CFD feasibility analysis of an Improved Cook Stove

Abstract.

in an effort towards reducing indoor air pollution (IAP) exposure for cookstove users, an improved biomass
cookstove has been proposed. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) combustion study has been carried
out for the proposed cookstove to analyze the combustion and heat transfer behavior using ANSYS Fluent
Simulation. The wood combustion phenomenon inside the stove is modelled as gaseous combustion of
volatiles generated by pyrolysis. Temperature gradients, velocity profiles and combustion product
concentrations are presented. Based on comparison of CFD predicted results with a popular commercial
improved cook stove (ICS), it was concluded that the proposed cook stove yields reduced combustion
product concentrations as well as faster cooking resulting in better energy efficiency and a health friendly
cook stove.

This work is inserted on the access to energy topic focusing on the availability of clean cooking facilities
and related energy efficiency. Indeed, worldwide annually almost 1.5 million deaths from lung disease
could be associated with exposure to indoor air pollution, resulting from cooking with improper devices. In
order to avoid that, many Improved Cook Stoves (ICS) have been proposed, reducing wood use and
pollutant emissions. Nevertheless these improvements in low income countries, one of the main obstacles
to the adoption of ICSs is a lack in the users’ needs, such as the presence of a closed combustion chamber
that does not emit light, while this is necessary in the households. In order to overcome this limit the
application of thermoelectric generator (TEG) modules to ICS, allowing electricity production, is proposed.
The main goal of this work is to study the feasibility of TEG cells’ coupling with an Improved Cook Stove,
and, to do that, a computational thermal fluid dynamic analysis of wood combustion in the stove is carried
out. Specifically, the model is developed accordingly to an ICS chosen as suitable for Mozambique, since
that country is one of the most problematical concerning the access to energy issue. Finally, numerical
simulations verify the feasibility of TEG modules’ coupling with the ICS: the electrical production is about
3W, which is an amount, even if limited, sufficient to feed some small electrical devices, such as a LED
light.

Index Terms—Biomass, improved cookstoves, indoor air

pollution, CFD, k turbulence, modelling, analysis,
combustion efficiency.
1. Introduction
In the last years, the interest on the access to energy topic has continuously increased, since the
future of energy in the longer term appears to be uncertain, as the world has to face the twin
challenges of climate change and energy security [1]. Indeed, access to affordable and reliable
energy is essential to reduce poverty, but, currently, about 1.3 billion people in the world lack
access to electricity and about 2.7 billion people rely on traditional fuels for cooking [2]. Besides
this, worldwide, annually more than 1.5 million deaths from pneumonia, chronic lung disease, and
lung cancer could be associated with exposure to indoor air pollution, resulting from cooking with
improper devices. It is important to underline that 99% of them occurs in developing countries and
the impressive impact of this phenomenon involves mainly children and women, since they are
the ones who spend more time in the households (almost 44% of those deaths occurs in children,
and, of the adult deaths, 60% in women).
In particular, households’ pollution is mainly due to the combined use of traditional fuels and
improper cooking devices. In order to limit this problem several efforts for substituting traditional
fuels on the medium-long term (references) and for improving cooking appliances performance on
the short term (references) are made. Focusing on cooking device topic Improved Cook Stoves
(ICS) are a relevant result of these efforts allowing to burn traditional fuels in an efficient way,
avoiding an 375 excessive smoke production, together with reducing fuel consumption.
Nevertheless, one of the main obstacles to the adoption of Improved Cook Stove in developing
countries is that they do not meet one of the users’ needs, which is to provide light in the household,
while traditional cooking stoves do it.
Indeed, ICSs have a closed combustion chamber, that prevents light spreading in the household.
In order to overcome this limit thermoelectric generator (TEG) modules coupling with ICS is here
proposed. In this way TEG modules can guarantee electricity production, exploiting the Seebeck
effect, thanks to which LED small lights can be fed.

In order to study the feasibility of TEG modules’ coupling with the ICS in the first part of the paper
a specific ICS available in one of the most critical area for access to energy, Mozambique, is
selected. In the second part Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach is used for modeling
the wood combustion in the selected ICS in order to obtain its thermal fluid dynamic
characterization. Finally, the performance of TEG module selection coupled with the ICS are
evaluated.
2. The context: focus on Mozambique

Specifically, this analysis is focused on Mozambique. Indeed, it is a country really backward as

far as access to modern energy is concerned: the UN report that it is the second last, among the
developing countries, in the ranking by the Energy Development Index, which is an indicator that
tracks the path of a state towards the status of modern country, concerning the energy point of
view. Besides this, Mozambique is particularly problematical regarding access to modern fuels, in
fact only 3% of the population utilizes them and almost the two thirds of the total energy
production is generated by traditional biomass [3]. As a consequence, there are many deaths due
to the usage of inappropriate facilities for cooking; in particular, deaths by pneumonia should be
considered, since it is one of the most serious diseases caused by emissions produced by traditional
fuels. In 2008, in Mozambique pneumonia has been the third cause of mortality in children under-
five, following only malaria and
HIV [4]. In 2010 the share of deaths caused by pneumonia, and therefore by traditional fuels’
usage, is even bigger reaching the 15% [5]. However, as already said, an immediate shift from
traditional fuels to modern ones is not feasible in the developing countries, hence, it is necessary
to increase the efficiency of the process through which these fuels are burnt, employing Improved
Cook Stoves. Therefore, it is necessary to select a stove which is suitable to be adopted by
Mozambican people.
3. The technology: Improved Cook Stoves

The United Nations, through the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, have defined some general
features that Improved Cook Stoves should have in order to achieve the goal of reducing health
damages, environmental threads and other risks caused by usage of non-commercial biomass. ICSs
have to reach highly technological design and best results, significantly reducing pollutant
emissions and fuel usage, and, in case of industrial production, they should also meet international
standards for performances and safety. Besides this, the stoves have to meet social, resources,
economic, and behavioral needs of users. Improved Cook Stoves can be classified accordingly to
different criteria; for instance, the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves identifies 7 main possible
categories, which are: (i) traditional ones, (ii) with rocket-type combustion chamber, (iii) gasifiers,
(iv) charcoal-burning, (v) liquid/gas fueled, (vi) fan-assisted, and (vii) wood-burning with
chimneys. Generally, the stoves which present the highest performances are the ones fueled by
liquids or gases, while, among the models that utilize wood or charcoal, the most performing are
the gasifiers. Nonetheless, the gasifiers have a complex configuration, while a good trade off
between complexity of the arrangement and elevated performances is represented by the rocket
stoves [6].

Cooking devices’ performances are tested through the Water Boiling Test, which is the standard
protocol for that. It consists of three main phases, during which a pot, containing simmering water,
is put on the top of the stove. Hence, stove’s characteristics are evaluated as average values for the
three phases, in terms of emissions, produced power and thermal efficiency. It is worth to say that
the performances observed on field cannot be as good as the ones recorded in the laboratories,
because of users’ behaviors; however, the improvement, in comparison with traditional devices, is
still clear [6].

Finally, the criteria which have to be employed to select a proper stove to be further studied and
developed, are here synthesized. These criteria should assure that the chosen stove is either
appropriate by the technical point of view, and sustainable, including the three aspects of
sustainability, which are the economic, the environmental and the social one. The criteria are:
o quality standards: the stove has to present high performances (technical aspect);
o proper category: the stove should be chosen among the ones classified in the rocket stoves’
category, as they are well performing (technical aspect) and with a simple configuration (social
aspect);
o fuel: the stove has to be fueled by a material which can be easily available in the area of interest
(social aspect); furthermore, the fuel should be collected without causing environmental issues;
o economic aspect: the stove should be affordable for local populations;
o users’ needs: the stove should meet users’ requirements, respecting cultural traditions of the
local populations who should adopt it (social aspect);
o other peculiar features: it is better to prefer a portable stove designed for a single household
(social aspect).

3.1. ICS’s selection

In accordance with the above-mentioned criteria, a suitable stove for Mozambique can be chosen.
Among the available models in the country and among the ones officially recognized by the UN,
the Envirofit G-3300 is selected. Indeed, Envirofit International is a private company that is
fostering the adoption of ICSs in Mozambique; in contrast with the current stove market, the
central idea Envirofit is based on, is that a real and durable widespread distribution of ICSs could
not be achieved without a disciplined engineering and a validated business model. Therefore,
Envirofit stoves present high quality standards; hence, a model from the Envirofit catalogue is
preferred. In particular, a rocket portable wood stove, for a single household is chosen: the G-3300
(Figure 1). Its cost is about $ 100, which could seem quite a high amount of money if compared
with average income values in developing countries (in Mozambique, almost the 82 % of the
population lives on less than $ 2 a day [7]); however, that amount could be compensated by the
savings on fuel cost, and by the new generating-income activities which might be carried out.
Indeed, women and children are usually the ones in charge of wood collection and, if fuel
consumption is reduced, they could have more time to spend on educational activities and income
generating ones.
Table 1. Datasheet of Envirofit G-3300 wood stove.
Stove model G-3300 􀇻􀇻traditional device
Average thermal efficiency (%) 32.6 + 117 %
High power (kW) 3.3
Low power (kW) 1.9
Average fuel use (g) 596.7 - 52 %
Average CO emissions (g) 18.7 - 72 %
Average PM emissions (mg) 995 - 41 %
Unit size: h x w x d (cm) 29 x 26 x 28
Unit weight (kg) 5.2
Figure 1. Envirofit stove.

The Envirofit G-3300 has been tested through the Emissions and Performance Test Protocol, the
new version of Water Boiling Test, elaborated by Colorado State University in 2009; the results
are reported in Table 1, together with stove’s characteristics and a comparison with traditional
devices. Finally, it can be said that even if this stove can be considered potentially successful, it
presents an important disadvantage in comparison with traditional devices: it does not provide the
necessary light in the household, as it has a closed combustion chamber. As already explained in
Paragraph 1, a possible solution to this is to equip the stove with thermoelectric generator modules:
the feasibility of this coupling will be investigated in the following paragraphs, thanks to CFD
simulations.
4. CFD modelling
4.1. Overview of experimental and computational studies about ICSs As a first step, it is necessary
to carry out an extended literature research about ICSs’ studies and modeling. Available
documents can be divided into three main categories: pioneer, experimental and numerical ones.
The first two groups provide mainly qualitative or global information, while the numerical studies
report most useful data. Concerning the documents about experimental tests, some among the most
interesting documents are [9], [10], [11], [12]. Even more remarkable are the papers that deal with
numerical studies of the ICSs. Though some of the authors [13], in order to simplify the problem,
do not model the combustion but only hot gases’ distribution into the stove, there are some other
papers that simulate the combustion through the RANS k- and the Eddy Dissipation method,
available in the ANSYS/FLUENT code, for Turbulence-Chemistry

Interaction, such as [14], [15], [16], [17] and [18]. Then, among the ones that simulate the
combustion reaction, there are authors that study many different kinds of stove, such as a sawdust
stove [19], a plancha stove [20], a gasifier [21], or a pulverized stove [22], while Gupta et al. [23]
try to model an Indian wood stove. What is more, there are papers, such as [24], that focus on
pollutant emissions, and, hence, provide mainly global values. All these numerical studies can be
organized accordingly to different levels of complexity: the first ones do not model the
combustion, but actually they model exhausted gases distribution; the second ones simulate the
gaseous combustion of wood volatiles generated by pyrolysis; finally, the last ones model the
complete combustion, including also the pyrolysis. However, even if many documents are taken
into account, only few of them report useful data, and, therefore, it is necessary to proceed with a
validation for proximity [25], exploiting the available information.

4.2. Domain and mesh

The domain is the Envirofit G-3300 stove’s combustion chamber, slightly enlarged to contain also
two TEG modules, their cooling system, and an aluminum plate. Indeed, there is a about 0.05-m
insulating material’s layer all around the combustion chamber, and the thermoelectric generator
cells should be placed in a hollow obtained digging this coat; in addition to this, in order to protect
the modules by the direct flame, an aluminum plate should be put between them and the chamber;
finally, a finned heat sink, located behind the cells, is necessary to cool them down. This
configuration (Figure 2) is designed as the ones described as successful in some papers, such as
[26]. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the number of modules (two) is defined both in
accordance with the available area in the combustion chamber, and accordingly to the
considerations reported in [26], where it is demonstrated that number maximizes power
production. Besides this, at the top of the combustion chamber, thanks to some little holders, the
pot should be put during the Water Boiling Test; these holders allow some free room to be between
chimney’s end and pot’s bottom. This space has to be included in the domain. It is worth noting
that, in the domain, actually, are not included the insulating material, that is all around the
combustion chamber, the cooling system behind TEG modules, and the pot. These elements are
represented as proper boundary conditions. As far as the mesh is concerned (Figure 3), it is built
with GAMBIT 2.4.6; it is a nonstructured hexahedral mesh, which is composed by
Figure 2. Top view of the stove’s combustion
chamber coupled with the TEG modules, the
aluminum plate and the cooling system
Figure 3. Side view of the 3D mesh
generated with GAMBIT
4.3. Boundary conditions
The air enters from the Air inlet, while the fuel (wood volatiles) is introduced through injections
of evaporating particles, and hot products exit from the Flow outlet. All the other boundaries are
walls: on the pot wall the condition of simmering water (Water Boiling Test) is represented by a
convective heat transfer (h = 5000 W/m2/K), on TEG modules’ back surface the finned heat sink
is modeled as another convective condition (see Paragraph 6.2), while all the other walls are
adiabatic, that represents the insulating material surrounding the combustion chamber.
The boundary conditions, used in the model, are:
o Air inlet: imposed total pressure (T = 300 K, p = 0 Pa);
o Flow outlet: imposed static pressure (p = 0 Pa);
o Walls: no slip conditions.

Regarding the injections, volatiles’ mass flow is evaluated as it will be explained in Paragraph 4.5,
so that the produced power is 2.6 kW, the average value for the Envirofit stove.
4.4. Numerical settings
Here below, the complete 3D model of wood combustion in the Envirofit G-3300 stove is
presented,
with its settings, in accordance with literature data. The domain is three-dimensional and the model
is
steady state. A projection method for pressure-velocity coupling algorithm is used, while a second
order algorithm is used for pressure, momentum, species, and energy discretization.
4.5. Physical modeling
As already explained, wood combustion is represented as pyrolyzed volatiles’ burning; hence, the
working fluid is a mixture of volatiles (CO1.075H2.382) and air. Its physical properties are fixed
accordingly to FLUENT Database: thermal conductivity results to be 0.045 W/m􀃂K, the viscosity
is
1.72􀃂10(-5) kg/m􀃂s, and mass diffusivity is 2.88(-5) m2/s. Besides this, the specific heat is evaluated
using
mixing laws, while the density is estimated thanks to laws for incompressible ideal gases.
Finally, the operating conditions are fixed: the operating pressure is patm 􀃂􀃂 􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂
􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂 􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂 􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂
gravity is activated (9.8 m/s2).
Turbulence approach
The case under analysis is quite problematical, hence, the RANS k-􀃂􀃂 􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂
􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂 􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂 􀃂􀃂􀃂
employed, since it is particularly well-performing for flows with complex secondary flow features
Flow
outlet
Air
inlet
379
[27]. Besides this, in [15], where a similar wood combustion model is presented, it is reported that
the
Realizable approach helps the achievement of convergence.
Combustion approach – Discrete Phase Model
The Chemistry-Turbulence interaction is modeled through the Eddy Dissipation approach,
available in
FLUENT for Volumetric reactions, when the Species Transport is used [27]. It is chosen as the
most
appropriate model, as also reported in [14]. This approach assumes that reaction rates are
controlled by
turbulence effects; in that way, it is possible to avoid expensive Arrhenius chemical kinetics
calculations. As said in Paragraph 4.1, wood combustion is represented as a gaseous combustion
of the
volatiles generated by pyrolysis; the use of the Discrete Phase Model (DPM), available in
FLUENT
[32], can be exploited to provide a realistic modelization of volatiles’ release. Fuel introduction is
represented as an injection of evaporating particles, whose mass flow is calculated (Equation 1) so
that
the sum of the mass introduced by all the injection points should generate the expected power (P).
􀝉􀝉􀝉􀝉 􀝉􀝉 = 􀝉(􀝉, 􀝉􀝉􀝉) (1)
The value used for the Lower Heating Value (LHV) is evaluated in accordance with the fuel
actually
employed in the area of interest, Mozambique, taking into account also the conditions in which it
is
used; usually, wood utilized for cooking in developing countries has an high moisture content,
since it
is burnt as it is collected in the forests. Hence, the estimated LHV is 8.5 MJ/kg; using this value
the
volatiles mass flow results to be 􀝉􀝉 = 􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂􀃂(-4) kg/s.
Radiation approach
Radiation is activated, and it is modeled through the P1 approach. It is selected as it is simple, and
well-performing for complex geometries [27]; it has also been applied in other wood combustion’s
cases, such as in [15].
5. CFD Results
The results obtained with these settings are presented in terms of temperature and combustion
products
(CO2 and H2O), and they are examined and compared with literature data.
Figure 4. Contours of
temperature on a vertical section
of the combustion chamber
(Tmin = 298 K, Tmax = 1550 K).
Figure 5. Contours of molar fraction of the combustion
products (CO2 and H2O) on a vertical section
of the combustion chamber
(xmin = 0.005, xmax = 0.205).
In particular, temperature and combustion products distributions, obtained through numerical
simulations, are represented in Figure 4 and Figure 5, respectively.
380
As expected, the flame develops in the central part of the combustion chamber, and exhausted
gases are led towards the upper part, next to the outlet, thanks to chimney effect; their values are
aligned with literature ones [13].
Finally, as the CFD model can be considered a realistic representation of stove’s wood combustion,
it can be used to study the feasibility of thermoelectric generator modules’ coupling with the
Envirofit
stove.
6. TEG modules’ coupling with an ICS
6.1. Thermoelectric generator modules
A thermoelectric generator (TEG) is a system that takes advantage of the Seebeck effect: this is a
phenomenon which permits to transform a temperature difference in electrical energy. TEG
modules
utilize many semi-conductors (Bismuth Tellurid) connected in series, that capture energy from
thermally excited electrons. The thermoelectric module converts a fraction of thermal energy into
electricity, that flows to the load via two leads, while the remaining of the heat is rejected to the
environment, through a cold sink. These systems have limited efficiency, but they are robust and
simple components, since they have no moving parts; besides this, they are silent in operating and
maintenance-free. Therefore, this is a technology that could be useful to exploit waste energy, in
particular in the homes of the developing world that are not connected to the power grid [28]: home
stoves can be equipped with a thermoelectric generator, which should be cooled down through fins
or
other devices. The generated electrical power is proportional to the difference in temperature
between
hot and cold side of the module, according to laws that are specific for the different models. As it
has
already been said, thermoelectric generators’ efficiency is quite low; usually it ranges from 5 to
10%,
and even this value is related to temperature drop.
6.2. Feasibility study of the coupling with an ICS
Thanks to numerical simulations, temperature distribution in the combustion chamber, and hence
also
on the TEG modules, is known, and, consequently, it is possible to study if the thermoelectric
generators can produce enough electricity for a household’s basic needs. In order to do this, it is
necessary to consider also the cooling system for the cold side of the modules. Therefore, some
commercial thermoelectric modules and some arrangements for the cooling system are selected,
presented and compared.
First of all, the cooling system has to be chosen. Considering that the stove, provided with the TEG
cells, should be used in developing countries’ households, it is important to employ components
which
are robust and maintenance-free. Therefore, a finned heat sink (Figure 7), made up of aluminum,
is
considered appropriate for that, since it is simple and with no-moving parts. As already said, this
cooling system is not included in the domain of the numerical model, but it is represented as a
particular boundary condition: on the external walls of the TEG cells, a convective heat transfer is
represented. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the equivalent convective coefficient for all the
considered finned heat sink’s configurations; it can be calculated with specific correlations
provided
by [29]. Particularly, nine different arrangements are analyzed: they have a different fins’ length,
a
diverse number of fins, and different fins’ thickness. In Table 3, these configurations are reported,
with the relative equivalent convective coefficient.
It is worth noting that, in CFD simulations, the convective heat exchange is represented fixing both
the convective coefficient and the temperature of the air with the modules exchange; in all these
cases,
as fresh air temperature, it is established a value of 305 K, since it is assumed that the air around
the
stove would be slightly hotter than average ambient temperature (298 K).
381
Table 2. Nine finned heat sinks and related convective coefficients.
Finned
heat sink
Fins’
length (m)
Fins’
number
Fins’
thickness (m)
Convective coefficient,
h (W/m2/K)
A 0.02 7 0.002 76.2
B 0.04 7 0.002 142.4
C 0.06 7 0.002 212.7
D 0.06 9 0.002 344.7
E 0.07 9 0.002 398.8
F 0.08 9 0.002 452.9
G 0.09 9 0.002 504.6
H 0.1 9 0.002 558.0
I 0.1 10 0.001 627.0
Figure 6. finned
heat sink
After this, various commercial TEG modules [30], [31] are considered (Figure 8); they are
presented, with their thermal conductivity, that is, in this analysis, the most influencing property
for a
TEG cell, in Table 4.
Table 3. Four commercial thermoelectric generator modules.
TEG module 1:
TECteg – TEG1-12610-5.1
k = 1.05 W/m/K
TEG module 2:
TECteg – TEG1B-12610-5.1
k = 1.37 W/m/K
TEG module 3:
Kryotherm – TGM-127-1,4-2,0
k = 2.01 W/m/K
TEG module 4:
Kryotherm – TGM-127-1,4-1,15
k = 2.81 W/m/K
Figure 7. Commercial
thermoelectric generator
It is worth to say that all the selected TEG modules’ area is 0.04 m x 0.04 m, which is the available
space next to the Envirofit stove’s combustion chamber.
Therefore, coupling the 9 finned heat sinks with the 4 selected TEG modules, 36 possible
arrangements are obtained.
Considering that TEG cells’ constructors indicate the maximum temperatures which the two sides
cannot overcome, some of those finned heat sinks have to be excluded, since they do not provide
the
sufficient temperature reduction to the modules. Maximum temperatures, for the cold side and the
hot
side, respectively, are around Tcold, max = 160°C, Thot, max = 300°C. Therefore, the first three
configurations (finned heat sinks A, B, C) have to be eliminated, as the temperatures they allow
are
too high for the modules; besides this, it is preferred to use configurations F, G, H and I, since
thermoelectric generators’ performances are increased with lower cold side’s temperatures. Once
the
four selected modules and the four chosen finned heat sinks are coupled, it is possible to define
the
temperatures (TC temperature on the cold side and TH on the hot one) reached for the numerical
cases
run with the 16 configurations. Now, it can be evaluated the generated electrical power, thanks to
the
correlations which connect temperature difference on modules’ sides and power, that are provided
by
the constructors, in terms of parametric curves or efficiencies for different temperatures’ ranges.
Considering that power production depends on temperature drop on the module, the most
performing configurations are 1H and 1I, for which the performances are comparable. However,
between these two, 1H (TC = 98°C, TH = 205°C) has to be preferred, since it uses a simpler finned
heat
sink; indeed, a heat sink made up of thicker fins is more appropriate for a developing country’s
382
household, since it needs less maintenance and it is more robust. Using the correlations provided
by
the TEG module’s constructor, in terms of parametrical curves the produced power results to be
around 1.5W per module. Therefore, a total electrical power of 3W is available while cooking
operations are carried out.
Therefore, even if the amount is limited, a small LED light (1, 2 or even 3 W) could be fed, or,
alternatively, it is possible to employ a small USB devices charger (2.5 W). That allows to meet
users’
needs in a more complete manner.
7. Conclusions
This work is inserted on the access to energy topic focusing on the availability of clean cooking
facilities and related energy efficiency.
The limit of Improved Cook Stove, used in developing countries, related with the users’ needs to
provide light in the household is faced. The application of thermoelectric generator (TEG) modules
to
an improved stove is investigated through CFD modeling of the wood combustion in the ICS.
The computational model is validated for proximity with available literature data and the feasibility
has been verified showing that an electrical power can be produced, thanks to the TEG-ICS
coupling.
This quantity is sufficient to feed small electrical devices (3W for LED light) meeting the social
users’
needs. That represents only a first access to energy, but, considering the critical areas where this
solution should be adopted, Mozambique, this is however an important step towards the complete
access to energy. Finally, it is worth to say that these electrical devices can be utilized only during
cooking operations, while, in order to have always available electrical energy, a storage system
could
be provided.
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