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Piping layout for fire sprinkler system: An overview

Article · April 2017

DOI: 10.31873/IJEAS.4.3.15

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 International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS)
ISSN: 2394-3661, Volume-4, Issue-3, March 2017

Piping layout for fire sprinkler system: An overview

Kshitiz Vishnoi

Abstract— In today’s times, the designing of piping systems has II. THEORY
become an important field. With increased urbanization, and
construction of complex infrastructures like advanced Design flow direction
warehouses, factories, power distribution centers, refineries,
multi-storied residential and commercial buildings, etc. , having
a good piping system is a must for supplying adequate amount of
clean water for fighting against fire threats. Earlier, piping
design was done by using many manual calculations and
formulation methods. This made piping design a laborious and
time-consuming process and it was also prone to large amount of
errors. However, modern piping design is done by using
software such as ANSYS, CFD, AUTOCAD, etc. for doing
calculations and drawing/designing the required layout. This
not only reduces the computation times, but also allows us to
have a virtual simulation of the chosen design, thereby giving us Water flow direction
a better idea about how effective the chosen piping design will be
before it is implemented, thus allowing us to fine tune the design
for better output and also reducing the errors. In this paper, we
Figure-2: System design vs water flow direction
highlight the requirements of a good piping system, and we
elaborate upon the various steps involved in designing of such Requirements of an Adequate Distribution System:
systems, and choosing the suitable type of piping layout for the For an adequate water distribution system, the requirements
required conditions such as available pressure, consumption are as follows:
demand, flow rate, etc. and performing various calculations on 1. Water quality should not deteriorate while flowing through
the basis of the above factors. the distribution pipes.
2. The system should be capable of supplying water to all the
Index Terms— Fire protection, Piping layout, Sprinkler
intended places with sufficient pressure head.
system, System Design.
3. It should be capable of supplying the required amount of
water during firefighting.
4. The layout should be such that no consumer is without
I. INTRODUCTION
water supply, during the repair of any section of the system.
6. It should be fairly watertight to minimize losses due to
Piping Network is a system of pipes and trenches which leakage.
provide the appropriate quality and quantity of water to a
community. The design, construction and layout of the piping The design of water distribution for firefighting (Figure 2)
network have to be carefully prepared in order to ensure that consists of the following main steps:
there is enough flow pressure to supply hygienically safe 1. Preliminary Studies
water. Once the network is constructed, its maintenance has to 2. Design Phases
be performed, which includes repairs, leakage control, 3. Network Layout
prevention of recontamination, etc. Along with maintenance, 4. Hydraulic Analysis
the proper operation of pumping stations has to be ensured for
areas where gravity pressure alone is not enough (Figure 1). 1. Preliminary Studies: - This is the first and the most
important step in the designing of water distribution
system. Before any design work can commence,
thorough observations and studies have to be carried out.
Preliminary studies consist of the following sub-steps:
a. Topographical studies must be performed before
starting the actual design work.
b. Digital maps showing present (and future) houses,
streets, lots, and so on should be made.
c. Location of water sources and pumping stations
should be considered so that distribution reservoirs
Figure-1: Model showing sprinkler network can be easily located.

 Water Demand Studies: Studies have to be made on

Kshitiz Vishnoi, Design Department, EAST Corp, Mumbai, INDIA, the amount of water that is required to a particular
+91 9869193090, Kshitiz_vishnoi@yahoo.co.in.
area on the basis of the fire demand, the population

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 Piping layout for fire sprinkler system: An overview

and the area of the structure/land under d. Pressure: Pressure is an expression of force exerted
consideration. This can be determined by the on a surface per unit area. A fire pipe carrying water
following formulae: is always under pressure. As per codes, it is
mandatory to have a minimum pressure of 0.5 bars
at the remotest nozzle for the operation with the
water hammering and cooling effect.

e. Flow: The flow rate or the discharge from a sprinkler

head or water mist nozzle can be calculated from the
formula below:
Flow (q) = k  P
Where k is the K-factor
(Fire demand formulae) P is the pressure
Assuming K-factor = 80 and pressure = 0.5
2. Design Phases: – After the preliminary studies are Therefore, Flow = 800.5
performed, the next step is setting the Design Criteria. Flow (q)= 56.568 l/m
This step involves setting the required design This is minimum flow required for the system.
limitations/parameters that are required to get the most
effective and economical water-distribution in the chosen f. Pipe size: Water pipe sizing procedures are based on a
network. The required limitations/parameters can system of pressure requirements and losses (Figure
determined on the basis of the following factors: 4), the sum of which must not exceed the minimum
pressure available at the supply source.
a. Hazards classification: System depends not only on The required pipe size is chosen to maintain the
the size of the risk but also on its fire growth and flow/cost effectiveness (Figure 5).
spread potentialities, the risk are to be categorized
under following classes (Figure 3) for the purpose of
system design.
a) Light hazard
b) Ordinary hazard–1
c) Ordinary hazard–2
d) Extra-ordinary hazard–1
e) Extra-ordinary hazard–2 Figure-4: Friction loss in pipes due to the flow

Figure- 3 : Density/Area curve (NFPA – 13 chapter 3

clause – 3.3.15) Figure-5: Pipe sizing with pipe schedule method

b. Demand: Demand is the quantity of water required to g. Velocity: The equilibrium speed of flow of water in the
flow from a fire sprinkler. Mathematically, pipe shall not exceed 6 m/s at any valve or flow
Demand (Quantity) = Area X Density monitoring device, or 10 m/s at any other point in the
The area of sprinkler head (coverage) and the system for the stabilized flow condition at the demand
required design density can be chosen from figure 3 point involving an AMAO.
as per the hazard classification. h. Head loss: Head loss cannot be prevented but can be
Therefore if we have ordinary-1 hazard , area = minimised. Head loss is due to water flow against
186m2 & density = 5.9mm/min ( from figure 3) gravity, pipe fittings (T-joints, Elbows, and
Demand = Area X Density Couplings), Valves (Butterfly valve, Gate Valves)
Demand = 186 X 6.1 and friction losses (major & minor loss) in the pipes.
Demand = 1134.6 l/m i. Avg. water consumption: According to the average
This would be the minimum flow rate required for water consumption, the capacity of water storage tank
the sprinkler head to prove the correct design (per hour basis) has to be defined. This depends upon
density. the potential hazard that could be encountered:
c. K-Factor: K-factors are known as the coefficient of a. Light hazard ------- 30 mins.
discharge. The larger the K factor in number, the b. Ordinary hazard --------- 60 mins to 90 mins
more water it can discharge at a given pressure. c. Extra-ordinary hazard ----------- 90 to 120 mins

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 International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS)
ISSN: 2394-3661, Volume-4, Issue-3, March 2017
j. Spacing between 2 sprinklers: This depends on the A. Branching Pattern with Dead End
coverage area of the sprinkler. Spacing is generally This is the simplest type of piping layout. It is called a
kept between 3 mtrs to 4 mtrs. There are mainly two Branching pattern as it looks similar to the branching of a
tree (Figure 8).
types of spacing provided as per the design criteria as
It consists of the following components:
shown in figure 6. They are – Triangular spacing and  Reservoir.
Rectangular spacing.  Main (trunk) line
 Sub-mains
 Branches.

Figure-6 : Spacing between sprinklers w.r.t. Figure-8 : Water flow in Tree-system

coverage
Main line is the main source of water supply. There is no
k. Selection of material: Pipes that are mainly used in direct supply from the main trunk line, the water is first
fire industries is – 40 galvanised steel. But as per supplied to the consumers from the main line through the
NFPA and IS codes CPVC piping can also be used sub-mains, which are connected to the main line and they are
(only for light hazards) laid along the main roads. From the sub-mains, the water then
flows through the branches which are connected to the
l. Codes to be followed – There are many
sub-mains and they are laid along the streets. From the
codes/regulations that can be followed for branches, the water lastly flows through the service
designing the fire protection system. For example connections which are connected to the branches and thus the
NFPA, FM, OSID, BIS, NBC, TAC or any other water is supplied to the consumers.
local codes.
Advantages:
3. Network Layout: - After the design criteria are  It is a very simple layout for water distribution. Design
determined, the next step is to choose a suitable pipe calculations are easy and simple to do.
network layout and to estimate pipe sizes on the basis of  The required dimensions of the pipes for this layout are
water demand and local code requirements. The pipes are small, thus it is economical and cheap.
then drawn on a digital map (using AutoCAD, for  This layout requires comparatively less number of cut-off
example), starting from the water source (Figure 7). All valves.
the components i.e. pipes, valves, fire hydrants, etc. of However, this layout is not usually favoured in modern water
the water network should be shown on the lines. These works practice due to the following disadvantages.
layouts are used by project executers (contractors) for
implementation (installation). Disadvantages:
 The area receiving water from a pipe under repair is
without water until the work is completed.
 In this system, there are large numbers of dead ends where
water does not circulate but remains static. Sediments
accumulate due to stagnation of water at these dead ends
and bacterial growth may occur at these points. To
overcome this problem, drain valves are provided at dead
ends and stagnant water is drained out by periodically
opening these valves but a large amount of water is
wasted.
Figure-7: A screen-shot of piping in AutoCAD layout
 It is difficult to maintain chlorine residues at the dead ends
of the pipe.
III. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION  Water available for fire-fighting will be limited since it is
being supplied by only one water main.
 The pressure at the end of the line may become undesirably
There are 3 types of piping layouts possible in fire protection
low as additional areas are connected to the water supply
designing. They are:
system. This problem is common in many lesser-developed
A. Branching pattern with dead end. (Tree system)
countries, where this type of piping layout is common.
B. Grid pattern (Gridiron system)
C. Grid pattern with loop. (Circular or ring system)

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 Piping layout for fire sprinkler system: An overview

pattern to improve water pressure in certain portions of a city

(industrial, business and commercial areas). The loops should
be strategically located so that as the city develops, the
required water pressure should be sustained. It consists of the
following components:
 Reservoir
Figure-9 : Software generated report for tree system  Main line
(screen-shot)  Branches.
The advantages and disadvantages of this pattern are the same
B. Grid Pattern as those of the grid pattern.
In grid pattern type layout, all the pipes are interconnected
with no dead-ends (Figure 10). In such a system, water can
reach any point from more than one direction. This system
cannot be designed with pipe schedule method. It has to be
done with hydraulically designed method.
It consists of the following components:
 Reservoir
 Main line
 Branches. Figure-12 : Water flow in Loop system

Advantages:
 Since water in the supply system is free to flow in more than
one direction, stagnation does not occur as readily as in
the branching pattern.
 This system is balanced as water reaches all points with
minimum time and minimum head loss.
 At the time of fires, by manipulating the cut-off valves,
Figure-10: Water flow in Grid system plenty of supplied water can be diverted and be used for
concentrated fire-fighting.
Advantages:  Designing of the system is much easier than grid system.
 Since water in the supply system is free to flow in more than
one direction, stagnation does not occur as readily as in Disadvantages:
the branching pattern piping layout.  Cost of laying the pipes is more because relatively longer
pipes are required as in tree and grid system.
 In case of repair or break down in a pipe, the area
connected to that pipe will continue to receive water, as  More number of valves are required to isolate.
water will flow to that area from the other side.  This system cannot be designed with pipe schedule method.
 Water reaches all points with minimum head loss. It has to be hydraulically designed.
 At the time of fires, by manipulating the cut-off valves,
plenty of supplied water can be diverted and be used for
concentrated fire-fighting.

Disadvantages:
 Cost of laying the pipes is more because relatively longer
pipes are required.
 More number of valves are required. The calculations of
pipe sizes are more complicated. Figure-13: Software generated report for loop system
(screen-shot)

4. Hydraulic Analysis (Of Distribution Systems):- After

the suitable type of pipe layout is chosen, the next and
final step involves the analysis of the chosen layout. This
involves calculating the flow rate, supplied water
pressure, volume, losses, etc. The calculation process is
done using hydraulic analysis software like
Figure-11: Software generated report for Grid system SprinkCALC, PipeNET, SprinkCODE etc. These
(screen-shot)
softwares are designed especially for calculations of
C. Grid Pattern with Loops: piping for fire protection systems.
This type of pipe layout is a modified type of Grid pattern
layout (Figure 12). In this layout, loops are provided in a grid

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 International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS)
ISSN: 2394-3661, Volume-4, Issue-3, March 2017
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The results obtained are software generated based on

SprinkCALC (A TYCO product).
From the above observations and studies, we can conclude
that on the basis of certain properties, the three types of piping
layouts and their uses can be summarized as follows:

Branching pattern type– In this type of layout, the pressure

requirement is high, so the pump capacity increases. The flow
i.e. water requirement is high, hence system volume is low i.e.
Figure-14: Friction losses in pipes. the quantity of water flowing through the pipes will reduce.
Total length of pipe (different size) required is minimum.
Friction Losses in Pipes Grid pattern type – In this type of layout, pressure
Friction losses are a complex function of the system requirement is lesser than Branching pattern type, but higher
than the Grid pattern with loop type piping layout.
geometry, the fluid properties and the flow rate in the system.
Grid pattern with loop type- In this type of layout, pressure
By observation, the head loss is roughly proportional to the requirement is low, so pump capacity reduces. At the same
square (Figure 14) of the flow rate in most engineering flows time, system volume is high i.e. the quantity of water the pipe
(fully developed, turbulent pipe flow). This observation leads will increase. Recommended for areas where the source
to the Hazen–Williams equation for head loss due to pressure is low. Central feeding of water should be used for
friction: better distribution of water (flow, pressure, etc.)

where: VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 V is velocity
I would like to thank my parents for inspiring me for such
 k is a conversion factor for the unit system (k = 1.318 research work. Special thanks to Mr. Sushant Tambadkar for
for US customary units, k = 0.849 for SI units) his guidance and technical support. Last but not least I would
 C is a roughness coefficient like to give sincere thanks to Mr. Hemant Khadse and team of
 R is the hydraulic radius East Corp for providing me the possible infrastructure to
 S is the slope of the energy line (head loss per length complete this work.
of pipe or hf/L

IV. RESULT VII. REFERENCES

On comparing all the three possible piping layouts, keeping
few parameters constants, the following result is obtained [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_calculation
through hydraulic analysis using SprinkCALC software. [2] www.canutesoft.com/Table/Basic-hydraulic-calculati
K= 80.3 on-for-fire-protection-enginee...
Coverage = 9.3m2 [3] www.ence-pumps.ru/eng/truboprovody.php
Total no. of sprinklers operated = 35 [4] www.sprinklerwarehouse.com
Calculation Mode – Demand [5] https://media.toro.com/documents/irrigation/sprinkle
Hydraulic Model - Hazen-Williams r-pig.pdf
Fluid Name - Water @ 60F (15.6C) [6] wiginton.net/pdf/Wiginton-Fire-Protection.pdf
Min. Density (l/min/m²) - 6.1 [7] http://www.sfpe.org/pages/2012_Q2_3
Type of System – wet [8] Natural gas engineering and safety challenges by G.G
Nasr, N.E.Connor , p127-p145
Result Table: [9] http://law.resource.org/pub/bis/is15105(2002).pdf
Grid p5– p63.
Branching Grid [10] http://www.nfpa.org/proposedtia998nfpa13.pdf
pattern
pattern pattern [11] http://www.nfpa.org/assents/files/13commDraft6-0r
with Loop
Req. Pressure at educed-1.pdf p17-p25, p122-126
2.5 1.85 1.61
source
Max. velocity
8.1 7.31 7.21
(m/s)
Total Water Kshitiz Vishnoi, possess a Bachelor’s Degree in Mechanical Engineering
Required 2318.86 2091.77 2064.67 from University of Mumbai. Professionally, working as a Design Engineer
(l/min) (Flow) (MEP-Systems) in EAST-Corp, Mumbai.
Volume -
272.7 l 428.2 517.6 l INDIA
Entire System Contact No. +91 9869193090
Total length of E-mail ID – kshitiz_vishnoi@yahoo.co.in
142.5 170.5 189.25
pipe (m)

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