Agricultural Power and Energy

Easy

1. A 4-cylinder, 100 mm × 100 mm engine turns at 1600 rpm. What is the total engine
displacement?

a. 500π cm3 b. 250π cm3 c. 1000π cm3 d. 750π cm3

e. none of the above

Total engine displacement = 4 × [ π ( 102/4 ) ( 10 ) ] = 1000π cm3

2. It refers to a numerical value which represents the theoretical maximum percentage of

the kinetic energy of air that a windrotor can convert into mechanical energy.

a. Power coefficient b. Torque coefficient c. Betz coefficient

d. Speed coefficient e. none of the above

3. Determine the theoretical power available from a stream using the following data:
average width – 3.5 meter; average depth- 0.6 meter; speed – 15 ft/min; height of drop-
1.2 meter.

a. 2.5 hp b. 1.9 hp c. 4.2 kW d. 1.4 kW e. 3.6 hp

4. This rating is given to diesel fuels for their ability to burn without detonating as
compared with the performance of reference fuels.

a. octane rating b. cetane rating c. heptane rating

d. alcohol rating e. butane rating

5. The electrolyte solution of the lead-acid battery consists of 2 parts of sulphuric acid
and 5 parts water. The concentrated acid has a specific gravity of:

a. 1.300 b. 1.500 c. 2.000 d. 1.750 e. none of the above (Answer : 1.835)

Moderate

1. A 100 mm × 100 mm engine runs at 2,400 rpm. What is the maximum piston speed
inside the cylinder? Clue: Maximum speed occurs when the piston is 90° from either
the TDC or the BDC.

a. 100 m/s b. 50 m/s c. 25 m/s d. 75 m/s e. 10 m/s

2. A diesel engine burns 0.30 liters of fuel/kW-hr. What is the approximate thermal
efficiency?

a. 40% b. 35% c. 31% d. 25% e. none of the above

3. A 4-cylinder 100 mm × 100 mm engine turns at 1,600 rpm. If the individual cylinder’s
clearance volume is 130 cm3, what is the engine’s compression ratio?

a. 8:1 b. 9:1 c. 10:1 d. 7:1 e. 11:1

Piston displacement = ( ¼ ) π ( 102 ) × 10 = 785.40 cm3

Cylinder volume = 785.40 + 130 =915.40 cm3

Compression ratio = 915.40 / 130 = 7

4. Among the fuels that belong to the paraffin group, this has the least number of carbon
in the molecular structure. It is a colorless and odorless gas and is the main
component of natural gas.

a. pentane b. ethane c. butane d. propane e. none of the above

Answer : methane

5. This vertical axis windmill has a tip speed ratio between 4 and 8 and a power
coefficient that can reach up to a range of 0.2 to 0.4.

a. Savonious b. Cretan c. Darrieus d. Multibladed

e. none of the above

Difficult

1. A 4-stroke cycle engine is running at 2,400 rpm. If the range of operation of the each
intake valve is 220°, for how long is each intake valve open?

a. 1.53 × 10-2 second b. 7.64 × 10-3 second c. 5.84 × 10-2 second

d. 6.43 × 10-2 second e. 3.06 × 10-2 second

Number of minutes/revolution = 1 min / 2400 rev = 4.167 × 10-4 min/rev

= 0.025 sec/rev

Range of operation of a valve = ( 220° / 360° ) ( 0.025 sec/rev ) = 0.0153 sec

2. How much water is produced by an engine each hour if it burns 25 liters of premium
gasoline per hour?

a. 20.45 liters b. 25.93 liters c. 30.56 liters d. 32.55 liters e. 15.75 liters

During the combustion, 228 units of gasoline will produce 324 units of water.

25 liters of gasoline is equal to 18.25 kg ( 0.73 × 25 ) of gasoline

Amount of water produced with the combustion of 18.25 kg of gasoline =

18.25 ( 324 / 228 ) = 25.93 kg = 25.93 liters of water (Sp. gr. of water = 1 )

3. A prony brake test of an engine shows that the crankshaft rotates at 1000 rpm. The
brake arm length is 60 inches and the net load on the scales is 50 lb. What is the
power developed?

a. 48 kW b. 35 kW c. 42 hp d. 26,180 ft-lb/min e. 26 kW

Power = [60 inches/(12 in/ft)] × ( 50 lb ) ( 1000 rpm ) (2π) / ( 33,000 ft-lb/min-hp)

= 47.60 hp = 35 kW

4. A tractor travels at a speed of 4mph. It pulls a drawbar load of 2,000 lb. What is the
drawbar power expended by the tractor?

a. 42 kW b. 21 hp c. 28 hp d. 28 kW e. 704,000 ft-lb/sec

Power = [4 miles/hr × 5,280 ft/mile × 2,000 lb × (1 hr / 60 min)]/

( 33,000 ft-lb/min-hp) = 21.33 hp

5. The engine crankshaft provides 30 hp at 1700 rpm. What is the torque exerted?

a. 100 ft-lb b. 93 ft-lb c. 1.3 nt-meter d. 0.5 nt-meter e. 64 ft-lb

30 hp × 33,000 ft-lb/min-hp = Torque × 1700 rpm × ( 2 π )

Torque = 92.68 ft-lb

Agricultural Power and Energy

Easy

2. A 4-cylinder, 120 mm × 120 mm engine turns at 2000 rpm. What is the total engine
 displacement?

a. 500π cm3 b. 250π cm3 c. 1000π cm3 d. 750π cm3

e. none of the above

Total engine displacement = 4 × [ π ( 122/4 ) ( 12 ) ] = 1728π cm3

2. It refers to ratio of the kinetic energy of air that a windrotor can convert into
mechanical energy over the theoretical maximum available from the wind.

a. Power coefficient b. Torque coefficient c. Betz coefficient

d. Speed coefficient e. none of the above

3. Determine the theoretical power available from a stream using the following data:
average width = 6 meters; average depth = 16 inches; speed = 10 ft/min; height of drop
= 1.5 meter.

a. 1.82hp b. 1.63 hp c. 1.82 kW d. 2.45 kW e. none of the above

Theoretical power = ( 6 m × ((16 in × 2.54 in/cm)/100 cm/m ) × (10 ft/min) ( 1 m/ 0.3048

ft) (1,000 kg/m3 × 9.8 nt/kg) (1.5 m ) = 1.82 kW

4. This rating is given to diesel fuels for their ability to burn without detonating as
compared with the performance of reference fuels.

a. octane rating b. cetane rating c. heptane rating

d. alcohol rating e. butane rating

5. The electrolyte solution of the lead-acid battery consists of 2 parts of sulphuric acid
and 5 parts water. The concentrated acid has a specific gravity of:

a. 1.300 b. 1.500 c. 2.000 d. 1.750 e. none of the above (Answer : 1.835)

6. In an ideal Diesel engine, the combustion of fuel occurs at :

a. constant pressure b. constant temperature c. constant volume

d. constant enthalpy e. none of the above

7. In an ideal Otto engine, the combustion of fuel occurs at :

a. constant pressure b. constant temperature c. constant volume

 d. constant enthalpy e. none of the above

8. It is the power developed by the engine of a tractor which is available for pulling,
dragging or similar tractive effort.

a. belt horsepower b. brake horsepower c. drawbar horsepower

d. indicated horsepower e. none of the above

9. One way of increasing engine power is to force more air into the cylinder so that more
power can be produced from each power stroke. This process which uses a type of air
compression device powered by the engine crankshaft is called:

a. turbocharging b. supercharging c. power charging d. air charging

e. none of the above

10. This fuel is made by partial combustion of carbonaceous substances like coal, wood,
charcoal, sawdust and other similar materials in an atmosphere of air and steam. It is
a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.

a. gasohol b. producer gas c. natural gas d. straight-run fuel

e. none of the above.

11. It is a toxic chemical with chemical formula CH3OH. Drinking even small amounts
can cause blindness. It is used on a limited basis to fuel internal combustion engines,
mainly by virtue of the fact that it is not nearly as flammable as gasoline. It is harder to
ignite than gasoline and produces just one-eighth of the heat upon burning. It is also
called wood alcohol.

a. ethanol b. methanol c. isopropyl alcohol d. gasohol

e. none of the above

12. It is the process of combining the proper ratio of oxygen with a gaseous form of a
fossil fuel so it can combust. It usually involves all these stages, from vaporizing a
liquid fuel to letting it mix with air and finally moving the mixture to where it can be
burned.

a. oxygenation b. carburetion c. fuel injection d. fuel induction

e. none of the above

13. It is a device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from an internal combustion
engine. It works by providing an environment for a chemical reaction wherein toxic
combustion by-products are converted to less-toxic substances.
 a. muffler b. header c. turbocharger d. catalytic converter

e. none of the above

14. Cocomethyl ester, also known as biodiesel, is a non-toxic, eco-friendly fuel having
similar properties as diesel fuel. The process of transesterifying raw vegetable oil
into cocomethyl ester requires the use of :

a. alcohol b. oxygen c. hydrogen d. carbon dioxide

e. none of the above

15. It is the ratio of the actual weight of fuel inducted by the engine during the intake
stroke to the theoretical weight of air that should have been inducted by filling the
piston displacement volume with air at atmospheric temperature and pressure.

a. volumetric capacity b. volumetric parameter

c. volumetric efficiency d. volumetric measure

e. none of the above

Moderate

2. A 85 mm × 85 mm engine runs at 2,000 rpm. What is the maximum piston speed

inside the cylinder?

a. 105 m/s b. 17.8 m/s c. 25 m/s d. 75 m/s

e. none of the above

2. A diesel engine was tested for a continuous 3 hours of operation. It consumed at total
of 5 liters and developed a constant power of 7.5 kW. If the fuel contains 45.46
MJ/kg, what is the approximate thermal efficiency?

a. 40% b. 35% c. 33% d. 25% e. none of the above

3. A 4-cylinder 120 mm × 100 mm engine turns at 1,750 rpm. If the individual cylinder’s
clearance volume is 110 cm3, what is the engine’s compression ratio?

a. 8:1 b. 9:1 c. 10:1 d. 11:1 e. none of the above

Piston displacement = ( ¼ ) π ( 102 ) × 10 = 1131 cm3

 Cylinder volume = 785.40 + 130 = 1241 cm3

Compression ratio = 1241/110 = 11.28

4. Among the fuels that belong to the paraffin group, this has three carbon atoms in its
molecular structure. It is the main component of LPG.

a. pentane b. ethane c. butane d. propane e. none of the above

5. This vertical axis windmill has a very low tip speed ratio and power coefficient of less
that 0.2. The rotor is usually constructed using a cylindrical tank cut axially into two
and installed vertically face to face at an offset position.

a. Savonious b. Cretan c. Darrieus d. Multibladed

e. none of the above

Difficult

6. A 4-stroke cycle engine is running at 2,400 rpm. If the range of operation of the each
intake valve is 220°, for how long is each intake valve open?

a. 1.53 × 10-2 second b. 7.64 × 10-3 second c. 5.84 × 10-2 second

d. 6.43 × 10-2 second e. 3.06 × 10-2 second

Number of minutes/revolution = 1 min / 2400 rev = 4.167 × 10-4 min/rev

= 0.025 sec/rev

Range of operation of a valve = ( 220° / 360° ) ( 0.025 sec/rev ) = 0.0153 sec (?)

7. How much water is produced by an engine each hour if it burns 25 liters of premium
gasoline per hour?

a. 20.45 liters b. 25.93 liters c. 30.56 liters d. 32.55 liters e. 15.75 liters

During the combustion, 228 units of gasoline will produce 324 units of water.

25 liters of gasoline is equal to 18.25 kg ( 0.73 × 25 ) of gasoline

Amount of water produced with the combustion of 18.25 kg of gasoline =

 18.25 ( 324 / 228 ) = 25.93 kg = 25.93 liters of water (Sp. gr. of water = 1 )

8. A prony brake test of an engine shows that the crankshaft rotates at 1000 rpm. The
brake arm length is 60 inches and the net load on the scales is 50 lb. What is the
power developed?

a. 48 kW b. 35 kW c. 42 hp d. 26,180 ft-lb/min e. 26 kW

Power = [60 inches/(12 in/ft)] × ( 50 lb ) ( 1000 rpm ) (2π) / ( 33,000 ft-lb/min-hp)

= 47.60 hp = 35 kW

9. A tractor travels at a speed of 4mph. It pulls a drawbar load of 2,000 lb. What is the
drawbar power expended by the tractor?

a. 42 kW b. 31 hp c. 16 kW d. 28 kW e. 704,000 ft-lb/sec

Power = [4 miles/hr × 5,280 ft/mile × 2,000 lb × (1 hr / 60 min)]/

( 33,000 ft-lb/min-hp) = 21.33 hp (15.91 kW)

10. The engine crankshaft provides 30 hp at 1700 rpm. What is the torque exerted?

a. 100 ft-lb b. 93 nt-m c. 126 nt-meter d. 60 nt-meter e. 64 ft-lb

30 hp × 33,000 ft-lb/min-hp = Torque × 1700 rpm × ( 2 π )

Torque = 92.68 ft-lb ( / 0.7375621 ft-lb/nt-m) = 126 nt-m

6. A prony brake test of a motor gave the following data: Force = 1.5 lb;
Length of arm = 2 ft; N (rpm) = 1720. What is the power developed?

a. 0.98 hp b. 0.98 kw c. 1.523 kw d. 1.523 hp

e. none of the above

Power = 2 × 3.14159 ×N ×Force ×Arm

= ( 2 × 3.14159 × 1720 rpm × 1.5 lb × 2 ft) /33,000 ft-lb/min-hp

= 0.98 hp

7. The ideal air-fuel ratio for using kerosene as an engine fuel is :

a. 10:1 b: 15:1 c. 13:1 d. 12:1 e. none of the above

C12H26 + 37/2 O2 → 12 CO2 + 13 H2O

( 12 × 12 + 26 ) + ( 37/2 ) (32) → 12 (12 + 32) + 13 (18)

170 + 592 = 528 + 234 = 762

170 + 592 / 0.232 → 1 : 15

8. What is the average linear speed of the piston for a 4.5 × 6 in. engine with a
crankshaft speed of 1000 rpm.

a. 8 m/s b. 1,900 in/min c. 160 ft/min d. 4,787 cm/min

e. none of the above

speed = ( 6 in/2 ) ( 2 ) ( 3.14159 ) 1000 rev/min = 1571 ft/min (?)

9. What is the piston displacement volume in liters of a four stroke cycle 4-cylinder
15 × 18 cm engine rotating at 2000 rpm.

a. 12.72 b. 63.30 c. 15.83 d. 79.12

e. none of the above

10. A 4-stroke cycle, 4-cylinder engine having a cylinder dimension of 25 × 50 cm

rotates at 154 rpm. The imep is 7.5 kpa. The ihp is:

a. 31 b. 14.2 c.17.2 d 97 e. none of the above