G.R. No.

217459

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee

vs.
ALBERTO FORTUNA ALBERCA, Accused-Appellant

DECISION

TIJAM, J.:

Questioned in this appeal is the Decision1 dated July 16, 2014 of the Court of
Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CR-HC No. 01071, which sustained accused-
appellant's conviction for two counts of Qualified Rape by the Regional Trial
Court (RTC), Branch 25 in Maasin City, Southern Leyte, in its Decision2 dated
June 15, 2009 in Criminal Case Nos. 2304 and 2305.

The Factual and Procedural Antecedents

In two separate Amended Informations, accused-appellant was charged

with Qualified Rape in this manner, viz.:

In Criminal Case No. 2304

That on or about the the day of September 2000 at 1:00 o'clock in the
afternoon, more or less, at barangay Tigbawan, city of Maasin, province of
Southern Leyte, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of the Honorable Court,
the above-named accused, who is the common-law husband of the mother
of the victim, with lustful intent and by means of force, threat and
intimidation, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously ravish the
victim, AAA, 11 years of age, and successfully had sexual intercourse with
said victim without her consent and against her will, to the damage and
prejudice of said AAA and of the social order. CONTRARY TO LAW.3

In Criminal Case No. 2305

That on or about the 4th day of January 2001 at 7:00 o'clock in the morning,
more or less, at barangay Canyuom, city of Maasin, province of Southern
Leyte, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the
above-named accused, who is the common-law husband of the mother of
the victim, with lustful intent and by means of force, threat and intimidation,
did then and there willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously ravish the victim, AAA,
11 years of age, and successfully had sexual intercourse with said victim
without her consent and against her will, to the damage and prejudice of
said AAA and of the social order.

CONTRARY TO LAW.4
Upon arraignment on May 10, 2001, accused-appellant pleaded not guilty to
the charges.5 Pre-trial and trial thereafter ensued.6

During trial, the prosecution presented the testimonies of the following

witnesses, to wit: AAA, the victim; CCC, the mother of the victim; Dr. Teodula
K. Salas, the doctor who physically examined AAA; SP02 Generoso Guerra,
the officer on duty when the victim was brought to the police station to file a
complaint; and Jumar Carsola, AAA's classmate who was with her before the
second rape happened. 7

AAA testified that on September 7, 2000, at around one o'clock in the

afternoon, on her way home from her grandmother's house, the accused-
appellant, her mother's live-in partner, waylaid her and dragged her towards
the forest. Upon reaching the Mabaguhan trees, accused-appellant
removed his short pants and then undressed her. She tried to resist but he
threatened to kill her with the long firearm that he was carrying at that time.
He then made her lie down, held her hands together, placed himself on top
of her, inserted his penis into her vagina and made rapid push and pull
movements.

Thereafter, AAA went home and did not tell anybody about the incident as
accused-appellant threatened to kill her and her family. 8

On January 4, 2001, at around seven o'clock in the morning, AAA was on her
way to school with her brother and classmates when they saw accused-
appellant. Accused-appellant told AAA to go with him to the· forest and
ordered her brother and classmates to go ahead and leave her. AAA
refused but accused-appellant· held her hands and made her walk ahead
of him. When they reached the forest, he dragged her inside the hut, took his
short pants off, undressed her, made her lie down, inserted his penis into her
vagina, and made repeated push and pull movements. Thereafter, he told
her to go to school. AAA's brother and classmates told her mother that
accused-appellant brought AAA to the forest. This prompted CCC to bring
AAA to the police station to report the incident and to the hospital for an
examination, where it was found out that AAA was no longer a virgin.9

On April 3, 2001, AAA was re-examined and found out that she was about
four months pregnant. The child was, however, delivered prematurely at
seven months on July 26, 2001 and died. 10

AAA's testimony was corroborated by the other prosecution witnesses.

SP02 Guerra testified that he was on duty when AAA was brought to the
police station. AAA narrated to him the rape incidents. He then assisted AAA
in executing her affidavit. SP02 Guerra also testified that accused-appellant
was invited for questioning but he could not be found at his residence. On
January 14, 2001, however, accused-appellant voluntarily appeared at the
police station and admitted that he raped AAA. 11

For its part, the defense presented the testimonies of Dr. Salas, Barangay
Captain Antonio Jualo of Barangay, Tigabawan, Maasin City, and accused-
appellant. 12

In the main, accused-appellant raised the defense of denial and alibi,

alleging that he could not have raped AAA on September 7, 2000 at one
o'clock in the afternoon as he was at that time processing copra in another
barangay, which is six kilometers away from the barangay where the rape
was allegedly committed. 13 He also averred that he could not have raped
AAA in the morning of January 4, 2001 as AAA and BBB left to go to the
police station at around eight o'clock that morning to report that he slapped
them both on January 2, 2001 and that by 8 o'clock that evening, he was
arrested and placed in jail. 14

Accused-appellant further averred that AAA was ill-motivated in filing false

charges of rape against him because she wanted him and her mother to
separate. 15

Accused-appellant also pointed out that AAA was already pregnant before
the alleged second rape on January 4, 2001 as testified to by Dr. Salas,
hence, accused-appellant theorized that he could not have fathered the
child. 16

The Ruling of the RTC

In its June 15, 2009 Decision, the RTC gave full faith and credit to AAA's
testimony, being a girl in her tender years, pursuant to the principle that youth
and immaturity, especially in a rape case, are generally badges of truth and
sincerity. 17 The RTC observed that no amount of enmity or desire to have the
accused leave her mother would impel a child to subject herself to such a
traumatic process as public as a trial for rape. 18

The findings of Dr. Salas also corroborate AAA's testimony. The RTC ruled that
the non-virgin state of the victim when first examined is enough proof that
penetration occurred, which is an essential requisite of carnal knowledge.
The RTC also noted that the age of the stillborn child at the time of delivery is
consistent with the date of the second rape, January 4, 2001. It further ruled
that the absence of marks of external bodily injuries does not negate rape as
proof of injury is not an essential element of the crime. 19

AAA's conduct after the rape incidents, according to the trial court, should
not be taken against her. Her non-revelation of the rape incidents can be
attributed to her fear as the accused-appellant threatened to kill her and her
family. 20
The RTC ruled that the positive and categorical testimony of a rape victim
should prevail over the accused-appellant's bare denial and alibi, the latter
being self-serving.

Finally, the RTC took into consideration the special qualifying circumstance of
the accused-appellant's relationship to the victim, the same being properly
alleged in the Amended Informations and proven during the trial.21

The RTC disposed, thus:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, the court finds the accused Alberto

F0rtuna Alberca GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of two (2) counts of
qualified rape committed against (AAA), eleven-year-old daughter of his
common-law spouse, and sentences him to suffer reclusion perpetua in each
case, instead of death, in accordance with Republic Act No. 9346.

For each count of qualified rape, the accused is hereby ordered to pay
(AAA) the sums of seventy five thousand pesos (₱75,000.00) as civil indemnity,
seventy five thousand pesos (₱75,000.00) as moral damages, and twenty five
thousand pesos (₱25,000.00) as exemplary damages.

SO ORDERED.22

The Ruling of the CA

The CA sustained accused-appellant's conviction as found by the RTC,

upholding AAA's credibility as a witness as she was firth and unrelenting in
pointing to the accused-appellant as the one who raped her on two
occasions. 23

The CA also ruled that there is no standard behavioral response from rape
victims; hence, the truth or falsehood of an allegation of rape cannot be
gauged therefrom, contrary to the accused-appellant's argument.24

The CA likewise dismissed accused-appellant's argument that the absence of

physical injury, hymenal laceration, and seminal fluid negates the fact of
rape, the same not being an essential element of the crime. 25

The fact that AAA was found to be seven months pregnant on July 26, 2001,
leading to the conclusion that she was already pregnant on December 26,
2000, does not negate the fact of rape on January 4, 2001. 26 The CA cited
jurisprudence to the effect that a month's difference in the stage of
pregnancy as shown by the physical examination is not substantial. 27

The CA, thus, affirmed the R TC's finding that the prosecution was able to
establish accused-appellant's guilt beyond reasonable doubt to the charges.
The appellate court, however, modified the penalty by increasing the
exemplary damages awarded by the RTC from Twenty Five Thousand Pesos
(Php25,000) to Thirty Thousand Pesos (Php30,000) to conform with the
prevailing jurisprudence at that time. 28 Also, the CA imposed an .interest on
the rate of six percent per annum on all the damages awarded from the
finality of the judgment until said amounts are fully paid. 29

The CA, in its appealed Decision, disposed thus:

WHEREFORE, the appeal is hereby DENIED. The Regional Trial Court's Decision
finding accused-appellant Alberto Fortuna Alberca guilty beyond
reasonable doubt of two (2) counts of the crime of qualified rape, sentencing
him to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua, in lieu of death and ordering
him to pay the offended party P75,000.00 as civil indemnity and P75,000.00 as
moral damages for each count of qualified rape
is AFFIRMED with MODIFICATION that the exemplary damages is increased to
P30,000.00 for each count of qualified rape. Accused-appellant Alberto
Fortuna Alberca is further ordered to pay the offended; party interest on all
damages awarded at the legal rate of 6% per annum from the date of
finality of this decision until such amounts shall have been duly paid.

SO ORDERED. 30

Hence, this appeal.

Both the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG), for the People, and the
accused-appellant manifested before this Court that they are adopting their
respective Briefs filed before the CA in lieu of the supplemental briefs required
by this Court.31

The Issue

The sole issue in this case is whether or not the accused-appellant is guilty
beyond reasonable doubt of two counts of Qualified Rape.

This Court's Ruling

In the main, accused-appellant attacks AAA's credibility, averring that the

facts and circumstances narrated by AAA are improbable and
questionable.32 . Specifically, accused-appellant points out that AAA did not
shout and ask for help while she was allegedly being dragged along the
road. AAA likewise did not run away when she had the opportunity to do so
while accused-appellant was allegedly taking off his pants which took time.
Also, AAA's story that accused-appellant told her to come with him to the
forest when she was with her brother and classmates in a public road during
daytime was unbelievable, according to the accused-appellant, as she·
could have refused to go with him, cried for help, and fought back but she
did not. Accused-appellant avers that the RTC merely assumed the
truthfulness of the said narration pursuant to the principle on minor witnesses.
The accused-appellant also raises the fact of the absence of seminal fluid
and physical injury, and the improbability of having sexual intercourse with
AAA from December 18, 2000 to January 4, 2001, as the latter was already
pregnant during that period. 33

We affirm the conviction.

The Court is not at all swayed by the arguments of the accused-

appellant.1avvphi1 The RTC and the CA have aptly and thoroughly discussed
every defense raised by the accused-appellant.

Time and again, this Court has held that questions on the credibility of
witnesses should best be addressed to the trial court because of its unique
position to observe the elusive and incommunicable evidence of witnesses'
deportment on the stand while testifying which is denied to the appellate
courts. 34 Hence; the trial judge's assessment of the witnesses' testimonies and
findings of fact are accorded great respect on appeal. In the absence of
substantial reason to justify the reversal of the trial court's assessment and
conclusion, as when no significant facts and circumstances are shown to
have been overlooked or disregarded, the reviewing court is generally
bound by the former's findings. The rule is even more strictly applied if the
appellate court has concurred with the trial court as in this case.

We are, thus, one with the R TC and CA in applying the jurisprudential

principle that testimonies of child victims are given full weight and credit, for
when a woman or a girl-child says that she has been raped, she says in effect
all that is necessary to show that rape was indeed committed.35 Accused-
appellant's imputation of ill-motive to the young victim deserves scant
consideration. Indeed, no woman, least of a child, will concoct a story of
defloration, allow an examination of her private parts, and subject herself to
public trial or ridicule if she has not, in truth, been a victim of rape and
impelled to seek justice for the wrong done to her. 36 As found by the RTC and
CA, AAA's testimony was candid, spontaneous, and consistent. We find no
cogent reason to deviate from such finding.

Besides, as can be gleaned from the records, the assailed findings and ruling
were not solely based on AAA's testimony. The testimonies of the other
prosecution witnesses, corroborating that of AAA's, were also considered.
Jumar Carsola's testimony corroborated that of AAA's narration of facts as to
the second rape in that they were together on their way to school when the
accused-appellant asked AAA to go to the forest with him and ordered the
others to go ahead and leave AAA with him. The medical findings of Dr. Salas
that AAA was not a virgin anymore, as well as the period of her pregnancy,
coincided with the rape incidents. Thus, while it has been held in the past that
the accused in rape cases may be convicted solely on the basis of the
victim's testimony which passed the test of credibility, 37 in this case, there is
more than sufficient evidence presented to arrive at such conclusion.

The absence of hymenal laceration is of no moment. Contrary to the

accused-appellant's theory, the same does not negate the fact of rape as a
broken hymen is not an essential element of rape 38 . In fact, this Court has, in
a previous case, affirmed the conviction of the accused for rape despite the
absence of laceration on the victim's hymen since medical findings suggest
that it is possible for the victim's hymen to stay intact despite repeated sexual
intercourse.39

Likewise, the absence of hymenal fluid or spermatozoa is not a negation of

rape.40 The presence or absence thereof is immaterial since it is penetration,
not ejaculation, which constitutes the crime of rape.41 Besides, the absence
of the seminal fluid from the vagina could be due to a number of factors,
such as the vertical drainage of the semen from the vagina, the acidity of the
vagina, or simply the washing of the vagina after the sexual intercourse.42 At
any rate, the presence of spermatozoa is not an element of the crime of
rape.43

Anent accused-appellant's theory as to the impossibility of sexual intercourse

with AAA on January 4, 2001 as she was already pregnant on December 26,
2000, being found as seven months pregnant on July 26, 2001, the CA aptly
cited the case of People v. Adora 44 , thus:

Computation of the whole period of gestation, thus, becomes a purely

academic endeavor. In this light, while most authorities would agree on an
average duration, there are still cases of long and short gestations.

Thus, the stage of development of the fetus cannot be determined with any
exactitude, and an error of at least two weeks, if not more, should be allowed
for this, together with the recognized variation in the duration of normal
pregnancies, makes it very unsafe to dogmatize in a medico-legal case xxx.

More importantly, it should be pointed out that these consolidated cases are
criminal cases for rape, not civil actions for paternity or filiation.1âwphi1 The
identity of the father of the victim's child is a non-issue. Even her pregnancy is
beside the point. What matters is the occurrence of the sexual assault
committed by the appellant on the person of the victim xxx. At any rate, that
the victim was already pregnant before the first rape does not disprove he1
testimony that the appellant raped her.

The CA correctly concluded, therefore, that the finding that AAA was
already seven months pregnant as of July 26, 2001 cannot be considered a
hundred percent accurate assessment and thus, does not discount the
possibility that accused-appellant raped and even impregnated AAA on
January 4, 2001, which notably was just nine days apart from the estimated
start of AAA's pregnancy on December 26, 2000.

Accused-appellant's argument that AAA's demeanor after the alleged rape

incidents was unbelievable and contrary to human experience also could
not sway Us. As already settled in jurisprudence, not all victims react the same
way. 45 Some people may cry out, some may faint, some may be shocked
into insensibility, others may appear to yield to the intrusion.46 Some may offer
strong resistance, while others may be too intimidated to offer any resistance
at all.47The mere fact that accused-appellant has moral ascendancy over
AAA, being the latter's surrogate father, coupled with AAA's tender age and
accused-appellant's threat against her, would suffice to justify AAA's fear in
abiding by accused-appellant's orders, failure to resist, and also option to
keep the harrowing experience to herself.

Lastly, pitted against AAA's clear, convincing, and straightforward testimony,

accused-appellant's unsupported denial and alibi cannot prevail.

Denial and alibi are inherently weak defenses and must be brushed aside
when the prosecution has sufficiently and positively ascertained the identity
of the accused. 48 And as often stressed, a categorical and positive
identification of an accused, without any showing of ill-motive on the part of
the witness testifying on the matter, prevails over denial, which is a negative
and self-serving evidence undeserving of real weight in law unless
substantiated by clear and convincing evidence.49

All told, We find no reversible error in the factual findings and legal
conclusions of the RTC, as affirmed by the CA.

As regards the penalty, however, while We uphold the imposition of reclusion

perpetua in lieu of the death penalty pursuant to Republic Act (R.A) No.
9346,50 the victim being below 18 years old and the offender being a step-
parent or common-law spouse of the victim's mother,51 We find it proper to
modify the award of damages in accordance with the prevailing
jurisprudence pronounced in the case of People v. Jugueta, 52 stating that
when the penalty imposed is death but reduced to reclusion
perpetua pursuant to R.A. No. 9346, the civil indemnity, moral damages, and
exemplary damages to be imposed will each be PhP100,000 for each count
of rape.

WHEREFORE, premises considered, the instant appeal

is DISMISSED. Accordingly, the assailed Decision of the Court of Appeals
dated July 16, 2014 in CA-G.R. CR-HC No. 01071 is hereby AFFIRMED WITH
MODIFICATION as follows:

"WHEREFORE, the appeal is hereby DENIED. The Regional Trial Court's Decision
finding accused-appellant Alberto Fortuna Alberca guilty beyond
reasonable doubt of two (2) counts of the crime of qualified rape, sentencing
him to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua, without eligibility for parole, in
lieu of death and ordering him to pay the offended party PhPl00,000 as civil
indemnity, PhPl00,000 as moral damages, and PhPl00,000.00 as exemplary
damages for each count of qualified rape is AFFIRMED.

Accused-appellant Alberto Fortuna Alberca is further ordered to pay the

offended party interest on all damages awarded at the legal rate of 6% per
annum from the date of finality of this Decision until such amounts shall have
been fully paid."

SO ORDERED.

NOEL GIMENEZ TIJAM

Associate Justice

WE CONCUR:

PRESBITERO J. VELASCO, JR.

Chief Justice
Chairperson

LUCAS P. BERSAMIN BIENVENIDO L. REYES

Associate Justice Associate Justice

(On Official Leave)

SAMUEL R. MARTIRES
Associate Justice

ATTESTATION

I attest that the conclusions in the above Decision had been reached in
consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the
Court’s Division.

PRESBITERO J. VELASCO, JR.

Associate Justice
Chairperson, Third Division

CERTIFICATION

Pursuant to the Section 13, Article VIII of the Constitution and the Division
Chairperson’s Attestation, I certify that the conclusions in the above Decision
had been reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer
of the opinion of the Court’s Division.
MARIA LOURDES P.A. SERENO
Chief Justice