PERCULSE RUBBER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY – SALEM

CHAPTER I

INDRODUCTION

ABOUT INTERNSHIP TRAINING

An internship is an opportunity offered by employers, both in the non-profit and for-

profit sectors, to students interested in the industry. An intern works at the company for a fixed
period of time, usually three to six months. Some students will have a part-time internship, where
they work at the office for just a few days or hours a week. Others will have full-time
internships, meaning they work the same hours as the company's full-time employees

MISSION/GOALS AND MEASURED OUTCOMES

The mission of the internship program is to provide supervised practice learning

experiences in order to prepare interns to be competent, entry-level registered dieticians. They
endorse the purpose and goals of the internship program and are committed to the responsibility
of providing quality education for the dietetic interns. They willingly and impartially share their
knowledge and skills as they strive to assist and inspire each intern to realize his or her potential
as the future of the dietetics profession. Goals have been established that reflect the ultimate
outcomes towards which the program's resources and efforts will be directed.

OBJECTIVE OF INTERNSHIP TRAINING

Internship represents the capstone of a new psychologist's formal academic training and
his/her induction into the profession. In keeping with the general mission and philosophy of the
training program, it is designed to assist interns in developing scientific and practice skills
appropriate to those of a generalist working with adults at the competency of an entry-level
psychologist. More specifically, our program has three overarching goals that guide the training
we provide.

 To train generalist practitioners in the profession of psychology.

  To achieve this goal interns are trained to provide direct service in a variety of clinical
domains including individual and group therapy, assessment/evaluation, and crisis
intervention.

 To train psychologists to broaden the scope of their services beyond those provided to
clients.

 To achieve this goal interns are trained to provide supervision, outreach, psycho-
education, consultation, and program evaluation.

 To train psychologists to develop and to be guided by their professional identity.

 To achieve this goal ethics and professionalism are topics that are introduced during
orientation and discussed in many venues throughout the year. Also, staff serve as models
and mentors to interns.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 To study the organization as a system and its various functional areas.

 To have the practical knowledge of the application of management theories.
 To have real life knowledge of an organization through various departments.
 To understand the strategies adopt to confront the challenges faced by the company.
 To have a clear picture about the company.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

 Personal bias and prejudice of the respondents could have affected the result of the study
 This study is academic effort so is limited by time cost and coverage
 This study is subjected to the common limitation of secondary data.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

 The project study is to be based on the functional area (such as marketing, finance, hrm)
that the student opted as major in third and fourth semester.
 Before commencement of project study each student is to develop a synopsis in
consultation with guide in the chosen functional area covering the broad aspects on which
the data is proposed to be collected and analysis is to be conducted.
 It may be noted that the chosen functional area is not restrictive.
 If the student finds any other area interesting or otherwise, they must explore it and
comment on it in report.
 Each student is required to carry out the work and submit the report individually.

NEED OF THE STUDY:

 The study that involves carrying out original research in order to meet the organization’s
continual need for new information for forward decision-making
 . The main issues may be human, economical, functional etc, but the construction and/or
application of some kind of research instrument are the focus of the study.
 The analysis of the research findings (e.g. Client’s responses to questionnaire about
changing product specifications) should take place, resulting in proposals about how to
manage relevant aspects of the organisation’s future.
 CHAPTER II
COMPANY PROFILE AND INDUSTRY PROFILE
COMPANY PROFILE:

Company Profile of perculse rubber manufacturing industry polymer Rubber Industry -

Founder of R. Elayaperumal and CEO - E. Flora Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry.
The company Establishment in 2001. This is a unique and specialized factory to fight against
nation threat about enormous heterogeneous waste of tyres. Billions of used tyres now reside in
landfills and illegal dumps causing pollution from release of toxic chemical which is hazardous
to human beings. Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry is recycling used tyres, which have
become a huge, accumulated waste and we help the Government and the environment by
converting this enormous waste into reusable material. Our raw material and output is only tyres
and we shred these used whole tyres into tire granulate and crumb rubber (Powder).The company
working employees in 382.

Our company is now ready to become a major force for friendly environment in the
global rubber industry. We are the authorized contractor of RAK Municipality for their dump
yard of tyres. Hopefully, our company will be accredited as green industry by UAE Government
as our goal is to reduce the pollution of the environment. The company is equipped with the State
of art machinery to shred and produce rubber crumb of 7000 MT per annum.

Welcome to perculse rubber manufacturing industry, a market leader in manufacturing

world-class rubber products and molded rubber components. For more than four decades, we
have served a large number of reputed clients from automotive, engineering, chemical,
healthcare and other industrial segments and gained in valuable experience. We remain dedicated
to our long-standing mission of delivering high-quality products on time and at a competitive
price.

The company makes use of leading-edge technology to manufacture a wide range of

products such as O-rings, hydraulic & pneumatic seals, gaskets, grommets, bushes, bellows, flat
washers, solid tires, boots, diaphragms, aprons, cots etc. in Nitride, Polyurethane, Vinton,
Silicon, Neoprene, EPDM and other polymers as required by our clients. We also manufacture
rubber products and components as per client specifications.

Perculse rubber manufacturing industry became functional under the able leadership of
Mr. K.L. Jain. Production started in a small, rented place with a workforce of only five people.
The high-precision, international-quality rubber products and efficacious services of
perculse rubber manufacturing industry have helped us build an impressive client base across the
country. We have carved a niche in the global market as well, working in tandem with reputed
export houses and catering to the quality-conscious markets of Europe and the USA. The
company is also exploring new markets worldwide in order to expand its business prospects
further.

PERCULSE RUBBER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY PROFILE:

Corporate Identification Number : U17111TZ2001PTC013446

Company Name: PERCULSE RUBBER MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRY
Company Status: Active
ROC: ROC- madurai
Registration Number: 13446
Company Category: Company limited by Shares
Company Sub Category: Non-govt company

Class of Company: Private

Date of Incorporation: 01 September 2005
Age of Company: 13 years, 8 month
Activity: Rubber manufacturing
Company Founder R. Elayaperumal
Managing Director E. Flora
Total Employees 750
HR Manager D. Elayaraj
VISION AND MISSION:

VISION

 To work as a team and provide a encouraging working environment.

 To provide high quality products that combine performance with value pricing,
while establishing a successful relationship with our customers and our suppliers.

MISSION

 To stay ahead of the competition by continuous improvement in our services.

 Super Springs values its employees, suppliers and its customers and is committed to
cultivate an environment of mutual trust and respect and to provide necessary
resources to achieve its goals

INDUSTRY PROFILE

INTRODUCTION TO THE INDUSTRY:

Rubber industry is more than 100 years old. Industrial rubber industry is dominated by
one major product tires. Tires are used in large numbers on bicycles, trucks, aircrafts, and
automobiles.
Automobile tires, inflatable rafts, conveyor belts, rain coats and waterproof cloth tents are
produced by impregnating fabrics with rubber, using calendaring process. Moulding is another
important process in the tire production. Tires are the principal product of industrial rubber
industry. It accounts for approximately three-fourth of total rubber tonnage.
Production of rubber goods comprises of two stages- first stage is the production of
rubber, either by the natural rubber (which is an agricultural crop) or from the petroleum
products. Second stage is processing of the rubber so produced into the finished goods form.
Processing of rubber into the finished goods like tires and other products is usually designated
as rubber industry. Synthetic rubbers are produced from petrochemicals by polymerization
method.
Rapidly growing automotive sector in developing economies and increased demand for
high-performance tires, sealing products, and tire adhesive are expected to contribute to the
growth of the global industrial rubber market. As on date, Asia Pacific is the largest producer
and consumer of industrial rubber, with its tire sector exhibiting promising growth rate.
Manufacturers have shifted their production facilities to emerging economies, due to the low
labor and operating costs.
In the industrial rubber industry, construction market is estimated to post the strongest
gain during the forecast period. Other construction-related products like rubber roofing are
projected to register the healthy growth. Mechanical goods are expected to account for the
largest share of total demand. Suppliers of hose and belts will gain benefits from increased
consumer demand of the durable goods, particularly machinery and equipment.
Industrial Rubber Market: Drivers & Restraints
Growing automotive industry, rising construction output and manufacturing activities are
some of the key factors driving the growth of the industrial rubber market.
Volatility of the oil prices, environmental concerns and associated government regulations,
limited number of suppliers and increasing threat from the substitutes are probable factors
negatively impacting the growth of the industrial rubber market.
Industrial Rubber Market: Segmentation
The global industrial rubber market is broadly classified on the basis of product type,
market and geographies.
Based on product type, the global industrial rubber market is segmented into:
 Gaskets
 Hoses
 Conveyor belts
 Sealing products
 Footwear
Based on market, the global industrial rubber market is segmented into:
 Construction
  Manufacturing
 Aerospace
 Automotive
Industrial Rubber Market: Overview
With rising automotive sales, growing population, increasing disposable income and rising
urbanization the need for industrial rubber products are increasing. The global industrial rubber
market is expected to expand at a promising CAGR during the forecast period (2015-2025).
Industrial Rubber Market: Region-wise Outlook
The global industrial rubber market is expected to register a double-digit CAGR for the
forecast period. Depending on geographic regions, global industrial rubber market is segmented
into seven key regions: North America, South America, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Asia
Pacific, Japan, and Middle East & Africa. As of 2015, North America dominated the global
industrial rubber market in terms of market revenue followed by Europe. Asia Pacific & Japan
are projected to expand at a substantial growth and will contribute to the global industrial rubber
market value exhibiting a robust CAGR during the forecast period 2015.
Industrial Rubber Market: Key Players
Some of the key market participants in global industrial rubber market are Goodyear Tire
and Rubber Company, Greenville Industrial Rubber & Gasket Co, Industrial Rubber & Gasket
Inc, Continental AG, Bridgestone Corp, Yokohama Rubber Company Ltd, Toyo Tire and Rubber
Co. Ltd.
The research report presents a comprehensive assessment of the market and contains
thoughtful insights, facts, historical data, and statistically supported and industry-validated
market data. It also contains projections using a suitable set of assumptions and methodologies.
The research report provides analysis and information according to categories such as market
segments, geographies, types and applications.
The report covers exhaustive analysis on:
 Market Segments
 Market Dynamics
 Market Size
 Supply & Demand
 Current Trends/Issues/Challenges
  Competition & Companies involved
 Technology
 Value Chain
Regional analysis includes

 North America (U.S., Canada)

 Latin America (Mexico. Brazil)
 Western Europe (Germany, Italy, France, U.K, Spain, Nordic countries, Belgium,
Netherlands, Luxembourg)
 Eastern Europe (Poland, Russia)
 Asia Pacific (China, India, ASEAN, Australia & New Zealand)
 Japan
 Middle East and Africa (GCC, S. Africa, N. Africa)

The report is a compilation of first-hand information, qualitative and quantitative

assessment by industry analysts, inputs from industry experts and industry participants across the
value chain. The report provides in-depth analysis of parent market trends, macro-economic
indicators and governing factors along with market attractiveness as per segments. The report
also maps the qualitative impact of various market factors on market segments and geographies.

Report Highlights:
 Detailed overview of parent market
 Changing market dynamics in the industry
 In-depth market segmentation
 Historical, current and projected market size in terms of volume and value
 Recent industry trends and developments
 Competitive landscape
 Strategies of key players and products offered
 Potential and niche segments, geographical regions exhibiting promising growth
 A neutral perspective on market performance
 Must-have information for market players to sustain and enhance their market footprint.
 In 1970, perculse rubber manufacturing industry had tendered to buy competitor Atkinson. Ultimately
the bid failed and were the successful buyers, the new company being called Atkinson. Many of the old
Atkinson workforce did not like change and some moved across to perculse rubber manufacturing
industry. One such key engineer was Jack Cooke who's influence led to the development of another
entirely new ground breaking cab. The steel framed, fibreglass panelled SP (Steel / Plastics) as fitted On
the B Series models.

ORGANIZATIONAL CHART:

Board of directors

Managing directors

General manager

Purchase Assistant Chief Account Management

Officer purchase production Officer represent
officer manager

Store Keeper Time Officer

Account clerk

Selection in Selection in Selection in Maintain Sales &

charge QC charge charge saw manager shipping
furniture mill manager
 Assistant
Supervisors Supervisors Supervisors sales and
shipping
manager

Workers Workers Workers

CHAPTER III

FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENT:

FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENT:

1. Production Department
2. HR Department
3. Finance Department
4. Marketing Department
5. Sales Department
6. Purchasing Department

PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

Rubber is traditionally grown in India in the hinterlands of the South West Coast
comprising of the state of Tamilnadu and adjoining Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu (TN).
Tamilnadu is the single largest rubber producing state in India accounting for 91 per cent of total
NR production. Tamilnadu and TN are considered to be the traditional rubber growing regions in
the country. In recent years, among non-traditional region, Tripura and Assam have witnessed
growing production of NR.
The tract is now reaching a level of saturation for rubber cultivation and the scope of further
expansion of the crop is very much limited. Considering this fact, the expansion of rubber
cultivation, which is of prime importance for setting up rubber production, has to take place
mainly in non-traditional areas. Non-traditional areas so far identified as almost fully or
marginally suitable for rubber cultivation are Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, and lower
reaches of hills of Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura excluding the other state of India.
Although the North Eastern Region lies far outside the traditional rubber growing zone, the
agro-climatic conditions obtained here are unique in as much as near tropical features are
experienced in most parts owing to low elevations, exposure to monsoons and other moderating
influences. The positive results obtained from trial plantations undertaken in early 1960s in the
then undivided Assam and Tripura, commercial scale plantations were raised by Government
Forest and Soil Conservation Departments. Public Sector Corporations set up later joined rubber
planting endeavours on extensive scales. Thus while in Assam and Tripura, Public Sector
Corporations are leading in the rubber plantation sector, in Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram and
Arunachal Pradesh the role has played by the State Forest and Soil.
Production capacity:

The production capacity of rubber product is different in the different company. Five
major companies hold 50.4 % portion of total production and rest is held by smaller companies.

Product innovation:

Rubber products are homogeneous product and there are only few uses of it. So product
innovation is not seen in it. Yet companies are trying to differentiate their products with the
rivals and for it they always trying for innovation.
EXPOSURE DATA

In the context of this Monograph, the rubber industry is restricted to the rubber-manufacturing
industry, including the production of tyres and general rubber goods and the process of re-
treading. The production of synthetic polymers in chemical plants is not discussed.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Rubber manufacturing generally comprises the following operations: raw materials

handling, weighing and mixing; milling; extruding and calendaring; component assembly and
building; ‘curing’ or vulcanizing; inspection and finishing; storage and dispatch. A detailed
description of these steps in the production process can be found in IARC (1982). Although the
stages described below are applicable to the majority of rubber goods manufactured from solid
polymer, a substantial proportion of rubber production involves the use of liquid latex. This
applies to the manufacture of dipped rubber goods (such as rubber gloves and some footwear),
foam-latex products (such as mattresses, cushions, etc.), and extruded thread products (such as
elasticised fabrics and surgical hose).
RAW MATERIALS HANDLING, WEIGHING AND MIXING

All the materials required for the manufacture of the finished product are assembled. The
raw polymer, either natural or synthetic is brought together at this stage with a variety of
compounding chemical additives before being introduced into a mixer. The extensive range of
chemicals required and the volume of raw material handled can give rise to substantial quantities
of airborne dust.
MILLING

From the mixer, the uncured rubber compound usually passes to one or more milling machines,
where it is thoroughly blended to ensure an even dispersion of its chemical constituents. At this
stage, considerable heat is generated, and, although many technical improvements have been
introduced in recent years, the job of mill operator still involves a considerable degree of
physical exertion and exposure to fumes arising from the heated compound.

EXTRUDING AND CALENDARING

The extruders force the rubber compound through a die into various forms, which are then
cut to appropriate lengths. Strips of softened rubber compound are fed into multiple-roll milling
machines (calendars) to form rubber sheeting, or to apply the rubber directly onto woven textile
fabric, which can then be wound off onto a roll. During such manufacturing operations, fumes
are often generated.
Component assembly and building

At this stage, solvents are frequently used, with the possibility of inhalation of solvent
vapours or of direct effects of the solvent on the skin of the operator.

Curing or vulcanizing

Heat is applied to the product, usually by use of steam, in a curing mould, press, or
autoclave. Operators working in the area are exposed both to heat from the presses and to fumes
from the heated rubber products. Chemical reactions take place throughout the manufacturing
process, and may give rise to new, more volatile chemicals.

Inspection and finishing

This involves the handling of cured rubber products, often while still hot. It usually
involves direct and extensive skin-contact with the surface of the finished article (during
inspection) and may also involve exposure to vulcanizing fumes. Grinding, trimming, repair,
painting and cleaning may also entail exposure to rubber dust, fumes and solvents.
Storage and dispatch

Large quantities of stored rubber goods may release considerable amounts of toxic
substances, either as vapours or as constituents of the ‘bloom’ on the surface of finished goods.

CHEMICALS USED IN THE RUBBER PRODUCTION PROCESS

A wide variety of natural or synthetic elastomers, fillers (e.g. carbon black, precipitated
silica or silicates) and additives are used in compounding to create the necessary properties of the
final rubber product. The actual chemicals used in this process have changed over time and vary
extensively depending on the manufacturing sector (e.g. tyres, general rubber goods, re-
treading), and on the specific plant. Compounding ingredients are classified as vulcanising
agents (e.g. elemental sulphur, sulphur donors such as organic disulphides and higher sulphides,
peroxides, urethane cross linking agents); vulcanization accelerators (e.g. sulphenamides,
diazoles, guanidine’s, theorems, dithiocarbamates, dithiophosphates, and miscellaneous
accelerators such as zinc isopropyl xanthenes and ethylene thiourea); vulcanization activators
(e.g. zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, lead oxide); retarders and inhibitors of vulcanization (e.g.
benzoic acid, salicylic acid, ophthalmic anhydride, N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPA), N-
(cyclohexylthio)phthalimide); antidegradants; antioxidants (e.g. phenolics, phosphites, thioesters,
amines, bound antioxidants such as quinone-diimines, miscellaneous antioxidants such as zinc
and nickel salts of dithiocarbamates); antiozonants (e.g. para-phenylenediamines, triazine
derivatives, waxes); anti-reversion agents (e.g. zinc carboxylates, thiophosphoryl derivatives,
silane coupling agents, sulphenimide accelerator, hexamethylene-1,6-bis thiosulphate disodium
dehydrate, and 1,3-bis(citranimidomethyl) benzene); plasticisers and softeners (e.g. petroleum
products such as petroleum waxes and mineral oils, coal-tar products such as coumarone resin,
pine products, synthetic softeners, and other products such as vegetable oils and fats); and
miscellaneous ingredients (such as peptising agents, blowing agents, bonding agents, and
pigments)
The important development schemes and activities undertaken through the Department
are the following:

1. Rubber Plantation Development Scheme.

2. Production and distribution of improved planting materials.
3. Advisory and extension services to growers.
4. Demonstration of scientific planting and production.
5. Supplies of equipment and materials requiring popularisation.
6. Identification of non-traditional areas suitable for rubber and planning and undertaking
activities for its promotion in such areas
7. Schemes for productivity enhancement in small holdings
8. Schemes for improvement of quality of small holder rubber
9. Schemes for extra income generation form rubber plantations - Apiculture
10. Block planting, group planting etc. for promotion of rubber among scheduled
caste/scheduled tribe members.
11. Promotion of activities of voluntary associations (Rubber Producers' Societies) and self
help groups among small growers.
12. Training of tappers.

HR DEPARTMENT

A study on Human Resources Management was made in small and medium industries
located in Amateur industrial estate in Madurai city, India. The outcome of the study indicates
that the majority of the units do not have any human resource policy in place. However they
pursue same human resources practices like recruitment, selection, training, performance
appraisal, and compensation, grievance redressal and so on in a haphazard and arbitrary fashion.
This paper suggests professional approach to various dimensions of human resource
management in the light of various constraints the small and medium units encounter.

Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry is one of the most exciting integrated Rubber
Industry to work with in this part of the world. The HR policies at Perculse Rubber
Manufacturing Industry revolve around the basic tenet of creating a highly motivated, vibrant &
self-driven team. The Company cares for each & every employee and has in-built systems to
recognize and reward them periodically.

Our work philosophy recognizes and encourages performance and we constantly strive to
maintain a climate that nurtures ability and provides all round development of our employees -
one in which they can grow and flourish.

The consolidated human resource policy focuses on selecting candidates with the right
talent, capabilities and aptitudes from all sources - through campus placement programs and off-
campus initiatives throughout the year at various locations. We also recruit experienced
professionals from the industry at various mid-level and senior positions

We focus on induction, structured on the job training, developing and utilizing the full
potential of recruits, clarifying expectations through job descriptions, education and development
efforts. The skills and key competencies required for all positions of responsibility have been
defined and these form the basis for advancement to higher positions.

Managers and supervisors constantly strive to achieve the highest standards of

professional excellence and integrity. They encourage and motivate employees.

Periodic employee satisfaction surveys are carried out on the basis of which, areas of
strength are reinforced and those of concern, are addressed.

HML also has the tremendous advantage of support from the RPG Group's HR department.
Catering as it does to the needs of several thousand employees across several diverse industries,
the RPG Group HR department encourages learning and development through:

1. Leadership Development Program designed in association with some of the best

Management institutes in the world Like IIM (Bangalore),IIM (Calicut),IIM
(Ahmadabad)
2. Development Centers that map competencies and identify development needs
3. Freedom to identify your own training and development needs
 4. Development Action Plans for Managers to bring cutting edge proficiency levels in
managerial competencies
5. Rigorous cross-functional task force assignments to crack business challenges

The company believes in the overall development of the individual. Perculse Rubber
Manufacturing Industry has always attracted young talent and advanced the best performers. The
fact that most of the leaders of this industry in this part of the country been groomed and
nurtured by the company stand testimony to this.

At Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry, our team members never stop learning and
growing. We encourage professional and personal development so much that we've created an
entire working culture around it. Team members at Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry can
expect a vast array of programs to increase skills in their current role and develop leadership
skills that can make a significant impact on their career.

Structure of HR department

MD

GM

APO
 TIME OFFICER

COMPUTER
PROGRAMMER

STENO

JUNIOR CLERK

TYPIST
HEAD GUARD RECEPTIONIST

SECURITY GUARD DRIVER

ATTENDER
MARKETING DEPARTMENT:

Marketing is the human activity directed at satisfying the need and wants through an
exchange process. In Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry the entire range of products is
marketed by Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industrysales international limited. The RSIL
formulates market strategies for both domestic and international markets. The marketing
department is headed by marketing manager.

FUNCTIONS OF MARKETING DEPARTMENT

 Formulation of effective advertising strategies for winning the market.

 Conducting seminar/ exhibition For the purpose of launching new products to the
market and also make the people aware of their existing products
 Conducting retailers meet for the purpose of maintaining cordial relationship between
management and distributors.
 Conducting consumer survey for the purpose of collecting information from customers
for the further product development and evaluation of existing position of product in
the market.
 Formulations of sales strategies in order to achieve the target turn over.
 Orientation is given to dealer and distributors to make aware them about the quality of
products.

CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION

A channel of distribution is the path through which products move from the place of
production to the place of ultimate consumption. The company distributes its products
through dealers. The company has around 150 dealers throughout India .

Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry

factory

Dealers
  Customers

MARKET SEGMENTATION

A market consists of large number of buyers and they are widely scattered. They
are different in their wants, purchasing power, buying attitude, buying practices
etc…..therefore it is desirable to group the buyers on the basis of location, income ,
education, age, sex etc….so as to enhance the satisfaction of the customer and profit to the
market.

This grouping of buyers is called market segmentation. Perculse Rubber

Manufacturing Industry haut Rubber follows geographical segmentation .it is divided in it
two.

PROMOTIONAL TOOLS

Once the product is manufactured, price fixed and distribution channels are selected, the
next task is informing the prospective customer. The customers of Perculse Rubber
Manufacturing Industry are informed through the following tools:

 Advertising
 Dealers meet
 Carpenters meets
 Discounts, offers, gift packs during festival season.
 Sales man gift scheme.

ADVERTISMENT AND PUBLICITY

The major purpose of advertisement and publicity is to promote product effectively

through providing information to customers.

The advertisement methods followed by Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry are:

 Sales promotion
  Press media
 Visual/ electronic media
 Hoarding
 Exhibition
 Laminated boards

BRANDING OF PRODUCTS

Branding gives a name, sign, symbol, design or combination of so as all to distinguish

the products from other similar product. The products produced in the company are sold
under the brand name “Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry furniture” and “Rub wood
EGP board and beams Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry Rub home series”

TRANSPORTATION

This is the physical movement of goods from one place to another. Transportation
function of Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry is undertaken by sales and shipping
division. The company usually uses the modes like train, road, and ship for the purpose of
transportation.

PRICING POLICY

Pricing policy provides the guidelines within which pricing strategy is formulated and
implemented. Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry follows cost based pricing policy.
The price of the product is computed by adding certain percentage of profit to the cost of
the product per unit.

DISCOUNTS

The company provides 2% trade discount on colonial furniture and panel bards. If the
per purchase value exceeds Rs 8 lakh then 10% discount is given.

MARKETING RESEARCH
 Marketing research is concerned with obtaining information regarding market.it is
study of market its self. The marketing research is conducted by the company regarding
changes in price, quality, design, and customer satisfaction level and after sales service etc

PACKING AND DISPATCHING

Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry haut only chairs are assembled and packed for
selling, and items such as tables and cots etc are just finished and packed. The products are
named with company name, brand name, and brand mark and model number.

Dispatching is done according to the order. The goods are covered with p form sheets
and bubbles sheets and put it into card box for protection. The company mainly exports
products to UK, USA, JAPAN and GULF COUNTRIES.

Market Promotion Department (MPD)

MPD is the designated authority to issue Registration cum Membership Certificate

(RCMC) for Natural Rubber. The functional arrangement of this Department constitutes Market
Intelligence Cell, Export Promotion Cell and Domestic Promotion Cell. Collection, Compilation
and dissemination of natural rubber prices, undertaking promotional activities of NR by
participating in domestic and international trade fairs, providing financial assistance for
participation in trade fairs, promotion of Indian Natural Rubber logo, monitoring export and
import of NR etc. are the main functions of this Department. Detailed functions and activities of
this Department are given in this site (link - About us – Market Promotion Department). This
Department functions under the Dy. Director (Marketing).

FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS (F&A) DEPARTMENT

The F&A Department headed by the Director (Finance) has eight divisions viz; Finance
and Accounts Division (Administration), Finance and Accounts Division (Research), Finance
and Accounts Division (P&PD), Finance and Accounts Division (Rubber Production), Central
Finance and Accounts Division, Cost Accounts Division, Electronic Data Processing Division,
and Internal Audit Division.
 In addition, there are Accounts units that are functionally coordinated by the Director
(Finance) in the Rubber Promotion Division, Pilot Crumb Rubber Factory, Excise Duty Division,
Training Dept. and the Regional Offices.

The Department manages the Board's funds, budget and budgetary control, maintenance
of accounts of the Board, preparation of consolidated annual accounts of the Board, co-
ordination of audit by the Accountant General of Tamilnadu, study of financial aspects and
preparation of financial statements for project reports, updating of cost studies on rubber,
operation of electronic data processing system in different functional areas, tax matters of the
Board.

FINANCIAL DEPARTMENT

Financial management, also referred to as corporate finance or managerial finance,

emerged as a distinct field of study at the turn of 20 th century. Finance theory; in general, rest
on the premise that the goal of financial management should be to maximize the wealth of the
share holders.

Finance refers to the application of skill or care in the manipulation in the use and control
of the money .The finance in the modern business world is the life blood of business economy.
We cannot image a business without finance because it is a central point of all business
activities.

FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS

 Passing and settlement of all miscellaneous advances.

 Perform all works connected with insurance coverage of fixed financial asset.
 Keeping personnel files of employees relating salary computation annual
increment.
 Prepare profitability, trend, reports, and wages analysis.
 Quarterly and yearly financial report preparation.
 Making blank statements
 Preparation, assisting and coordinating of all works connected with finalization of
accounts.
  Assisting statutory/ vigilance/ auditors from head quarters in connect with audit
of accounts of Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry rubber wood division.
 Make internal and external purchases.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF FINANCIAL MANAGER

 Financial planning
 Rising of necessary funds.
 Controlling the use of funds
 Deposition of profit
 Accounts finalization
 Tax planning
 Book keeping and accounting
 Internal audit &Profit planning

CAPITAL BUDGETING

Capital budgeting is done at the beginning of the year itself. The requirements of
capital will be specified clearly for the approval. During the budgeted year, if there is any
further requirement of capital is faced then the proper justification has to be made. If the
requirement is seen as important on then approve of the capital is sanctioned the requirement
of additional capital may arise due to change in price of raw materials, packing materials,
transportation cost etc

CASH MANAGEMENT

Cash management system is one of the key areas in any business, apart from the fact it
is the most liquid current asset can be reduced. Cash is the common denominator to which all
current assets can be reduced because that the other major liquid asset receivable and
inventory get eventually get converted in to cash.

CREDIT CONTROL FUNCTION

 A trade credit arises when the company sells its products or services on credit and
does not receive cash immediately. it is an essential marketing tool, acting as bridge of
movements of goods, or services through production and distribution stagers to customers. A
company grants credit to protect its sales from the competitor and to attract the potential
customers also. Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry furniture division does not give any
credit to customers. The sales are making through advance payment or spot payment.

PLANNING OF FUNDS

Planning of funds is a careful estimate made by the manager about the total funds
required, which includes both fixed and working capital requirements. This estimation is
done by the observation over the physical activities of the company.

ALLOCATION OF FUNDS

Providing the funds to proper place at proper time is also an important task to be done
by financial manager studies the cash requirements of each department and funds are
distributed.

RECORDING OF TRANSACTIONS

Each and every transactions of the company are recorded first in journal and posted to
ledgers.

WORKING CAPITAL

Working capital refers to the amount required to meet the day to day operations of the
business the working capital of the company is 80 lakhs per month complete rise working
capital in the following ways

 Cash
 Inventories
 Accounts receivable.
FIXED ASSET
 It is the major part of working of a company. Depreciation of fixed asset is charged on
the diminishing balanced method.

 Vehicle
 Plant and machinery
 Generator
 Building
COST CONTROL

The costs are controlled in raw material and reduction to expense there is limitation of
utilization of funds. The company will all ways have the comparison of budget actual.

AUDITING

The accounts of the company should be compulsorily audited. The auditing work is
done by m/s Varma & Varma, kannur. There is an internal auditing system which is done
by the internal auditor.

TAX STRUCTURE

Company pays sales tax, income tax and excise duty ( 14%) VAT 12.5% to the
tamilnadu Govt.in accordance to change in state budget.

STATISTICS DEPARTMENT

Statistics plays an important role in the planned development of any industry.

Considering its importance, collection of statistics is mentioned in the Rubber Act as one of the
basic functions of the Rubber Board, vide section 8(2)(e). According to section 8(3), it is also the
duty of the Board to advise the Central Government on all matters relating to the development of
the rubber industries, including import and export of rubber. It is only with adequate, up-to-date
and accurate statistics that we can plan our programmes for the development of the Natural
Rubber Industry.
 The Finance & Accounts Department is concerned with designing and operating the
Accounting system, preparing budget, financial statements and reports, exercising budgetary
control, effective Funds Management, establishment and maintaining systems and procedures,
overseeing internal audit and arranging for Statutory audit, advising on financial propriety and
regularity of transactions, supervising computer applications, overseeing cost control, evaluation
of projects/schemes, handling tax matters etc. The Department has to look after the following
activities.
 Preparation of Annual Budget, Performance Budget, Foreign Travel Budget etc.
 Review and Revision of budget under Zero Based Budgeting and exercising budgetary
control.
 Maintenance of the accounts of the Board, preparation of Annual Accounts and Balance
Sheet, presentation of the accounts for audit to the Principal Accountant General, (Audit)
Tamilnadu and the audited accounts to the Rubber Board/Ministry/Parliament.
 Placing demands for grants from Government from time to time, receiving funds from
Government and ensuring its optimum utilization.
 Advising on financial propriety and regularity of transactions and regulating payments.
 Assisting the Cost Accounts Branch of the Ministry of Finance in ascertaining the cost of
production and in fixing price of Natural Rubber.
 Preparation of financial statements for project reports and schemes.
 Dealing with tax matters relating to the activities of the Board, such as Rubber Cess,
Central Income Tax, Agricultural Income Tax and Sales Tax/ VAT, Service Tax,
Customs duties.
 Computerized Data Processing in the field of financial accounting, pay roll etc.
 Drawl and disbursement of salary and other entitlements of the employees of the Board
based on the orders issued by Government of India from time to time.
 Management of Rubber Board Pension Fund, Contributory Pension Fund, Defined
Contribution Pension Scheme, General Provident Fund, Group Insurance Fund etc and
regulating disbursements there from.
 Implementation of the Scheme of Computerization and Networking of all departments of
the Board.
  The Cost Accounts division of the Finance & Accounts department collects, and analyze
and update cost data.
 The Internal Audit Division is under the charge of a Dy Director Finance and functions
under the Finance & Accounts department.
 The main functions of the Internal Audit Division include inspection/internal audit of
various offices/establishments of the Board etc.

SALES DEPARTMENT:

Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry sales international is the sales and marketing
outfit of entire Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry group of companies. The company is
run by eminent professionals with the active support from the management. The company has
already well established dealer/ distributor net work and it is expanding its horizon throughout
the world.

Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry has one sales and shipping officer. He controls the
sales activities in the company. Shipping an activity taken by central exercise, they check all
products in the company itself to avoid damages incurring in loading. Loading of goods in the
container at shipyard is called shipping. Shipping of product is done from Cochin shipyard.

FUNCTIONS OF SALES DEPARTMENT

 Receiving data from dealers and arranging for the dispatching of products.
 Preparation of invoices and other related document for dispatch
 Maintaining of sales register and filling of sales tax returns and other statutory
records with the sales tax department
 Maintaining and submission of statutory documents pertain to central excise
department
 Preparation of quotations as per the requirement from the parties in consultation
with the production department and accounts officer.

FUNCTIONS OF SHIPPING DEPARTMENT

  Preparations of pro necessary shipping documents and forward the documents to
clearing and forwarding agents.
 Coordination with CHA for placement of containers
 Issue of staff and transportation at lowest cost
POST SHIPMENT DOCUMENTATION

 Preparation of post shipment documentation and forward same to the bankers.

 Preparation of bank realization of certificate
 To coordinate/ follow up with the bank to ensure that the payment has been
received in time
 Maintenance of register of export for each unit.
FUNCTIONS OF EXPORT SECTION

 Finalization of export contract.

 Coordination between departments and matters connected with export
 Issue of packing instructions for export to concerned department
 Make arrangement for inspection of goods.

EXPORT PROCEDURE

 Locating the potential buyer by searching through various portal, trade journals,
foreign visit export promotion councils and also by responding enquiries.
 Contract thus by mail, telephone and intimating the company intention.
 Negotiating prices terms of payment and delivery terms.
 Sending sample brochure and other requests
 If price and terms are approved, awaiting their purchase order/ contracts.
 Filling shipments documents through the(custom home agent).
 Providing necessary advice to buyer
 Follow up the cargo till it reaches the destination.
 Effort for the order.
 Obtain buyer feedback and product quality.
SALES REPORTING:

The Key Performance Indicators indicate whether or not the sales process is being
operated effectively and achieves the results as set forth in sales planning. It should enable the
sales managers to take timely corrective action deviate from projected values. It also allows
senior management to evaluate the sales manager. More "results related" than "process related"
are information regarding the sales funnel and the rate. Sales reporting can provide metrics for
sales management compensation. Rewarding the best managers without accurate and reliable
sales reports is not objective.

Also, sales reports are made for internal use for top management. If other divisions’
compensation plan depends on final results, it is needed to present results of sales department’s
work to other departments.

Finally, sales reports are required for investors, partners and government, so the
sales management system should have advanced reporting capabilities to satisfy the needs of
different stakeholders.

Sales operations are a set of business activities and processes that help a sales
organization run effectively, efficiently and in support of business strategies and objectives.
Sales operations may also be referred to as sales, sales support or business operations.

The set of sales operations activities vary from company to company but often include these five
categories:

Sales Force Enablement

 Sales Process Development

 Sales Process Adoption and Compliance
 Sales Development
 Sales Training
 Sales Force Communications Management
Business Analytics

 Sales Metrics
 Sales Forecasting

Sales Administration

 Proposal/Contract Development
 Vendor Selection and Management
 Planning Process Stewardship

Attainment Planning

 Incentive Sales Compensation Plan Design

 GTM Strategy Alignment with Roles and Components
 Territory Analysis and Definition
 Goal Setting

Sales Operations Mandate and Design

 Chief of Staff to the Sales Organization

 Stewardship of Sales Force Capacity
 Initiative Change Management
 Sales Operations Team Design
 Sales Operations Talent Management
Sales Policy

 Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry is following the marketing strategy approved by

the Government vide G.O.Ms.No.749 Forests & Fisheries Department.
 Sale of concentrated latex 60% DRC (Cenex) is effected on first come first served basis
at the rates recommended by the Marketing Sub Committee.
 All other grades such as RSS, EBC, Skim crepe, etc. are sold on long term agreement
basis by fixing premium/discount over the base price ie. The Kottayam market rate of
RSS 4 as published in the Malayala Manorama daily. Premium/discount was fixed by
conducting tender cum auction and if required by conducting negotiations with the
prospective buyers.
 Interested buyers can directly approach with a copy of valid Rubber Board licence, CST
No. and full advance payment for the quantity of cenex required under advance
intimation. Corporation collects 4% CST and 1% Cess for interstate sale with 'C' form or
10% with 'C' form.

PURCHASE DEPARTMENT

The purchasing department plays a very important role in organization because purchasing
has effects on every vital factor concerning the manufacture, quality, cost, efficiency, and prompt
delivery of goods to customers. The purchasing department is responsible for the efficient
purchase of all goods of proper quality required for the different department. Purchasing is the
most important function of material management as the moment an order is placed for the
purchase of materials; a substantial part of the company finance is committed which effects the
cash flow position of the company. The head of the department is usually known as purchase
manager.

FUNCTIONS OF PURCHASE DEPARTMENT

 To establish purchase policies, procedure and practices.

 To identify and choose the best source of supply materials
 To receive purchase requisition from all departments.
 To place purchases order with supplier and maintain records
  To check the quality and quantity of materials received.
 To verify and approve the invoice for payment

FUNCTIONS OF PURCHASE DEPARTMENT IN PERCULSE RUBBER

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

The company mainly requires two types of materials- direct material and indirect
material. The direct materials for rubber wood furniture product are the round log rubber
wood and indirect material includes hardware item used for production. The amount of raw
material purchased by Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry is around 30 lakh per
month which comprises item including rubber wood and hard ware item like screws, bolt,
nail etc

 Consumables like machine belt, lubricant oil, engine oil, break oil etc
 Chemicals like boric acid and borax
 Finger glue
 Lacquer items, thinner, steiner, sanding belt paper etc.

As a substantial portion of the company’s finance is used for purchasing the rubber
wood, the purchase department should keep in mind the following specifications at the
time of purchasing rubber wood

 The logs must have a minimum of 24 inch diameter

 It must have minimum of 4 feet to 8 feet length
 There must be no tapping mark, bending, nails etc
 Logs having excess fiber should be rejected

At present suppliers of rubber wood are from;

Tamilnadu : Perumbavoor, Taliparanba, Kasargod, Iritty

Karnataka : Sullys, Manglore

PURCHASE PROCEDURE

Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry is following a purchase procedure which is

very systematic and scientific. The main objective of this purchase procedure is to ensure
all material to confirm to the specific requirements. The following are the various purchase
procedure which are followed by Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry.

Receipt of purchase requisition

The purchasing function of Perculse Rubber Manufacturing Industry starts from

receiving purchase requisition. A purchase requisition is a form is used as a formal request
to the purchasing department to purchase materials. This form is prepared by the
departmental heads for special materials not stocked as regular items. It contain the details
with ordering number and specification if any, quantity of item and required date etc.

Inviting quotations

The company calls tender for purchase of materials from approves and provisional
vendor. In responds to this tender the company gets the quotation from various suppliers
that they are ready to supply goods by specifying the quality and price.

Preparation of comparative statement

On receipt of quotations from the suppliers, the purchase officer prepares a comparative
statement on analysis of the quality of raw material at low rat.

Selections of suppliers

After the preparation of comparative statement, this comparative statement is forwarded

to purchase committee. The purchase committee select the most favorable supplier by
considering the person who is supplying good at least cost with prescribed quality and
within the prescribed time.

Preparation of purchase order

After getting approval from purchasing committee, purchase department prepares

purchase order. Purchase order is a written authorization to the supplier to supply the
material. The purchase order contain the information such as material description quality ,
rate, total cost delivery rate, terms and conditions etc.

Preparation of goods receiving notes at the store

Once the order is placed, the suppliers deliver the required materials . on receipt of
item stored in the department will prepare goods receiving notes and forwarded to the
purchase department for further proceedings.

Recommendation of invoice for the release of payment to the suppliers

After proper documentation by the purchase department the invoice and goods receiving
notes are forwarded to the financial department for arranging the payment. Usually the
company makes the payment to the supplier within one month.

 The recent high energy prices and high prices for petroleum had a major adverse impact
on plastic machinery suppliers and affected the industry’s competitiveness. Many
plastic products manufacturers were relocating as a result of high energy costs.

 For example, manufacturing companies left California and relocated to Arizona or

Utah because of rising electric costs in California.

 Not only did high energy prices cost the industry more to operate its factories and
transport its goods, but they also had a dramatic effect on the cost of materials in the
form of resin prices. Plastic machinery suppliers are dependent on processor profits to
drive demand for new equipment.
 Equipment sales rely on the economy. Many buyers will hold off on new machine
purchases until the economy picks up.

 According to a report by the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) and the

Manufacturers Alliance/MAPI, U.S. industry suffers from a competitive disadvantage
because U.S. manufacturers have relatively high tax rates and pay more for health care,
benefits, and litigation. Even with an economic recovery, manufacturers will have
challenges and difficulties due to the costs of doing business in America, i.e. healthcare
costs, tort reform, litigation, and benefits.

 In the global supply chain, plastic manufacturers are often located near processing plants
from the standpoint of service, delivery, and costs. Most are located near manufacturing
operations, such as automobile and appliance assembly plants.

 Most large-scale machinery manufacturers have production overseas. Most SMEs,

however, find it difficult to move production offshore for lack of capital requirements.
With the exception of China, most foreign companies (from Japan, Germany, Canada,
and Italy) have invested and established themselves in the United States.

 The Chinese seem eager to do business with U.S. companies in the form of joint-
ventures (JV) or wholly-owned foreign enterprises (WOFE). However, the tight control
over visas, particularly for the Chinese, will make it difficult for foreign companies to
invest in the United States.

 Prior to the current economic downturns, manufacturers of plastics products were

making new investments in manufacturing operations in the manufacturing belt (Ohio,
Michigan, and Indiana).

 Many had weathered the economic pitfalls and were in the process of modernizing and
preparing for better times, a vital step to avoid extinction.

 They realized that they needed to spend money to make money and to make the
commitment to innovate and design much leaner ways to manufacture.

 The manufacturers that have the fortitude, long-term commitment, and flexibility to
create new ways of faster and leaner responses to the current market will prosper.
  Unfortunately, in the current economic situation, much of the investment in capital
equipment, such as plastics and rubber working machinery, has been put on hold.

 Industry would like to see more support from the federal government in terms of
reduction in excessive corporate taxes, trade policies, specifically to China (currency
manipulation, fair and even playing field), as well as increased funding for R&D,
grants, and aid.

REQUIREMENTS:

 Suppliers that possess the know-how and technology to provide us with low cost molded
resin parts in small quantities

 Suppliers that can provide competitive, low cost, high quality automobile and industrial
vehicle engine parts, and can also adhere strictly to volume and delivery date
requirements.
 Suppliers that can utilize unconventional materials and methods to reduce the weight and
cost of parts.

 Suppliers that can provide pressure-resistant, airtight, aluminum die cast parts, ductile
cast iron products, resin parts (insert mold parts), press parts, bolts, springs, and
bearings, etc.

 Suppliers that can provide low cost large resin parts from large molds (450 ton class and
above).
 Suppliers that can make low cost resin molds.
 Suppliers that can make low cost high-pressure hoses (rubber, resin)
 Suppliers that can cost effectively develop and manufacture an assembly process for
electronic components.
 CHAPTER IV

SWOT ANALYSIS:

SWOT ANALYSIS DEFINITION:-

The SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning tool that stands for: strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats. The SWOT analysis is essential to understanding the many different
risk and rewards of any investment. Analyst, investors, students and professionals or all types
can use a SWOT analysis to categorically break down a project or businesses' strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.

STRENGTHS

 Strength internally generated long term advantage in the industry.

 Strength gives a company a long term advantage over it's rivals.
 Examples include: great brand name or economies of rubber industry.

WEAKNESSES

A long term / fundamental business concern that is internally generated. A weakness is

something that causes issues for the underlying business, which take considerable time and effort
to fix and are internally generated or controlled.

SWOT examples include:

Ineffective corporate culture, inefficient tax system, etc.

OPPORTUNITIES

External conditions that is helpful to a company.

SWOT examples include:

Organic food's popularity, low energy prices etc.

THREATS
  External conditions that is harmful to a company’s performance.
 SWOT examples include an uncertain economy, housing reforms, and a closed
economy.

CHAPTER V

FINDINGS

 There is good relationship between employers and employees.

 The company own ISO 9001-2000 certificate for producing good quality of
production.
 Records and registers are maintained properly.
 In adequate training facilities in rubber industry.
 For delivery transportation. They have own vehicles.
 Infrastructure bottle necks in term of power, utility road transport etc.,
 Structural weakness in weaving and processing.
 Technologically backward rubber industry sector.

SUGGESTION

 Fewer but larger customers

 Increasing costs (labelling, raw materials)
 Tightened supplies
 A shift in consumer diet demands and product preferences
 Customer mandates
 Rubber product safety compliance
 The processed rubber industry is less developed as a result of logistical and distribution
problems
 Agriculture remains inefficient and is vulnerable to climatic changes.
 Despite rapid economic growth, India remains a very poor country.
  India’s infrastructure is notoriously inadequate. A 500km road journey can take as much
as 24 hours owing to poor road conditions, congestion and tolls.

CONCLUSION:

Rubber Products Industries continued their strong performance in 1996. The demand for
rubber products is primarily dependent on the production of vehicles as well as international
trade developments. More recently, various global environment initiatives have also affected the
performance of rubber products industries as manufacturers continue to seek alternatives to the
recycling of rubber.

Perhaps the best solution to environmental and health concerns associated with
manufacturing rubber products would be good engineering control for producing and
compounding powdered chemicals used in rubber compounds, and recycling programmes for all
uncured and cured rubber process scrap and products. The powdered chemicals collected in dust-
collector systems could be added back to rubber compounds with the appropriate engineering
controls, which would eliminate the land filling of these chemicals.

Controlling the environmental and health issues in the rubber industry can be done, but it
will not come easy or be free. The cost associated with controlling environmental and health
problems must be added back to the cost of rubber products.

The rubber industry can no longer be viewed from the narrow perspective of a mere
supplier of raw rubber. Developments in the last decade give a clear indication of the vast
potentials for the industry when it is developed in a more integrated manner. The
competitiveness of the rubber industry should be examined as an integrated entity spanning the
entire industry from rubber cultivation to the downstream value-added industries.

Whilst rubber cultivation per se does not generate attractive returns to investment, rubber
products manufacturing and rubber wood industries offer lucrative returns. The main competitive
edge of Malaysia’s integrated rubber industry vis-a-vis other producing countries is the
comprehensive R&D and technical back-up as well as the several incentives offered by the
government to all sectors of the industry. This has largely enhanced Malaysia’s productivity in
terms of output per unit of land, labour and capital.

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