ESTATE TAX precedent giving of notice or even though the alteration,

amendment or revocation takes effect only on the expiration of a

I. GROSS ESTATE stated period after the exercise of the power, whether or not on or
before the date of the decedent's death notice has been given or
A. Sec. 85 – Inclusions the power has been exercised. In such cases, proper adjustment shall
be made representing the interests which would have been excluded
The value of the gross estate of the decedent shall be determined by from the power if the decedent had lived, and for such purpose if the
including the value at the time of his death of all property, real or notice has not been given or the power has not been exercised on or
personal, tangible or intangible, wherever situated: Provided, before the date of his
however, that in the case of a nonresident decedent who at the time death, such notice shall be considered to have been given, or the
of his death was not a citizen of the Philippines, only that part of the power exercised, on the date of his death.
entire gross estate which is situated in the Philippines shall be included (D) Property Passing Under General Power of Appointment. - To the
in his taxable estate. extent of any property passing under a general power of
appointment exercised by the decedent: (1) by will, or (2) by deed
(A) Decedent's Interest. - To the extent of the interest therein of the executed in contemplation of, or intended to take effect in
decedent at the time of his death; possession or enjoyment at, or after his death, or (3) by deed under
(B) Transfer in Contemplation of Death. - To the extent of any interest which he has retained for his life or any period not ascertainable
therein of which the decedent has at any time made a transfer, by without reference to his death or for any period which does not in
trust or otherwise, in contemplation of or intended to take effect in fact end before his death (a) the possession or enjoyment of, or the
possession or enjoyment at or after death, or of which he has at any right to the income from, the property, or (b) the right, either alone or
time made a transfer, by trust or otherwise, under which he has in conjunction with any person, to designate the persons who shall
retained for his life or for any period which does not in fact end before possess or enjoy the property or the income therefrom; except in case
his death (1) the possession or enjoyment of, or the right to the of a bona fide sale for an adequate and full consideration in money
income from the property, or (2) the right, either alone or in or money's worth.
conjunction with any person, to designate the person who shall (E) Proceeds of Life Insurance. - To the extent of the amount
possess or enjoy the property or the income therefrom; except in case receivable by the estate of the deceased, his executor, or
of a bonafide sale for an adequate and full consideration in money or administrator, as insurance under policies taken out by the decedent
money's worth. upon his own life, irrespective of whether or not the insured retained
(C) Revocable Transfer. - the power of revocation, or to the extent of the amount receivable
(1) To the extent of any interest therein, of which the decedent has at by any beneficiary designated in the policy of insurance, except
any time made a transfer (except in case of a bona fide sale for an when it is expressly stipulated that the designation of the beneficiary is
adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth) by trust irrevocable.
or otherwise, where the enjoyment thereof was subject at the date of (F) Prior Interests. - Except as otherwise specifically provided therein,
his death to any change through the exercise of a power (in Subsections (B), (C) and (E) of this Section shall apply to the transfers,
whatever capacity exerciseable) by the decedent alone or by the trusts, estates, interests, rights, powers and relinquishment of powers,
decedent in conjunction with any other person (without regard to as severally enumerated and described therein, whether made,
when or from what source the decedent acquired such power), t o created, arising, existing, exercised or relinquished before or after the
alter, amend, revoke, or terminate, or where any such power is effectivity of this Code.
relinquished in contemplation of the decedent's death. (G) Transfers of Insufficient Consideration. - If any one of the transfers,
(2) For the purpose of this Subsection, the power to alter, amend or trusts, interests, rights or powers enumerated and described in
revoke shall be considered to exist on the date of the decedent's Subsections (B), (C) and (D) of this Section is made, created,
death even though the exercise of the power is subject to a exercised or relinquished for a consideration in money or money's
 worth, but is not a bona fide sale for an adequate and full upon his return; but the amount so shown on the return shall first be
consideration in money or money's worth, there shall be included in increased by the amount previously assessed (or Collected without
the gross estate only the excess of the fair market value, at the time of assessment) as a deficiency, and decreased by the amounts
death, of the property otherwise to be included on account of such previously abated, refunded or otherwise repaid in respect of such
transaction, over the value of the consideration received therefor by tax, or (b) if no amount is shown as the tax by the donor, then the
the decedent. amount by which the tax exceeds the amounts previously assessed,
(H) Capital of the Surviving Spouse. - The capital of the surviving (or collected without assessment) as a deficiency, but such amounts
spouse of a decedent shall not, for the purpose of this Chapter, be previously assessed, or collected without assessment, shall first be
deemed a part of his or her gross estate. decreased by the amount previously abated, refunded or otherwise
repaid in respect of such tax.
B. Sec. 104 – Situs
C. Sec. 87 – Exclusions
For purposes of this Title, the terms 'gross estate' and 'gifts' include real
and personal property, whether tangible or intangible, or mixed, The following shall not be taxed:
wherever situated: Provided, however, That where the decedent or a. The merger of usufruct in the owner of the naked title;
donor was a nonresident alien at the time of his death or donation, as b. The transmission or delivery of the inheritance or legacy by
the case may be, his real and personal property so transferred but the fiduciary heir or legatee to the fideicommissary;
which are situated outside the Philippines shall not be included as part c. The transmission from the first heir, legatee or donee in favor
of his 'gross estate' or 'gross gift': Provided, further, That franchise which of another beneficiary, in accordance with the desire of the
must be exercised in the Philippines; shares, obligations or bonds predecessor; and
issued by any corporation or sociedad anonima organized or d. All bequests, devises, legacies or transfers to social welfare,
constituted in the Philippines in accordance with its laws; shares, cultural and charitable institutions, no part of the net income
obligations or bonds by any foreign corporation eighty-five percent of which insures to the benefit of any individual: Provided,
(85%) of the business of which is located in the Philippines; shares, however, That not more than thirty percent (30%) of the said
obligations or bonds issued by any foreign corporation if such shares, bequests, devises, legacies or transfers shall be used by such
obligations or bonds have acquired a business situs in the Philippines; institutions for administration purposes.
shares or rights in any partnership, business or industry established in
the Philippines, shall be considered as situated in the Philippines: D. Sec. 88 – Valuation
Provided, still further, that no tax shall be collected under this Title in
respect of intangible personal property: (a) if the decedent at the a. Usufruct. - To determine the value of the right of usufruct, use
time of his death or the donor at the time of the donation was a or habitation, as well as that of annuity, there shall be taken
citizen and resident of a foreign country which at the time of his death into account the probable life of the beneficiary in
or donation did not impose a transfer tax of any character, in respect accordance with the latest Basic Standard Mortality Table, to
of intangible personal property of citizens of the Philippines not be approved by the Secretary of Finance, upon
residing in that foreign country, or (b) if the laws of the foreign country recommendation of the Insurance Commissioner.
of which the decedent or donor was a citizen and resident at the b. Properties. - The estate shall be appraised at its fair market
time of his death or donation allows a similar exemption from transfer value as of the time of death. However, the appraised value
or death taxes of every character or description in respect of of real property as of the time of death shall be, whichever is
intangible personal property owned by citizens of the Philippines not higher of -
residing in that foreign country. 1. The fair market value as determined by the
The term 'deficiency' means: (a) the amount by which tax imposed by Commissioner, or
this Chapter exceeds the amount shown as the tax by the donor
 2. The fair market value as shown in the schedule of values payment of the estate tax as prescribed in Subsection (A) of Section
fixed by the Provincial and City Assessors. 91.
(5) Property Previously Taxed.— An amount equal to the value
specified below of any property forming part of the gross estate
II. DEDUCTIONS situated in the Philippines of any person who died within five (5) years
prior to the death of the decedent, or transferred to the decedent by
Sec. 86 gift within five (5) years prior to his death, where such property can be
identified as having been received by the decedent from the donor
For the purpose of the tax imposed in this Chapter, the value of the by gift, or from such prior decedent by gift, bequest, devise or
net estate shall be determined: inheritance, or which can be identified as having been acquired in
exchange for property so received:
(A) Deductions Allowed to the Estate of a Citizen or a Resident.— In One hundred percent (100%) of the value, if the prior decedent died
the case of a citizen or resident of the Philippines, by deducting from within one (1) year prior to the death of the decedent, or if the
the value of the gross estate— property was transferred to him by gift, within the same period prior to
(1) Standard Deduction.— An amount equivalent to Five million pesos his death;
(₱5,000,000).  Eighty percent (80%) of the value, if the prior decedent died
(2) For claims against the estate: Provided, That at the time the more than one (1) year but not more than two (2) years prior
indebtedness was incurred the debt instrument was duly notarized to the death of the decedent, or if the property was
and, if the loan was contracted within three (3) years before the transferred to him by gift within the same period prior to his
death of the decedent, the administrator or executor shall submit a death;
statement showing the disposition of the proceeds of the loan.  Sixty percent (60%) of the value, if the prior decedent died
(3) For claims of the deceased against insolvent persons where the more than two (2) years but not more than three (3) years
value of decedent’s interest therein is included in the value of the prior to the death of the decedent, or if the property was
gross estate. transferred to him by gift within the same period prior to his
(4) For unpaid mortgages upon, or any indebtedness in respect to, death;
property where the value of decedent’s interest therein, undiminished  Forty percent (40%) of the value, if the prior decedent died
by such mortgage or indebtedness, is included in the value of the more than three (3) years but not more than four (4) years
gross estate, but not including any income tax upon income received prior to the death of the decedent, or if the property was
after the death of the decedent, or property taxes not accrued transferred to him by gift within the same period prior to his
before his death, or any estate tax. The deduction herein allowed in death; and
the case of claims against the estate, unpaid mortgages or any  Twenty percent (20%) of the value, if the prior decedent died
indebtedness shall, when founded upon a promise or agreement, be more than four (4) years but not more than five (5) years prior
limited to the extent that they were contracted bona fideand for an to the death of the decedent, or if the property was
adequate and full consideration in money or money’s worth. There transferred to him by gift within the same period prior to his
shall also be deducted losses incurred during the settlement of the death.
estate arising from fires, storms, shipwreck, or other casualties, or from These deductions shall be allowed only where a donor’s tax, or estate
robbery, theft or embezzlement, when such losses are not tax imposed under this Title was finally determined and paid by or on
compensated for by insurance or otherwise, and if at the time of the behalf of such donor, or the estate of such prior decedent, as the
filing of the return such losses have not been claimed as a deduction case may be, and only in the amount finally determined as the value
for the income tax purposes in an income tax return, and provided of such property in determining the value of the gift, or the gross
that such losses were incurred not later than the last day for the estate of such prior decedent, and only to the extent that the value
of such property is included in the decedent’s gross estate, and only if
in determining the value of the estate of the prior decedent, no (C) Share in the Conjugal Property.— The net share of the surviving
deduction was allowable under paragraph (5) in respect of the spouse in the conjugal partnership property as diminished by the
property or properties given in exchange therefor. Where a deduction obligations properly chargeable to such property shall, for the
was allowed of any mortgage or other lien in determining the donor’s purpose of this Section, be deducted from the net estate of the
tax, or the estate tax of the prior decedent, which was paid in whole decedent.
or in part prior to the decedent’s death, then the deduction (D) Tax Credit for Estate Taxes Paid to a Foreign Country.—
allowable under said Subsection shall be reduced by the amount so (1) In General.— The tax imposed by this Title shall be credited with
paid. Such deduction allowable shall be reduced by an amount the amounts of any estate tax imposed by the authority of a foreign
which bears the same ratio to the amounts allowed as deductions country.
under paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (6) of this Subsection as the (2) Limitations on Credit.— The amount of the credit taken under this
amount otherwise deductible under said paragraph (5) bears to the Section shall be subject to each of the following limitations:
value of the decedent’s estate. Where the property referred to (a) The amount of the credit in respect to the tax paid to any country
consists of two or more items, the aggregate value of such items shall shall not exceed the same proportion of the tax against which such
be used for the purpose of computing the deduction. credit is taken, which the decedent’s net estate situated within such
(6) Transfers for Public Use.— The amount of all bequests, legacies, country taxable under this Title bears to his entire net estate; and
devises or transfers to or for the use of the Government of the (b) The total amount of the credit shall not exceed the same
Republic of the Philippines, or any political subdivision thereof for proportion of the tax against which such credit is taken, which the
exclusively public purposes. decedent’s net estate situated outside the Philippines taxable under
(7) The Family Home.— An amount equivalent to the current fair this Title bears to his entire net estate.”
market value of the decedent’s family home: Provided, however,
That if the said current fair market value exceeds Ten million pesos III. APPLICABLE RATE
(₱10,000,000), the excess shall be subject to estate tax.
(8) Amount Received by Heirs Under Republic Act No. 4917.— Any Sec. 84
amount received by the heirs from the decedent’s employee as a
consequence of the death of the decedent-employee in There shall be levied, assessed, collected and paid upon the transfer
accordance with Republic Act No. 4917: Provided, That such amount of the net estate as determined in accordance with Sections 85 and
is included in the gross estate of the decedent. 86 of every decedent, whether resident or nonresident of the
Philippines, a tax at the rate of six percent (6%) based on the value of
(B) Deductions Allowed to Nonresident Estates.— In the case of a such net estate.
nonresident not a citizen of the Philippines, by deducting from the
value of that part of his gross estate which at the time of his death is IV. CREDIT
situated in the Philippines:
(1) Standard Deduction.— An amount equivalent to Five hundred Sec. 86(E)
thousand pesos (₱500,000);
(2) That proportion of the deductions specified in paragraphs (2), (3), (1) In General.— The tax imposed by this Title shall be credited with
and (4) of Subsection (A) of this Section which the value of such part the amounts of any estate tax imposed by the authority of a foreign
bears to the value of his entire gross estate wherever situated; country.
(3) Property Previously Taxed.— x x x (2) Limitations on Credit.— The amount of the credit taken under this
(4) Transfers for Public Use.— The amount of all bequests, legacies, Section shall be subject to each of the following limitations:
devises or transfers to or for the use of the Government of the a. The amount of the credit in respect to the tax paid to any
Republic of the Philippines or any political subdivision thereof, for country shall not exceed the same proportion of the tax
exclusively public purposes. against which such credit is taken, which the decedent’s net
 estate situated within such country taxable under this Title 1. The fair market value as determined by the
bears to his entire net estate; and Commissioner, or
b. The total amount of the credit shall not exceed the same 2. The fair market value as shown in the schedule of values
proportion of the tax against which such credit is taken, fixed by the Provincial and City Assessors.
which the decedent’s net estate situated outside the
Philippines taxable under this Title bears to his entire net II. DEDUCTIONS
estate.
Sec. 101 – Exemption of Certain Gifts
DONOR’S TAX
The following gifts or donations shall be exempt from the tax
I. GROSS GIFT provided for in this Chapter:
(A) In the Case of Gifts Made by a Resident. -
A. Sec. 100 – Transfer for Insufficient Consideration (1) Gifts made to or for the use of the National Government or
any entity created by any of its agencies which is not
Where property, other than real property referred to in conducted for profit, or to any political subdivision of the said
Section 24(D), is transferred for less than an adequate and full Government; and
consideration in money or money’s worth, then the amount (2) Gifts in favor of an educational and/or charitable,
by which the fair market value of the property exceeded the religious, cultural or social welfare corporation, institution,
value of the consideration shall, for the purpose of the tax accredited nongovernment organization, trust or
imposed by this Chapter, be deemed a gift, and shall be philanthropic organization or research institution or
included in computing the amount of gifts made during the organization: Provided, however, That not more than thirty
calendar year: Provided, however, That a sale, exchange, or percent (30%) of said gifts shall be used by such donee for
other transfer of property made in the ordinary course of administration purposes. For the purpose of this exemption, a
business (a transaction which is a bona fide, at arm’s length, ‘non-profit educational and/or charitable corporation,
and free from any donative intent), will be considered as institution, accredited nongovernment organization, trust or
made for an adequate and full consideration in money or philanthropic organization and/or research institution or
money’s worth. organization’ is a school, college or university and/or
charitable corporation, accredited nongovernment
B. Sec. 104 – Situs (same as Estate) organization, trust or philanthropic organization and/ or
C. Sec. 102 – Valuation research institution or organization, incorporated as a
nonstock entity, paying no dividends, governed by trustees
If the gift is made in property, the fair market value thereof at who receive no compensation, and devoting all its income,
the time of the gift shall be considered the amount of the gift. whether students’ fees or gifts, donation, subsidies or other
In case of real property, the provisions of Section 88(B) shall forms of philanthropy, to the accomplishment and promotion
apply to the valuation thereof. of the purposes enumerated in its Articles of Incorporation.
(B) In the Case of Gifts Made by a Nonresident not a Citizen
Sec. 88 (B): of the Philippines. -
Properties. - The estate shall be appraised at its fair market (1) Gifts made to or for the use of the National Government or
value as of the time of death. However, the appraised value any entity created by any of its agencies which is not
of real property as of the time of death shall be, whichever is conducted for profit, or to any political subdivision of the said
higher of - Government.
 (2) Gifts in favor of an educational and/or charitable, be credited with the amount of any donor's tax of any
religious, cultural or social welfare corporation, institution, character and description imposed by the authority of a
foundation, trust or philanthrophic organization or research foreign country.
institution or organization: Provided, however, That not more (2) Limitations on Credit. - The amount of the credit taken
than thirty percent (30% of said gifts shall be used by such under this Section shall be subject to each of the following
donee for administration purposes. limitations:
(C) Tax Credit for Donor's Taxes Paid to a Foreign Country. - (a) The amount of the credit in respect to the tax paid to any
(1) In General. - The tax imposed by this Title upon a donor country shall not exceed the same proportion of the tax
who was a citizen or a resident at the time of donation shall against which such credit is taken, which the net gifts situated
be credited with the amount of any donor's tax of any within such country taxable under this Title bears to his entire
character and description imposed by the authority of a net gifts; and
foreign country. (b) The total amount of the credit shall not exceed the same
(2) Limitations on Credit. - The amount of the credit taken proportion of the tax against which such credit is taken,
under this Section shall be subject to each of the following which the donor's net gifts situated outside the Philippines
limitations: taxable under this title bears to his entire net gifts.
(a) The amount of the credit in respect to the tax paid to any
country shall not exceed the same proportion of the tax
against which such credit is taken, which the net gifts situated
within such country taxable under this Title bears to his entire
net gifts; and
(b) The total amount of the credit shall not exceed the same
proportion of the tax against which such credit is taken,
which the donor's net gifts situated outside the Philippines
taxable under this title bears to his entire net gifts.

III. APPLICABLE RATE

(A) In General.— The tax for each calendar year shall be six
percent (6%) computed on the basis of the total gifts in
excess of Two hundred fifty thousand pesos (₱250,000)
exempt gift made during the calendar year.
(B) Any contribution in cash or in kind to any candidate,
political party or coalition of parties for campaign purposes
shall be governed by the Election Code, as amended.

IV. CREDIT

Sec. 101(C)

(C) Tax Credit for Donor's Taxes Paid to a Foreign Country. -

(1) In General. - The tax imposed by this Title upon a donor
who was a citizen or a resident at the time of donation shall
 TITLE IV: VALUE- ADDED TAX excluding the value-added tax. The excise tax, if any, on such goods or
properties shall form part of the gross selling price.
CHAPTER I - IMPOSITION OF TAX (2) The following sales by VAT-registered persons shall be subject to zero
Section 105. Persons Liable. - Any person who, in the course of trade or percent (0%) rate:
business, sells barters, exchanges, leases goods or properties, renders services, (a) Export Sales.— The term ‘export sales’ means:
and any person who imports goods shall be subject to the value-added tax (1) The sale and actual shipment of goods from the Philippines to a foreign
(VAT) imposed in Sections 106 to 108 of this Code. country, irrespective of any shipping arrangement that may be agreed upon
The value-added tax is an indirect tax and the amount of tax may be shifted which may influence or determine the transfer of ownership of the goods so
or passed on to the buyer, transferee or lessee of the goods, properties or exported and paid for in acceptable foreign currency or its equivalent in
services. This rule shall likewise apply to existing contracts of sale or lease of goods or services, and accounted for in accordance with the rules and
goods, properties or services at the time of the effectivity of Republic Act No. regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP);
7716. (2) Sale and delivery of goods to:
The phrase 'in the course of trade or business' means the regular conduct or (i) Registered enterprises within a separate customs territory as provided under
pursuit of a commercial or an economic activity, including transactions special laws; and
incidental thereto, by any person regardless of whether or not the person (ii) Registered enterprises within tourism enterprise zones as declared by the
engaged therein is a nonstock, nonprofit private organization (irrespective of Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA) subject to the
the disposition of its net income and whether or not it sells exclusively to provisions under Republic Act No. 9593 or The Tourism Act of 2009.
members or their guests), or government entity. (3) Sale of raw materials or packaging materials to a nonresident buyer for
The rule of regularity, to the contrary notwithstanding, services as defined in delivery to a resident local export-oriented enterprise to be used in
this Code rendered in the Philippines by nonresident foreign persons shall be manufacturing, processing, packing or repacking in the Philippines of the said
considered as being course of trade or business. buyer’s goods and paid for in acceptable foreign currency and accounted
Section 106. Value-Added Tax on Sale of Goods or Properties. - for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng
(A) Rate and Base of Tax. - There shall be levied, assessed and collected on Pilipinas (BSP);
every sale, barter or exchange of goods or properties, a value-added tax (4) Sale of raw materials or packaging materials to export-oriented enterprise
equivalent to twelve percent (12%) of the gross selling price or gross value in whose export sales exceed seventy percent (70%) of total annual production;
money of the goods or properties sold, bartered or exchanged, such tax to be (5) Those considered export sales under Executive Order No. 226, otherwise
paid by the seller or transferor. known as the Omnibus Investment Code of 1987, and other special laws; and
(1) The term 'goods' or 'properties' shall mean all tangible and intangible (6) The sale of goods, supplies, equipment and fuel to persons engaged in
objects which are capable of pecuniary estimation and shall include: international shipping or international air transport operations: Provided, That
(a) Real properties held primarily for sale to customers or held for lease in the the goods, supplies, equipment and fuel shall be used for international
ordinary course of trade or business; shipping or air transport operations.
(b) The right or the privilege to use patent, copyright, design or model, plan, Provided, That subparagraphs (3), (4), and (5) hereof shall be subject to the
secret formula or process, goodwill, trademark, trade brand or other like twelve percent (12%) value-added tax and no longer be considered export
property or right; sales subject to zero percent (0%) VAT rate upon satisfaction of the following
(c) The right or the privilege to use in the Philippines of any industrial, conditions:
commercial or scientific equipment; (1) The successful establishment and implementation of an enhanced VAT
(d) The right or the privilege to use motion picture films, tapes and discs; and refund system that grants refunds of creditable input tax within ninety (90)
(e) Radio, television, satellite transmission and cable television time. days from the filing of the VAT refund application with the Bureau: Provided,
The term 'gross selling price' means the total amount of money or its That, to determine the effectivity of item no. 1, all applications filed from
equivalent which the purchaser pays or is obligated to pay to the seller in January 1, 2018 shall be processed and must be decided within ninety (90)
consideration of the sale, barter or exchange of the goods or properties, days from the filing of the VAT refund application; and
(2) All pending VAT refund claims as of December 31, 2017 shall be fully paid granted by a VAT-registered person may be deducted from the gross sales or
in cash by December 31, 2019. receipts for the quarter in which a refund is made or a credit memorandum or
Provided, That the Department of Finance shall establish a VAT refund center refund is issued. Sales discount granted and indicated in the invoice at the
in the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) and in the Bureau of Customs (BOC) time of sale and the grant of which does not depend upon the happening of
that will handle the processing and granting of cash refunds of creditable a future event may be excluded from the gross sales within the same quarter it
input tax. was given.
An amount equivalent to five percent (5%) of the total VAT collection of the (3) Authority of the Commissioner to Determine the Appropriate Tax Base. -
BIR and the BOC from the immediately preceding year shall be automatically The Commissioner shall, by rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary
appropriated annually and shall be treated as a special account in the of Finance, determine the appropriate tax base in cases where a transaction
General Fund or as trust receipts for the purpose of funding claims for VAT is deemed a sale, barter or exchange of goods or properties under Subsection
refund: Provided, That any unused fund, at the end of the year shall revert to (B) hereof, or where the gross selling price is unreasonably lower than the
the General Fund. actual market value.
Provided, further, That the BIR and the BOC shall be required to submit to the Section 107. Value-Added Tax on Importation of Goods. -
Congressional Oversight Committee on the Comprehensive Tax Reform (A) In General. - There shall be levied, assessed and collected on every
Program (COCCTRP) a quarterly report of all pending claims for refund and importation of goods a value-added tax equivalent to twelve percent (12%)
any unused fund. based on the total value used by the Bureau of Customs in determining tariff
(b) Sales to persons or entities whose exemption under special laws or and customs duties, plus customs duties, excise taxes, if any, and other
international agreements to which the Philippines is a signatory effectively charges, such tax to be paid by the importer prior to the release of such
subjects such sales to zero rate. goods from customs custody: Provided, That where the customs duties are
(B) Transactions Deemed Sale. - The following transactions shall be deemed determined on the basis of the quantity or volume of the goods, the value-
sale: added tax shall be based on the landed cost plus excise taxes, if any.
(1) Transfer, use or consumption not in the course of business of goods or (B) Transfer of Goods by Tax-exempt Persons. - In the case of tax-free
properties originally intended for sale or for use in the course of business; importation of goods into the Philippines by persons, entities or agencies
(2) Distribution or transfer to: exempt from tax where such goods are subsequently sold, transferred or
(a) Shareholders or investors as share in the profits of the VAT-registered exchanged in the Philippines to non-exempt persons or entities, the
persons; or purchasers, transferees or recipients shall be considered the importers thereof,
(b) Creditors in payment of debt; who shall be liable for any internal revenue tax on such importation. The tax
(3) Consignment of goods if actual sale is not made within sixty (60) days due on such importation shall constitute a lien on the goods superior to all
following the date such goods were consigned; and charges or liens on the goods, irrespective of the possessor thereof.
(4) Retirement from or cessation of business, with respect to inventories of Section 108. Value-added Tax on Sale of Services and Use or Lease of
taxable goods existing as of such retirement or cessation. Properties. -
(C) Changes in or Cessation of Status of a VAT-registered Person. - The tax (A) Rate and Base of Tax. - There shall be levied, assessed and collected, a
imposed in Subsection (A) of this Section shall also apply to goods disposed of value-added tax equivalent to twelve percent (12%) of gross receipts derived
or existing as of a certain date if under circumstances to be prescribed in rules from the sale or exchange of services, including the use or lease of properties.
and regulations to be promulgated by the Secretary of Finance, upon The phrase ‘sale or exchange of services’ means the performance of all kinds
recommendation of the Commissioner, the status of a person as a VAT- of services in the Philippines for others for a fee, remuneration or consideration,
registered person changes or is terminated. including those performed or rendered by construction and service
(D) Determination of the Tax. - contractors; stock, real estate, commercial, customs and immigration brokers;
(1) The tax shall be computed by multiplying the total amount indicated in the lessors of property, whether personal or real; warehousing services; lessors or
invoice by one-eleventh (1/11). distributors of cinematographic films; persons engaged in milling, processing,
(2) Sales Returns, Allowances and Sales Discounts. - The value of goods or manufacturing or repacking goods for others; proprietors, operators or
properties sold and subsequently returned or for which allowances were keepers of hotels, motels, resthouses, pension houses, inns, resorts; proprietors
or operators of restaurants, refreshment parlors, cafes and other eating including the amount charged for materials supplied with the services and
places, including clubs and caterers; dealers in securities; lending investors; deposits and advanced payments actually or constructively received during
transportation contractors on their transport of goods or cargoes, including the taxable quarter for the services performed or to be performed for another
persons who transport goods or cargoes for hire and other domestic common person, excluding value-added tax.
carriers by land relative to their transport of goods or cargoes; common (B) Transactions Subject to Zero Percent (0%) Rate.— The following services
carriers by air and sea relative to their transport of passengers, goods or performed in the Philippines by VAT registered persons shall be subject to zero
cargoes from one place in the Philippines to another place in the Philippines; percent (0%) rate:
sales of electricity by generation companies, transmission by any entity, and (1) Processing, manufacturing or repacking goods for other persons doing
distribution companies, including electric cooperatives; services of franchise business outside the Philippines which goods are subsequently exported,
grantees of electric utilities, telephone and telegraph, radio and television where the services are paid for in acceptable foreign currency and
broadcasting and all other franchise grantees except those under Section 119 accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Bangko
of this Code and non-life insurance companies (except their crop insurances), Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP);
including surety, fidelity, indemnity and bonding companies; and similar (2) Services other than those mentioned in the preceding paragraph,
services regardless of whether or not the performance thereof calls for the rendered to a person engaged in business conducted outside the Philippines
exercise or use of the physical or mental faculties. The phrase ‘sale or or to a nonresident person not engaged in business who is outside the
exchange of services’ shall likewise include: Philippines when the services are performed, the consideration for which is
(1) The lease or the use of or the right or privilege to use any copyright, patent, paid for in acceptable foreign currency and accounted for in accordance
design or model, plan, secret formula or process, goodwill, trademark, trade with the rules and regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP);
brand or other like property or right; (3) Services rendered to persons or entities whose exemption under special
(2) The lease or the use of, or the right to use of any industrial, commercial or laws or international agreements to which the Philippines is a signatory
scientific equipment; effectively subjects the supply of such services to zero percent (0%) rate;
(3) The supply of scientific, technical industrial or commercial knowledge or (4) Services rendered to persons engaged in international shipping or
information; international air transport operations, including leases of property for use
(4) The supply of any assistance that is ancillary and subsidiary to and is thereof: Provided, That these services shall be exclusive for international
furnished as a means of enabling the application or enjoyment of any such shipping or air transport operations;
property, or right as is mentioned in subparagraph (2) or any such knowledge (5) Services performed by subcontractors and/or contractors in processing,
or information as is mentioned in subparagraph (3); converting, or manufacturing goods for an enterprise whose export sales
(5) The supply of services by a nonresident person or his employee in exceed seventy percent (70%) of total annual production;
connection with the use of property or rights belonging to, or the installation or (6) Transport of passengers and cargo by domestic air or sea vessels from the
operation of any brand, machinery or other apparatus purchased from such Philippines to a foreign country; and
nonresident person; (7) Sale of power or fuel generated through renewable sources of energy
(6) The supply of technical advice, assistance or services rendered in such as, but not limited to, biomass, solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal,
connection with technical management or administration of any scientific ocean energy, and other emerging energy sources using technologies such
industrial or commercial undertaking, venture, projector scheme; as fuel cells and hydrogen fuels.
(7) The lease of motion picture films, -films, tapes and discs; and (8) Services rendered to:
(8) The lease or the use of or the right to use radio, television, satellite (i) Registered enterprises within a separate customs territory as provided under
transmission and cable television time. special law; and
Lease of properties shall be subject to the tax herein imposed irrespective of (ii) Registered enterprises within tourism enterprise zones as declared by the
the place where the contract of lease or licensing agreement was executed if TIEZA subject to the provisions under Republic Act No. 9593 or The Tourism Act
the property is leased or used in the Philippines. of 2009.
The term ‘gross receipts’ means the total amount of money or its equivalent
representing the contract price, compensation, service fee, rental or royalty,
Provided, That subparagraphs (B)(1) and (B)(5) hereof shall be subject to the Polished and/or husked rice, corn grits, raw cane sugar and molasses, and
twelve percent (12%) value-added tax and no longer be subject to zero ordinary salt shall be considered in their original state;
percent (0%) VAT rate upon satisfaction of the following conditions: (D) Importation of professional instruments and implements, tools of trade,
(1) The successful establishment and implementation of an enhanced VAT occupation or employment, wearing apparel, domestic animals, and
refund system that grants refunds of creditable input tax within ninety (90) personal and household effects belonging to persons coming to settle in the
days from the filing of the VAT refund application with the Bureau: Provided, Philippines or Filipinos or their families and descendants who are now residents
That, to determine the effectivity of item no. 1, all applications filed from or citizens of other countries, such parties hereinafter referred to as overseas
January 1, 2018 shall be processed and must be decided within ninety (90) Filipinos, in quantities and of the class suitable to the profession, rank or
days from the filing of the VAT refund application; and position of the persons importing said items, for their own use and not for
(2) All pending VAT refund claims as of December 31, 2017 shall be fully paid barter or sale, accompanying such persons, or arriving within a reasonable
in cash by December 31, 2019. time: Provided, That the Bureau of Customs may, upon the production of
Provided, That the Department of Finance shall establish a VAT refund center satisfactory evidence that such persons are actually coming to settle in the
in the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) and in the Bureau of Customs (BOC) Philippines and that the goods are brought from their former place of abode,
that will handle the processing and granting of cash refunds of creditable exempt such goods from payment of duties and taxes: Provided, further, That
input tax. vehicles, vessels, aircrafts, machineries and other similar goods for use in
An amount equivalent to five percent (5%) of the total value-added tax manufacture, shall not fall within this classification and shall therefore be
collection of the BIR and the BOC from the immediately preceding year shall subject to duties, taxes and other charges;
be automatically appropriated annually and shall be treated as a special (E) Services subject to percentage tax under Title V;
account in the General Fund or as trust receipts for the purpose of funding (F) Services by agricultural contract growers and milling for others of palay into
claims for VAT Refund: Provided, That any unused fund, at the end of the year rice, corn into grits and sugar cane into raw sugar;
shall revert to the General Fund. (G) Medical, dental, hospital and veterinary services except those rendered
Provided, further, That the BIR and the BOC shall be required to submit to the by professionals;
COCCTRP a quarterly report of all pending claims for refund and any unused (H) Educational services rendered by private educational institutions, duly
fund. accredited by the Department of Education (DepEd), the Commission on
(C) Determination of the Tax. - The tax shall be computed by multiplying the Higher Education (CHED), the Technical Education and Skills Development
total amount indicated in the official receipt by one-eleventh (1/11). Authority (TESDA) and those rendered by government educational institutions;
Section 109. Exempt Transactions. - (1) Subject to the provisions of Subsection (I) Services rendered by individuals pursuant to an employer-employee
(2) hereof, the following transactions shall be exempt from the value-added relationship;
tax: (J) Services rendered by regional or area headquarters established in the
(A) Sale of nonfood agricultural products; marine and forest products in their Philippines by multinational corporations which act as supervisory,
original state by the primary producer or the owner of the land where the communications and coordinating centers for their affiliates, subsidiaries or
same are produced; branches in the Asia-Pacific Region and do not earn or derive income from
(B) Sale of cotton seeds in their original state; and copra; the Philippines;
(C) Sale or importation of agricultural and marine food products in their (K) Transactions which are exempt under international agreements to which
original state, livestock and poultry of or king generally used as, or yielding or the Philippines is a signatory or under special laws, except those under
producing foods for human consumption; and breeding stock and genetic Presidential Decree No. 529;
materials therefor. (L) Sales by agricultural cooperatives duly registered with the Cooperative
Products classified under this paragraph and paragraph (a) shall be Development Authority to their members as well as sale of their produce,
considered in their original state even if they have undergone the simple whether in its original state or processed form, to non-members; their
processes of preparation or preservation for the market, such as freezing, importation of direct farm inputs, machineries and equipment, including spare
drying, salting, broiling, roasting, smoking or stripping. parts thereof, to be used directly and exclusively in the production and/or
processing of their produce;
(M) Gross receipts from lending activities by credit or multi-purpose Act of 2010) and 10754 (An Act Expanding the Benefits and Privileges of
cooperatives duly registered with the Cooperative Development Authority; Persons With Disability), respectively;
(N) Sales by non-agricultural, non-electric and non-credit cooperatives duly (X) Transfer of property pursuant to Section 40(C)(2) of the NIRC, as amended;
registered with the Cooperative Development Authority: Provided, That the (Y) Association dues, membership fees, and other assessments and charges
share capital contribution of each member does not exceed Fifteen thousand collected by homeowners associations and condominium corporations;
pesos (₱15,000) and regardless of the aggregate capital and net surplus (Z) Sale of gold to the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP);
ratably distributed among the members; (AA) Sale of drugs and medicines prescribed for diabetes, high cholesterol,
(O) Export sales by persons who are not VAT-registered; and hypertension beginning January 1, 2019; and
(P) Sale of real properties not primarily held for sale to customers or held for (BB) Sale or lease of goods or properties or the performance of services other
lease in the ordinary course of trade or business or real property utilized for than the transactions mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, the gross
low-cost and socialized housing as defined by Republic Act No. 7279, annual sales and/or receipts do not exceed the amount of Three million pesos
otherwise known as the Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992, and (₱3,000,000).
other related laws, residential lot valued at One million five hundred thousand The foregoing exemptions to the contrary notwithstanding, any person whose
pesos (₱1,500,000) and below, house and lot, and other residential dwellings sale of goods or properties or services which are otherwise not subject to VAT,
valued at Two million five hundred thousand pesos (₱2,500,000) and but who issues a VAT invoice or receipt therefor shall, in addition to his liability
below: Provided, That beginning January 1, 2021, the VAT exemption shall only to other applicable percentage tax, if any, be liable to the tax imposed in
apply to sale of real properties not primarily held for sale to customers or held Section 106 or 108 without the benefit of input tax credit, and such tax shall
for lease in the ordinary course of trade or business, sale of real property also be recognized as input tax credit to the purchaser under Section 110, all
utilized for socialized housing as defined by Republic Act No. 7279, sale of of this Code.
house and lot, and other residential dwellings with selling price of not more Section 110. Tax Credits. -
than Two million pesos (₱2,000,000): Provided, further, That every three (3) A. Creditable Input Tax. -
years thereafter, the amount herein stated shall be adjusted to its present (1) Any input tax evidenced by a VAT invoice or official receipt issued in
value using the Consumer Price Index, as published by the Philippine Statistics accordance with Section 113 hereof on the following transactions shall be
Authority (PSA); creditable against the output tax:
(Q) Lease of a residential unit with a monthly rental not exceeding Fifteen (a) Purchase or importation of goods:
thousand pesos (₱15,000); (i) For sale; or
(R) Sale, importation, printing or publication of books and any newspaper, (ii) For conversion into or intended to form part of a finished product for sale
magazine, review or bulletin which appears at regular intervals with fixed including packaging materials; or
prices or subscription and sale and which is not devoted principally to the (iii) For use as supplies in the course of business; or
publication of paid advertisements; (iv) For use as materials supplied in the sale of service; or
(S) Transport of passengers by international carriers; (v) For use in trade or business for which deduction for depreciation or
(T) Sale, importation or lease of passenger or cargo vessels and aircraft, amortization is allowed under this Code, except automobiles, aircraft and
including engine, equipment and spare parts thereof for domestic or yachts.
international transport operations; (b) Purchase of services on which a value-added tax has been actually paid.
(U) Importation of fuel, goods and supplies by persons engaged in (2) The input tax on domestic purchase of goods or properties shall be
international shipping or air transport operations: Provided, That the fuel, creditable:
goods, and supplies shall be used for international shipping or air transport (a) To the purchaser upon consummation of sale and on importation of goods
operations; or properties; and
(V) Services of bank, non-bank financial intermediaries performing quasi- (b) To the importer upon payment of the value-added tax prior to the release
banking functions, and other non-bank financial intermediaries; of the goods from the custody of the Bureau of Customs.
(W) Sale or lease of goods and services to senior citizens and persons with Provided, That the input tax on goods purchased or imported in a calendar
disability, as provided under Republic Act Nos. 9994 (Expanded Senior Citizens month for use in trade or business for which deduction for depreciation is
allowed under this Code shall be spread evenly over the month of acquisition The claim for tax credit referred to in the foregoing paragraph shall include
and the fifty-nine (59) succeeding months if the aggregate acquisition cost for not only those filed with the Bureau of Internal Revenue but also those filed
such goods, excluding the VAT component thereof, exceeds One million with other government agencies, such as the Board of Investments the Bureau
pesos (₱1,000,000): Provided, however, That if the estimated useful life of the of Customs.
capital good is less than five (5) years, as used for depreciation purposes, then Section 111. Transitional/Presumptive Input Tax Credits. -
the input VAT shall be spread over such a shorter period: Provided, further, (A) Transitional Input Tax Credits. - A person who becomes liable to value-
That the amortization of the input VAT shall only be allowed until December added tax or any person who elects to be a VAT-registered person shall,
31, 2021 after which taxpayers with unutilized input VAT on capital goods subject to the filing of an inventory according to rules and regulations
purchased or imported shall be allowed to apply the same as scheduled until prescribed by the Secretary of finance, upon recommendation of the
fully utilized: Provided, finally, That in the case of purchase of services, lease or Commissioner, be allowed input tax on his beginning inventory of goods,
use of properties, the input tax shall be creditable to the purchaser, lessee or materials and supplies equivalent for eight percent (8%) of the value of such
licensee upon payment of the compensation, rental, royalty or fee. inventory or the actual value-added tax paid on such goods, materials and
However, in the case of purchase of services, lease or use of properties, the supplies, whichever is higher, which shall be creditable against the output tax.
input tax shall be creditable to the purchaser, lessee or licensee upon (B) Presumptive Input Tax Credits. -
payment of the compensation, rental, royalty or fee. (1) Persons or firms engaged in the processing of sardines, mackerel and milk,
(3) A VAT-registered person who is also engaged in transactions not subject to and in manufacturing refined sugar and cooking oil, shall be allowed a
the value-added tax shall be allowed tax credit as follows: presumptive input tax, creditable against the output tax, equivalent to one
(a) Total input tax which can be directly attributed to transactions subject to and one-half percent (1 1/2%) of the gross value in money of their purchases
value-added tax; and of primary agricultural products which are used as inputs to their production.
(b) A ratable portion of any input tax which cannot be directly attributed to As used in this Subsection, the term 'processing' shall mean pasteurization,
either activity. canning and activities which through physical or chemical process alter the
The term 'input tax' means the value-added tax due from or paid by a VAT- exterior texture or form or inner substance of a product in such manner as to
registered person in the course of his trade or business on importation of goods prepare it for special use to which it could not have been put in its original
or local purchase of goods or services, including lease or use of property, from form or condition.
a VAT-registered person. It shall also include the transitional input tax (2) Public works contractors shall be allowed a presumptive input tax
determined in accordance with Section 111 of this Code. equivalent to one and one-half percent (1 1/2%) of the contract price with
The term 'output tax' means the value-added tax due on the sale or lease of respect to government contracts only in lieu of actual input taxes therefrom.
taxable goods or properties or services by any person registered or required to
register under Section 236 of this Code. Section 112. Refunds or Tax Credits of Input Tax. -
(B) Excess Output or Input Tax. - If at the end of any taxable quarter the output (A) Zero-rated or Effectively Zero-rated Sales. - any VAT-registered person,
tax exceeds the input tax, the excess shall be paid by the Vat-registered whose sales are zero-rated or effectively zero-rated may, within two (2) years
person. If the input tax exceeds the output tax, the excess shall be carried after the close of the taxable quarter when the sales were made, apply for
over to the succeeding quarter or quarters. any input tax attributable to the the issuance of a tax credit certificate or refund of creditable input tax due or
purchase of capital goods or to zero-rated sales by a VAT-registered person paid attributable to such sales, except transitional input tax, to the extent that
may at his option be refunded or credited against other internal revenue such input tax has not been applied against output tax: Provided, however,
taxes, subject to the provisions of Section 112. That in the case of zero-rated sales under Section 106(A)(2)(a)(1), (2) and (B)
(C) Determination of Creditable Input Tax. - The sum of the excess input tax and Section 108 (B)(1) and (2), the acceptable foreign currency exchange
carried over from the preceding month or quarter and the input tax proceeds thereof had been duly accounted for in accordance with the rules
creditable to a VAT-registered person during the taxable month or quarter and regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP): Provided, further, That
shall be reduced by the amount of claim for refund or tax credit for value- where the taxpayer is engaged in zero-rated or effectively zero-rated sale
added tax and other adjustments, such as purchase returns or allowances and also in taxable or exempt sale of goods of properties or services, and the
and input tax attributable to exempt sale. amount of creditable input tax due or paid cannot be directly and entirely
attributed to any one of the transactions, it shall be allocated proportionately (A) Invoicing Requirements. - A VAT-registered person shall, for every sale, issue
on the basis of the volume of sales. an invoice or receipt. In addition to the information required under Section
237, the following information shall be indicated in the invoice or receipt:
(B) Capital Goods. - A VAT-registered person may apply for the issuance of a (1) A statement that the seller is a VAT-registered person, followed by his
tax credit certificate or refund of input taxes paid on capital goods imported taxpayer's identification number (TIN); and
or locally purchased, to the extent that such input taxes have not been (2) The total amount which the purchaser pays or is obligated to pay to the
applied against output taxes. The application may be made only within two seller with the indication that such amount includes the value-added tax.
(2) years after the close of the taxable quarter when the importation or (B) Accounting Requirements. - Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 233,
purchase was made. all persons subject to the value-added tax under Sections 106 and 108 shall, in
addition to the regular accounting records required, maintain a subsidiary
(C) Cancellation of VAT Registration. - A person whose registration has been sales journal and subsidiary purchase journal on which the daily sales and
cancelled due to retirement from or cessation of business, or due to changes purchases are recorded. The subsidiary journals shall contain such information
in or cessation of status under Section 106(C) of this Code may, within two (2) as may be required by the Secretary of Finance.
years from the date of cancellation, apply for the issuance of a tax credit Section 114. Return and Payment of Value-Added Tax. -
certificate for any unused input tax which may be used in payment of his (A) In General. - Every person liable to pay the value-added tax imposed
other internal revenue taxes. under this Title shall file a quarterly return of the amount of his gross sales or
receipts within twenty-five (25) days following the close of each taxable
(D) Period within which Refund of Input Taxes shall be Made.— In proper quarter prescribed for each taxpayer: Provided, however, That VAT-registered
cases, the Commissioner shall grant a refund for creditable input taxes within persons shall pay the value-added tax on a monthly basis: Provided, finally,
ninety (90) days from the date of submission of the official receipts or invoices That beginning January 1, 2023, the filing and payment required under this
and other documents in support of the application filed in accordance with Subsection shall be done within twenty-five (25) days following the close of
Subsections (A) and (B) hereof: Provided, That should the Commissioner find each taxable quarter.
that the grant of refund is not proper, the Commissioner must state in writing Any person, whose registration has been cancelled in accordance with
the legal and factual basis for the denial. Section 236, shall file a return and pay the tax due thereon within twenty-five
In case of full or partial denial of the claim for tax refund, the taxpayer (25) days from the date of cancellation of registration: Provided, That only one
affected may, within thirty (30) days from the receipt of the decision denying consolidated return shall be filed by the taxpayer for his principal place of
the claim, appeal the decision with the Court of Tax business or head office and all branches.
Appeals: Provided, however, That failure on the part of any official, agent, or (B) Where to File the Return and Pay the Tax. - Except as the Commissioner
employee of the BIR to act on the application within the ninety (90)-day otherwise permits, the return shall be filed with and the tax paid to an
period shall be punishable under Section 269 of this Code. authorized agent bank, Revenue Collection Officer or duly authorized city or
municipal Treasurer in the Philippines located within the revenue district where
(E) Manner of Giving Refund. - Refunds shall be made upon warrants drawn the taxpayer is registered or required to register.
by the Commissioner or by his duly authorized representative without the (C) Withholding of Value-added Tax.— The Government or any of its political
necessity of being countersigned by the Chairman, Commission on audit, the subdivisions, instrumentalities or agencies, including government-owned or -
provisions of the Administrative Code of 1987 to the contrary notwithstanding: controlled corporations (GOCCs) shall, before making payment on account
Provided, That refunds under this paragraph shall be subject to post audit by of each purchase of goods and services which are subject to the value-
the Commission on Audit. added tax imposed in Sections 106 and 108 of this Code, deduct and
withhold the value-added tax imposed in Sections 106 and 108 of this Code,
CHAPTER II - COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS deduct and withhold a final value-added tax at the rate of five percent (5%)
Section 113. Invoicing and Accounting Requirements for VAT-Registered of the gross payment thereof: Provided, That beginning January 1, 2021, the
Persons. - VAT witholding system under this Subsection shall shift from final to a creditable
system: Provided, further, That the payment for lease or use of properties or
property rights to nonresident owners shall be subject to twelve percent (12%)
withholding tax at the time of payment: Provided, finally, That payments for
purchases of goods and services arising from projects funded by Official
Development Assistance (ODA) as defined under Republic Act No. 8182,
otherwise known as the ‘Official Development Assistance Act of 1996’, as
amended, shall not be subject to the final withholding tax system as imposed
in this Subsection. For purposes of this Section, the payor or person in control of
the payment shall be considered as the withholding agent.
Section 115. Power of the Commissioner to Suspend the Business Operations of
a Taxpayer. - The Commissioner or his authorized representative is hereby
empowered to suspend the business operations and temporarily close the
business establishment of any person for any of the following violations:
(a) In the case of a VAT-registered Person. -
(1) Failure to issue receipts or invoices;
(2) Failure to file a value-added tax return as required under Section 114; or
(3) Understatement of taxable sales or receipts by thirty percent (30%) or more
of his correct taxable sales or receipts for the taxable quarter.
(b) Failure of any Person to Register as Required under Section 236. -
The temporary closure of the establishment shall be for the duration of not less
than five (5) days and shall be lifted only upon compliance with whatever
requirements prescribed by the Commissioner in the closure order.