OFDM Power Measurements
OFDM Power Measurements
OFDM Power Measurements
Mark Briggs, Juan Martinez, David Bare
Elliott Laboratories
684 W. Maude Ave
Sunnyvale, CA 94085 USA
info@elliottlabs.com
Abstract— There are many ways to measure the output power
from wireless devices – average, peak envelope power, II. REGULATORY STANDARDS AND MEASUREMENTS
instantaneous peak power and average peak power being
examples. In addition there are multiple instruments and A. Regulatory Requirements
methods available to make these measurements spectrum Regulatory testing for 802.11a devices in the USA is
analyzers, power meters with peak power sensors, average governed by FCC Part 15 Subpart E [2], which requires that
power sensors and diode detectors. the peak transmit power be measured and compared to the
applicable limit.
The dynamic nature of signals that use Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is such that these various FCC Part 15 Part 15.247 [2] contains the requirements for
methods can give widely different results depending on the type 802.11g devices and requires that the peak output power be
of measuring instrument used and the power measurement measured, but does not indicate if this is the instantaneous
required. The requirements for output power in the regulatory peak power or mean peak power.
standards can be confusing, leading to incorrect or inaccurate
measurements. Problems can also be created when alternative In Europe, the applicable standard for 802.11a devices is
methods of power measurements are used in the production line EN 301 893 [3], and this requires that the mean power be
to set the output power of individual devices to ensure they measured, corrected for duty cycle and compared to the
comply with National restrictions on output power. applicable limit. This standard is not yet harmonized.
This paper reviews the various methods used to make power EN 300 328 [4] is the applicable harmonized European
measurements of OFDM signal for regulatory purposes and standard for 802.11g devices and requires the average output
recommends suitable methods for production line measurements power, corrected for duty cycle, be measured.
of 802.11a and 802.11g devices.
The regulatory standards have different requirements for
Keywordscomponent; OFDM, 802.11a, 802.11g rf power the actual output power measurement – peak transmit power,
measurements mean power, average power and peak output power.
Figure 1. AmplitudeTime Trace from Diode Dectector into 50W
VI. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRODUCTION LINE TESTS
Production line output power tests are typically combined
with other functional tests, such as receiver sensitivity or
protocol evaluation measurements. In these particular tests,
the device may be configured to send randomized packets at a
low duty cycle. An example of such traffic is given in Fig. 3
that was captured from an Access Point transmitting a
streaming video signal. The duty cycle was ~10% with the
widest signal only 50mS.
Without a fixed duty cycle the use of an average power
sensor is limited as no duty cycle correction factor can be
applied and the power cannot be accurately determined. Figure 3. RLAN Traffic For Streaming Video
Similar issues may be encountered with a peak envelope
power sensor. The combination of meter and PEP sensor VII. SUMMARY
used for this evaluation started to give significantly reduced
readings when a pulsed waveform with low duty cycle was The correct measurement of output power for OFDM
presented. signals is essential when making regulatory compliance
measurements. These measurements are, however, typically
The implication is that the production line test must take made under controlled conditions of known duty cycle and
into consideration the type of transmissions that are used data pattern which allows for repeatable results with a known
when making power measurements. The use of a diode correlation between the different test methods.
detector and oscilloscope, with some software control, could
easily be used to give accurate readings of instantaneous peak Production line tests, where the data pattern and duty
and rms power over any transmission burst. As the power cycle may not be constant, require more attention to ensure
over a single, short burst may not provide a true indication of that power measurements made have a practical application
the devices performance, the software must be able to take the in calibrating output power to meet international power
data over a number of such bursts. This would be the only limits.
way calibrate the device under test’s output power to ensure
compliance with the various national regulatory limits. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
An approach being implemented by a leading The authors would like to thank Robert Paxman and Jim
manufacturer of RLAN devices is the use of a peak power Baer for their ideas and support.
analyzer, capable of providing cumulative distribution
functions for the peak power over time. This allows the
manufacturer to calculate both instantaneous and rms peak
power, even for nonperiodic transmissions. REFERENCES
[1] E. Lawrey, C. J. Kikkert, “Peak to average power ratio reduction of
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