, his character and achievements.
4. Hazrat Umar Farooq (R.A) (634-644 AD)

His early life and acceptance of Islam, his services to the cause of Islam, his
role during the Caliphate of Abu Bakr, Umar’s nomination as Caliph,
Conquests of Iran, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Azerbaijan and Armenia,
Expansion of Muslim power, Reforms and administration, development of
Muslim institutions and the projects of public welfare, his character and
achievements.
5. Hazrat Uthman Ghani (R.A) (644-656 AD)

Early life, acceptance of Islam, his role during the life time of the Prophet,
Abu Bakr and Umar, his election as Caliph, Conquest of North Africa,
Cyprus, Tabaristan, Tukharistan and Makran, the Sabite Movement,
opposition of Uthman. His martyrdom and its consequences, his services to
the cause of Islam, Compilation and codification of Quran, his character and
achievements.
14
6. Hazrat Ali Karam Allah Wajho (656-661 AD)
Early life, his role during the life time of the Prophet, Abu Bakr, Umar and
Uthman, Hazrat Ali as Caliph, Battle of the Camel, Battle of Siffin, emergence
of the Kharijites, Battle of Nahrawan, Hazrat Ali’s martyrdom, his character
and achievements. Nomination of Imam Hasan as Caliph and his abdication.
7. Administration and Structure of Government under the Pious

Caliphate
Administrative, financial and judicial System under the Pious Caliphs, Status
of the Dhimmis and the Mawalis, social life of the Muslims, and Salient
features of the Khalifat-i-Rashida.
Suggested Readings:
1. Ali, Syed Ameer, History of the Saracens, Lahore: Sang-i- Meel Publishers,
1985.
2. Ali, Syed Ameer, The Spirit of Islam, Lahore: Sang-i- Meel Publishers, 1985.
3. Cambridge History of Islam, Eds. P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton and Bernard
Lewis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. (Relevant Chapters).
4. Haq Mazhur-ul, A short history of Islam, Lahore, Latest edition
5. Hitti, Philip K., History of the Arabs, 10th edn, London, 1974.
6. Hamidullah,. The Muslim Conduct of State, Lahore: 1977.
7. Holt, P. M. Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge, 1970.
8. Hourani, Albert, History of the Arab Peoples, 1992.
9. Hussaini, S. A. Q., Arab Administration, Latest Edition.
10. Hussaini,. S. A. Q. Constitution of the Arab Empire, Lahore: 1958.
11. Ibn-e-Hisham, Seerat-un-Nabi Kamil, tr. Maulana Abdul Jaleel Siddiqi, Lahore,
1979. (Urdu)
12. Ibn Jarir, Abi Jaffar Mohammd, Tareekh-e-Tibri, tr. Mohammad Ibrahim Nadvi,
Karachi, 1982. (Urdu)
13. Ibn-i-Ishaq, Sirat-ul-Nabi.
14. Khan, Majid Ali, Muhammad: The Final Messenger, Lahore, 1983.
15. Lings, Martin, Muhammad: His Life based on the earliest sources, Lahore,
1983.
16. Muir, William, Annals of the Early Caliphate, London, 1983.
17. Muir, William. The Caliphate, Its Rise, Decline and Fall. Beirut,1963.
18. Nadvi, Shah Moeen-ud-Din Ahmad Tareekh-i-Islam. Vol-I, Islamabad, 1975.
(Urdu)
19. Naumani Maulana Shibli ; Seerat-un-Nabi. Lahore, Vol-I, 1975. (Urdu)
20. Shaban, M. A., Abbaside Revolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1970.
21. Shaban, M. A., Islamic History: A New Interpretation, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1976.
22. Siddiqui, Abdul Hameed, The Life of Muhammad (SAW), Lahore, 1981.
23. Siddiqi, Amir Hassan, The Origin and Development of Muslim Institutions,
Karachi: 1969.
24. Siddiqui, Mazharuddin, Development of Islamic State and Society, Lahore,
1956.
25. Watt, Montgomery, Muhammad at Mecca, Karachi, 1969.
26. Watt, Montgomery, The Battlefields fought by the Prophets (SAW)
27. Watt, Montgomery, Introduction to Islam. Karachi, 1959.
15
28. Watt, Montgomery, Arab Administration, 1984.
29. Watt, Montgomery, Muhammad at Madina, Karachi, 1969.
30. Watt, Montgomery, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, Oxford, 1961.
31. Wellhausen, S. Arab Empire and its fall. Beirut, 1963
Semester III
History of Umayyads and Abbasids
3 Credit Hours
Course Content
Section A: Umayyads (661-750 AD)
1. Amir Muawiyah (661-680 AD)

Consolidation of Umayyad Rule, His career and character.
2. Yazid bin Muawiya (680-683 AD)

Conflict with Hazrat Imam Hussain, Tragedy of Karbala, its effects and
significance in the history of Islam, career and character of Yazid.
3. Marwan bin Hakam (683-685 AD)

Accession of Marwan, Battle of Marj-e-Rahat, Consolidation of his rule,
character and policies.
4. Abdul Malik bin Marwan (685-705 AD)

His accession, Abdul Malik as the real founder of Umayyad Dynasty.
His administrative policies and reforms, Vocalization of Quran, Abdul
Malik’s character and achievements.
5. Walid bin Abdul Malik (705-715 AD)

His accession and expansion of Umayyad Empire in Asia, Africa and Europe,
His administrative policies, reforms, character and achievements.
6. Sulaiman bin Abdul Malik (715-717 AD)

His policy towards renowned Muslim Generals, Siege of Constantinople, his
character and policies.
7. Umar bin Abdul Aziz (717-720 AD)

Role as the ‘Fifth Pious Caliph’, Administrative, Economic and Religious
reforms, his character and achievements, Reconcilation with Ahl-i-Bait
8. Yazid-II (720-724 AD)
9. Hisham (724-749 AD)

Important events, and issues, the Abbasid Movement and downfall of the
Umayyads, Causes of the fall of Ummayyads.
16
10. Downfall of Umayyads
Causes of the fall of Ummayads
11. State and Society under Umayyads

Central and provincial administration, State & Society under Ummayyad,
Navy and military, socio-cultural and economic development under the
Umayyads.
Section B: The Abbasids (750-1258 AD)

1. Establishment of Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Propaganda
Role of Abu Muslim Khurasani.
Death of Ibrahim and nomination of Al-Saffah as Imam
Revolt in Khurasan
Fall of the Umayyads and establishment of Abbasid Caliphate
2. Abu-al-Abbas Abdullah (749-754 AD)
The Khilafat of Abu-al Abbas Abdullah Al-Saffah. His Estimate as founder of

Abbaside Dynasty.
3. Abu Jafar Al-Mansur (754-775 AD)

Revolt of Abdullah ibn Ali. Murder of Abu Muslim Khursani. Foundation of
Baghdad. Political Turmoil in Khurasan. Appearance of Muhammad and
Ibrahim. Nomination of Mahdi. African Rebellion. Roman inroads. His
administration and reforms. Mansur’s character and achievements.
4. Al-Mahdi (775-785 AD)

Appearance of Muqanna in Khorasan. Byzantinian inroads. The Zindiqiya
Movement. Their estimate.
5. Al-Hadi (785-786 AD)
6. Harun al-Rashid (786-809 AD)

His accession, the Barmakis, their rise and fall. Affairs in Africa, Nomination
of Amin and Mamun as successors to the Caliphate, War with the
Byzantinians, Role of Queen Zubaydah, Harun’s character and
achievements.
7. Mamun al- Rashid (813-833 AD)

War of succession. Disorder in Baghdad. Appointment of Tahir as Viceroy of
the East. Babek the Nihilist. War with the Byzantines. Religious Policy.
Intellectual Activities.
Role of the Turks. Religious policy. His character.
17
8. Later Abbasids (847-861 AD)
Political development under later Abbasids.
9. Later Abbasids (861-1258 AD)
10. State and Society under Later Abbasids:

Social Conditions under the Abbasids.
Intellectual and cultural achievements under the Abbasids.
Suggested Readings:
1. Ibn-i Athir, Tarikh Al-Kamil, Vol. V, part-l, tr. Abul Khair Maududi, Hyderabad
(Deccan) 1938.
2. Mir Khwan, Rawzat-us Safa, Lucknow, Nawal Kishore Press, 1938.
3. Moinuddin, Shah, Tarikh-e-lslam, Vols. lll-IV, Azamgarh, Latest Edition.
4. Muir, William, The Caliphate, Its Rise, Decline and Fall, Beirut, 1961.
5. Nicholson, R. A., Literary History of the Arabs, Cambridge, 1953.
6. Numani, Shibli, Al-Mamun, Lahore, Latest Edition.
7. Siddiqui, A. H., Caliphate and Kingship in Medieval Persia, Karachi 1962 (Urdu
trans. Khilafat wa Saltanat, Karachi 1962.
8. Siddiqui, Mazharuddin, Development of Islamic State and Society, Lahore,
1956.
9. Shustery A. M. A., Outline of Islamic Culture, Latest Edition.
10. Tabari, Tarikh-ul Umam Wal-Muluk, Egypt, 1939 (Urdu trans.) Vol. III, Parts I,
II, III & IV by Muhammad Ibrahim, Hyderabad (Deccan), 1932, 1953, 1940.
11. The Cambridge History of Islam Eds. P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton and
Bernard Lewis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
12. Umar, Abu Nasr Al-Haroon, tr. Sh. Muhammad Ahmed Panipati, Lahore, 1955.

Muslim Rule in South Asia
(711-1526 AD)
3 Credit Hours
Course Content
1. Geographical Unity of Indus Valley
Geophysical features, geography of Indus Valley and its significance
2. Primary Sources
Introduction to Primary sources of the period
3. South Asia on the eve of Arab Conquest

 Historical background: Geographical, political, social, religious and economic
conditions of South Asia; its relation with neighbouring regions.
 Causes of Arab Invasion of Sindh, Muhammad ibn Qasim and his conquests
in Sindh and Gujrat, Arab administration in the conquered territories,
Settlement of Brahmanabad, foundation of al-Mansurah, political, cultural,
religious and social impact of these conquests.
18
 City states of Kech-Makran, Mansurah and Multan
4. Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznah (997-1030 AD)

Causes of his Indian campaigns, their significance and impact, his character
and achievements. Al-Beruni and his contribution.
5. Ghaznavids at Lahore
Successors of Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznah, Lahore as a centre of Art and
Literature, downfall of Ghaznavids
6. Sultan Shahabuddin Muhammad of Ghur (1175-1206 AD)

His campaigns in India, character and achievements, Muizzi Maliks, causes
of defeat of Hindu Rajas.
7. Dynasty of Ilbari Turks (Slave Dynasty)

 Sultan Qutbuddin Aibak (1206-1210 AD)
 Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish (1211-1236 AD), early difficulties and
achievements as the real founder of Sultanate, relations with the Caliphate,
Administration of the Sultanate.
 Sultan Razia (1236-1239 AD) and her reign
 Successors of Sultan Razia and Ascendancy of ‘the Forty’ (Umara-i-
Chehalgani)
 Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246-1266 AD) and his reign
 Sultan Ghiasuddin Balban (1266-1286 AD), his theory of kingship,
consolidation of Sultanate, Mongol Policy, and his successors.
 Slave system as a source of weakness and strength.
8. Khilji Dynasty(1290-1320 AD)

 Significance of Khilji Revolution
 Jalal-ud-Din Feroze (1290-1296 A.D.)
 Sultan Feroze Khilji and his character
 Sultan Alauddin Khilji (1296-1316 A.D), his reforms and economic policy,
conquests, Deccan Policy, Malik Kafur
 Successors of Alauddin ( 1316-1320 A.D)
9. Tughluq Dynasty (1320-1412 AD)

 Ghiasuddin Tuglhuq (1320-1325 A.D), his administration and character
 Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325-1351 A.D), his character and
personality, his plans and their failure, outbreak of rebellions, Deccan policy.
 Sultan Feroze Shah Tughluq, administrative reforms and military expeditions,
public works, and religious policy.
10. Amir Timur’s Invasion (1398 AD) and the end of Tughluq
Dynasty
11. Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451 AD)

Sultan Khizar Khan, character and achievements. Successors of Khizar
Khan.
19
12. Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526 AD)
Sultan Sikandar Lodhi, his administration and religious policies.
Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi and end of Delhi Sultanate.
13. Contemporary Independent Kingdoms

Kingdoms in Deccan (Bahmani and Vijianagar Kingdoms), Kingdoms in
Sindh and Kashmir
14. Causes of the downfall of Sultanate
15. Administration of Delhi Sultanate

Central and provincial departments, Army, Land revenue system and
judiciary.
16. Social and Cultural Developments under the Sultans of Delhi

 Historiography, literature, education, art and culture. Amir Khusru and his
contribution.
 Architecture, main characteristics of Indo-Muslim architecture, important
buildings of the period.
 Social and economic conditions.
17. Religious Trends during the Sultanate Era

Role of Ulema, Role of Sufis and Sufi orders, Bhagti Movement, its origin and
impact.
Suggested Readings:
1. Abdur Rasul, Sahibzada, Tarikh-i-Pako-Hind, (Urdu) Lahore, 1962.
2. Ahmad, Muhammad Aziz. Political History and Institutions of the Early Turkish
Empire of Delhi (1206-1290). Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, 1987.
3. Awan, Maj. Rtd. Muhammad Tariq, A History of India and Pakistan, Vol. I.
Lahore: Firoz Sons Ltd. 1991.
4. Habibullah, A. B. M. The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India: A History of the
Establishment and Progress of the Turkish Sultanate of Delhi: 1206-1290 A.D.
2nd rev. ed. Allahabad: Central Book Depot, 1961.
5. Ikram, S. M., History of Muslim Civilization in India and Pakistan. 3rd Ed.
Lahore: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1982.
6. Ikram, S. M., History of Muslim Rule in South Asia, Latest Edition.
7. Jackson, Peter, The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
8. Prasad, Ishwari, A short History of Muslim Rule in India, Lahore: Aziz
Publishers, 1986.
9. Lal, Kishori Saran. History of the Khiljis A.D. 1290-1320. Karachi: Union Book
Stall, n.d., rpt., first published 1950.
10. Lane-Poole, Stanley. Mediaeval India under Muhammedan Rule (A.D. 712-
1764). Lahore: Sang-e-Meel, Publications, 1997 rpt., first published 1903.
11. Mubarakpuri, Qazi Athar, ‘Arab wa Hind ‘Ahd-i Risalat mēn. Delhi: Nadwat al-
Musannifin, 1965.
20
12. Mubarakpuri, Qazi Athar, Hindustan mein Arabon ki Hakomatēin. Delhi:
Nadwat al-Musannifin, 1967.
13. Markovitz, Claude, edit, A History of Modern India: (1480-1950), London:
Antem Press, 2002.
14. Majumdar, R. C., H. C. Raychaudhuri and Kalikinkar Datta. An Advanced
History of India. London: Macmillan, 1950.
15. Nazim, Muhammad. The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna.
Lahore: Khalil and Co., 1973.
16. Niazi, Ghulam Sarwar Khan. The Life and Works of Sultan Alauddin Khilji.
17. Nizami, K. A. Studies in Medieval Indian History and Culture. Allahabad: Kitab
Mahal, 1966.
18. Nizami, K. A, Some Aspects of the Religion and Politics in India during the
Thirteenth Century. India: Aligarh: Department of History, Muslim University,
1961.
19. Pathan, Mumtaz Husain. Arab Kingdom of al-Mansurah in Sindh. Sind:
Institute of Sindhology, University of Sind, 1974.
20. Qureshi, I. H., The Muslim Community of the Indo-Pakistan Sub-continent, The
Hague, 1962.
21. Qureshi, I. H., The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi. 2nd Rev. Ed.
Lahore.
Semester-IV
Muslim Rule in South Asia
(1526-1707 AD)
3 Credit Course
Course Content:
1. Primary Sources
An outline of major primary sources of the period that should include Tazak-
a-Babri, Akbar Nama, Aine-a-Akbari, Hamayoun Nama, Shah Jahan Nama, Tazak-
a-Jahangari,
2. Political and Social Conditions of South Asia on the eve of the

Mughal Invasion
3. Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babur

His early life, First Battle of Panipat and the foundation of Mughal Empire,
Wars with the Rajputs, character and achievements.
4. Naseeruddin Muhammad Humayun

Difficulties after his accession, defeat at the hands of Sher Shah Suri,
Humayun in exile and Reoccupation of Throne.
5. Sher Shah Suri and the Later Ruler of Sur Dynasty

Early life, capture of throne, conquests, his reforms, successors of Sher
Shah and the end of Sur Dynasty.
21
6. Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar
Early life, accession to throne, Second Battle of Panipat, his court, Bairam
Khan and his downfall, conquests, Deccan Policy, Rajput Policy,
Engagements and wars in the North West with Afghan, Religious Policy, Din-
i-Ellahi and reforms, Administration, character and achievements of Akbar.
7. Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir
Early life and accession, Khusru’s revolt, Noor Jehan, Qandahar question,
revolts of Khurram and Mahabat Khan, activities of European, character and
achievements.
8. Shahabuddin Muhammad Shah Jehan
Accession to throne, golden period of the Mughal Rule, Central Asian Policy
and Qandahar, Deccan Policy, Relations with English East India Company,
War of succession, character and achievements.
9. Muhiyuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir
Accession and theory of Kingship, military expeditions, Religious Policy and
policy towards Marathas Sikhs and Afghans, character and achievements.
Suggested Readings:
1. Abdur Rashid, Shaikh, A Short History of Pakistan, Book Three: The Mughal
Empire, Karachi, 1967.
2. Ikram, S. M., History of Muslim Civilization in India and Pakistan. 3rd Ed.
3. Khan, Gulfishan, Indian Muslims Perception of the West during the Eighteenth
Century.India:OUP.1998.
4. Malik Muhammad Taj Zawal-i-SaltanMughlia (urdu)
5. Mubarak Ali, Mughal darbar (Urdu).Lahore: Nigarshat Publishers.1986.
6. Muhammad Zaheer, Alamgir Aur Saltanat-i-Mughalia Ka Zawal, Khi.
7. Muhammad Zaheer, History of Muslim Rule in India, Latest Edition.
8. Qureshi, I. H., The Administration of Mughal Empire, Latest Edition.
9. Qureshi, I. H., The Muslim Community of the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent, The
Hague, 1962.
10. Qureshi, I. H., A Short History of Pakistan, Vol. III, Latest Edition.
11. Rajput S. A, History of Islamic Art based on al-Mansurah Evidence, Lahore,
2008
12. Sir Wolseley Haig, The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV

History of Europe 1453-1789 AD
3 Credit Hours
Course Content:
1. Europe: an Introduction; Geography, Greco-Roman Civilizations, Christendom
and Holy Roman Empire.
2. Renaissance: causes, course, change in art, literature, and architecture,
development in science, role of Italian states, spread of Renaissance in
Europe, effects on society, Humanism and Individualism.
3. Geographical discoveries: Biblical Concept of the World: the role of Portugal,
Spain, France, the Netherlands, and England.
22
4. Reformation Movement: Causes, course and consequences—Martin Luther,
the spread of Protestantism. Counter-Reformation.
5. Predominance of Spain: Charles V, his internal and external policies, war with
Ottomans, Philip II: his internal and external policies, and revolt of the
Netherlands.
6. Predominance of France: Bourbon Dynasty, Henry IV, Louis XVI, Cardinal
Richelieu, Cardinal Nazarene, Thirty Years War: French Revolution
7. Age of Enlightenment: Philosophers, new trends, enlightened despots.
8. England—From 16th to 18th Century, Tudor Dynasty, Queen Elizabeth, British
Policy of Expansion, Glorious Revolution.
9. Russia: Peter The Great, Warm Water Policy, Catherine The Great.
10. Europe and Ottoman Empire:
Suggested Readings:
1. Bowden, W. and Usher Karporich. An Economic History of Europe since 1750
2. Dietz, F. C. The Industrial Revolution
3. Muir, Ramsay. The Expansion of Europe
4. Mukher Jee, L. A Study of European History 1453-1815, Calcutta, N.D.
5. Smith, P. The Enlightenment
6. Viault, Birdsall S, Modern European History: The History of Europe Since the
Late Middle Ages, Penguin Group,2005
7. Viault, Birdsall, A Study of Modern Europe and the World, 1815-1959 AD.
Calcutta.
Semester V
Historiography
3 Credit Hours
HISTORIOGRAPHY
Course Content:
1. An Introduction to Historiography
Understanding Historiography
Objectives of Historiography or History-writing
Commemorative Purpose
Moralistic Motive
Propagation of Views
Propaganda
Explanatory Purpose
Subject-matter and Scope of Historiography
2. The Origins & Development of Historiography
i- Herodotus: The Father of History & Greco-Roman
Historiography: An Overview
ii- Theological-cum-historical Approach
iii- Beginning of Philosophical Interpretation of History
3. Contribution of the Muslims to Historiography
The Quranic Concept of History
Origin of Muslim Tradition of Historiography
23
Development of Sirah and Maghazi Literature
Ibn Ishaq
Al-Waqidi
Ibn Sa’ad
Recognition of History as an Independent Branch of Knowledge
Tabari: The First Muslim ‘World Historian’
Masudi: The First Muslim Philosopher of History
Ibn Miskawayh and Ibn Athir
Ibn Khaldun: The Founder of Social Sciences
4. Historiography during Renaissance & Scientific Revolution in

Europe
Impact of Renaissance on European Historiography
Impact of Scientific Revolution on European Historical Thinking
Impacts of the Enlightenment Ideas on the Discipline of History
5. Muslim Historiography in South Asia

Muslim Historians of the Pre-Sultanate and Sultanate Period
1. Qazi Ismail: Chachnama
2. Minhaj al-Siraj: The Author of Tabaqat-i Nasiri
3. Zia al-Din Barani: The Author of Tarikh-i Firuzshahi
4. Amir Khusrau: The Author of Khaza’in al-Futuh
5. Shams Siraj Afif: The Author of Tarikh-i Firuzshahi
6. Muslim Historians of the Mughal Period

1. Abd al-Qadir Badayuni: The Author of Muntakhab al-Tawarikh
2. Abul Fazl: The Author of Akbarnamah
3. Shibli Naumani
7. A Brief Overview of Muslim Historiography in Modern South Asia

1. I. H. Qureshi
2. S. M. Ikram
8. Historiography in the Twentieth Century

1. Oswald Spengler
2. Benedetto Croce
3. Arnold Toynbee
4. Michel Foucault
5. Edward W. Said
6. Samuel P. Huntington
7. Francis Fukuyama
8. Eric Hobsbawm
Suggested Readings:
1. Carr, E. H., What is History. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961.
2. Coolingwood, Idea of History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978
3. Gooch, G. P. History and Historians of the Nineteenth Century. London:
Longmans Green, Latest Edition.
4. Jaffar, S. M. History of History. Lahore: Progressive Publishers, Latest Edition.
24
5. Kamran, Tahir. The Idea of History through Ages. Lahore: Progressive
Publishers, Latest Edition.
6. Russell, Bertrand. History of Western Philosophy. London: George Allen &
Unwin, Latest Edition.
7. Sreedharan E. A Text Book of Historiography. India: Orient Longman Pvt. Ltd.,
Latest Edition.
8. Thompson J. W. and Holm Bernard. A History of Historical Writing. Vol. 2. New
York: Macmillan Company, Latest Edition.

History of Europe
(1789-1919 AD)
3 Credit Course
Course Content:
Europe in 18th Century: An Overview

French Revolution:
Causes, course and effects, Role of French philosophers, Classification of French
society, National Convention, Consulate.
Napoleon Bonaparte and Europe:

His internal and external policies, end of the Holy Roman Empire, role of the
Church.
Congress of Vienna
Legitimacy-compensation and Restorations primarily of Chaumont. The First and
Second Treaties of Paris. Treaty of Vienna. The Holy Alliance, Congress System,
Concert of Europe and its failure.
The Phase of Conservatism (1815-1848):

Metternich Era, the forces of change—Nationalism, Democracy and Liberalism.
Restoration of monarchy in France. The Liberal Revolution of 1830 and Louis
Phillip. The 1848 Revolution in France, Austria, Hungary, Germany and Belgium.
Scientific Revolution and Industrial Revolution, and their impact.
The Eastern Question

Background, Greek War of Independence 1820-1832. Crimean War 1853 to
1856, Czar Alexander II of Russia, Napoleon III, the Russo-Turkish War of
1877, Treaty of Sam Stefano, Congress and the Treaty of Berlin of 1878,
Balkan Wars of 1913 and the defeat of the Turks.
The Unification of Italy

The Carbonari and Young Italy Movement, Role of Mazzini, Cavour,
Garibaldi and Victor Emanuel for the unification of Italy, foreign policy of Italy
after the Unification.
25
The Unification of Germany
Background. The State of Prussia. Zollverein. The 1848 Revolution and
Germany. Rise of Bismarck and his role as Architect of German Unification.
Foreign policy of Bismarck 1870
Road to the First World War

Austro-German Alliance of 1879. Triple Alliance of 1825, the formation of
Dual Alliance 1891-93, Anglo-Japanese Alliance. French-British and Russo-
British Relations. The second phase of Eastern Question.
First World War

Causes, course and consequences of First World War. The Paris
Peace Conference of 1919 and the peace treaties. League of Nations,
Reconstruction of Europe
Suggested Readings:
1. Bourne, H. E. The Revolutionary Period in Europe (1763-1815), New York:
The Country Co., 1862.
2. Bowden, W. and Usher Karporich. An Economic History of Europe since 1750,
Burleigh: Michael,n.d.
3. Burleigh, Michael, Earthly Powers: The Clash of Religion & Politics in Europe,
from the French Revolution to the Great War, UK: HarperCollins Publishers,
UK, 2006
4. Chickering, Roger, Imperial Germany and the Great War:1914-1918, George
Town University, Washington, 2004
5. David, Thompson. Europe since Napolean. London: Longman Publishers,1962
6. Dawson, W. H. The Evolution of Modern Germany, Fisher Unwin, 1914.
7. Dietz, F. C. The Industrial Revolution, T. S. Ashton, 1973.
8. Euan Cameron, Early Modern Europe, Oxford,
9. Gershoy, Leo. The French Revolution and Napoleon
10. Gillingham, John, European Integration: 1950-2003, St. Louis, 2003.
11. Grant, A. J. and H. Temperley. Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth
Century
12. Hamsher-Monk, Iain, The Impact of the French revolution, University of Exeter,
2005
13. Ketelbey, C. D. M. A History of Modern Times from 1789
14. King, Bolton. History of Italian Unity
15. Mann, Michael, Fascists, Los Angeles, 2004
16. Merriman, John, A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the
Present, Latest Edition.
17. Muir, Ramsay. The Expansion of Europe
18. R.B. Dayer, I. J. Chawala, A Text Book of Modern European History,
19. Sewell, Mike, The Cold War, Selwyn College, Cambridge, 2002.
20. Smith, Leonard V., France and the Great War, Oberlin College, Ohio, 2003.
21. Smith, Timothy B., France in Crisis: Welfare, Inequality and Globalization since
1980, Queen’s University Ontario, 2004
22. Thompson, J. M. The French Revolution
23. Thomson, D. Europe since Napoleon
24. The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern Europe 2006
25. Walters F.P., A History of the League of Nations, OUP, 1960.
26
History of Freedom Movement
(1857-1947 AD)
3 Credit Course
Course Content:
1. The Arrival of the Europeans and the Rise of British Rule in India
2. The Uprising of 1857 and its impact on the Indians
3. The Rise of Indian Nationalism and the Creation of Indian National Congress
4. Hindu Revivalist Movements, Hindi-Urdu Controversy
5. Condition of the Muslim Community after 1857 and the rise of Muslim
Nationalism
6. Aligarh Movement and its social, political and religious contributions, Sir
Syed Ahmad Khan and his services, Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Waqar-ul-Mulk and
Syed Amir Ali
7. Parallel Movements to Aligarh: Deoband, Nadwat-ul-Ulama
8. Partition of Bengal 1905
9. Simla Deputation and the Creation of All India Muslim League
10. Indian Councils Act of 1909
11. Lucknow Pact 1916 and the Government of India Act 1919
12. Khilafat & Hijrat Movements and their effects on the Muslims of India
13. The Indian Constitutional Problem and efforts for its Solution: Simon
Commission, Nehru Report, Jinnah’s Fourteen Points,
14. Political Philosophy of Iqbal and his Allahabad Address
15. Three Sessions of the Round Table Conference, Gandhi-Irwin Pact,
Communal Award 1932, Poona Pact and the Government of India Act 1935
16. Elections of 1937 and Congress Rule in the Provinces
17. Genesis of the Idea of Pakistan
18. Lahore Resolution 1940
19. Cripps and Cabinet Mission Plans
20. Transfer of Power (3rd June Plan) and Partition
21. The Radcliffe Boundary Commission Award
22. Controversy about the Governor-General ship of Pakistan and its effects on
the Partition Process
Suggested Readings:
1. Abdul Hamid. Muslim Separatism in India. Karachi: Oxford University Press,
1967.
2. Aziz, K. K. The Making of Pakistan: A Study in Nationalism. Islamabad:
National Book Foundation, 1976.
3. Bose, Sugata, and Ayesha Jalal. Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political
Economy. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1998.
4. Chand, Tara. History of the Freedom Movement in India. Vols. I-IV. Lahore:
Book Traders, 1972.
5. Chandra, Bipan. et. al. Indian’s Struggle for Independence 1857-1947. New
Delhi: Penguin Books, 1989.
6. Embree, Ainslie T. India’s Search for National Identity. Delhi: Chanakya
Publications, 1980.
7. Ghose, Sankar. Socialism. Democracy and Nationalism in India. Bombay:
Allied Publishers, 1973.
27
8. Hayat, Sikandar. Aspects of the Pakistan Movement. Islamabad: National
Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, 1998.
9. Nehru, Jawaharlal. The Discovery of India. New Delhi: Oxford University
Press, 1981.
10. Qureshi, Ishtiaq Hussain. The Struggle for Pakistan. Karachi: University of
Karachi, 1974.
11. Roberts, P. E. History of British India. London: Oxford University Press, 1952.
12. Sayeed, Khalid B. Pakistan: The Formative Phase, 1857-1948. Karachi:
Oxford University Press, 1998.
13. Seal, Anil. The emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and
Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge
14. Smith, Vincent A. The Oxford History of India. Karachi: Oxford University
Press, 1983. (Book VII, VIII, IX and X)
15. Suntharalingam, R. Indian Nationalism: An Historical Analysis. New Delhi:
Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1983.
16. Talbot, Ian. Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement: The Growth of The
Muslim League in North-West and North East India, 1937-47. Karachi: Oxford
17. Waheed-uz-Zaman. Towards Pakistan. Lahore: Publishers United, 1978.
18. Wolpert, Stanley. A New History of India. New York: Oxford University Press,
1997. (Chapters 13 to 22)
19. Zacharias, H. C. E. Renascent India From Rammohan Roy to Mohandas
Gandhi. London: George Allen & unwin Ltd 1933
20. Bhutto Mumtaz Dr. Sindh JI Seyasi Tareekh 1843to1947 zaki publication,
Karachi 1992.
Course No. History 303

History of Pakistan
(1947 to 2008)
3 Credit Course
Course Content:
 Pakistan: A Country Profile
 Quaid-e-Azam as Governor General & the Early Problems of Pakistan
 Constitution Making
o First Constitutional Assembly (1947-54)
o Basic Principles Committee
o Objective Resolution
o Issue of Representation and Parity between East & West Pakistan
o Language Issue
o Provincial Autonomy
o Dissolution of the First Constituent Assembly
o Second Constituent Assembly (1954-56)
o Formation of One Unit as the basis of parity between East and West
Pakistan.
o Constitution of 1956 and disruption of parliamentary democracy.
 Gen. Ayub Khan’s Regime (1958-1969)
o Reforms
o Constitution of 1962
28
o Basic Democracy
o War of 1965
o Tashkent Pact
 Gen Yahya Khan’s Regime (1969-1971)
o LFO and Election of 1970
o Post-Election Crisis
o The War of 1971
o Separation of East-Pakistan
 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Era (1971-1977)
o Socio-political, Religious and Economic Reforms
o Constitution of 1973
o Elections of 1977 and its consequence
 Zia-ul-Haq Regime (1977-1988)
o Islamization
o Constitutional Amendments
o Controlled Democracy
o Election on Non-Party Basis
o Junejo as Prime Minister
o Soviet Invasion in Afghanistan and its Impact on Pakistan
o Elections of 1988
 Democracy and Frequent Change of Government (1989-1999)
 Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Shareef.
Gen. Parvaiz Musharraf Era (1999-2008)
 Foreign Policies of Pakistan
o Determinants and Objectives of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
o Pre-Cold War Foreign Policy
o Post- Cold War Foreign Policy
o Pakistan’s Foreign Policy towards its Neighbors
Suggested Readings:
1. Ahmad, Justice (Rtd) Masud. Pakistan: A Study of its Constitutional History
1857-1975. (Lahore: 1983).
2. Ahmad, Mushtaq. Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
3. Ahmar, Moonis., Ed., The World After September 11: Challenges and
Opportunities, (Karachi, 2003).
4. Afzal, M. Rafique., Political Parties in Pakistan, 1947—69, 2 vols, (Islamabad:
1986).
5. Ali, Mehrunissa. Readings in Pakistan’s Foreign Policy, 1971-1998. (Karachi:
2001).
6. Andrew, W. P. The Indus and its Provinces, Their Political and Commercial
Importance
7. Anwar, Syed. Pakistan: Islam, Politics and National Solidarity. (Lahore: 1984).
8. Burki, Shahid Javed, Pakistan under Bhutto, 1971-77. (Hong Kong: 1988).
9. Burke, S. M., Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis. (Oxford: 1969).
10. Burke, S. M., Main Springs of India and Pakistan foreign Policy.
11. Binder, Leonard, Religion and Politics in Pakistan, (Los Angeles: 1963).
12. Callard, Keith., Pakistan: A Political Study. (New York: 1957).
13. Chaudhry, G. M., Strategic Dimensions of Pakistan Foreign Policy. (Lahore:
1989).
29
14. Chaudhry, GW., Constitutional Developments in Pakistan. (London: 1963).
15. Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, The Emergence of Pakistan, (Lahore, 1967)
16. Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, The Task Before Us, (Lahore: 1974).
17. Feldman Herbert. The End & the Beginning, Pakistan: 1969-71. (Karachi:
`1976).
18. Gauhar Altaf, Ayub Khan: Pakistan's First Military Ruler, (Lahore, 1994)
19. Khan, Muhammad Ayub , Friends Not Masters, A Political Autobiography,
(Karachi: 1967).
20. Khan, Mohammad Ayub. Pakistan’s Relations with the Soviet Union 1947-79:
Constraints & compulsions. (Karachi: 1988).
21. Khan, Hamid, Constitutional and Political History of Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford
22. Khalid Bin Saeed,. Political System of Pakistan. (Bostan: 1967).
23. Lifschultz, L., Bangladesh: The Unfinished Revolution, (London: 1977).
24. Mahmood, Safdar, Pakistan Muslim League Ka Dour Hukumat (Urdu),
(Lahore: 1973).
25. McGrath, Allen, The Destruction of Pakistan's Democracy, (Karachi: 1996).
26. Munir, Justice Muhammad, From Jinnah to Zia, (Lahore: 1979).
27. Niazi, Kausar, Last Days of Premier Bhutto, (Lahore: 1991).
28. Noon, Firoz Khan, From Memory, (Islamabad: 1993).
29. Nur Ahmed, S. (Edit. Baxter Craig), From Martial Law to Martial Law, Politics in
the Punjab 1919-1959, (Lahore: 1985).
30. Rizvi, Hassan Askari. Military and Politics in Pakistan 1947-1997. (Lahore:
Sang e Meel, Publications: 1998).
31. Safdar Mahmood, Pakistan Divided, (Lahore: 1984).
32. Sayeed, K. B., Politics in Pakistan, The Nature and Direction of Change, (New
York: 1980).
33. Shahi, Agha. Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: An Appraisal. (Lahore: 1977).
34. Talbot, Ian, Provincial Politics and Pakistan Movement, The Growth of the M.
L. In North,
35. Waseem, M. Pakistan under Martial Law: 1977-85. (Lahore: 1987).
36. Weiss, Anita M. M., Ed., Islamic Reassertion in Pakistan. (Lahore: 1987).
37. Wolpert, Stanley, Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan, His Life and Times, (New York:
1993).
38. Zaheer, Hasan, The Separation of East Pakistan, The Rise and realisation of
Bengali Muslim Nationalism, (Karachi: 1994).
39. Ziring, Lawrence. The Ayub Khan Era: Politics in Pakistan. (New York: 1971).
40. Ziring, Lawrence, Pakistan, The Enigma of Political Development, (London.
1980).
41. Zuberi, Musarrat Hussain, Voyage Through History, 2 vols, (Karachi: 1987).
42. Zuberi, Musarrat Hussain, Pakistan in 20th Century. (Karachi: Oxford University
Press, 2000).
30
Course No. History 304
Cultural Heritage of Pakistan
3 Credit Hours
Course Content:
Evolutionary Process of Human Society in Pre Historic Period.
 Soan Valley
 Sanghao Cave
Evolutionary Process of Human Society in Proto Historic Period.

 Gumla, Dera Ismail Khan
 Sarai Kala, Taxila
 Kot Diji
 Mehrgarh
 Rehman Dehri
Evolutionary Process of Human Society in Human Society in Historic

Period.
 Indus valley
 Art and Architecture of Mehenjo Daro and Harrappa
Grave Culture
 Timargarha (Dir)
 Hattial (Taxila)
Heritage of Buddhist period (Gandhara)

 Peshawar
 Taxila
 Swat
(Architecture, Sculpture, Coins, Language and Literature)
Heritage of Hindu Period

 Salt Range
Heritage of Islamic Period

 Bhambhore
 Multan
 Lahore
 Wah
(Art, Architecture, Language and Literature)
Recommended Readings:
1. Marshall, John, The Buddhist Art of Gandhara. London: Department of
Archaeology, Pakistan, 1960.
2. Marshall, John, A Guide to Taxila. 4th Ed. Cambridge: Oxford University Press,
1960.
31
3. Wheeler, R. E. M., Five Thousand Years of Pakistan; an archaeological
outline. London: Royal India and Pakistan Society, 1950.
4. Wheeler, R. E. M, Early India and Pakistan to Ashoka. New York: Frederick A.
Praeger, 1959.
5. Wheeler, R. E. M., Pakistan 4,000 years ago, Pakistan, Miscellany, 1st Ed.
Karachi, 1952.
6. Wheeler, R. E. M., The India Civilization. Supplementary volume to the
Cambridge History of India, second edition, Cambridge: Oxford University
Press, 1962.
7. Fairservis,W. A. Jr. The Roots of Ancient India. The Archaeology of Early
Indian Civilization. 2nd Ed, revised Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.
8. Italian Archaeological Mission 1982 Italian Archaeological Mission, Pakistan
Swat 1956-1981 documentary exhibition Rome IsMEO.
9. Khan, F. A. Architecture and art treasures in Pakistan. Karachi: Department of
Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan, 1969.
10. Khan, Ahmad.Nabi. Uchchh: History and architecture, Islamabad: National
Institute of Historical and Cultural Research. 1980
11. Rehman, Abdul, The last two dynastic of the Shahis, Islamabad. N.p,1979.
12. Rehman, Abdul, Islamic architecture of Pakistan: an introduction. Peshawar:
Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, 1982.
SEMESTER-VI + VII
Instruction: Students have to choose 5 courses from the list of optional
courses given below:
List of Optional Courses
ISLAMIC HISTORY 306
1. Life and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) (571-632 AD)
2. Pious Caliphate (632-661 AD)
3. History of Umayyads (661-750)
4. History of Abbasids (750-1258)
5. History of Muslim Rule in Spain (755-1492)
6. History of Egypt and North Africa: Tulunids, Fatimids & Ayyubids (10-13th
Centuries)
7. History of Central Asia: Il-Khanids & Timurids
8. History of Saffavids
9. History of Ottomans
10. History of Sufism
11. History of Islamic Art and Architecture
12. History of Modern Muslim World
13. History of Modern Arab World
14. History of Muslim Minorities in different countries
15. History of Religious Thought in Islam
16. History of Muslim contribution to Science
17. History of Muslim Social and Political Thought
18. History of Muslim Cities
WORLD HISTORY 307

1. History of Ancient India
32
2. Socio-Economic History of South Asia (1206-1707)
3. History of the Mughals (1526-1707)
4. History of the later Mughals and the advent of Europeans (1707-1857)
5. British Administration and Constitutional Development in India 1858-1947
6. History of International Relations-I (1919-1945)
7. History of International Relations -II (1945-2002)
8. History of Conflict, warfare and Diplomacy
9. History of England (1688-1919)
10. Constitutional History of England
11. History of USA (1776-1945)
12. History of Russia (1917-1990)
13. History of China (1949-2002)
14. History of India (1947-2002)
15. History of Afghanistan (1840-2002)
16. History of Japan (1906-2002)
17. History of Islamic Art and Culture (1924-2005)
18. History of Science and Technology
HISTORY OF INDO PAKISTAN SUBCONTINENT 308
1. Indus Valley Civilization
2. Hindu & Buddhist Civilizations
3. History of Arab Rule in Pakistan (640-1025)
4. History of Ghaznavids and Ghori’s (1025-1206)
5. History of Sultanate Period (1206-1526)
6. History of The Great Mughals (1526-1707)
7. History of Later Mughals (1707-1857)
8. History of Colonial Rule in Pakistan (1843-1947)
9. History of Cultural Links of Pakistan with Central Asia and Afghanistan
10. History of Revivalist Movement in South Asia (18th -20th Century)
11. Pakistan Movement Phase 1 (1857-1935)
12. Pakistan Movement Phase 2 (1935-1947)
13. Constitutional& Political History of Pakistan (1947 – 2008)
14. Regional Studies: Balochistan, Sindh, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtun Khwa
(NWFP), Kashmir, Gilgit & Baltistan
15. Pakistan and the World Affairs (1947 – 2008)
16. Muslim Political Thought in South Asia, any three of the following (Mujaddad
alf Sani, Shah Waliullah, Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan, Maulana Ubaidullah
Sindhi, Allama Mashriqi, Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Quaid-e-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah)
HERITAGE STUDY 309

1. Heritage of Pakistan
2. Bronze Age Civilizations
3. Principles and Methods of Archaeology
4. Principles and Methods of Museology
5. Conservation of Tangible Heritage
6. Conservation of Intangible Heritage
7. Cultural Tourism
8. Folk Arts and Crafts
9. Folk Legend, Myths, Traditions and Beliefs
10. Cultural Anthropology
33
11. Paleography and Epigraphy
12. Modern Techniques used in Archaeology
Internship CR. HRS. 1
1. Attachment with any Archaeological Sites, Historical Monuments, Museums,

Archives and District Records. (15 days), Subject to availability
Semester–VIII
Research Project and Comprehensive Viva-voce 404
Instructions: The student is required to write dissertation on a topic to be decided
in consultation with the department
Course No. History (Minor courses): 105 & 106

(Note: Student will have to choose any two of the following minor courses)
1. Principles and Methods of Archaeology
The course includes the following broad topics:

 Locating the potential site
 aerial survey
 physical survey
 preparation for excavation
 allocation of funds
 man power
 excavation tools
 scientific equipment
 procurement and handling of antiquities found during the excavation
 preparation of excavation report
 shifting of the antiquities to museums
 report writing on excavation and publication
 Promotion of the excavation results.
Suggested Readings:
1. Agrawal, D. P. and Ghosh, A. Eds., Radiocarbon and Indian Archaeology.
Bombay: 1973
2. Aitkin, M. J. Science-based Dating in Archaeology. London: Longman, 1990
3. Bowman, S. G. E Radiocar bon Dating. London: the British Museum
publication, 1990
4. Fagan, B. M. in the Beginning: An Introduction to Archaeology. 7th Ed., Harper
Collins, 1991
5. Hole, F. and Heizer, R. F. P Prehistoric Archaeology: A Brief Introduction. New
York: 1977.
6. Joukowsky, M. A. Complete Manual of Field Archaeology. USA: 1980.
7. .Wheeler, R. E. M. Archaeology from the Earth. London: 1961.
34
2. Principles and Methods of Museology
The course includes the following broad topics:
 Museum building
 Gallery display
 Auditorium
 Library
 Acquisition of antiquities
 Display
 Public facilities
 Marketing
 Use of modern scientific equipment for preservation and maintenance of
the collection. Promotional and educational activities
Suggested Readings:
1. Basak, J. C. Education by Museum, Calcutta, 1914 (1939)
2. Dani, A. H. A Survey of Museums and Archaeology in Pakistan, Peshawar,
1970
3. Dar, S. R. Archaeology and Museums in Pakistan, Lahore, 1977
4. Flower, W. H. Essays on Museums and other subjects connected with Natural
history. London: Macmillan, 1918.
5. Lucas, F. A. Fifty Years of Museum work, USA: Museum of New York, 1918
6. Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P. Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practices,
London, 1991.
7. Shakoor, M. A. Museum Studies and Archaeology, Peshawar: Peshawar
Museum, 1953
8. Wittlin, S. The Museum: Its History and its task in education, London:
Routledge and Kegan paul Ltd,
Tourism in Pakistan
Course Content
Theory
1. Tourism
 Introduction, definition, types and scope of tourism
 Related industries, origin and destination, basic infrastructure
 Planning, marketing and execution strategies
 Qualities and qualification of a tour manager, ethics of tourism
 Maps and tourist literature
2. Cultural Tourism
 Significance and scope of cultural tourism
 Geography and geo-physical features of Pakistan
 Eco-tourism
3. Prehistoric Sites
 Major cultural parameters of the Soan Valley, Rohri Hills, Sanghao
Cave, Mehrgarh, Kot Diji, Mohenjodaro and Harappa
35
4. Pre-Muslim Sites and Monuments
 Major cultural parameters of Taxila, Peshawar, Swat, Dir, Chitral,
Takht-i-Bahi, Jamalgarhi, Shahbazgarhi, Salt Range, Rock Art of
Northern Areas, Rani Kot and Jain Temples of Tharparker
5. Muslim Period Sites and Monuments

 Major cultural parameters of Banbhore, Mansura, Multan, Lahore, Uchh
Sharif, Debalpur, Pak Pattan, Dina, Thatta, Lal Mara Sharif, Choukandi,
Tombs of Baluchistan, Attock and Peshawar
Practical
 Planning and execution of a cultural tourism itinerary
Suggested Readings:
1. Dania, A. H. Thatta: Islamic Architecture, Islamabad, 1982
2. Khan, F. A. Architecture and Art treasures in Pakistan, Karachi, 4th Ed., 1976.
3. Khan M. Ishtiaq, World Heritage Sites in Pakistan, Islamabad, 2000
4. Nadiem I. H. Rohtas A Formidable Fort of Sher Shah, Sang-e-Meel: Lahore,
n.d.
5. Marshall, J. A Guide to Taxila, Karachi, rpt. 1960.
6. Marshall, J. A. The Buddhist Art of Gandhara, Cambridge, 1960.
7. Siddiqi M. I. Wadei Sindh Ki Tehzib (Urdu), Karachi, 1959.
8. Wheeler, R. E. M. Five Thousand Years of Pakistan, London, 1950, rpt. 1992
Folk Arts and Crafts

The course will study various regional arts and crafts of Pakistan. It will also focus
on the reasons of the decline of these art and crafts in the country.
Folk Legends, Myths, Traditions and Beliefs

This course will study various regional folk legends, myths, cultural traditions and
belief systems associated with religious schools of thought and shrines, etc.
History of Eastern Europe (Muslim Rule in Spain)

(755-1492)
Course Content:
1. Spain on the eve of Muslim Conquest
Social, religious, political and economic conditions of the Gothic Kingdom
2. Conquest of Spain under Walid
Causes of Muslim Success. Spain under Muslim governors, Attempt at
Expansion of Muslim Borders towards Southern France, Battles of
Toulouse and Tours, Tribal and Racial Jealousies and Civil War. Advent
of Abdur Rahman I
3. Establishment of Independent Umayyad Empire

Abdur Rahman I: His Character and Achievements.
36
4. Consolidation of Umayyads
Hisham I: Internal policy, Growth of Maliki Fiqah
Hakam I: His Relations with Theologians, Wars and Rebellions, His Army
and Navy, Character and Achievements.
Abdur Rahman II: His Character and Achievements, His Court and Wars
with the Christians, Foreign Policy, Cultural and Literary Activities.
5. Weakening of Umayyad Rule in Spain

Muhammad I, Al-Maundhir and Abdullah: Position of the Non-Muslims,
Rebellion in Toledo, Rise of the Banu Qais in Saragossa, Rebellions of the
Ibn Marwan and Ibn Hafsun. Their Character.
Rise of Independent and Semi-Independent States
Interaction of Islam and Christianity, and expansion of Christian North
Spread of Feudal Practices
6. Reassertion of Umayyad Rule in Spain

Abdur Rahman III: Restoration of Law and Order, Hegemony over Christian
North, complete control of Peninsula, territorial expansion in North Africa, and
the Fatimids, Assumption of the title of Caliph and its significance, Prosperity
and Growth of Culture, Administration and Achievements.
Hakam II: Foreign Policy, Relations with North Africa, Scholarly Pursuits.
Patron of Art and Letters, University of Cordova, Public Libraries.
Development of Architecture. His Character and Achievements.
7. Later Umayyads
Rise of Hajib al-Mansur under Hisham II, Relations with Courtiers and the
Theologians, Military Organization and Wars, Achievements.
8. Decline and Fall of the Umayyads of Spain

Disintegration of Umayyad Empire Causes of Decline
9. Administration of Spain under Umayyads
10. Cultural and Intellectual Developments during the Umayyads
11. Influence of Islamic Culture on Europe and its place in the history of
culture and civilization.
Suggested Readings:
1. Ali, Syed Ameer, A Short History of Saracens,Lahore: 1977
2. Annayat Ullah, M., Andalus Ka Tarikhi Jugrafia, (Urdu). Islamabad: Muqtadra
Qumi Zaban.1986.
3. Collins, Roger The Arab Conquest of Spain 710-797. UK: Blackwell. Oxford.
1989.
4. F. G. Stokes, Spanish Islam, London: 1913
5. Hitti, P. K., History of the Arabs, London: Macmillan &Co Ltd, 1960.
6. Imamuddin, S. M., A political History of Muslim Spain, Dacca, 1961, Chs. I-XII.
7. Louis Bertrand, The History of Spain Eyre &Spottis woode, London: Eyre &
Spottiswoode, Ltd., 2010.
37
8. Lane-Poole, S., The Moore in Spain, Lahore, 1953: Urdu tr. Abd al-Ghani,
Musalmanan-i-Andalus, Lucknow, n.d.; Urdu tr. H. A. Siddiqi, Musalman
Andalus men, Karachi.
9. Miranda. A. H., The Iberian Peninsula and sicly. The Cambridge History of
Islam, Eds. P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1970.
10. Nadwi, R. A., Tarikh-i-Andalus, Part-l,(Urdu) Azamgarh, 1950.
11. Watt, W. M., A History of Islamic Spain, Edinburgh 1967.
12. Yusuf, S. M., Andalus: Tarikh-o-Adab, (Urdu) Karachi, 1969.
13. Zia ABDUL Qavi, Tarikh Andlus.Educational Book Hyderabad 1964.
14. Akbar Shah Moulana Najeebadadi, Tareekh Islam, Part three, Karachi 1962.
15. Badvi Lutfllah,.Tareekh Spain R. H. Brothers Hyderabad1960.
16. Molvi Muhammad Khalil-ul-Rahman, Nafhu-ul-Taib(urdu translation)
Aligarh:.Aligarh Muslim University institute 1920.
17. Shaikh Ain Qaf, Dastan-e-Andulus, (Urdu) Institute of Sindhology, University of
Sindh: Jamshoro 1975
History of Egypt & North Africa:

Tulunids, Fatimids, Ayyubids (9-13th AD)
Course Content:
The Tulunids (868-905)
Foundation of the Dynasty by Ahmad ibn Tulun in Egypt and Syria
Other Kings
The Fatimids (909-1171)

Foundation of the Caliphate by the Dai Abu Abdullah ash-Shii in North Africa
Expansion of the Fatimids in Egypt and Syria
Later Caliphs
The Ayyubids (9th to 15th centuries)

Foundation of the dynasty by Malik al-Nasir I Salah al-Din (Saladin) in Egypt
Other Kings of the dynasty
Expansion of the Ayyubids in Syria, Aleppo and Yemen
History of Central Asia:

Il-Khanids & Timurids
Course Content:
The Il-Khanids (1256-1353)
Foundation of the Dynasty in Persia by Kublai’s brother Hulegu
Other Rulers of the Dynasty
The Timurids (1370-1506)

Foundation of the dynasty by Amir Taimur in Transoxiana and Persia
Rulers in Samarqand
Rulers in Khurasan
Rulers in Western Persia and Iraq after Taimur’s death
38
History of Saffavids
(1501-1786)
Course Content:
Foundation of the Dynasty by Shah Ismail
Other Rulers and their Achievements
Later Saffavids 1732-1786
Religious Life under the Saffavids:
Society and Culture under the Saffavids
Ottoman-Safavid Relations
Afghan-Mughal Relations with Safavid
Recommended Readings:
1. Lockhart, Laurence, The Fall of the Safavi Dynsty and the Afghan Occupation
of Persia, Cambridge, 1958.
2. Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". The Cambridge History of Iran,
Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
3. Richard Tapper. "Shahsevan in Safavid Persia", Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 37, No. 3, 1974.
4. Lawrence Davidson, Arthur Goldschmid, A Concise History of the Middle East,
Westview Press, 2006.
5. Mottahedeh, Roy, The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran, One
World, Oxford, 1985, 2000.
History of Western Europe (The Ottomans)
Course Content:
Section A: Ottomans/Osmani Turks 1299-1606 AD
Origin and importance of Osmani Turks in History. Early sources of Osmani history.
Theories of migrations of settlement in Rum (Anatolia).
Socio-political conditions of Anatolia at the end of the 13th century with special
reference to AKH-I Movements.
Osman I: His character and achievements.
Ork Khan: As the founder of the Osmani state. His conquests in Anatolia and
Europe.
Murad Khan I (Khudavendigar-i-Ghazi): His Anatolian policy and invasion of

Europe. First Battle of Kossovopolis (1389). Expansion of the Osmanli state in Asia
and Europe. His character.
Sultan Bayzid Khan I (Yildrim): His European policy with special reference to the
Siege of Constantinople and Battle of Niccopolis. Annexation of Muslim states of
39
Anatolia and clash with Taimur Beg (Tamerlane). Causes and effects of the Battle
of Angora (1402).
Muhammad Khan-I as the restorer of the Empire.
Sultan Murad Khan II: His Scheme of the Unification of Anatolia. Battle of Varna of
Kossovopolis. Murad as empire builder.
Sultan Muhammad Khan II (Fatih): Conquest of Constantinople and it importance.

His policy towards the vanquished. His other achievements.
Sultan Bayazid Khan II (Bayazid-i-Veli): Beginning of the (Red-Head) Qizilbash

Movement in Anatolia. His policies in regard to the Safavids and the Mamluks.
Sultan Saleem Khan (Yavuz): His idea of a United Islamic world. Battle of Chaldiran
(1514) and destruction of the power of Shah Ismail Safavi. His conquest of Syria
and Egypt and its importance.
Sultan Suleyman Khan I (Qanun I): Conquest in Europe with special reference to
the Battle of Mohacs and Siege of Vienna. Conquest in Africa. Compaigns against
the Safavids and annexation of Iraq. Navy under Suleyman. Conquest of Yemen,
Cyprus and Tunisia, Poland under the Ottoman protection. Conquest of Caucasus
and Azerbaijan. Influence of Harem. Yeni Cheri disturbance and rebellion in
Anatolia. His character. His place in Muslim History.
Section B: Ottomans/Osmani Turks 1606-1774 AD
1. Relation of the Osmani Empire:

 With Czarist Russia with particular reference to the Treaties of Belgrade and
Kuchuk Qaynarji
 With Austria with particular reference to the second Turkish retreat from
Vienna and Treaties of Passarovitch and Belgrade.
 With the Safavid Turks with particular reference to the conquest of Baghdad
by Shah Abbas and its re-conquest by Osmanlis.
2. Causes of decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire.
3. Brief survey of literary and cultural activities.
4. Organization of the Osmani Empire: Central, Provincial, Judicial, Religious,
Land, Military and Naval organization
Section C: Later Ottomans (1774-1924)

Suggested Readings:
1. Alderson, A. D., The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty, England, 1956.
2. Lord, R. H., The Ottoman Empire 1659-1792, England, 1915.
3. Wittlek, P., The Rise of the Ottoman Empire, New York, 1958.
4. Edward S creasy, History of the ottoman Turks with a new introduction by
1Zeine-N-Zeub pub.Beirut,1961.
5. Stanley lane pool,T URKEY, The publisher United ltd Anarkali Lahore.
6. Muhammad Aziz Dr. Dolat Usmania Azamgarah India.
40
7. Riaz Ahmed Shah Syed Jadid Dunia Islam, star book depo urdu Bazar
Lahore.
8. Halida Adib, Conflict of East and West in Turky, Sh Muhammad Ashraf
Kashmir Bazar Lahore.
9. Dogu Ergil, Social History of the Turkish National Struggle 1922 chowk Minar
Anarkali Lahore.
History of Sufism
Course Content:
1. What is Sufism?
 Etymological Derivations of the terms Tasawwuf and Sufi
 Defining Sufism
2. Origin of Sufism
 Various theories of Islamic and extra-Islamic origin and influence.
 Bases of Sufism in the Qur’an and the Prophetic Traditions.
 Affinity with Shi’sm.
3. Religious, social and political causes of the popularity of Sufism
4. Development of Sufi Institutions

Silsilah, Shaykh, murid, bay’at, khanqah, dhikr, sama, khirqah and khalifa,
etc.
5. Fundamental Doctrines of Sufism

Ilm al-Qulub, Haqiqah, ma’rifah, mahabbah, muhasabah, fana, baqa, faqr,
ghina, wilayah. suluk and ahwal, etc.
6. Various Sufi Silsilahs

Important Sufi Silsilahs, their founders and distinctive features:
Qadiriya, Rifa’iya, Bektashiya, Chistiya, Suhrawardiya, Shadhiliya Mevleviya,
Shattariya, Badawiya, Naqshbandiya Tijaniya, Sunusiya, and Muhammadiya,
etc.
7. Relationship of the Sufis with the State and Political Authorities
Suggested Readings:
1. Abdul Rasul, Sahibzada, Tarikh-i Mashaikh Naqshbandia, Lahore: Zawiyah,
2000.
2. Al-Hujwiri, Ali ibn Uthman, Kashf al-Mahjub, Eng. trans. R. A. Nicholson,
Lahore: Islamic Book Foundation, 1976 rpt., 1st Published 1911.
3. Al-Suhrawardi, Shaykh Shihab al-Din Umar ibn Muhammad, Awarif al-Maarif,
Persian trans. from Arabic Mahmud ibn Ali al-Kashani, Eng. trans. from
Persian H. Wilberforce Clarke, Lahore: Shaikh Muhammad Ashraf, 2001 rpt.,
1st Published 1891.
4. Arberry, A. J. Muslim Saints and Mystics: Episodes from the Tadhkirat al-
Auliyd' (Memorial of the Saints) by Farid al-Din Attar. London: Routledge and
Kegan Paul, 1979.
41
5. Baldick, Julian, Mystical Islam: An Introduction to Sufism, London: I. B. Tauris,
1989.
6. Conference of the Birds London: Arkana Publishers, 1976, Latest Edition.
7. Danner, Victor, The Early Development of Sufism in Encyclopaedia of
Islamic Spirituality, Ed. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, vol. 1, Foundations, Lahore:
Suhail Academy, 2000, pp. 239, 252.
8. Khan Asif, Allah kay Wali, New Delhi: n. Pub. 1998.
9. Khan Asif, Allah kay Safir, New Delhi, 2003 Lings, Martin [Abu Bakr Siraj-ud-
Din], What is Sufism, Lahore: Suhail Academy, 1983 rpt., first published 1975.
10. Nizami, K. A., Tarikh-i-Mashaikh-i-Chishl, Delhi: Idarah Adabyat-i-Delli, Latest
Edition.
11. Schimmel, Annemarie, Mystical Dimensions of Islam, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel
Publications, 2003. (rpt., 1st Published 1975)
12. Stoddart, William [Imran Yahya], Sufism: The Mystical Doctrines and Methods
of Islam, Lahore: Suhail Academy, 1999 rpt, first published 1981.
13. Trimingham, Spencer J., The Sufi Orders in Islam, London: Oxford
History of Islamic Art and Architecture

Course Content:
A. History of the Islamic Ceramics
1. Early Islamic Period

 Umayyad and early Abbasid wares of Mesopotamia
 Pottery of Banbhore & al-Mansurah, Pakistan
 Lustre Painted Pottery of the Fatimid period
 Slip-Painted Pottery of Iran Central Asia and Afghanistan
2. The Mediaeval Islamic Period

 Sgrafiatto wares of Iran
 Seljuq Fine wares of Iran
 Seljuq pottery of Anatolia
 Pottery of Raqqa and Rusafah (Iran)
 Minai and Lajvardina Painted wares of Persia
3. The Later Islamic Period

 Pottery of Iran in Il-Khanids and Timurid times
 Pottery of the Mamluk period in Egypt and Syria
 Pottery of the Safavid and Qajar periods in Iran
 Pottery of the Ottoman period in Anatolia
4. Contemporary Ceramics
Traditional Pottery of Sindh, Multan and Bahawalpur
42
B. History of the Islamic Arts
1. Arts of the Book

 Calligraphy: The Arabic Script during the Early Islamic Days and its Use in
Calligraphy
 Book Binding: Book Format in the Early Islamic Period, its development and
the Islamic Contribution to the Arts of the Book
 Page Illumination: Earliest Use of colour and gold in the Qur‘an and its
gradual development
2. The Zenith Period of the Arts of the Book
 Patronage of the Il-Khanid Rulers in Persia
 Patronage of the Mamluk Rulers in Egypt and North Africa
 Patronage of the Timurid Rulers in Transoxiana and Persia
 Patronage of the Ottoman Rulers in Anatolia towards the Arts of the Book
3. History of the Miniature Painting

 Timurid School of Arts
 Ottoman School of Arts
 Safavid School of Arts
 Mughal School of Arts
C. History of Islamic Architecture

1. Architecture of the Umayyad Dynasty
Architecture of Arabia, Syria & Spain
2. Architecture of the Abbasid Dynasty
Architecture of Arabia, Syria, Iraq and Persia
3. Architecture of the Tulunids
Architecture of Egypt and Syria
4. Architecture of the Fatimids
Architecture of North Africa, Egypt and Syria
5. Architecture of the Il-Khanids
Architecture of Persia
6. Architecture of the Timurids

Architecture of Transoxiana and Persia
7. Architecture of the Safavids
Architecture of Persia
8. Architecture of the Delhi Sultanate
Architecture of Multan, Uchch, Thatta/Makli Hills & Delhi
9. Architecture of the Mughals
Architecture of Peshawar, Lahore, Thatta, Delhi, Fatehpur Sikri and Agra
Suggested Readings:
1. Atil, E., Art of the Arab World, Washington, D. C. Smithsonian Institution, 1973.
43
2. Brown, Percy, Indian Architecture, (Islamic Period) 7th rpt. of the 1956 Ed.,
(Bombay: 1981).
3. Burckhardt, T. Arts of Islam: Language and Meaning. London: World of Islam
Festival Trust Publishing.1976.
4. Creswell, K. A. C., Early Muslim Architecture, 2 vols. (Oxford: 1958, Revised
by James Allan: 1989).
5. Ettinghausen, R. & Grabar, O., The Art and Architecture of Islam 650-1250,
(Harmondsworth: 1987).
6. Fehervari, G., Islamic Pottery 800-1400 A. D, Exhibition in the Victoria and
Albert Museum, (London 1969)
7. Grabar, O., The Formation of Islamic Art, (New Heaven: 1988).
8. Hussain Mahmood, Abdul Rehman and James L. Wescoat Jr., The Mughal
Garden: Interpretation, Conservation and Implications, (Lahore: 1996).
9. Koch, Ebba, Mughal Architecture, History of Development, 1526-1858,
(Munich: 1991).
10. Piotrovsky Mikhail B., Art of Islam: Earthly Beauty, Heavenly Art (London:
1999).
11. Pope, A. U., An introduction to Persian Art (Connecticut: 1972).
12. Pope Arthur Upham, Persian Architecture, (Kobe: 1969.)
13. Rajput S. A, History of Islamic Art based on al-Mansurah Evidence, (Lahore:
2008)
14. Rajput S. A., History of Islamic Art, A Case Study of Al-Mansurah Evidence,
(Lahore: Sang-e-Meel, 2006).
History of Modern Muslim World

1919-1945
Course Content:
a. Iran
1. Iran after World War I

Condition of Iran at the conclusion of World War I
Rise of Raza Shah I and his reforms
2. Iran during and after the World War II

Allies Occupation of 1941 and the fall of Raza Shah I
3. Iranian Oil
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
Dr. Mussadiq
4. Foreign Relations
Relations with the Muslim Countries
Relation with the Western Powers particularly with the USA
Relations with the USSR
Iran after the Revolution.
44
b. Turkey
1. Impact of the World War I

Treaty of Severes
War of Liberation
Lausanne Conference and abolition of Khilafat
2. Birth of the Turkish Republic

Kemal Ataturk
Reforms of Kemal Ataturk
Ismet Inonu
3. Turkey after World War II
Establishment of Democracy
NATO, Baghdad Pact and Cento
c. Afghanistan
1. Afghanistan, after 3rd Anglo-Afghan war and World War-I

2. Ghazi Amanullah Khan, his reforms and its impacts (1919-1929)
3. Zahir Shah-(1933-1973) His reforms and implementation of 1964
constitution
4. Daud Shah- (1973-1978), Emergency of Political Parties and revolutionary
politics
5. Afghan Saur revolution in Afghanistan (27th April 1978) by Peoples
Democratic Parties of Afghanistan (PDPA), Global Involvement in
Afghanistan, Afghan War, the role of Pakistan. Russian withdrawal from
Afghanistan, Transformation of Government to Afghan Mujahideen,
Emergency of Taliban, their ruling period. End of Taliban regime, causes
and impacts
d. Central Asian Muslim States

 Uzbekistan
 Turkmenistan
 Kazakhstan
 Tajikistan
 Kyrgyzstan
Suggested Readings:
1. Amin Tahir. Afghanistan Crisis: Implications an Options for the Muslim World.
Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies, 1982.
2. Amstutz, J. Bruce, Afghanistan the First Five Years of Soviet Occupation
Washington, D. C: National Defence University, 1986.
3. Aslund, Anders, Ed. The Post-Soviet Economy, London: Printer Publishers,
1992.
4. Aslund, Anders, Ed. Economic Transformation in Russia, London: Longman,
1995.
A. Hall, Rachel, Ed. Kazakhstan: IMF Economic Review, Washington D. C., 1994.
45
5. Hall, Rachel, Vladimir Putin and Central Asia: The Shaping of Russian Foreign
Policy. I. B. Tauris, 2004
6. Channon, John. Agrarian Reforms in Russia 1992-5. Great Britain: RIIA, 1995.
7. Ghus, Abdul Samad. The Fall of Afghanistan, Peshawar: Paragon Deface,
1988
8. Haddon, Hafeez Malik, Ed. Central Asia: Its Strategic importance and Future
Prospects, USA: Craftsmen,1994
9. Kaser, Michael, Central Asian Economies after Independence. RIIA, London,
1992.
10. Kaser, Michael, The Economies of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Great Britain:
RIIA, 1997.
11. Jalazai, Musa Khan. Sectarianism and Ethnic Violence in Afghanistan, Lahore:
Vanguard Books, 1986.
12. Karimov, Islam. Uzbekistan: Transition Model to Market Economy. Tashkent:
Uzbekistan Publishers, 1993.
13. Lena Jonson, Russia and Central Asia: A New Web of Relations. London,
RIIA, 1998.
14. Madami, Dr. Jalal-Ud-Din, Islamic Revolution of Iran, Tehran: International
Publishing Company,
15. Maley , William and Saikal , Fazel Haq. Political Order in post Communist
Afghanistan, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1992.
16. Marsden, Peter. The Taliban War Religion and the New Order in Afghanistan,
London: Zed Books.
17. Marina Pikulina, Russia in Central Asia. UK: Conflict Studies Research Centre,
2003.
18. Melvin, Neil. Uzbekistan: Transition to authoritarianism on the Silk Road. U. S,
2000.
19. Mark Burles. Chinese Policy towards Russia and the Central Asian Republic,
1999.
20. Martha, Bonilla., Ed. Turkmenistan: IMF Economic Review. Washington D. C.,
1995.
21. Nove, Alec. An Economic history of USSR. England: Penguin Books Ltd.,
1969.
22. P. Stern, Jonathan. Oil and Gas in former Soviet Union, Great Britain: 1993.
23. Peter Ferdinand, ed. The New Central Asia and Its Neighbors.UK: Printer
Publishers Limited, 1994.
24. Rais, Rasool Baksh. War Without Winners .Karachi: Oxford University Press
1997.
25. Rashid, Ahmed. Oil and New Great Game in Central Asia, Lahore: Mashal,
2001.
26. Roy, Oliver, Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan, London: Cambridge
27. Richard Pomfret, Economies of Central Asia, Princeton University Press, 1995.
28. Rubin Barnett R. The Search for Peace in Afghanistan, From Buffer State to a
Failed State, Yale University Press, 1995.
29. Sayeed, Prof. S. M. A. Iran Before and After Khomeini, Karachi: Royal Book
Company, 1999.
30. Tikhomirov Vladimir. The Political Economy of Post-Soviet Russia, Great
Britain: Macmillan Press Ltd. 2000.
31. Webber, M. The international Politics of Russia and the Successor States,
Manchester University Press, 1996.
46
History of Modern Arab World-I
(1919-1945)
Course Content:
Paris Peace Settlement and the Arab World.
League of Nations and the Mandatory System related to the Arab World.
Formation of Iraq as a country. Separation of Syria & Lebanon.
Egypt
Egypt, its History and Geography from rise of Islam till First World War
The Kingdom of Egypt (1922-52)
Rise of Nationalism and Saad Zaghlul Pasha
Anglo Egyptian treaty of 1936
Impact of World War-II
The role of Political and religious parties vis-a-vis the British power
The Suez Crises
Sudan Problem
Palestine War
Military Coup of 1952
The Republic (1952-60)
Jamal Abdul Nasir
Suez Policy (1966 War)
Relation with Sudan
Birth of U.A.R.
Syria
Syria, history and geography from the rise of Islam till World War-I
Post-War Syria
Allies occupation
Proclamation of Faisal King
Syria under French Mandate
Liberation Movement
Syria and World War-II
Syria during and after world war
Revolt of 1941
Occupation of allies.
Independence of Lebanon.
Birth of Republic
Saudi Arabia
Saudi- Arabia History and geography from the rise Islam till world war-I
Arabian Peninsula
Impact of World War-I
Rise of Ibn-e-Saud as King of Saudi Arabia
Foreign Relations (1932-62)
Suggested Readings:
1. Gilmour David, Lebanon: The Fractured Country, London: Sphere
Books, 1984
47
2. Golan, Galia, Moscow and the Middle East: New Thinking on Regional
Conflict, Chatham House, London, 1992
3. Halliday, Fred., The Middle East in International Relations: Power,
Politics & Ideology, London, 2005.
4. John Lizoski, Middle East in World Affairs
5. Lapidus, Ira, M., A History of Islamic Societies, Cambridge University
Press, 1988.
Modern Arab World: II

(1945-92 A.D.)
Course Content:
Introduction. Arab Strategic Waterways and their importance: Suez canal, Gulf of
Aqaba. Occupied Palestine-Intefada. Arab Nationalism and its divisive aspects. Big
Powers and the Arab World. Arab World: Arab-Israil Conflict, Relations with Pre-and
Post-Revolutionary Iran. Regional, Extra-Regional and Global Impact of Islamic
Revolution of Iran. Systems of government in the Arab World And the Forces of
Change.
Suggested Readings:
1. Antonious, George. The Awakening of Arabia.
2. Bangash, Ghulam Taqi. Iran-Iraq Relations. Peshawar: 1991.
3. Elizabeth. Soviet Relations with the Third World.
4. Fenclon, K. G. The United Arab Emirates: An Economic and Social
Survey. London: 1974.
5. Gilmour David, Lebanon: The Fractured Country, Sphere Books,
London, 1984
6. Halliday, Fred., The Middle East in International Relations: Power,
Politics & Ideology, London, 2005.
7. Hiro, Dilip, The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict, Paladin,
London, 1990.
8. Kirk, G. E. A Short History of the Middle East.
9. Kirk, G. E. A., Contemporary Arab Politics. New York: 1961.
10. Sharabi, H. B. Government and Politics of Middle East in 20th Century.
New York: Latest edition.
11. Addleton, Jonathan S., Undermining the Centre: The Gulf Migration and
Pakistan, OUP, 1992
48
History of Religious Thought in Islam
Course Content:
Intellectual Trends/Movements
 Mutazilites: the founder, leaders and cardinal doctrines
 Asharis: the founder, leaders and cardinal doctrines
 Ismailis: the founder, leaders and cardinal doctrines
 Qaramatians: the founder, leaders and cardinal doctrines
 Bathanians: the founder, leaders and cardinal doctrines.
Suggested Readings:
1. Aheeduz Zaman, The Irania Revolution: A Profile.
2. Daftary, Farhad. The Ismailis: Their History and Doctrines. (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1990).
3. Daftary, Farhad, Mediaeval Isma’ili History and Thought, (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1996).
4. Madelung, Wilferd, Religious Trends in Early Islamic Iran. (NY: Bibliotheca
Persica, 1988).
5. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, and Leaman, Oliver, ed. History of Islamic Philosophy,
(London: Routledge, 2001).
6. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, Islam and the Plight of Modern Man, ( London: 1975)
7. Sharif, M. M., Ed., A History of Muslim Philosophy, Vols. 2. (Delhi: Adam
Publishers, 2001 rpt., first published 1961).
History of Muslim Contribution to Science

Course Content:
Muslim contribution to chemistry, medicine, optics, geography, mathematics,
Abu Abdullah Al-Battani (858-929AD)

Abu Raihan Al-Beruni 973-1048)
Abu Al-Naser Al-Farabi (870-950 AD)
Ibn-Al-Baitar (Died 1248 AD)
Abul Wafa Muhammad Al-Buzjani (940-977AD)
Abu Ali Hassan Ibn al-Haitham (965-1040 AD)
Ibn Rushd (1128-1198 AD)
Ibn-e- Sina (980-1037 AD)
Jabir bin Hayyan (died 803 AD)
Yaqub ibn-e-Ishaq Al-Kindi (800-873 AD)
Mohammad ibn Zakariya Al-Razi (864-930 AD)
Al-Khwarizmi
Shah Fateh Allah Shirazi
Suggested Readings:
1. Muhammad Aslam, Sarmaya-i-Umar, Lahore: Nadwa tul Musannifin,
1976, Chapter one “Shah Fateh Allah Shirazi”, pp. 9-30.
2. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, Islam and the Plight of Modern Man, Longman,
London & New York, 1975
49
3. Nasir-ud-Din, Introduction to Great Chemists, Peshawar University,
1998.
History of Muslim Social and Political Thought

Course Content:
 Farabi
 Mawardi
 Imam al-Ghazali
 Imam Saadi
 Ibn Khaldun
 Nizam al-Mulk
 Mujaddid Alf-Thani
 Shah Wali Ullah
Suggested Readings:
1. Ansari, Abdul Haq Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi’s Doctrine of Wahdat al-Shuhud,
Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, 1999, pp. 1-37.
2. al-Ghazali, Muhammad The Socio-Political Thought of Shah Wali Allah,
Islamabad: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Islamic Research
Institute, 2001, Part One, pp. 1-107.
3. Ghazi, Mahmood Ahmad., Islamic Renaissance in South Asia 1707-1867: The
Role of Shah Wali Allah and His Successors, Islamic Research Institute,
International Islamic University, 2002, Chapter 7 (pp. 133-53), Chapter 8
(pp.157-63).
4. Ikram, S. M. Rud-i-Kausar, Lahore: Ferozsons, 1958, Chapters on Sirhindi and
Waliullah, pp. 209-85 and 487-577.
5. Ikram, S. M. Rud-i-Kausar, Lahore: Ferozsons, 1958, pp. 259-67.
6. Nadvi, Syed Abul Hasan Ali., Tarikh-i-Dawat wa Azimat, Vol 4, Lucknow, 1980,
Chapter 6.
7. Qureshi, I. H. Ulema in Politics, Karachi: Maaref Ltd., 1972, pp. 84-98 on
Sirhindi.
8. Sherwani, Haroon Khan, Studies in Muslim Thought and Administration, Latest
Edition.
50
Scheme of Studies
MS (2 years) Programme in History
Semester-I Credit Hours
1. Research Methodology (Advanced) 3

2. A Study of any one Historian/Thinker 3
3. A Study of any Phase/Movement pertaining to the
Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) 3
4. A Study of any Era/Personality (World History) 3
Total Credit hours: 12
Semester-II Credit hours
1. Philosophy of History 3
2. A Seminar on the Seerah of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) 3

OR
A Seminar on any Personality/Institution (World History)
3. A Study of any language related to research work 3

4. A Study of any contemporary issues 3
Total Credit hours: 12
Note: Apart from the courses suggested in Semester I& II, the Board of Studies in
Departments/Centres of various Universities may develop other Courses on world
history, regional history, local history, Literature and sources of history, religious,
social, political and economic Trends/Movements/Theories/Philosophies/Ideologies
etc.
Semester-III & Semester-IV Credit hours
Thesis Writing on a Topic in Consultation with the Department 06
Total Credit Hours: 30 Semester-I
51
Research Methodology (Advanced)
Credit Hrs. 3
Course Content:
Introduction to Research Methodology
 What is History? (Concept of Time, Space and Contextualization)
 Concepts of Historical Consciousness, Burden of History, Spirit of an Age, and
Historical Relativism, etc.
 Perceptions and Misperceptions about History (views of various scholars)
Nature of History and Historical Research

 Causation (Historical Determinism and Freewill)
 Question of Objectivity and Subjectivity.
 Multi-disciplinary/Inter-disciplinary Research in History
 Ethical Questions in Historical Research
 Do’s and Don’ts of Historical Research
 Approaches/Perspectives in Historical Studies / Postmodernist Position
Levels of Historical Research

 Narrative-descriptive Research
 Analytical/Explanatory Research
 Conceptual/Theoretical Research
 Comparative Research
History as a Social Science

Place of History in Social Sciences
Theory (‘Social Law’) and Theorization (Generalization)
Applying Theory to a Case Study and Theorizing/Generalizing from a Case Study
Questioning Cross-cultural Application of a Theory
Nullifying a Theory—Empirically and Theoretically
Sources of History and Their Scrutiny

 Sources of History
 Ancillary/Documentary Sources and Their Kinds
 Auxiliary/Non-documentary Sources and Their Kinds
 Oral History
 Alternative Sources of History
 Historical Criticism
 External Criticism (Textual Criticism, Critical/Historical Scholarship,
Critical Investigation of Authorship)
 Internal Criticism (Interpretative Criticism, Determination of Facts)
Developing a Research Design

 Selection of a topic/theme for Research
 Identification of a Research Problem
 Survey of Literature
 Narrowing down the Scope of the Study
 Identifying Variables and their kinds
52
 Formulation of Hypothesis
 Data Collection (Library Research, Fieldwork e.g. questionnaire survey and
interview)
 Data Analysis (Verification or Nullification of Hypothesis)
 Presenting the Results
Writing a Research Paper/ Thesis

 Organizing the Material
 Do’s and Don’ts of Preparing a Draft (such as Plagiarism)
 Contents of a Research Paper/thesis
 Rules of Citation and Documentation, and methods of citation (Kate L.
Turabian/Chicago, Cambridge/Oxford, MLA, APA etc.)
 References & Notes and their different kinds
 Bibliography
Suggested Readings:
1. Appleby Joyce, Hunt Lynn & Jacob, Margaret, Telling The Truth About History,
NY, London, 1994.
2. Babbie, Earl R., The Practice of Social Research, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Publishing Company, 1979.
3. Baker, Therese L., Doing Social Research, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
4. Blalock, Ann Bonar, and Hubert M. Blalock, Jr., Introduction to Social
Research, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1982.
5. Carr, E. H., What is History? Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961.
6. Collingwood, R. G., The Idea of History, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1978.
7. Durant, Will & Ariel, The lessons of History, Simon & Schuster, NY, 1968
8. Forcese, Dennis P., and Stephen Richer, Social Research Methods, New
Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1973.
9. Jeff, Gordon, History and Social Theory, Alabama: University of Alabama
Press, 1969.
10. K.T, A Manual for Researchers.
11. Lloyd, Christopher, Explanation in Social History, Oxford: Basil Blackwell,
1986.
12. McNeill, Patrick, Research Methods, London: Rutledge, 1990.
13. Punch, Keith, F; Developing Effective Research Proposals, Sage Publications,
London, New Delhi, 2000
14. Simon, Julian L., Basic Research Methods in Social Sciences: The Art of
Empirical Investigation, New York: Randon House, 1969.
53
SEMESTER-II
PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY
3 Credit Hours
Course Content:
1. Speculative Philosophy of History
Major themes in Speculative Philosophy of history (e.g. Theories of Time and
its progression such as linear, multi-linear, cyclical and spiral theories)
2. Analytical Philosophy of History
3. Major Philosophers of History & their Philosophies of History

(any four of the following)
o St. Augustine
o Ibn-i-Khaldun
o George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
o Karl Marx
o Oswald Spengler
o Arnold Toynbee
o Fransic Fukuyama
o Samuel Huntington
4. Some Contemporary Approaches in Historical Studies: A Brief

Survey
 Nationalist Approach
 Marxist Approach
 Modernist Approach/ Post-Colonial Approach;
 Postmodernist Approach
 Elite Approach & Subaltern Approach
 Feminist Approach
 Holistic Approach (Annales School)
 Structuralist Approach
Suggested Readings:
1. Behishti & Bahonar, Philosophy of Islam, London, New york, Karachi, 1990.
2. Collingwood, R. G. The Idea of History, Oxford, 1906.
3. C. Lemon, Philosophy of History
4. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Articles on Tabari, Masudi. Ibn-i-Khaldun, al-Biruni
and Al-Waqidi.
5. Galbraith, V. H. An Introduction to the Study of History, (Latest Edition),
London, Latest Edition.
6. Gardiner, Patrick, Theories of History, The Free press of Glencoe, USA, 1959.
7. Gawronski, Donald, V., History Meaning and Methods, 1969.
8. Gilderhus, Mark T., History and Historians: A Historiographical Introduction,
Latest Edition.
9. Hardy, Peter, Historians of Medieval India, London, 1960.
54
10. Muttahari, Martyr Murtaza, Society and History, tr. Mahliqa Qarae. Tehran,
1985.
11. Phillips, C. H., The Historians of India, Pakistan & Ceylon, London, 1961.
12. Phillips, Ragby, Culture and History, (Latest Edition) California, Latest Edition.
13. Plankhanev, G. V., The Materialistic Conception of History, Moscow, 1946.
14. Rosenthal, E. I. J., History of Muslim Historiography, Leiden, n.d.
15. Said, Edward, Orientalism, 1978.
16. Shariati, Dr. Ali, On the Sociology of Islam, (Lectures) tr. Hamid Algar,
Berkeley, 1979.
17. Siddiqui, M.U., Quranic Concept of History, Latest Edition.
18. Tr. Dr. Abdul Majid, Man Marxism and Islam, Tehran, 1987.
19. Shotwell, James T., The History of History, 2 Vols. New York, (Latest edition),
Latest Edition.
20. Spengler, Oswald, Decline of the West, London, 1954.
21. Stern, Alfred, Philosophy of History and the Problem of Values, The
Hague,1962.
22. Toynbee, Arnold, A Study of History, 2 Vols, Somervell Abridgement, London,
1947-57.
23. Toynbee, Arnold, & Ikeda, Daisaku, Choose: A Dialogue, OUP, Pakistan Urdu
translation Dr. Manzoor ahmad, Intekhab-e-Zindagi, Aik Mukalma, 1993.
24. Walsh, W. H., An Introduction to Philosophy of History, London, 1969.
25. Whitrow, G. J., Time In History: The Evolution of our general awareness of
time and temporal perspective, OUP, 1988.
55
Recommendations
1. The course of BS (Hons. 4 year) and MS (2 year) relating to the discipline of
History has been reviewed by the committee focusing on the major areas of
history.
2. Universities may orient their courses of history with the new scheme.
3. In order to familiarize with the new scheme of study, orientation courses for the
teachers may be arranged by the HEC from time to time.
4. The teachers are suggested to inculcate among the students a sense of

enquiry and critical analysis.
5. GRE/GAT should be oriented in order to make it suitable for different

disciplines of social sciences.
6. HEC will take initiative to accommodate the Graduates / Historians in the

different institutions of the Country.
7. HEC is requested to facilitate the Internees in the field of History at various

Archival Institutions, Museums and Libraries etc.
8. The HEC is requested to allocate special funds for purchase books for the
discipline of History.
56
Annexure “A”
COMPULSORY COURSES
IN ENGLISH FOR BS
(4 YEAR) IN BASIC & SOCIAL SCIENCES
English I (Functional English)
Objectives: Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking.

Course Contents
Basics of Grammar
Parts of speech and use of articles
Sentence structure, active and passive voice
Practice in unified sentence
Analysis of phrase, clause and sentence structure
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Punctuation and spelling
Comprehension
Answers to questions on a given text
Discussion
General topics and every-day conversation (topics for discussion to be at the
discretion of the teacher keeping in view the level of students)
Listening
To be improved by showing documentaries/films carefully selected by subject
teachers
Translation skills
Urdu to English
Paragraph writing
Topics to be chosen at the discretion of the teacher
Presentation skills
Introduction
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building
Recommended books:
1. Functional English
a) Grammar
1. Practical English Grammar by A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet.
Exercises 1. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN
0194313492
Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN
0194313506
57
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and
Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression
1993. ISBN 0 19 435405 7 Pages 20-27 and 35-41.
c) Reading/Comprehension
1. Reading. Upper Intermediate. Brain Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 453402 2.
d) Speaking
English II (Communication Skills)

Objectives: Enable the students to meet their real life communication needs.
Course Contents
Paragraph writing
Practice in writing a good, unified and coherent paragraph
Essay writing
Introduction
CV and job application
Translation skills
Urdu to English
Study skills
Skimming and scanning, intensive and extensive, and speed reading,
summary and précis writing and comprehension
Academic skills
Letter/memo writing, minutes of meetings, use of library and internet
Presentation skills
Personality development (emphasis on content, style and pronunciation)
Note: documentaries to be shown for discussion and review

Recommended books:
Communication Skills
a) Grammar
Exercises 2. Third Edition. Oxford University Press 1986. ISBN 0 19
431350 6.
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Chrisitine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and
Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression
1993. ISBN 019 435405 7 Pages 45-53 (note taking).
2. Writing. Upper-Intermediate by Rob Nolasco. Oxford Supplementary
Skills. Fourth Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435406 5 (particularly good
for writing memos, introduction to presentations, descriptive and
argumentative writing).
58
c) Reading
1. Reading. Advanced. Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1991. ISBN 0 19 453403 0.
2. Reading and Study Skills by John Langan
3. Study Skills by Riachard York.
English III (Technical Writing and

Presentation Skills)
Objectives: Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking
Course Contents
Presentation skills
Essay writing
Descriptive, narrative, discursive, argumentative
Academic writing
How to write a proposal for research paper/term paper
How to write a research paper/term paper (emphasis on style, content,
language, form, clarity, consistency)
Technical Report writing
Progress report writing
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building
Recommended books:
Technical Writing and Presentation Skills
a) Essay Writing and Academic Writing

1. Writing. Advanced by Ron White. Oxford Supplementary Skills.
Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435407 3 (particularly
suitable for discursive, descriptive, argumentative and report
writing).
2. College Writing Skills by John Langan. McGraw-Hill Higher
Education. 2004.
3. Patterns of College Writing (4th Edition) by Laurie G. Kirszner
and Stephen R. Mandell. St. Martin’s Press.
b) Presentation Skills
c) Reading
The Mercury Reader. A Custom Publication. Compiled by norther
Illinois University. General Editiors: Janice Neulib; Kathleen Shine
Cain; Stephen Ruffus and Maurice Scharton. (A reader which will give
students exposure to the best of twentieth century literature, without
taxing the taste of engineering students).
59
Annexure “B”
Pakistan Studies (Compulsory)
Introduction/Objectives
 Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics, contemporary
Pakistan, ideological background of Pakistan.
 Study the process of governance, national development, issues arising in the
modern age and posing challenges to Pakistan.
Course Outline
1. Historical Perspective
a. Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama
Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
b. Factors leading to Muslim separatism
c. People and Land
i. Indus Civilization
ii. Muslim advent
iii. Location and geo-physical features.
2. Government and Politics in Pakistan
Political and constitutional phases:
a. 1947-58
b. 1958-71
c. 1971-77
d. 1977-88
e. 1988-99
f. 1999 onward
3. Contemporary Pakistan
a. Economic institutions and issues
b. Society and social structure
c. Ethnicity
d. Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
e. Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
Books Recommended
1. Burki, Shahid Javed. State & Society in Pakistan, The Macmillan Press Ltd
1980.
2. Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi: Oxford University
Press, 2000.
3. S.M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistan’s Foreign policy: An Historical
analysis. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
4. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore, 1994.
60
5. Wilcox, Wayne.The Emergence of Banglades., Washington: American
Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research, 1972.
6. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Kayyun Toota, Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-e-Islamia,
Club Road, nd.
7. Amin, Tahir. Ethno - National Movement in Pakistan, Islamabad: Institute of
Policy Studies, Islamabad.
8. Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma of Political Development. Kent England: WmDawson
& sons Ltd, 1980.
9. Zahid, Ansar. History & Culture of Sindh. Karachi: Royal Book Company,
1980.
10. Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II & III. Islamabad:
National Institute of Historical and cultural Research, 1998.
11. Sayeed, Khalid Bin. The Political System of Pakistan. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin, 1967.
12. Aziz, K. K. Party, Politics in Pakistan, Islamabad: National Commission on
Historical and Cultural Research, 1976.
13. Muhammad Waseem, Pakistan Under Martial Law, Lahore: Vanguard, 1987.
14. Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective. Islamabad:
National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1993.
61
Annexure “C”
ISLAMIC STUDIES
(Compulsory)
Objectives:
This course is aimed at:
1 To provide Basic information about Islamic Studies
2 To enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization
3 To improve Students skill to perform prayers and other worships
4 To enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to faith
and religious life.
Detail of Courses:
Introduction to Quranic Studies

1) Basic Concepts of Quran
2) History of Quran
3) Uloom-ul -Quran
Study of Selected Text of Holy Quran
1) Verses of Surah Al-Baqra Related to Faith(Verse No-284-286)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi
(Verse No-1-18)
3) Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of faithful (Verse
No-1-11)
4) Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77)
5) Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam(Verse No-152-154)
Study of Selected Text of Holy Quran

1) Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse
No.6,21,40,56,57,58.)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of Judgment
3) Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar,Tadabar (Verse No-1,14)
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I
1) Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah ( Before Prophet Hood)
2) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Makkah
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II
1) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina
2) Important Events of Life Holy Prophet in Madina
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Madina
Introduction To Sunnah
1) Basic Concepts of Hadith
2) History of Hadith
3) Kinds of Hadith
4) Uloom –ul-Hadith
62
5) Sunnah & Hadith
6) Legal Position of Sunnah
Selected Study from Text of Hadith
Introduction to Islamic Law & Jurisprudence

1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
2) History & Importance of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
3) Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
4) Nature of Differences in Islamic Law
5) Islam and Sectarianism
Islamic Culture & Civilization
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture & Civilization
2) Historical Development of Islamic Culture & Civilization
3) Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization
4) Islamic Culture & Civilization and Contemporary Issues
Islam & Science
1) Basic Concepts of Islam & Science
2) Contributions of Muslims in the Development of Science
3) Quran & Science
Islamic Economic System
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System
2) Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic Economics
3) Islamic Concept of Riba
4) Islamic Ways of Trade & Commerce
Political System of Islam
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System
2) Islamic Concept of Sovereignty
3) Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam
Islamic History
1) Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida
2) Period of Ummayyads
3) Period of Abbasids
Social System of Islam

1) Basic Concepts Of Social System Of Islam
2) Elements Of Family
3) Ethical Values Of Islam
Reference Books:
1) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Emergence of Islam” , IRI,
Islamabad
2) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Muslim Conduct of State”
3) Hameed ullah Muhammad, ‘Introduction to Islam
4) Mulana Muhammad Yousaf Islahi,”
63
5) Hussain Hamid Hassan, “An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law” leaf
Publication Islamabad, Pakistan.
6) Ahmad Hasan, “Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence” Islamic Research
Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad (1993)
7) Mir Waliullah, “Muslim Jurisprudence and the Quranic Law of Crimes”
Islamic Book Service (1982)
8) H.S. Bhatia, “Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society” Deep & Deep
Publications New Delhi (1989)
9) Dr. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, “Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia” Allama
Iqbal Open University, Islamabad (2001)
64

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CURRICULUM

HIG HER SSIO N

HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION

Prof. Dr. Syed Sohail H. Naqvi Executive Director

Mr. Muhammad Javed Khan Adviser (Academics)

Malik Arshad Mahmood Director (Curri)

Dr. M. Tahir Ali Shah Deputy Director (Curri)

Mr. Farrukh Raza Asst. Director (Curri)

Mr. Abdul Fatah Bhatti Asst. Director (Curri)

Composed by: Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC, Islamabad

In exercise of the powers conferred under Section 3, Sub-Section 2 (ii) of Act

A committee of experts comprising of conveners from the National

MUHAMMAD JAVED KHAN

STAGE-I STAGE-II STAGE-III STAGE-IV

CURRI. UNDER CURRI. IN DRAFT FINAL STAGE FOLLOW UP

CONS. OF NCRC. FINALIZATION OF COMMENTS

PREP. OF DRAFT REVIEW

Abbreviations Used: ORIENTATION BACK TO

Prof. Dr. Mumtaz Bhutto, Convener

Dr. Kishwar Sultana, Secretary

Prof. Dr. Humaira Arif Dasti, Member

Dr. Mohammad Qasim Soomro, Member

Prof. Dr. Nadir Bakht, Member

Prof. Dr. (R). Abdul Rashid Khan, Member

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla, Member

Ms. Abida Javaid, Member

Dr. Javed Iqbal, Member

Dr. Muhammad Safeeruddin , Member

Syed Umer Hayat, Member

Dr. Shahid Latif, Member

Mrs. Gulnaz Mumtaz, Member

Ms. Tahira Tanveer, Member

The committee during its deliberation considered the following objectives:

1. To finalize the curriculum in the discipline of History and to bring it at

2. To incorporate latest reading & writing material against each course.

3. To bring uniformity and develop minimum baseline courses in each

4. To consider and incorporate the inputs given by the expatriate

5. To make recommendations for promotion/development of the

DETAILS OF THE COURSES

Course No. History: 103

Acknowledgement & documentation

Course No. History: 110

2. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W) (517-632 AD)

3. Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (R.A) (632-634 AD)

4. Hazrat Umar Farooq (R.A) (634-644 AD)

5. Hazrat Uthman Ghani (R.A) (644-656 AD)

7. Administration and Structure of Government under the Pious

1. Amir Muawiyah (661-680 AD)

2. Yazid bin Muawiya (680-683 AD)

3. Marwan bin Hakam (683-685 AD)

4. Abdul Malik bin Marwan (685-705 AD)

5. Walid bin Abdul Malik (705-715 AD)

6. Sulaiman bin Abdul Malik (715-717 AD)

7. Umar bin Abdul Aziz (717-720 AD)

8. Yazid-II (720-724 AD)

9. Hisham (724-749 AD)

11. State and Society under Umayyads

Section B: The Abbasids (750-1258 AD)

2. Abu-al-Abbas Abdullah (749-754 AD)