Math PDF

Copyright 2013-2014 SUNSHINE INTERLINKS PUBLISHING
G-Math
INTERMEDIATE
INTERMEDIATE
AL GEBRA
ALGEBRA
Cecil Tarrazona — Tamayo

Author
Norlito Magalona
Coordinator

G-Math
INTERMEDIATE ALGEBRA
Philippine Copyright 2010 by
SUNSHINE INTERLINKS PUBLISHING HOUSE, INC.
and Cecil Tarrazona–Tamayo

ISBN 978-971-0478-59-0
All rights reserved.

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PREFACE
G-Math, a worktext in mathematics for secondary school, is the

realization of our desire to provide quality instructional materials to enable
students understand better mathematical concepts that are relevant to
their lives. It is the revised edition of the Generation XY series that have
proven to be beneficial to many high school students nationwide for the
past four academic years.
G-Math stands for generation mathematics. It provides sufficient
and challenging tasks for students not only to develop basic skills in
mathematics but also to help them work out on their higher order thinking
skills in an interactive and less stressful way.
G-Math begins each chapter with a concise introduction and
discussion of the topics which are made comprehensible through varied
and elaborate examples. Students are then provided with adequate
exercises to work on alone or in groups. Aside from the chapter test, a
useful tool to evaluate student’s performance is provided at the end of
each chapter, some useful and enriching activities are devised to make
the students realize the applications of the concepts learned to other fields
of study and to real life situations.
G-Math I focuses on the basics of Elementary Algebra.
G-Math II highlights the essence of Intermediate Algebra.
G- Math III enlightens the learners with the relevance of Geometry.
G-Math IV inculcates to the young minds the connectivity of
Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry, Statistics, and Calculus.
G-Math intends to bring out the best of students and encourages them
to become competitive and functional individuals.
The Authors

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
1.1 The Cartesian Plane...................................................................... 1
1.2 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables ......................... 7
1.3 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Graphing Method ..... 15
1.4 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Subtitution Method .. 20
1.5 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Elimination Method . 25
1.6 Solving Problems Involving Systems of Linear Equations ....... 31
1.7 Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables ...................... 42
Enrichment Activities ................................................................... 48
Chapter Test .................................................................................. 50
CHAPTER 2
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
2.1 Identifying Quadratic Equations in One Variable ..................... 54
2.2 Square Root Property ................................................................... 59
2.3 Solution by Factoring Method ...................................................... 63
2.4 Solution by Completing the Square ............................................. 68
2.5 Solution by the Quadratic Formula ............................................. 74
2.6 Graphing Quadratic Function ...................................................... 86
2.7 Solving Problems Involving Quadratic Equations ..................... 93
Chapter Test .................................................................................. 98
CHAPTER 3
RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
3.1 Recalling Fractions ....................................................................... 100
3.2 Definition of Rational Algebraic Expression ............................. 106
3.3 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions ....................... 110
3.4 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions .......................... 120
3.5 Complex Rational Expressions .................................................... 129
3.6 Solving Problems Involving Rational Expressions .................... 134
Chapter Test .................................................................................. 139

CHAPTER 4
VARIATION
4.1 Ratio and Proportion .................................................................... 145
4.2 Direct Variation ............................................................................ 157
4.3 Inverse Variation .......................................................................... 164
4.4 Joint Variation and Combined Variation ................................... 172
Chapter Test .................................................................................. 186
CHAPTER 5
INTEGRAL EXPONENT
5.1 Laws of Exponents ........................................................................ 192
5.2 Negative and Zero Exponents ...................................................... 197
5.3 Scientific Notation ........................................................................ 203
5.4 Fractional Exponents .................................................................... 207
5.5 Exponential Equations ................................................................. 211
5.6 Solving Problems Involving Expressions with Exponents ....... 215
Chapter Test .................................................................................. 219
CHAPTER 6
RADICAL EQUATIONS
6.1 Perfect Squares and Perfect Cubes Expressions ....................... 224
6.2 Simplifying Radicals ..................................................................... 228
6.3 Addition and Subtraction of Radicals ......................................... 234
6.4 Multiplication and Division of Radicals ..................................... 238
6.5 Radical Equations ......................................................................... 242
Chapter Test .................................................................................. 250

CHAPTER 7
SEQUENCE AND SERIES
7.1 Arithmetic Sequences and Series ................................................ 256
7.2 Solving Problems Involving Arithmetic Sequences and Series .. 260
7.2.1 Finding the General Formula for an
Arithmetic Sequence ....................................................... 260
7.2.2 Finding the Arithmetic Mean of an Arithmetic Series .... 264
7.2.3 Finding the Formula for the Sum
of Arithmetic Sequence or Arithmetic Series ............... 267
7.3 Geometric Sequences and Series ................................................. 276
7.4 Solving Problems Involving Geometric Sequences and Series ..... 278
7.4.1 Finding the Common Ratio and General Formula
for a Geometric Sequence ............................................... 278
7.4.2 Finding the Sum of the Geometric Sequence ................... 281
7.5 Harmonic Sequences and Series .................................................. 287
7.6 Binomial Expansion ...................................................................... 293
Chapter Test .................................................................................. 298

Chapter I – Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities
Chapter I
SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Introduction
1.1 The Cartesian Plane
1.2 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
1.3 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Graphing Method
1.4 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Substitution Method
1.5 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Elimination Method
1.6 Solving Problems Involving Systems of Linear Equations
1.7 Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
Enrichment Activities
Chapter Test
INTRODUCTION
The systems of linear equations A German mathematician
and inequalities are very useful in who did much in his
study the systematic
solving situations such as number
development of numbers
relations, mixture, investment, work, theory, equations and
and others. elliptic functions.
Several types of equations and
inequalities are formed to describe Leopold Kronecker
clearly and symbolically the thought (1823-1891)
stated in the problems.
y
1.1 THE CARTESIAN PLANE 5
The Cartesian plane 4
Quadrant II Quadrant I
consists of two perpendicular 3 (+, +)
number lines. It is indicated (–, +)
2
by the symbols x and y. x 1 Origin
represents the distance
along the horizontal line and -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
y along the vertical line. The -1
point of intersection is called -2
Quadrant III Quadrant IV
the origin. Axes divide the -3
plane into four regions called (–, –) (+, –)
-4
quadrants.
-6

G-Math Intermediate Algebra
The x-coordinate or the abscissa is the first element of an ordered pair

and the y-coordinate or the ordinate is the second element.
To locate the point (4, 5), starting at the origin, count 4 units to the right
along the x-axis and count 5 units upward along the y-axis.
Example 1:
Locate the points associated with the following ordered pairs: (3, 4),
(-2, 1), (-4, -5), (0, 4), and (3, 0):
Solution: y
5
(0, 4) 4 (3, 4)
3
2
(-2, 1) 1
(3, 0)
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1
-2
-3 (5, 3)
-4
(-4, -5) -5
Example 2:
Write the coordinate of points J, K, L, M, and N in the coordinate plane.
5
4 J
3
N 2
1
0 1
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 2 3 4 5
M -1
-2 K Answers:
-3 J (2,4)
-4 L K (2,-2)
-5 L (4,-4)
M (-2,-1)
N (-3,2)

Example 3:
Draw the graph of 3x + y = 1.
Solution:
Make a table of values. Assign the given value to x, then solve for the
value of y.
If x = -2 If x = 0 If x = 2
3x + y = 1 3x + y = 1 3x + y = 1
3(-2) + y = 1 3(0) + y = 1 3(2) + y = 1
-6 + y = 1 0+y = 1 6+y = 1
y = 1+6 y = 1 y = 1–6
y = 7 y = -5
x -2 0 2
y 7 1 -5
(-2, 7) 7
6
5
4
3
2 (0, 1)
1
0
x
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-2
-3
-4
-5 (2, -5)
-6
-7
Example 4:
Draw the graph of 3x – 6y = 3 by finding the x- and y- intercepts.
Solution:
For x- intercept, set y = 0, then solve for x.
For y- intercept, set x = 0, then solve for y.

If y = 0 If x = 0
3x – 6y = 3 3x – 6y = 3
3x – 6(0) = 3 3(0) – 6y = 3
3x – 0 = 3 0 – 6y = 3
3x = 3 -6y = 3
1
x = 1 y = -
2
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-3
The line passes through (1, 0). -4
1 -5
The line passes through (0, - ).
2
E XERCISES
A. In what quadrants/axes are the following points located?
⎛ 4⎞
1. (-14, 4) 9. ⎜11, 5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛1 ⎞
2. (8, 22) 10. ⎜ 3 , 0⎟
⎝ ⎠
3. (16, -4) 11. (0.4, 0.5)
4. (-14, -18) 12. (20, -30)
⎛ 6 11 ⎞
5. (-9, 14) 13. ⎜- 5 , 5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1⎞
6. ⎜ 5, 2 ⎟ 14. (-0.75, -0.6)
⎝ ⎠
7. (0, 7) 15. (0, 0)
8. (-10, -8)

B. Write the quadrant/axis and the coordinates of the given points.
E F
H
G
B D
C
Quadrant Coordinates
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.

C. Plot the following points on the Cartesian plane below.

1. (6, 3) 9. (7, -7)
2. (5, 8) 10. (-9, -3)
3. (7, 0) 11. (0.8, -0.3)
4. (-10, 7) 12. (-2.4, 8.7)
5. (0, 8) 13. (-0.2, -0.9)
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 11 13 ⎞
6. ⎜ , ⎟ 14. ⎜- , ⎟
⎝2 4⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ 1 1⎞
7. (-7, -6) 15. ⎜3 2 , 4 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
8. (0, 0)
y
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

D. Plot three points in at least two different quadrants whose coordinates

are integers satisfying the given condition. Use a graphing paper.
1. The x-coordinate is zero.
2. The y-coordinate is zero.
3. The x-coordinate equals the y-coordinate.
4. The ordinate is the reciprocal of the abscissa.
5. The abscissa is the negative reciprocal of the ordinate.
6. y=x+2
7. y=3–x
8. y = 2x + 1
9. y ≥ x
10. y ≤ x
1.2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

IN TWO VARIABLES
Two or more linear equations solved at the same time form a system of
linear equations. The following are examples of systems of linear equations
in two variables.
{ xx –+ 4yy ==84 { -4y

2y – x – 5 = 0
+ 2x = 1
{ {
1 x y
y= x+4 + =2
2 2 3
1 x y
y – = -4 + =1
2 5 4
It can be written in two forms. Ax + By = C is the standard form, where

A, B, and C are real numbers. The slope-intercept form is y = mx + b, where
m is the slope and b is the y-intercept.
Examples:
Standard Form Slope-intercept Form
1. 4x + 3y = 6 1. y = 2x + 7
2. -2x – y = -5 2. y = 5x
5 7 3
3. x − y= 0 3. y= x –8
8 9 4

CONSISTENT SYSTEM
System of linear equations in two variables is a consistent system of
equations if it has exactly one point of intersection. There is only one solution
for this system. If m1 ≠ m2, then the system is consistent.
Example:
2x – y = 5 (equation 1)
2y – 3x = -7 (equation 2)
Solution:
To show that m1 ≠ m2, we are going to use the formula y= mx + b, where
m is the slope of the line and b is the y – intercept.
equation 1 equation 2
2x – y = 5 2y – 3x = -7
-y = -2x + 5 2y = 3x – 7
2 y 3x − 7
y = 2x – 5 =
2 2
3 7
m1 = 2 y= x−
2 2
3
m2 =
2
3 y
2 ≠
2 3
m 1 ≠ m2 2
1 2x – y = 5
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1
-2
-3
2y – 3x = -7
-4
-5
The point of intersection is at (3, 1).
INCONSISTENT SYSTEM
System of linear equations in two variables is inconsistent if the lines
do not intersect. The system has no solution and the graphs are parallel. If
m1 and b2 are the slope and y-intersect, respectively, of equation 1, and m2
and b2 are the slope and y-intersect, respectively, of equation 2, the m1 = m2
and b1 ≠ b2.

Example:
y – 3x = 4 (equation 1)
6x = 2y + 6 (equation 2)
Solution:
equation 1
y – 3x = 4
y = 3x + 4
m1 = 3
b1 = 4
equation 2 y
6x = 2y + 6
7
-2y = -6x + 6
6
-2y -6 x + 6 5
=
6
-2 -2 4
+
2y
y = 3x – 3
4
3
=
=
m2 = 3
3x
6x
2
y–
b2 = -3 1
m1 = m2 x
b1 ≠ b2 0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-2
-3
-4
-5
The lines have no point of intersection. -6
-7
DEPENDENT SYSTEM
System of linear equations in two variables is a dependent system if the
lines coincide or overlap. The system has infinitely many solutions. If m1 = m2
and b1 = b2, then the two equations have the same slope and y-intercept.
Example:
y – 5x = -2 (equation 1)
10x – 2y – 4 = 0 (equation 2)

Solution:
equation 1
y – 5x = -2
y = 5x – 2 y
m1 = 5 5
b1 = -2 4
equation 2 3 y – 5x = -2
10x – 2y – 4 = 0 2 10x – 2y – 4 = 0
-2y = -10x + 4
1
-2 y -10x + 4
= -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-2 -2 -1
y = 5x – 2 -2
m2 = 5 -3
b2 = -2
-4
m1 = m2
b1 = b2 -5
The set of points on the line is infinite.
Determine whether the graph of each equation is parallel, intersecting,
or overlapping using the slope-intercept form.
a. 2y = 3x – 1 b. 3x + 4y = 3 c. x + 4y – 7 = 0
4y = 6x – 2 6x + 8y = 5 y – 4x – 6 = 0
Solutions:
a. 2y = 3x – 1 4y = 6x – 2
3 1 3 1
y= x− y= x−
2 2 2 2
3 3
m= m=
2 2
1 1
b=- b=-
2 2
The slopes and y-intercepts are equal. The system is dependent and the
lines are overlapping.
b. 3x + 4y = 3 6x + 8y = 5
4y = -3x + 3 8y = -6x + 5
3 3 3 5
y=- x+ y=- x+
4 4 4 8
3 3
m=- m=-
4 4
3 5
b= b=
4 8
10

The slopes are equal but the y-intercepts are not equal. The system is
inconsistent and the lines are parallel.
c. x + 4y – 7 = 0 y – 4x – 6 = 0
4y = -x + 7 y = 4x + 6
1 7
y=− x+
4 4
1
m=− m=4
4
7
b= b=6
4
The slopes are not equal. The system is consistent and the lines are
intersecting.
Slopes/y-intercepts System Graphs Solutions

m1 ≠ m2 Consistent Intersecting One Solution
m1 = m2 Inconsistent Parallel No Solution
b1 ≠ b 2
m1 = m2 Dependent Overlapping Many Solutions
b1 = b 2
The table above shows the properties of linear equations in two variables.
An ordered pair (x, y) whose values satisfy the two equations is the
solution of the system. We can determine whether the given ordered pair is
a solution of the system of equations by substituting it in each equation.
Example 1:
ordered pair : (-2, 4)
equations : 3x + 3y = 6 and 6x + 3y = 0
Solution:
3x + 3y = 6 6x + 3y = 0
3(-2) + 3 (4) = 6 6(-2) + 3(4) = 0
-6 + 12 = 6 -12 + 12 = 0
6=6 0=0
Therefore, (-2, 4) is a solution of the given equations.
11

Example 2:
ordered pair : (5, 1)
equations : 6x = 30 – 10y and 3x + 5y – 15 = 0
Solution:
6x = 30 – 10y 3x + 5y – 15 = 0
6(5) = 30 – 10(1) 3(5) + 5(1) – 15 = 0
30 = 30 – 10 15 + 5 – 15 = 0
30 ≠ 20 20 – 15 = 0
5 ≠0
(5, 1) is not a solution of the equations.
Example 3:
⎛3 3⎞
ordered pair : ⎜2, 8⎟
⎝ ⎠
1
equations : 2x – 8y = 0 and x = –2y + 1
6
Solution:
1
2x – 8y = 0 x = –2y + 1
6
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛3⎞ 1 ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛3⎞
2⎜ ⎟ – 8⎜ ⎟ = 0 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = -2 ⎜ 8 ⎟ + 1
2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝8⎠ 6 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 6
3–3=0 =- +1
12 8
3 6 8
0=0 =- +
12 8 8
3 2
=
12 8
1 1
=
4 4
⎛3 3⎞
⎜ 2 , 8 ⎟ is a solution of the given equations.
⎝ ⎠
12

E XERCISES
A. Transform the following equations in standard form.
1. 3x + 4y – 9 = 0 9. x = 2y + 4
2. -5x = -6 – y 10. x = 3y + 33
3. y – 7 = -x 11. 21 = 4x + 5y
4. y – 2 = 6x 12. 7x + 14y + 9 = 0
1 2
5. 3x + y + 5 = -1 13. y + x = 10
3 5
5
6. x–y+2=0 14. x = y − 20
13
1 1
7. 2x = 3y – 4 15. 5x + y− =0
2 4
8. 8x – 32 = 24y
B. Write the following in slope-intercept form. Identify the slope and the
y-intercept.
1. 2x = 48 + y 9. 4y = 16 + 8x
2. 11x + 13y = 12 10. -15x – 4 = -y

2
3. 2y = 14x + 6 11. y − x = -4
3
1
4. 15 – x = 3y 12. 12 + x = 2y
4
2
5. 10 + x + 5y = 0 13. y−6 = x
5
1 1
6. 2x + y = 3 14. y+ x =2
3 7
1 4 2
7. y =9+ x 15. + x = 3y
5 5 9
8. 20 = 5y – 10x
13

C. Identify whether the following are consistent, inconsistent, or

dependent.
1. 2x – 2y = 5 11. 4x – 2y = 3
2x – 5y = 5 x – 24 = -12
2. x + 2y = 10 12. x = 10
5x + 4y = -4 y=3
1
3. y= x +1 13. -6x + y = 4
4
4y – x = 4 13x – 3y = -9
4. 3x – 6y = 4 14. 2x + 3y = 12
-6x – y = -2 -4x – 6y = -24
5. 3x – 2y = 7 15. 15 + y = 3x
6x – 4y = -3 -5x = -y – 10
6. x – y = -3 16. 3x + y = 3
4x – 4y = -12 x+y=6
7. 3x = 7y + 3 17. 2x = y+3
y = 3x 2y = x
1
8. 7x + 3y – 5 = 0 18. y= x −5
3
9y + 21x = 30
2
y= x + 12
6
2
9. y= x −8 19. y + 7x = 2
3
2 2
y− x =3 y− x =4
3 7
1
10. 5x – 6y - 1 = 0 20. x −2 = y
2
5
3y − x + 4 = 0 2x + 1 = y
3
14

D. Give an equation for the following:
1. line intersecting at only one point represented by x + 3y = 5x
2. line parallel to the line represented by 2x – 4y = 6
3. line overlapping the line represented by 7x – y = 8
1.3 SOLVING SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

BY GRAPHING METHOD
We can determine the solution of the system by graphing two equations
on the same coordinate plane. The intersection is the solution of the system.
Example 1:
Solve the system of equations graphically by using the x- and y-
intercepts.
4x + 2y = 8 (equation 1)
Solution:
equation 1
4x + 2y = 8
x-intercept y-intercept
let y = 0 let x = 0
4x + 2(0) = 8 4(0) + 2y = 8
4x + 0 = 8 0 + 2y = 8
4x = 8 2y = 8
x = 2 y = 4
(2, 0) (0, 4)
equation 2
3x – 0 = 6 3(0) – y = 6
3x = 6 0–y = 6
x = 2 -y = 6
(2, 0) y = -6
(0, -6)
15

y
7
4x
6
+2
5
y=
4
8
3
2
1
0
x
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-2 6
-3
y=
-4
3x –
-5
-6 The graph has exactly one solution.
-7 The only solution is (2, 0).
Example 2:
Determine the solution of the following equations by graphing using the
slope-intercept form.
5y – 2x = 10 (equation 1)
5
y=x+5 (equation 2)
2
Solution:
y = mx + b
5
5y – 2x = 10 y = x+5
2
x 5
5y = 2x + 10 y = +
5 5
2 2
2 10 2
y = x+ y = x+2
5 5 5
2
y = x+2
5
16

y
5
0
4 =1
2x
3 5 y–
+5
5 y =x
2
2
1
0
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-2
-3
-4 The graph shows that there are infinite
number of solutions. Some are (0, 2), (5, 4),
-5
(-5, 0).
Example 3:
Find the solutions of the following equations graphically by constructing
table of values.
12x – 6y = 24 (equation 1)
12x = 6y + 12 (equation 2)
Solution:
Let x = -2, 0, and 2 y
5
For 12x – 6y = 24 4
4
3
=2
x -2 0 2
2
-6y
y -8 4 0
x
1
12
0
x
For 12x = 6y + 12 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
x -2 0 2 -2
y -6 -2 2 -3
12
-4
y+
=6
-5
x
-6
12
-7
-8
17

E XERCISES
A. Write YES on the blank if the given ordered pair is the point of
intersection of the following systems. Otherwise, write NO.
1. 2x + 2y = 18 6. 2x + y – 5 = 0
2x – 2y = 10 x + 2y – 4 = 0
(7, 0) (2, 1)
2. 6x + 2y = 10 7. 2x + 14y – 16 = 0
10x – 2y = 6 6x + 10y – 2 = 0
(1, -2) (1, 1)
3. x+y=6 8. 2x = 4 – y
8x – 6y = 12 x=6+y
(3, 2) (0, 4)
4. 2x + 2y = 2 9. 2x – 4y = -2
2y – 2x = 0 6x + 2y = 8
(1, 1) (3, 2)
5. x+y–4=0 10. 2x = 3 – y
x–y+4=0 x=1–y
(2, 6) (2, -1)
B. In a separate paper, solve the following by graphing using the:
x- and y-intercept form
1. y+x=4 6. 2x + 3y – 4 = 0
x – y = -3 x – 2y + 5 = 0
2. 2x – y = -6 7. 2x – 4y = 6
x+y=1 4x – 6y = 8
3. 4x = 3y + 9 8. 2x + 2y = 4
3y = 4x x–y=0
4. x + 5y = 5 9. 3x = 5 – y
2x = -10y + 10 5x = 3 – y
5. 3x = 9 – y 10. y – 2x = 3
y – 3x = 5 y – x = -9
18

slope-intercept form
11. 4x = 8 + y 16. x–y+2=0

4x = 3 + y x + y – 10 = 0
1
12. y = 5x + 17. 8x – 2y = -10
2
2y = 10x + 1 -6x + 2y = 6
13. x = 7 + 2y 18. 2x – 4y – 4 = 0
1
2x = 7 + y 2x + 3y – 11 = 0
2
14. x – 2y = 1 19. 6x = 10y

y = 4x – 7 2x = -5y + 25
2
15. x = y+3 20. 4x = 6y + 12
5
4x – y = 11 x = -y + 7
Table of values
For numbers 21-25, let x = 1, 2, and 3

21. 3y = -5x + 11 24. y+x=9
-y = 3x + 4 y+x=5
22. y = -x + 7 25. x+y=6

4y = -4x + 8 3x + 3y = 18
23. 6x + y – 1 = 0
1 1
x+ y=0
3 4
For numbers 26-30, let x = 0, -1, and -4
26. y – 2x = 0 29. x – 6y = -2
y – 3x = -2 -2x – 12y = 4
27. 2x = 5 – y 30. -y + 4x = 9
8x = 1 + 8y y + 2x = 12
28. 3x = y + 1
6x = -5y + 2
19


BY SUBSTITUTION METHOD
Omitting one of the variables in the system of linear equations is another
way of solving variable in terms of the other. It is convenient to use when the
numerical coefficient of the variables is 1 or -1. This method is easier to solve
than by graphical method.
Procedure in Using Substitution Method

a. From the given equations, solve one equation for one variable in terms
of the other.
b. Substitute the value of the variable obtained in (a) to the other equation
to get the value of the other variable.
c. Solve for the equation obtained in (b).
d. Substitute the result in any of the original equation the value of the
variable obtained in (c) in the equation in (a) to get the value of the other
variable.
Example1:
Solve the following system of linear equations by substitution method:
x + 2y = 8 (equation 2)
Solution:
Solve equation 2 for x.
x + 2y = 8
x = -2y + 8
Substitute x = -2y + 8 in equation 1, and solve for y.
2x + 3y = 9
2(-2y + 8) + 3y = 9
-4y +16 + 3y = 9
-4y + 3y = 9 – 16
-y = -7
y=7
Substitute the value of y in equation 2.
x + 2y = 8
x + 2(7) = 8
x + 14 = 8
x = 8 – 14
x = -6
The solution is (-6, 7).
20

Example 2:
5x – 3y = 2 (equation 1)
Solution:
Solve equation 2 for y.
2x – y = 4
-y = -2x + 4
y = 2x – 4
Substitute y = 2x – 4 to equation 1.
5x – 3(2x – 4) = 2
5x – 6x + 12 = 2
5x – 6x = 2 – 12
-x = -10
x = 10
Solve for y in equation 2.
2x – y = 4
2 (10) – y = 4
20 – y = 4
-y = 4 – 20
-y = -16
y = 16
The solution is (10, 16).
Example 3:
y = 2 – 3x (equation 2)
Solution:
Substitute y = 2 – 3x in equation 1
7x + 2y = 7
7x + 2 (2 – 3x) = 7
7x + 4 – 6x = 7
7x – 6x = 7 – 4
x=3
Substitute the value of x in equation 2.
y = 2 – 3(3)
y=2–9
y = -7
The solution is (3, -7).
21

Example 4:
5x + y = 5 (equation 2)
Solution:
Solve equation 2 for y.
5x + y = 5
y = 5 – 5x
Subtitute y = 5 – 5x in equation 1.
4x – 3y = 4
4x – 3(5 – 5x) = 4
4x – 15 + 15x = 4
4x + 15x = 4 + 15
19x = 19
x=1
Solve for y in equation 2.
5x + y = 5
5(1) + y = 5
5+y=5
y=0
E XERCISES
A. Solve each for x in terms of the other variable.
1. y = 5x + 1 6. x + 6y = 12
2. x + y = 35 7. 4x – 2y = 4
3. 5x = 3y + 4 8. 7y + 3x = 4
22

4. 2x – 3y = 15 9. 2x – y = 3
y 3
5. 4x + − 17 = 0 10. 16x − y=6
4 5
B. Solve each equation for y in terms of the other variable.

1. 6x – y = 4 6. 14y – 6x = 10
2. 9x – 3y = 7 7. 2x + 5y + 6 = 0
3. 3x = y – 12 8. 5x – 4y = -1
x y
4. + =8 9. 2x + y = 6
4 4
x 1
5. +y= 10. x + 3y = 11
3 4
C. Solve each system of linear equations by substitution method.

1. 3x + 2y = -2 9. 2x – y = 40
y +1
x + 4y = 3 4x + = 14
2
23

x y
2. 5y + 2x = -4 10. + =3
5 5
y = 3x – 7 3x + y = 13
3. x = 3y + 1 11. 4x – 4y = 8
7x + 2y = 32 2y – 8x = 6
4. 6x + y = 5 12. 3 – 2x = y
6x + 7y = -5 1–x=y
5. x + y = 12 13. 2x = 3 + y
x – 19y = -15 2y = 6x + 4
6. x–3=0 14. x–y+2=0

7x – 5y = -8 x – 2y + 6 = 0
1
7. x−y=3 15. 6x = 6y + 12
2
x+2=0 3x = -3y + 6
8. x – 4y + 3 = 0
1
y= x −3
3
24


BY ELIMINATION METHOD
Another method in solving systems of linear equations is the elimination
method. It is based on the addition property of equality. This method helps
us to go through the process in an orderly way.
Procedure in Using the Elimination Method

by Addition or Subtraction
a. Write the equation in standard form. Make the coefficients of one variable
alike.
b. Eliminate the term either by addition or subtraction.
c. Solve the equation for the other variable in (b).
d. Substitute the value obtained in (c) in one of the given equations, then
solve for the other variable.
e. Check by substituting the obtained values in the given equations.
Solve the following systems of linear equations by elimination method.

Example 1:
2x + 4y = -2 (equation 2)
Solution:
Subtract the equations to eliminate x.
2x – 2y = 4
2x + 4y = -2
-6y = 6
y = -1
Substitute -1 for x in any of the equations and find the value of x.
2x – 2y = 4
2x – 2 (-1) = 4
2x + 2 = 4
2x = 4 – 2
2x = 2
x=1
Check if these values satisfy both the original equations.
2x – 2y = 4 2x + 4y = -2
2(1) – 2 (-1) = 4 2(1) + 4(-1) = -2
25

2+2=4 2 – 4 = -2
4=4 -2 = -2
The solution is (1, -1).
Example 2:
{4x2x –– 3y3y == 186 (equation 1)

(equation 2)
Solution:
Solve by subtracting the equation 1 and 2.
4x – 3y = 18
2x – 3y = 6
2x = 12
x=6
Substitute 6 to x in any of the equations.
2x – 3y = 6
2(6) – 3y = 6
12 – 3y = 6
-3y = 6 – 12
-3y = -6
y=2
Checking:
equation 1 equation2
4x – 3y = 18 2x – 3y = 6
4(6) – 3(2) = 18 2(6) – 3(2) = 6
24 – 6 = 18 12 – 6 = 6
18 = 18 6=6
Example 3:
x = 3y – 9 (equation 1)
-2y = 3x + 25 (equation 2)
Solution:
Write the two equations in standard form.
x – 3y = -9 (equation 1)
-3x – 2y = 25 (equation 2)
In equation 1, the system does not have like coefficients but a variable
has a 1 coefficient. Solve the system by multiplying equation 1 by the
coefficient of the like term in the other equation.
26

Multiply equation 1 by 3 and retain equation 2.

3(x – 3y = -9)
3x – 9y = -27
Add the equations to eliminate x.
3x – 9y = -27
-3x – 2y = 25
-11y = -2
2
y=
11
2
Substitute to y in x – 3y = -9.
11
⎛2⎞
x – 3 ⎜ ⎟ = -9
⎝ 11 ⎠
6
x– = -9
11
6
x = -9 +
11
93
x=-
11
Checking:
x = 3y – 9 -2y = 3x + 25
⎛ 93 ⎞ ⎛2⎞ ⎛2⎞ ⎛ 93 ⎞
⎜- ⎟ = 3 ⎜ ⎟ – 9 -2 ⎜ ⎟ = 3 ⎜ - ⎟ + 25
⎝ 11 ⎠ ⎝ 11 ⎠ ⎝ 11 ⎠ ⎝ 11 ⎠
93 6 4 279
- = –9 - =- + 25
11 11 11 11
93 6 99 4 279 275
- = – - =- +
11 11 11 11 11 11
93 93 4 4
- =- - =-
11 11 11 11
⎛ 93 2 ⎞
The solution is ⎜ − , ⎟.
⎝ 11 11 ⎠
Example 4:
{x3x==3y5y–+88 (equation 1)
(equation 2)
27

Solution:
x – 3y = -8
3x – 5y = -8
Multiply equation 1 by -3 and retain equation 2.
-3x + 9y = 24
3x – 5y = 8
4y = 32
y=8
Substitute 8 to y in equation 1.
x = 3y – 8
x = 3(8) – 8
x = 24 – 8
x = 16
Checking:
x = 3y – 8 3x = 5y + 8
16 = 3(8) – 8 3(16) = 5(8) + 8
16 = 24 – 8 48 = 40 + 8
16 = 16 48 = 48
Example 5:
7x – 5y = 2 (equation 1) (7x – 5y = 2) – 2
3x – 2y = 8 (equation 2) (3x – 2y = 8) 5
Solution:
Since we have different coefficients, we need to multiply both equations
to obtain like terms before eliminating. Multiply equation 1 by -2 and equation
2 by 5. Then, add the equations to eliminate y.
-14x + 10y = -4
15x – 10y = 40
x = 36
Substitute 36 to x in equation 1 or 2.
7x – 5y = 2
7(36) – 5y = 2
252 – 5y = 2
-5y = 2 – 252
-5y = -250
y = 50
28

Checking:
-14x + 10y = -4 15x – 10y = 40
-14(36) + 10(50) = -4 15(36) – 10(50) = 40
-504 + 500 = -4 540 – 500 = 40
-4 = -4 40 = 40
E XERCISES
A. Identify which variable is easier to eliminate. Write x or y on the blank.
1. 2x – 3y = 4 6. 3x – y – 11 = 0
2x + 4y = 1 3x + 2y + 4 = 0
2. 6x + y = 7 7. 5y – 6x = 0
5x – y = 4 7x – 5 = 5y
3. 10x + 2y = 13 8. 3x + 6y = 3y
-10x + 4y = 9 3y + 2x = 5
4. 4x + 8y = 12 9. 10x = -5x + y – 10
2x + 8y = 1 15x + 3y + 1 = 0
1
5. 8x – y = 10 10. 2x + 5 = x+y
2
8x + 3y = -6
3
5y + x =7
2
B. Find the solution of each system by using the elimination method.
1. 2x – y = -15 9. 3x + 2y = 7
x + y = 18 7x + 4y = 28
2. x – 3y = -2 10. 4x – 3y = 3
3x + 2y = 5 20x – 12y = 12
29

3. 6x + y = 6 11. x + 2y = -6
16x – 4y = -16 2x + 5y = -9
4. x – 5y = -18 12. 6(x + y) = 25

x + 7y = 6 3x + 2y = 10
5. 4x – 5y = 5 13. 16(x – y) = 14
4x + 5y = 3 8x + 3y = 5
6. 9x + 3y = 14 14. 5x – y = 4
-9x + 5y = 10 2x + 6y = 23
7. 5x = 3y - 4 15. -x + 6y = 18
2x = 3y + 11 -3x + y = 9
8. 4x – 2y = 2x – y 16. 7x – 3y = 18
6x – 4y = 9 + 4x x – 6y = 15
30

x y x y 1
17. + =6 19. + =
3 5 5 15 6
2x y
− =4 x+y=2
5 2
1 1 2
18. x − y =7 20. x − 3 y = −2
2 4 3
1 1
x− y = 12 x− y=6
2 3
1.6 SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING SYSTEMS

OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
Solving problems using two variables can be easily solved by analyzing
them carefully. It requires translation into mathematical language.
NUMBER RELATIONS
Find two numbers whose sum is 102. If we subtract the first number
from the second number, the result is 44.
Solution:
Let x = the first number
y = the second number
System of equations
x + y = 102 (equation 1)
y – x = 44 (equation 2)
Arrange the system of equation, then add.
y + x = 102
y – x = 44
2y = 146
y = 73
Substitute y = 73 in any of the equations.
x + y = 102
x + 73 = 102
x = 102 – 73
x = 29
31

Checking:
x + y = 102 y – x = 44
29 + 73 = 102 73 – 29 = 44
102 = 102 44 = 44
Answer: The numbers are 29 and 73.
AGE
Khent is 4 years older than Mharc. Two years ago, he was two times as
old as Mharc. What are their present ages?
Solution:
Let k = Khent’s present age
m = Mharc’s present age
k – 2 = Khent’s age two years ago
m – 2 = Mharc’s age two years ago
System of equations
k=4+m (equation 1)
k – 2 = 2 (m – 2) or k – 2m = -2 (equation 2)
Arrange the system of equations in standard form, then subtract.
k– m= 4
k – 2m = -2
m=6
Substitute m = 6 in any of the equations.
k=4+m
k=4+6
k = 10
Checking:
k=4+m k – 2 = 2 (m – 2)
10 = 4 + 6 10 – 2 = 2 (6 – 2)
10 = 10 8 = 2(4)
8=8
Answer: Khent is 10 years old and Mharc is 6 years old.
UNIFORM MOTION
An airplane bound for Bacolod City makes a flight in 45 minutes. The
return flight takes 1 hour and 3 minutes. The difference in speed is 200 km/hr.
If the distance (d = rt) for the two flights is the same, find the average speed
for each flight.
32

Solution:
Let x = the speed for the first flight
y = the speed for the return flight
3
45 min = h
4
21
1h and 3 min = h
20
Equations:
x – y = 200 (equation 1)
3 21
x= y (equation 2)
4 20
Solve for x in equation 2.
4 ⎛ 3 ⎞ 4 ⎛ 21 ⎞
⎜ x⎟ = ⎜ y⎟
3 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 20 ⎠
7
x= y
5
7
Substitute x = y in equation 1.
5
x – y = 200
7
y – y = 200
5
2
y = 200
5
5 ⎛2 ⎞ 5
⎜ y⎟ = (200)
2 ⎝5 ⎠ 2
y = 500 km/h
Substitute y = 500 in equation 1
x – y = 200
x – 500 = 200
x = 700 km/h
Checking:
3 21
x – y = 200 x= y
4 20
3 21
700 – 500 = 200 (700) = (500)
4 20
33

2100 10500
200 = 200 =
4 20
525 = 525
Answer: The speed for the first flight is 700 km/hr and the speed for
the return flight is 500 km/h.
GEOMETRIC RELATIONS
The difference of the measures of two angles is 15°. Twice the measure
of one angle is 75° less than the measure of the other. Find the measure of
the two angles.
Let x = the measure of the first angle
y = the measure of the second angle
2x = 75° – y (the relationship between the two angles)
Solution:
x – y = 15° (equation 1)
2x = 75° – y (equation 2)
Solve for x in terms of y in equation 1.
x = y + 15°
Substitute x = y + 15° in equation 2.
2(y + 15°) = 75° – y
2y + 30° = 75° – y
2y + y = 75° – 30°
3y = 45°
y = 15°
Substitute the value of y in any of the equations.
x – y = 15°
x – 15° = 15°
x = 30°
Checking:
x – y = 15 2x = 75 – y
30 – 15 = 15 2(30) = 75 – 15
15 = 15 60 = 60
Answer: The measure of the two angles are 15° and 30°.
MIXTURE
A 20% alcohol solution and a 50% alcohol solution must be combined to
make a 300 milliliters of a 40% solution alcohol. How many milliliters of each
solution should be mixed?
34

Solution:
Let x = the number of mL of 20% alcohol solution
y = the number of mL of 50% alcohol solution
Equations
x + y = 300 mL
0.2x + 0.5y = 0.4 (x + y)
Solve for x in equation 1.
x = 300 mL – y
Substitute x = 300 mL – y in equation 2.
0.2 (300mL – y) + 0.5y = 0.4 (300 mL – y + y)
0.2 (300 mL – y) + 0.5 y = 0.4 (300 mL)
Multiply both sides by 10, then solve.
2 (300 mL – y) + 5y = 4 (300 mL)
600 mL – 2y + 5y = 1,200 mL
3y = 600 mL
y = 200 mL
Substitute y = 200 mL in equation 1.
x + y = 300 mL
x + 200 mL = 300 mL
x = 100 mL
Answer: 100 mL of 20% alcohol solution and 200 mL of 50% alcohol
solution should be mixed to make a 300 mL of a 40% solution alcohol.
INVESTMENT
Robielyn and Maricris invested money at 8% per year. Maricris invested
5,000 more than Robielyn. Their combined annual income from the
investment was 8,500 a year. How much did each invest?
Solution:
Let x = the amount invested by Robielyn
y = the amount invested by Maricris
Equations
y = x + 5,000 (equation 1)
0.08x + 0.08y = 8,500 (equation 2)
Substitute y = x + 5,000 in equation 2.
0.08x + 0.08 (x + 5,000) = 8,500
35

Multiply both sides by 100.

8x + 8 (x + 5,000) = 850,000
8x + 8x + 40,000 = 850,000
16x = 850,000 – 40,000
16x = 810,000
x = 50,625
Substitute x = 50,625 in equation 1.
y = 50,625 + 5,000
y = 55,625
Checking:
y = x + 5,000 0.08x + 0.08y = 8,500
55,625 = 50,625 + 5,000 0.08(50,625) + 0.08(55,625) = 8,500
55,625 = 55,625 4,050 + 4,450 = 8,500
8,500 = 8,500
Answer: Robielyn invested 50,625 and Maricris invested 55,625.
WORK
Bobby and Banban can finish painting a house in 9 days. Bobby can do
one and a half times as much work as Banban. How long it will take each of
them finish the work alone?
Solution:
Let x = the number of days Bobby can do the work alone
y = the number of days Banban can do the work alone
1
= part of the work done by Bobby in one day
x
1
= part of the work done by Banban in one day
y
Equations
1 1 1
+ = (equation 1)
x y 9
1⎛1 ⎞ 1
1 ⎜ ⎟= (equation 2)
2⎝ y⎠ x
36

Arrange the equation, then add.

1 1 1
+ =
x y 9
1 3
− + =0
x 2y
5 1
=
2y 9
45 = 2y
45
y=
2
45
Substitute y = to equation 1.
2
1 1 1
+ =
x y 9
1 1 1
+ =
x ⎛ 45⎞ 9
⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
1 2 1
+ =
x 45 9
1 1 2
= –
x 9 45
1 3
=
x 45
45 = 3x
15 = x
Checking:
1 1 1 1 ⎛1⎞ 1
+ = 1 ⎜ ⎟ =
x y 9 2 ⎝ y⎠ x
⎛ ⎞
1 1 1 3⎜ 1 ⎟ 1
+ 45 = ⎜ ⎟ =
15 9 2 ⎜ 45 ⎟ 15
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
37

1 1
1 2 1 3 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 1
+ = ⎜ ⎟ =
15 45 9 2 ⎝ 45 ⎠ 15
1 15
⎡1 2 1⎤ 1 1
⎢⎣15 + 45 = 9 ⎥⎦ 45 =
15 15
3(1) + 1(2) = 5(1)
3+2=5
5=5
45
Answer: Bobby can finish the work alone in 15 days and Banban in
2
1
or 22 days.
2
E XERCISES
A. Read the problem carefully and write what is asked.
Roberto bought 10 avocados and 3 mangoes for 94.00 while Rustan
bought 5 avocados and 4 mangoes for 79.50. How much did each avocado
and each mango cost?
1. Represent the cost of 1 avocado and 1 mango by a variable.
2. Represent the cost of 10 avocados and 5 avocados.
3. Represent the cost of 3 mangoes and 4 mangoes.
4. Write two equations in two variables that can represent the

problem.
38

5. Using the two equations, solve the system by elimination.
6. Express the final answer in terms of pesos.
B. Solve the following problems:

1. Kim bought 5 erasers and 7 pencils and paid a total of 95.75. Rica
purchased 3 erasers and 4 pencils and paid 55.50. Find the cost
for one eraser and one pencil.
2. The sum of two numbers is 128. The larger number is 8 more than
the smaller number. Find the numbers.
3. Andrie’s father is 8 times as old as Andrie. Two years ago, he was

15 times as old as Andrie. What are their ages?
4. The length of a rectangle is thrice more than the width. The

perimeter is 88 cm. What is the area?
5. Analiza and Arlyn can finish an embroidered tablecloth in 15 days.

Arlyn can do twice as much work as Analiza. How long will it take
them to finish the job alone?
39

6. The sum of the measures of two angles is 174°. Twice the measure
of one angle is 12° less than the measure of the other. What is the
measure of each of the two angles?
7. How many mL of each of 45% solution and a 15% solution should be

mixed in order to obtain 25 mL of a 30% solution?
8. What is the speed of the boat and the total distance traveled in still
water if it can move 30 kph downstream in two hours? The return
trip upstream took 3 hours.
9. Cresencia invested money at 7% per year in two banks. She invested

3,500 more in another bank. If her combined income from the
investments was 750 a year, how much did she invest in each bank?
10. In 9 years, the ratio of Bert’s age to his son Noel will be 5:3. If the
difference of their ages is 23, how old are they now?
11. The sum of two numbers is 77. One number is 9 more than the other.
Find the larger number.
40

12. The difference of two numbers is 96 and their sum is 300. Find the
numbers.
13. Jeckieve, a medical technologist student has two antiseptic that

are 45% and 65% alcohol. He would like to make 25 liters of 57%
alcohol solution. How many liters of each antiseptic solutions
should he use?
14. Jigger and Lucky finished a job together in 15 days. But when
Lucky joined Jigger only after he worked for 12 days, they finished
the same job in 6 days more. How many days can each of them finish
the job alone?
15. An airplane bound for Negros Occidental flies 720 km with the wind
for hour. The return trip takes 1 hour against the wind. What is the
speed of the wind and the airspeed of the plane?
16. Three years ago, Julie was thrice as old as Jangjang. Three years
from this time, she will be twice as old. What are their present
ages?
17. The perimeter of a rectangle is 270 meters. Find its dimension if

3
the width is of its length.
4
41

18. Bombom paid 1,188.00 for 3 kilograms of fish and 5 kilograms of

meat while Nene paid 1,488.00 for 8 kilograms of fish and 4
kilograms of meat. How much does a kilogram of fish and a kilogram
of meat cost?
19. Seven times the measure of one angle is 50 less than the measure of
the other angle. If the sum of their measures is 270°, what is the
measure of each angle?
20. Tita Sally invested 50,000.00. Annually, part of the amount gets
25% interest and the remaining amounts gets 33%. She gets
15,600.00 a year on this investment. How much did she invest at
each rate?
1.7 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR INEQUALITIES

IN TWO VARIABLES
In this lesson, we will find the solution set to systems of linear
inequalities in two variables.
Graphing is the best method to use because system of inequalities have
sometimes limitless or endless number of solutions.
Procedure in Solving System

of Linear Inequalities Graphically
a. Using any method (slope-intercept form, x- and y-intercept, table of
values, etc.), draw the line that corresponds to each inequality. Broken
line is used for > or < and solid line for ≥ or ≤ .
b. For the first inequality, shade the half plane representing its solution.
Graph the second inequality, half plane also on the same cartesian plane.
(You can use two colors to determine the different half-planes)
c. The double-shaded part is the solution of the system.
Example 1:
Solve for the solution of the following systems of inequalities by graphing.
x+y>3
y – 2x < 4
42

Solution:
To solve it easily, first replace the inequality by an equal sign and graph
the result of an equation using any method. After graphing, shade half of the
plane whose coordinates satisfy the inequality.
For x + y > 3
x+y=3
y = -x + 3 (slope-intercept form )
m = -1 y
b=3
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8
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
7
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
6
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
5
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
4
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
3
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
2
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
-8 -7 -6 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-5123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345 x
-1
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
-2
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
-3
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
-4
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
-5
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
-6
For y – 2x < 4
y – 2x = 4 y
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
y = 2x + 4 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
7
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
m=2 6
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
b=4 5
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
4
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
3
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
2
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 8 x
-1
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
-2
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
-3
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
-4
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
-5
43

The graph of the inequality in the form y > mx + b is an open half-plane

above the line. If y < mx + b, the graph is an open half plane below the line.
Graph of the system of linear inequalities
x + y > 3 and y – 2x < 4
y
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
7
12345678901234567890123456789012
x + y > 3 12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
6
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
5
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
4
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
3
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123
2
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
1
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-8 -7 -612345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123 8 x
-1
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
-2
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
-3
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
-4
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
y – 2x < 4
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
-5
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
-6
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567
Broken lines signify that points on these lines are not solutions of
equality. The solution of the system is the double-shaded part excluding the
points on the broken lines.
The system has infinite number of solutions. The ordered pairs (5, 3),
(7, -2), (4, 8) and many others are solutions of both inequalities x + y > 3 and
y – 2x < 4.
Example 2:
y ≤ 2x + 8
x + 4y ≥ 4
Solution:
First, graph the inequality y ≤ 2x + 8 by graphing first y = 2x + 8 using a
solid line. The form of the inequality is y ≤ mx + b, the graph is a closed half-
plane below the line. Shade the region using vertical lines. Next, graph
x + 4y ≥ 4 by graphing x + 4y = 4 using a solid line. Since the inequality is in
the form of y ≥ mx + b, the graph is a closed half-plane above the line. Shade
the region using horizontal lines.
44

y
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
10
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
9
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
8
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
7
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
6
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
5
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
4
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
3
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
2
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
1
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
x + 4y ≥ 4
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-10 -9 -8 -712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
x
-1
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
-2
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
-3
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
-4
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
-5
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
y ≤
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
2x + 8
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
-6
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
The double-shaded part including the points on the boundary lines are
the solutions of the given inequalities. Some of these are (0, 1), (2, 3), (5, 10),
and many others.
A solid line signifies that the boundary line is a part of the solution.
Another way of finding the solutions is by using the point of origin (0, 0) as
a test point. If you find that it is a solution, shade all point on that side of the
line. If it is not a solution, shade all the points that does not contain (0, 0).
Example 3:
5y + x < -15
y
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
10y + 2x ≥ 20 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
4
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
Solution: 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
3 10y + 2
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
x ≥ 20
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
2
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
-1
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
-2
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
5y + x -3
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
< -15
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
-4
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
45

The system of the given inequalities has no solution because the lines
are parallel and the graphs do not contain intersection.
Example 4:
St. Augustine’s gym can seat up to 750 students. Graph a system of
inequalities that shows the possible number of male and female students in
the gym.
Solution:
Let x = the number of female students
y = the number of male students
The situation is best described by the following set of inequalities:
x + y ≤ 750 y
x ≥ 0 800
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
y ≥ 0 700
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
600
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
500
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
400
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
300
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
200
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
100
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345 x
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
The graph is not valid for negative values. The solution set in the problem
is the result of the intersection of the solution sets of the different inequalities:
x + y ≤ 750, x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0.
Example 5:
A kilo of commercial rice is 36.00 and an NFA rice costs 18.75. Draw
a graph to describe the variety of rice you could buy for 1,350.00 or less.
Solution:
Let x = the number of kilo for commercial rice
y = the number of kilo for NFA rice
Set of inequalities:
36x + 18.75y ≤ 1,350
x ≥ 0
y ≥ 0
46

80
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70
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60
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50
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40
123456789012345678
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30
123456789012345678
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20
123456789012345678
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10
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x
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
The solution set of the system consists of all the points whose coordinates
satisfy all the three inequalities.
E XERCISES
A. Write true on the blank if the given point is a solution of the given
system of inequalities and false if it is not.
1. (1, 1) 6. (-1, 1)
x + 3y ≤ 6 4x – 2y ≤ -4
2x – y < 5 -2x -2 ≥ y
2. (3, -2) 7. (5, -3)

x–y ≥ 4 2x – y ≥ 3
2x + 2y > 5 x ≤ 5
3. (-1, -2) 8. (-3, 3)

y<x+3 x ≥ -1
y>x–4 y ≤ 4x + 1
4. (0, 6) 9. (-4, 3)
2x – y > -5 x < -2
2x + 4y ≥ 7 y>3
5. (-2, 2) 10. (-7, 0)

2x – y ≤ 1 -4x – 2y -1 ≥ 0
2x + y ≤ 8 x – 2y + 3 ≤ 0
47

B. Draw the graph of the following inequalities: (Use graphing paper)

1. y ≥ 3x – 5 6. y > 4x + 7
2. x+y ≤ 3 7. x + y < -4
3. 3x + 2y > 6 8. x + 3y ≥ 9
4. 4x + 2y ≤ 8 9. 6x – y ≤ 12
5. x + 5y < 5 10. x – 9y < 9
C. Graph the solution set of each of the following systems of inequalities

on a graphing paper and write 3 ordered pairs that satisfy the systems.
1. 3x – y < 0 9. 3x + y > 0
x + 3y < 5 x+y ≤ 5
2. 2x – y > -2 10. x + y – 4 ≤ 0
1
2x + 6y > 4 y<
x +3
2
3. x+y>7 11. 6x + 2y < 14
x–y>7 x+y<5
4. x+y ≥ 6 12. 10x + 4y ≥ 10
x + y ≥ -1 4x + 5y ≥ 20
5. x + 4y ≤ 4 13. 4x – 2y – 15 > 0
2x – 8y ≤ 2 3x – 4y – 4 < 0
6. x + 2y ≥ 8 14. 4x + 2y ≥ 10
4x – 2y < 16 5x – y – 2 ≤ 0
7. 3x + 6y + 2 > 1 15. 3x + 4y ≤ 13
x – 3y + 2 ≤ -2 7x – 2y > 14
8. x + 2y < 10
2x – y > 0
E NRICHMENT A CTIVITIES
A. What number should replace the question mark?
58 223 92
5 67 16 ? 23 483
48

B. Solid Construction
1. Plot the following points in a plane:
A (-2, 8) H (-2, 0)
B (2, 8) I (2, 0)
C (-6, 4) J (6, 0)
D (-2, 4) K (-2, -4)
E (2, 4) L (2, -4)
F (6, 4) M (-2, -8)
G (-6, 0) N (2, -8)
2. Draw full lines between A and B, A and D, C and D, C and G, G and

H, H and M, M and N, I and N, I and J, F and J, E and F, and B and
E.
3. Draw broken lines between D and E, H and I, and K and L.
4. Cut along the full lines.
5. Fold along the dotted lines to form the figure.
6. Paste strips of paper along the edges.
What solid have you formed?
49

CHAPTER TEST
I. Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank.
1. In what quadrant is (-3, 5) found?
a. I c. III
b. II d. IV
2. Which of the following ordered pairs lies on the x-axis?
a. (-5, 0) c. (2, 1)
b. (0, -5) d. (-3, 6)
3. Determine the x-intercept of x – 4y = 2.
a. 2 c. 4
b. -2 d. -4
4. The y-intercept of the line 2x + 2y + 8 = 0 is:
a. -4 c. 8
b. 2 d. 0
5. Which of the following ordered pairs is a solution of the
equation 7x + y = -12?
a. (12, -7) c. (9, -3)
b. (7, -12) d. (-3, 9)
6. Which system is inconsistent?
a. 3y = 6x + 15 c. y – 2x = 4
y – 7x – 3 = 0 2y = 4x + 6
b. y + x = 3 d. x = -5y + 3
y + 4x = 1 y = 3x + 4
7. Which of the following is parallel to 3x – 3y = 12?
a. y = x – 4 c. y = -x + 12
b. 2x + 7 = 5y d. y – 3x = 9
8. The slope of the line 5x – 3y + 6 = 0 is:
3 5
a. - c. -
5 3
3 5
b. d.
5 3
9. Which ordered pair belong to the set of inequality 2x – y < 4.
a. (4, -3) c. (0, -5)
b. (3, 1) d. (5, 2)
10. The solution set of 3x + 4y + 2 ≥ 0 include:
a. (2,-4) c. (-3, -1)
b. (2, -2) d. (6, -6)
50

II. Problem Solving: Write the complete solution for the following problems:
1. The sum of a two-digit number is 15. The digit is 3 less than the
tens digit. Find the number.
2. Ces made a withdrawal of 575 consisting of five-peso coins and

twenty-peso bills. If there were 21 bills in all, how many fives and
how many twenties were in her withdrawal?
3. Two jeepneys travel toward each other from two points 350 km
apart. The two jeepneys meet in 3 h. What is the average speed of
each jeepney if one jeepney travels 10 kph faster than the other?
(d = rt)
III. Solve each system of linear equation by:

1. Substitution method
2x – 3y = 9
x=y+6
2. Elimination method
4y – 16x + 4 = 0
y = 4x + 3
51

3. Graphing method
6x + 3y = 5
4x – 2y – 4 = 0
IV. Graph the following systems of inequalities:

1. x – 3y > 5
y<x+3
52

2. 3x – 4y ≥ 7
3x ≤ 4y + 7
3. x + 4y ≤ 4
5x – y > 6
53

Chapter II
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Introduction
2.1 Identifying Quadratic Equations in One Variable
2.2 Square Root Property
2.3 Solution by Factoring Method
2.4 Solution by Completing the Square
2.5 Solution by the Quadratic Formula
2.6 Solving Problem Involving Quadratic Equations
Chapter Test
INTRODUCTION
In our study of Mathematics, our
knowledge and understanding about
A French mathematician
the manipulation of equations is very
who did original
important. Solving problem with very research in the solution
little effort is a challenge. of algebraic equations.
Quadratic equations have many He is also the founder of
applications in our real-life situation. Evariate Galcis the theory of groups.
In this chapter, we will take the (1811-1832)
challenge in solving problems and
manipulating equations by analyzing
the problem well to come up with the correct equations.
2.1 IDENTIFYING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

IN ONE VARIABLE
Quadratic equation is an equation that contains a second-degree
polynomial. The word quadratic is derived from the Latin word “quadratus”
which means “squared.”
The standard form of quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b,
and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0.
The following are quadratic equations in x.
3x2 – 2x + 1 = 0
x = x2 – 2x – 6
54

Chapter II – Quadratic Equations
x2 + 6x = 5
2 (x – 1)2 + 1 = 0
(x + 1 ) (x – 1)=0
Example 1:
Express the equation x2 – 2x = 6x – x2 + 3 in standard form.
Solution:
Use addition property to solve the problem.
x2 + x2 – 2x – 6x – 3 = 0
2x2 – 8x – 3 = 0
Example 2:
Determine a, b, and c in the equation (4x – 3)2 = (3x – 1)2.
Solution:
Transform the equation in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0.
(4x – 3)2 = (3x – 1)2
16x2 – 24x + 9 = 9x2 – 6x + 1 Squaring the binomial
7x – 18x + 8 = 0
2
Addition property
Answer: a = 7, b = -18, c = 8
Example 3:
Transform the following equations in standard form and identify the
constants a, b, and c.
12 x 2 + 16
1. = 9x
4
2. (x – 7) (x + 7) = 3 – 5x
Solution:
12x2 + 16
1. = 9x
4
3x2 + 4 = 9x Divide the left side of the equation by 4.
3x – 9x + 4 = 0
2
Transpose 9x.
Therefore, a = 3, b = -9, and c = 4.
2. (x – 7)(x + 7) = 3 – 5x
x2 – 49 = 3 – 5x
x2 + 5x – 49 – 3 = 0
x2 + 5x – 52 = 0
Therefore, a = 1, b = 5, and c = -52.
55

E XERCISES
A. Write the standard form of the following quadratic equations:
1. x2 – x = 3
2. x = 5 – x2
3. x + x2 = 3
4. 2x – 2x2 = 1 + 3x2
5. 6x2 – 4x = 5x + 9
6. x2 = x + 2
1
7. x2 = 5x + 2x2 +
3
2
8. + x2 = 3x – 2
5
9. (3x2 – 4) + (4x2 – x) = 0
10. (7x2 – 3x + 2) – (4x2 – 7x + 1) = 0
11. 0 = -7x2 + 28x + 4
12. 3x2 = -4x
13. -17x2 + 34x = 0
56

14. 2 = 5x2 – 20x
15. 3x2 -12x – 7 – 3 = 0
16. 3x2 + 2x2 – 10x = 8
17. 5x2 – 20x + x2 = x + 1
18. 2x2 – 10x + 10x = 7
19. 7x2 – 28x = 5 + 9 – x2
1 3 1
20. 8x2 – 16x + + =
4 2 6
B. Identify a, b, and c in the following equations:
1. 7x2 = 5x + 11
2. 10x + x2 = 1 – 3x + 2x2
3. 8 + 9 + 4x = 3x2
4. (x + 11 + x2) – (5x + 3) = 0
5. (12x2 + 3x + 7) + (17 – x2) = 0
6. (x2 + 5x + 6)(2) = 0
7. (x + 3)2 = -6
8. 3(x – 4)2 + 7 = 0
57

9. -5x (2x) = 3x + 5
16x2 +1
10. =8
8
11. 2x2 – 4x – 16 = 0
12. x(x – 6) = 32
13. 25x2 = 5
14. 2(x2 + 8) = 14x
15. 5x2 + 7 = 19x
16. 5x2 = 3x
x
17. + 4 = x2 + 3
2
18. 3x(x + 1) = 9
19. x(7x – 2) = 0
1
20. x + 5 + 4 = x2
5
58

2.2 SQUARE ROOT PROPERTY

This property is used to solve quadratic equations of the form x2 = n.
If x2 = n, then x = ± n.
Examples:
Solve the following equations using the square root property:
1. x2 – 81 = 0
Solution:
Add 81 to both sides of the equation, then use the square root property
and simplify the square root.
x2 – 81 = 0
x2 = 81
x=± 81
x=±9
Answer: x = 9 and x = -9
Checking:
x=9 x = -9
9 – 81 = 0
2
(-9)2 – 81 = 0
81 – 81 = 0 81 – 81 = 0
0 = 0 True 0 = 0 True
2. x2 – 17 = 0
x2 = 17
x=± 17
Answer: x = 17 and x = - 17
3. 3x – 6 = 90
2
3x2 = 96
Divide both sides of the equation by 3.
x2 = 32
x=± 32
x=±4 2
Answer: x = 4 2 and x = -4 2
59

4. 6 (x2 – 9) = 0
6x2 – 54 = 0
6x2 = 54
6x 2 54
=
6 6
x2 = 9
x=± 9
x=±3
E XERCISES
A. Solve the following equations.
1. x2 = 400 11. x2 = 144
2. x2 = 196 12. x2 = 100
3. 6x2 = 216 13. x2 = 1
4. x2 = 70 14. x2 – 225 = 0
5. x2 = 112 15. x2 – 20 = 29
6. x2 = 324 16. x2 – 50 = 0
7. x2 = 625 17. x2 – 15 = 0
8. 4x2 – 64 = 0 18. 4x2 – 36 = 0
9. 7x2 – 175 = 0 19. 7x2 = 72 + 5
10. x(3x) = 33 20. 2x2 = 61
60

B. Solve the following quadratic equations, then check.

1. 2x2 = 288
2. 5x2 = 500
3. 6x2 = 6
4. x2 – 25 = 0
5. x2 – 20 = 29
6. x2 – 50 = 0
7. x2 – 15 = 0
8. 4x2 – 36 = 0
61

9. 7x2 = 72 + 5
10. 2x2 = 61
11. (6x – 7)(6x + 7) = 0
12. (x – 3)(x + 3) = 2
13. 5(x2 – 8) = 0
14. 9(x2 – 9) = 162
15. x(x) – 4 = 21
16. (x – 1)2 – 4 = 0
62

17. 6x2 – 16 = 8
18. 2(x2 – 6x + 9) – 18 = 0
19. x2 – 18 = 0
20. 2x2 + 3 = 51
2.3 SOLUTION BY FACTORING METHOD

Factoring process is used to find the missing numbers or expressions in
a known product. In solving quadratic equations by factoring, use the fact
that if the product of two factors is equal to zero, then either of the factors is
equal to zero.
Examples:
Solve the following equations by factoring:
a. x2 + 2x = 24
b. x2 = 11x – 30
c. 6x2 = 3 – 7x
d. x(x2 + 5x + 4) = x3 + 12
Solution:
Write the given equation in standard form. Factor the resulting trinomial.
Then, apply the zero property.
a. x2 + 2x = 24
x2 + 2x – 24 = 0 Transpose 24.
(x + 6) (x – 4) = 0 Factor the quadratic trinomial.
x + 6 = 0 and x – 4 = 0 Equate each factor to zero.
x = -6 and x = 4 Solve for the roots.
63

Checking:
For x = -6
x2 + 2x = 24
(-6)2 + 2 (-6) = 24
36 – 12 = 24
24 = 24 True
For x = 4
x2 + 2x = 24
(4)2 + 2 (4) = 24
16 + 8 = 24
24 = 24 True
b. x2 = 11x – 30
x2 – 11x + 30 = 0
(x – 6)(x – 5) = 0
x – 6 = 0 and x – 5 = 0
x = 6 and x = 5
c. 6x2 = 3 – 7x
6x2 + 7x – 3 = 0
(2x + 3)(3x – 1) = 0 Transpose 3 – 7x.
2x + 3 = 0 and 3x – 1 = 0 Factor the quadratic trinomial.
Equate each factor to zero.
3 1
x = - and x = Solve for the roots.
2 3
d. x(x2 + 5x + 4) = x3 + 12
x3 + 5x2 + 4x = x3 + 12
x3 – x3 + 5x2 + 4x – 12 = 0
Transpose x3 + 12x.
5x + 4x – 12 = 0
2
Collect like terms.
(5x – 6)(x + 2) = 0 Simplify the equation.
5x – 6 = 0 and x + 2 = 0 Factor the quadratic trinomial.
Equate each factor to zero.
6
x= and x = - 2 Solve for the roots.
5
64

E XERCISES
A. Find the roots of each equation.
1. 15x2 + 30x = 0
2. 4x2 = 2x
3. 16x2 – 8x – 15 = 0
4. x2 + 5x – 6 = 0
5. x2 = -4x
6. 2x2 + 8x = 0
7. 6x2 + 2x = 0
65

8. 2x2 + 10x + 8 = 0
9. 12x2 – 25x – 7 = 0
10. 3x2 – 11x – 4 = 0
B. Solve each quadratic equation by factoring.

1. x2 – 3x = 28
2. x2 = 5x
3. x2 = -42 – 13x
4. x2 – 15x + 50 = 0
5. x2 = 7x + 8
66

6. x2 + 10x = 24
7. x2 = 12x + 13
8. x2 + 7x = 0
9. 6x2 + 13x = -6
10. 7x2 = 20x – 13
11. 2(20x2 + 37x – 18) = 0
12. (3x2 + 11x) 2 = -16
10x 2
13. = 59x + 12
5
67

14. 3(3x2) + 2 (13x) = 3
22x 2 − 24 x + 2
15. =0
2
16. x2 – x = 30
17. x2 – 14x + 49 = 0
18. x2 – 2x = 8
19. 10x2 – 20x = 0
20. 2x2 – 32x + 126 = 0
2.4 SOLUTION BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE

Some quadratic equations cannot be solved by other methods. The method
of completing the square is employed to solve quadratic equations whether
it is factorable or not. The purpose of this method is to produce a perfect
square trinomial on the left side of the equation. If a trinomial is a perfect
square, then it can be factored more quickly.
68

Examples:
Make the following equations a perfect square trinomial, then factor
the result.
1. x2 – 8x
5
2. x2 + x
3
Solution:
Making an expression of the form x2 + bx a perfect square trinomial, add
2
⎛1 ⎞
⎜ 2 b⎟ .
⎝ ⎠
1. x2 – 8x
The coefficient of x is -8. One half of it is -4, and the square of -4 is
16. Add 16 to x2 – 8x to make it a perfect square trinomial.
b=-8
1 ⎛1 ⎞
b = -8 ⎜ ⎟ = -4
2 ⎝ 2⎠
2
⎛1 ⎞
⎜ 2 b ⎟ = (- 4) = 16
2
⎝ ⎠
x2 – 8x + 16 = (x – 4)2
5
2. x2 + x
3
5
b=
3
1 5 ⎛1 ⎞ 5
b = ⎜ ⎟=
2 3 ⎝2⎠ 6
2 2
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛5⎞ 25
⎜ 2 b ⎟ = ⎜ 6 ⎟ = 36
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2
5 25 ⎛ 5⎞
x + x+
2
= ⎜x + ⎟
3 36 ⎝ 6⎠
Determine the solution by completing the square.
3. x2 + 8x – 20 = 0
4. 2x2 + x – 10 = 0
5. x2 + 2x = -3
69

Solution:
Follow the steps below in solving quadratic equations by completing the
square.
• Transpose the constant to the right side of the equation. If the coefficient
of x2 ≠ 1, divide both members by that coefficient.
• Make the left side a perfect square trinomial.
• Factor the perfect square trinomial and simplify the right side of the
equation.
• Extract the square roots of both sides.
• Solve for x.
3. x2 + 8x – 20 = 0
x2 + 8x = 20
x2 + 8x + 16 = 20 + 16
(x + 4)2 = 36
x+4=±6
x = -4 + 6 = 2 and
x = -4 – 6 = -10
4. 2x2 + x – 10 = 0
2x2 + x = 10
1
x2 + x=5
2
1 1 1
x2 + x+ =5+
2 16 16
2
⎛ 1⎞ 81
⎜x + 4 ⎟ =
⎝ ⎠ 16
1 9
x+ =±
4 4
1 9
x=- ±
4 4
1 9
x= - + = 2 and
4 4
1 9 5 5
x= - – = - Answer: x = 2 and x = -
4 4 2 2
70

5. x2 + 2x = -3 is an example of a quadratic equation with imaginary

number solutions.
The imaginary number i is a number whose square root is -1. In

symbols,
i= −1
i = -1
for instance,
-36 = 36 ( -1) = 36 -1 = 6i
-24 = 24 ( -1) = 24 -1 = 2i 6
-13 = 13 ( -1) = 13 -1 = i 11
x2 + 2x = -3
x2 + 2x + 1 = -3 + 1
(x + 1)2 = -2
x + 1 = ± -2
x + 1 = ±i 2
x = ±i 2 − 1
E XERCISES
A. Make the following expressions a perfect square trinomial. Then, factor
the result.
1. x2 + 2x 5. x2 + 16x
2. x2 – 4x 6. x2 – 15x
3. x2 – x 7. x2 + x
1
4. x2 – x 8. x2 – 20x
7
71

2
9. x2 + x 15. x2 – 7x
9
10. x2 + 13x 16. x2 – x
11. x2 + 3x 17. x2 + 8x
5
12. x2 + x 18. x2 + 18x
2
3 1
13. x2 – x 19. x2 – x
8 9
9
14. x2 – x 20. x2 – 40x
5
B. Solve each of the following equations by completing the square:

1. x2 + x + 30 = 0 11. 2x2 + 5x = 6
2. x2 = 35 + 2x 12. -4x2 + 6x = 9
3. x2 = 8x – 25 13. x2 + 2x – 15 = 0
72

4. 12x2 = -8x 14. x2 = 10x – 9
5. 2x2 + x = 10 15. -2x2 = -6x – 7
6. x2 – 6x = -13 16. x2 + 6x + 20 = 0
7. x2 + 3x = -4 17. 2x2 + 4x + 16 = 0
8. 7x2 = 5x 18. x2 + 12x + 24 = 0
9. 4x2 = 16x + 13 19. 2x2 – 20x + 18 = 0
10. 3x2 – 5x – 4 = 0 20. x2 = -6x – 40
73

2.5 SOLUTION BY THE QUADRATIC FORMULA

Quadratic formula can be used to find the solution set of the quadratic
equation. It can be obtained by substituting the numbers that correspond to
the constants a, b, and c. The derivation of the quadratic formula consists of
solving for x in ax2 + bx + c = 0 by completing the square method.
Derivation of Quadratic Formula

ax2 + bx + c = 0
ax2 + bx = -c (Subtract c from both sides of the equations)
bx c
x2 + =- (Divide both sides by a)
a a
2 2
bx ⎛ b ⎞ c ⎛ b ⎞
x +
2
+⎜ ⎟ =- + ⎜ (Make the left side a perfect square
a ⎝ 2a ⎠ a ⎝ 2a ⎟⎠
trinomial)
2
⎛ b ⎞ b2 − 4ac
⎜ x + = (Factor the left side of the equations and simplify
⎝ 2a ⎟⎠ 4a2 the right side)
b b2 − 4ac
x=- ± (Extract the square roots of booth sides and
2a 2a solve for x)
-b ± b2 − 4 ac
x=
2a
Steps in using the quadratic formula:

1. Write the equation in its standard form
(ax2 + bx + c = 0).
2. Write the numerical values of the coefficient.
a, b, and c.
3. Substitute the numerical values for a, b, and c in the quadratic formula
⎛ -b ± b 2 − 4ac ⎞
⎜x= ⎟
⎜ 2a ⎟
⎝ ⎠
4. Solve the equation.
5. Check your answer by substituting the two values of x in the original
equation.
74

Examples:
Solve for x in the following equations using the quadratic formula:
1. x2 + 8x + 12 = 0
2. 4x2 = 12x – 5
3. 2x2 = -7x – 3
4. (2x + 7) (x – 1) = -3
Solutions:
1. x2 + 8x + 12 = 0
a=1
b=8
c = 12
-b ± b2 − 4 ac
x=
2a
-8 ± 82 − 4(1)(12)
x=
2(1)
-8 ± 64 − 48
x=
2
-8 ± 16
x=
2
-8 ± 4
x=
2
-8 + 4 -8 − 4
x= and x =
2 2
x = -2 and x = -6
Checking:
If x = -2 If x = -6
x2 + 8x + 12 = 0 x2 + 8x + 12 = 0
(-2)2 + 8(-2) + 12 = 0 (-6)2 + 8(-6) + 12 = 0
4 – 16 + 12 = 0 36 – 48 + 12 = 0
-12 + 12 = 0 -12 + 12 = 0
0=0 0=0
2. 4x2 = 12x – 5
4x2 – 12x + 5 = 0
a=4
b = -12
c=5
75

-b ± b2 − 4 ac
x=
2a
-(-12) ± (-12) 2 − 4(4)(5)

x=
2 (4)
12 ± 144 − 80
x=
8
12 ± 64
x=
8
12 ± 8
x=
8
12 + 8 12 − 8
x= and x=
8 8
5 1
x= and x =
2 2
Checking:
5 1
If x = If x =
2 2
4x2 = 12x – 5 4x2 = 12x – 5
2 2
⎛5⎞ ⎛5⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
4 ⎜ ⎟ = 12 ⎜ ⎟ – 5 4 ⎜ ⎟ = 12 ⎜ ⎟ – 5
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
⎛ 25 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 12
4 ⎜ ⎟ = 60 – 5 4⎜ ⎟ = –5
⎝ 4 ⎠ 2 4
⎝ ⎠ 2
60 10 12 10
25 = – 1= –
2 2 2 2
50 2
25 = 1=
2 2
25 = 25 1=1
3. 2x2 = -7x – 3
2x2 + 7x + 3 = 0
a=2
b=7
c=3
-b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
76

−7 ± 72 − 4(2)(3)
x=
2(2)
−7 ± 49 − 24
x=
4
−7 ± 25
x=
4
-7 + 5 −7 − 5
x= and x=
4 4
−2 −12
x= and x=
4 4
1
x=- and x=-3
2
Checking:
1
If + x = - If x = -3
2
2x2 = -7x – 3 2x2 = -7(-3) – 3
2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
2 ⎜ - ⎟ = -7 ⎜ - ⎟ – 3 2(-3)2 = -7(-3) – 3
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎛1 ⎞ 7
2⎜ 4 ⎟ = –3 2(9) = 21 – 3
⎝ ⎠ 2
2 7 6
= – 18 = 18
4 2 2
1 1
=
2 2
4. (2x + 7)(x – 1) = -3
2x2 + 5x – 7 = -3
2x2 + 5x – 7 + 3 = 0
2x2 + 5x – 4 = 0
a=2
b=5
c = -4
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
−5 ± 52 − 4(2)( −4)
x=
2(2)
77

−5 ± 25 − 4( −8)
x=
4
−5 ± 25 + 32
x=
4
−5 ± 57
x=
4
−5 + 57 −5 − 57
x= and x=
4 4
Checking:
-5 + 57
If x =
4
(2x + 7)(x – 1) = -3
⎡ ⎛ -5+ 57 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ -5+ 57 ⎤
⎢2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 7 ⎥ ⎢ − 1⎥ = -3
⎢⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 4 ⎦
⎛ -5+ 57 ⎞ ⎛ -5+ 57 ⎞
⎜⎜ + 7⎟ ⎜ − 1 ⎟ = -3
2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ -5 + 5 7 + 1 4 ⎞ ⎛ -5 + 57 − 4 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = -3
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ 9+ 57 ⎞ ⎛ -9+ 57 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = -3
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
-24
= -3
8
-3 = -3
-5 − 57
If x =
4
(2x + 7)(x – 1) = -3
⎡ ⎛ -5 − 57 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ -5 − 57 ⎤
⎢2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 7 ⎥ ⎢ −1⎥ = -3
⎢⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 4 ⎦
⎛ -5 − 57 ⎞ ⎛ -5 − 57 ⎞
⎜⎜ + 7⎟ ⎜⎜ −1⎟ = -3
2 ⎟ 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ -5 − 57 + 14 ⎞ ⎛ -5 − 57 − 4 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = -3
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
78

⎛ 9 − 57 ⎞ ⎛ -9 − 57 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = -3
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
-24
= -3
8
-3 = -3
TYPES OF THE ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION

The types of roots may be determined easily by the value of the
discriminant, D.
D = b2 – 4ac.
If D < 0, the quadratic equation has no real number solution, the roots
are imaginary and unequal.
If D = 0, the quadratic equation has one real number solution and the
roots are rational and equal.
If D > 0, the quadratic equation has two distinct real number solutions
and the roots are rational and unequal if it is a perfect square. It has two
distinct real number solutions and the roots are irrational and unequal if it
is not a perfect square.
Examples:
Find the value of the discriminant and determine the types of the roots.
1. x2 + 5x + 11 = 0
D = b2 – 4ac
a=1
b=5
c = 11
D = 52 – 4(1)(11)
D = 25 – 44
D = -19
D = -19 < 0, the equation has no real number solution and the roots
are imaginary and unequal.
2. 7x2 + 3x = 4
7x2 + 3x – 4 = 0
a=7
b=3
c = -4
D = 32 – 4(7)(-4)
79

D = 9 + 112
D = 121
D = 121 > 0, since 121 is a perfect square the equation has 2 distinct
real number solutions and the roots are unequal.
3. 4x + 2 = -2x2
2x2 + 4x + 2 = 0
a=2
b= 4
c=2
D = 42 – 4(2)(2)
D = 16 – 16
D = 0, the equation has one real number solution and the roots are
equal.
4. 3x2 = 4x + 5
3x2 – 4x – 5 = 0
a=3
b = -4
c = -5
D = (-4)2 – 4 (3)(-5)
D = 16 + 0
D = 76 > 0, since 76 is not a perfect square, the equation has 2 distinct

real number solution and the roots are irrational and unequal.
SUM AND PRODUCT OF THE ROOTS

The sum and product of the roots can be determined from the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Consider R1 and R2 as the roots of the quadratic equation.
-b + b2 − 4ac
R1 =
2a
-b − b2 − 4ac
R2 =
2a
⎛ -b + b2 − 4 ac ⎞ ⎛ -b − b2 − 4 ac ⎞
R1 + R2 = ⎜⎜ 2a
⎟ + ⎜
⎟ ⎜ 2a
⎟
⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
80

-b + b2 − 4ac − b − b2 − 4ac
=
2a
-2b + 0
=
2a
-2b
=
2a
b
= −
a
b
The sum which can be written sa R1 + R2 is equal to − .
a
⎛ -b + b2 − 4ac ⎞ ⎛ -b − b2 − 4ac ⎞
(R1) (R2) = ⎜⎜ 2a
⎟⎜
⎟⎜ 2a
⎟
⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
b2 − b2 + 4ac
=
4a 2
0 + 4ac
=
4a 2
4ac
=
4a 2
c
=
a
c
The product is equal to (R1) (R2) or .
a
Therefore, the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 can be written
b c b c
x2 + x + = 0 . We can substitute -(R1 + R2) in place of - . For , we can
a a a a
substitute (R1) (R2). Thus,
x2 – (R1 + R2)x + (R1) (R2) = 0
(x – R1) (x – R2) = 0
81

Example 1
Give the sum and product of the roots of x2 + 6x – 10 = 0.
Solution:
x2 + 6x – 10 = 0
a=1
b=6
c = -10
Sum of roots
b
R1 + R2 = -
a
6
= -
1
= -6
Product of roots
c
(R1) (R2) =
a
-10
=
1
= -10
Example 2
4x x +5
Determine the sum and product of the roots of = .
3x − 2 6
Solution:
4x x +5
=
3x − 2 6
(4x) (6) = (x + 5) (3x – 2)
24x = 3x2 – 2x + 15x – 10
24x = 3x2 + 13x – 10
3x2 – 11x – 10 = 0
a=3
b = -11
c = -10
82

Sum of Roots
b
R1 + R2 = -
a
-
(-11)
=
3
11
=
3
Product of Roots
c
(R1) (R2) =
a
10
= -
3
Example 3:
Form an equation in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 whose roots are -6 and 5.
Solution 1:
Let, R1 = -6
R2 = 5
x2 – (R1 + R2)x + (R1) (R2) = 0
R1 + R2 = -6 + 5
= -1
(R1)(R2) = (-6)(5)
= -30
Substitute these values in the equation.
x2 – (-1)x + (-30) = 0
x2 + x – 30 = 0
Solution 2:
(x – R1) (x – R2) = 0
[x – (-6)] [x – 5] = 0
(x + 6) (x – 5) = 0
x2 + x – 30 = 0
83

E XERCISES
A. Identify the values of a, b, and c of the following equations:
1. 5x2 – 10x + 3 = 0 6. x2 – 3x = 10
2. 2x2 = 1 – x 7. 3x2 = 6 + 4x
3. 7x2 = 5 – 13x 8. x2 + 5x = 3
4. 9x2 – 8x + 1 = 0 9. 4x2 – 6x + 13 = 0
5. 4 = 9x2 – 6x 10. 16x – 7x2 = 15
B. Find the value of the discriminant and determine the type of the roots.
1. x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 6. 2x2 – 3x = 9
2. 6x2 = -2x – 1 7. 4x2 = 8x + 4
3. 6x2 – 4x + 2 = 0 8. x2 + 4x = -21
1
4. 2x2 – 6 = 2x 9. 5x2 – x–1=0
2
7
5. 5x2 + 25 = 10x 10. 4x2 + 13x – =0
2
C. Find the sum and product of the roots of each equation.

1. 2x2 – 8x + 8 = 0 3. -18 – 12x = 2x2
2. 3 – 6x2 = -7x 4. 5x2 + 5 = 6x
84

5x
5. x2 – +1=0 8. x2 + 2x = 2
2
6. 3x2 – 4x = -5 9. 5x2 + 3x = 4
7. 2 (x + 3) = x2 10. 7x – 8 = 9 + 4x – 5x2
D. Find the quadratic equation in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 having the given
roots.
1
1. -8, 5 6. 3,
2
3
2. 3, -10 7. -8,
4
2
3. 7, 2 8. ,1
9
1 2
4. -6, -7 9. ,-
4 3
4 6
5. 12, -9 10. - , -
5 5
85

E. Use the quadratic formula in solving the following equations:

1. x2 – 29 = 0 6. 6 = x(x – 8)
1
2. 2x2 – 6x + 4 = 0 7. 8 + 4x – 2x2 = - x
4
3. x2 – x = 3 8. (2x – 2)(3x – 1) = 8
4. x2 + 5 – 2x = 0 9. x(x + 3) = 0
5. 6x2 – 14x – 10 = 0 10. (x – 3)(x + 4) = 9
2.6 GRAPHING QUADRATIC FUNCTION

The equation y = ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 0 is called quadratic function.
The equation is quadratic or second degree in x and linear or first degree in
y.
We use different formulas in solving quadratic equations. Another way
of solving it is by graphing the equation of the function, y = ax2 + bx + c where
a, b, and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0. The graph of a function is a curved line
called a parabola. If a is positive, the graph opens upward, it has a minimum
point. If a is negative, the graph opens downward, it has a maximum point.
⎛ b ⎞
To graph quadratic function, find the x-coordinate of the vertex ⎜ − ⎟.
⎝ 2a ⎠
Construct table of values by assigning x-values to the right and left of the
vertex.
Examples:
Graph the following quadratic functions:
1. y = x2 + 6x + 1
2. y = x2 – 3x – 4
3. y = -x2 + 3
4. y = -x2 – 2x + 1
86

Solutions:
1. y = x2 + 6x + 1
The standard form of the quadratic function is y = ax2 + bx + c. For
this equation,
a = 1, b = 6, and c = 1.
x-coordinate of the vertex
b 6 6
- =- = - = -3
2a 2(1) 2
y-coordinate of the vertex
y = (-3)2 + 6 (-3) + 1
= 9 – 18 + 1
= -9 + 1
= -8
The vertex is (-3, -8), and the axis of symmetry is x = -3. The axis of
symmetry divides the graph into two parts so that one part is the
reflection of the other.
x -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
y = x + 6x + 1
2
1 -4 -7 -8 -7 -4 1
3
axis of symmetry
2
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
vertex -8
(minimum point)
87

2. y = x2 – 4x – 4
a = 1, b = -4, c = -4
x-coordinate y-coordinate
-
b ( −4 ) 4
= − = =2 y = 22 – 4(2) – 4
2a 2 (1) 2
=4–8–4
= -4 – 4
= -8
Vertex: (2, -8)
Axis of Symmetry: x = 2
x -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y = x – 4x – 4
2
1 -4 -7 -8 -7 -4 1
y
2
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
3. y = -x2 + 3
a = -1, b = 0, c = 3
b 0
- =- =0 y = -02 + 3
2a 2( −1)
=0+3
=3
Vertex: (0, 3)
Axis of Symmetry: x = 0
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y = -x + 32
-6 -1 2 3 2 -1 -6
88

y
axis of symmetry
vertex maximum point
3
2
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
4. y = -x2 -2x + 1
a = -1, b = -2, c = 1
b (-2 ) 2
- =- =- =-1 y = -(-1)2 – 2(-1) + 1
2a 2 ( -1) 2
= -1 + 2 + 1
=1+1
=2
Vertex: (-1, 2)
Axis of Symmetry: x = -1
x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
y = -x – 2x + 1
2
-7 -2 1 2 1 -2 -7
89

2
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
The vertex form of the quadratic function is y = a (x – h)2 + k. Point (h, k)

is the vertex of the function and line x = h is the axis of symmetry.
Examples:
Sketch the graph of the following quadratic functions:
1. y = (x – 2)2 + 2
2. y = -2(x + 1)2 + 8
3. y = x2 – 4x + 5
Solutions:
1. y = (x – 2)2 + 2 y
h = 2 } axis of symmetry 11
k=2 10
(h, k) = (2, 2) } vertex 9
8
x -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 7
y = ( x – 2 )2 + 2 11 6 3 2 3 6 11 6
5
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
90

2. y = -2 (x + 1)2 + 8
h = -1 } axis of symmetry y
k=8 8
(h, k) = (-1, 8) } vertex 7

6
5
x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
4
y = -2(x + 1)2 + 8 -10 0 6 8 6 0 -10
3
2
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
3. y = x2 – 4x + 5
The equation is not a perfect square trinomial. We can solve it by
completing the square.
y = ( x2 – 4x + ___ ) + 5
1
of – 4 = -2 and (-2)2 = 4
2
= (x2 – 4x + 4) + 5 – 4
y = (x – 2)2 + 1
h = 2 } axis of symmetry
k=1
(2, 1) } vertex
x -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y = x – 4x + 5
2
10 5 2 1 2 5 10
91

y
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1
E XERCISES
A. Determine the vertex and the axis of symmetry of the following equations.
1. y = x2 + 3x – 2x 6. y = -3x2 + 5x + 14
2. y = -2(x2 + 5x) – 2 7. y = 3x(2x – 3) + 4
3. y = x(x + 4x) + 6 8. y = x2 + 7x – 1
4. y = -x2 – 10x + 4 9. y = x2 – 64
5. y = -5x2 – x + 2 10. y = x2 – 10x
92

11. y = 6x2 – x + 1 14. y = (5x – 1)(x + 3)
12. y = 2x2 + 6x – 4 15. y = -x(x + 4) + 4x
13. y = x2 – 7x + 3
B. Sketch the graph of the following quadratic functions. Use graphing

paper.
1. y = 2x2 + 8x + 4 9. y = (x – 2)2 – 5
2. y = 3x2 – 12x + 1 10. y = (x + 4)2 + 3
3. y = -2x2 – 4x – 1 11. y = -5x2
4. y = 5 + 3x + 2x2 12. y = 4x2
5. y = x2 – (x + 1)(3x – 1) 13. y = -3(x – 7)2
6. y = 2 (x – 2)2 + 3 14. y = x2 – 8
7. y = 4x2 + 16x 15. y = x2 – 3x – 5x = -x2 + 2
8. y = x2 – 6x + 10
2.7 SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Quadratic equations are very useful in solving real-life problems. We
must keep in mind that setting the right equation is very important in
analyzing the problem to obtain the solution.
Often, only one solution of the equation satisfies the condition of the
problem and the other solution is rejected. To find out if one or both are
correct, we need to check our solutions.
93

Example 1:
The square of a number is 12 less than the number. Find the number.
Solution:
Let x = the number
x 2 = the square of the number
Equation:
x2 = 12 – x
x2 + x – 12 = 0
(x – 3)(x + 4) = 0
x = 3 and x = -4
Checking:
If x = 3, its square is 9 and 9 is 12 less than 3, then 3 is correct.
If x = -4, then its square is 16 and 16 is 12 less than (-4), then (-4) is
correct.
Example 2:
The area of a rectangle is 27 cm2. Find its width if its length is 6 cm
longer than its width.
Solution:
Let x = the width
x+6 = the length
Equation:
x (x + 6) = 27
x2 + 6x – 27 = 0
(x + 9) (x – 3) = 0
x = -9 and x = 3
The width cannot be a negative number, so we choose 3. The length of
the rectangle is 3 + 6 = 9 cm.
If the width is 3 and the length is 9, then the area is 27. The answer is
correct.
Example 3:
An area of a tennis court is 320m2. Its perimeter is 72 m. Find its
dimensions.
Solution:
A = LW
P = 2L + 2W
⎛ 320 ⎞
72 m = 2 ⎜ ⎟ + 2W
⎝ W ⎠
94

⎡ 640 ⎤
W ⎢72 = + 2W ⎥
⎣ W ⎦
72W = 640 + 2W2
2W2 – 72W + 640 = 0
W2 – 36W + 320 = 0
(W – 20) (W – 16) = 0
W = 20 and W = 16
Therefore, the length is 20m and the width is 16m.
Example 4:
It takes Rolance 8 hours longer than Gilbert to assemble a machine. The
two work together for 6 hours when Gilbert’s called away. Rolance completes
the job in 4 hours. How long does it take to do the job working alone?
Solution:
Let x = the number of hours it takes Gilbert to do the job
x+8 = the number of hours it takes Rolance to do the job
1
= part of the job done by Gilbert
x
1
= part of the job done by Rolance
x +8
Since Gilbert works for 6 hours and Rolance for 10 hours to complete
the job, therefore,
6 10
+ =1
x x +8
Multiply by the LCD: x(x + 8)
⎛6⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞
x (x + 8) ⎜ ⎟ + x(x + 8) ⎜ ⎟ = 1(x)(x + 8)
⎝x⎠ ⎝ x +8⎠
6(x + 8) + 10x = x2 + 8x
6x + 48 + 10x = x2 + 8x
x2 + 8x – 16x – 48 = 0
x2 – 8x – 48 = 0
(x – 12)(x + 4) = 0
x – 12 = 0 and x + 4 = 0
x = 12 and x = -4 (discarded)
Therefore, Gilbert can do the job alone within 12 hours while Rolance
takes 20 hours to complete the job.
95

E XERCISES
Write the correct equation and solution for the following problems.
1. The product of two numbers is 56 and their sum is 15. What are the
numbers?
2. Find the two numbers whose sum is 17 and the product is 72.
3. The sum of the two numbers is 13 and the difference between their
squares is also 13. Find the numbers.
4. The product of two numbers is 75 and their quotient is 3. Find the

numbers.
5. The sum of two numbers is 9. Find the numbers if the sum of their squares
is 41.
6. The area of a rectangle is 120 square cm. If its length is 10 cm more than
its width, find its length and width.
96

7. There are 500 mango trees in the farm. The number of trees in each row
is 20 less than twice the number of rows. Find the number of trees in
each row.
8. The rate of the stream is 2 km per hour. What is the rate of the boy
rowing in still water if he can row 12 km downstream and back in 4
hours?
9. Robie is 10 years older than Micah. In three years, the product of her
age and Micah’s age five years ago will be 80 years. Find their present
ages.
10. The radius of a circle is 40 cm. By how much must the radius be increased
so that the area will be increased by 280 π cm2?
1. Without inserting any additional mathematical symbols, correct the
equation so that it makes sense by freely moving the four digits.
61 = 28
2. There is a number of strangers in an enchanted house. Each of them has

more than one finger on each hand and have the same number of fingers
as each other, all of them have a different number of fingers on each
hand. If you knew the total number of fingers, you would know how
many strangers were in the enchanted house. Strangers’ fingers are
between 150 and 190. How many strangers are there?
97

CHAPTER TEST
I. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which is factorable?
a. (x2 – 3) c. x2 – 15x + 64
b. x + 12x + 36
2
d. 4x2 – 4x + 1
2. Find the middle term so that 9x2 + + 81 is a perfect square
trinomial.
a. 54x c. 9x
b. 18x d. 56x
3. Which quadratic equation is in standard form?
a. 2x2 – 2x – 2 = 0 c. 6 – 3x + 6x = 0
7 3
b. 3x – 6x2 + 3 = 0 d. – 4x2 – x = 0
2 2
4. Factor 16x2 – 24x + 9.
a. (x – 3)2 c. (2x – 3)2
b. (4x + 3)2 d. (4x – 3)2
5. The roots of an equation are 7 and -7. What is the equation?
a. x2 + 49 = 0 c. x2 + 7 = 0
b. x – 49 = 0
2
d. x2 – 7 = 0
6. In the equation 2(8x2 – x + 3) = 0, what are the values of a, b, and c?
a. a = 16 c. a = 16
b=2 b = -2
c=6 c=6
b. a = 16 d. a = 8
b=2 b = -1
c = -6 c=3
7. If x2 = 169, which of the following are two of its solutions?
a ± 69 c. ±8
b. ± 13 d. ± 16
8. Which is the discriminant of 3x2 = 7x + 5?
a. 90 c. 21
b. 35 d. 109
9. Which of the following equations has roots of 7 and 8?
a. x2 – 15x – 56 = 0 c. x2 – 15x + 56 = 0
b. x2 + 15x – 56 = 0 d. x2 + 15x + 56 = 0
10. To make the left side a perfect square trinomial, what must be added
to both sides of the equation x2 + 7x = -3?
49 49
a. c. -
4 4
4 4
b. d. -
49 49
98

II. Answer the following:

A. Solve the following by factoring method.
1. a2 + a – 72 = 0
2. 30 – 17q + q2 = 0
3. 3c2 – 2 = -6c
4. 5(k2 + 2) = 12k
B. Solve the following equations by completing the square.

1. 2x2 + 9x = 35
2. (2t + 5)(t – 7) = t + 5
1
3. m2 – m=4
4
C. Find the roots of the following using the quadratic formula.

1. y2 + 3x = 9
2. 12m2 = 3 – 5x
3. 3p2 – 5p + 2 = 0
99

Chapter III
RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Introduction
3.1 Recalling Fractions
3.2 Definition of Rational Algebraic Expression
3.3 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
3.4 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions
3.5 Complex Rational Expressions
3.6 Solving Problems Involving Rational Expressions
Chapter Test
INTRODUCTION
Rational expressions have many A french mathematician
uses especially in problem solving. It is who made discoveries to
important in the study of mathematics the theory of algebraic
to which algebra is applied. Our skills forms and on the theory
and techniques in operations involving of numbers.
fraction is significant in our everyday life. Charles Hermite
(1822-1901)
3.1 RECALLING FRACTIONS
a
A fraction is the quotient of two numbers. It is of the form , where b ≠ 0.
b
The term a is the numerator and b is the denominator.
Examples:
Reduce the following fraction to its lowest term.
10
1.
18
Solution:
Look for the GCF of the numerator and denominator, then, divide both
the numerator and denominator by the GCF.
Factors of 10 → 1, 2, 5, 10
Factors of 18 → 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
Common factors of 10 and 18 → 1, 2
100

Chapter III – Rational Algebraic Expressions
The GCF of 10 and 18 is 2.

10 10 ÷ 2 5
= =
18 18 ÷ 2 9
49
2.
28
Solution:
49 7 ⋅7 7 3 We can also reduce fractions by expressing the
= = or 1 terms of the fractions into their prime factors and
28 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 7 4 4 cancelling common factors units terms.
In multiplying fractions, multiply their numerators, and then multiply

a c a c ac
their denominators. If and are the fractions, then, • = .
b d b d bd
Examples:
Find the product of the following:
3 8
1. •
16 15
Solution:
Cancellation can be used for easy simplification.
1 1
3 8 1
• =
16 15 10
2 5
1 4 4
2. 2 •1 •
3 5 7
Solution:
Express the mixed number as improper fractions.
1 7
2 =
3 3
4 9
1 =
5 5
1 3
1 4 4 7 9 4 12 2
2 •1 • = 3• •7 = or 2
3 5 7 5 1 5 5
1
To find the quotient of fractions, multiply the reciprocal of the divisor

a c a c a d ad
by the dividend. If and are fractions, then ÷ = • = .
b d b d b c bc
101

Examples:
14 5
1. ÷
21 3
Solution:
2 1
14 5 14 3 2
÷ = • =
21 3 21 5 5
7
1
3 7
2. 2 ÷
8 16
Solution:
3 7 19 7
2 ÷ = ÷
8 16 8 16
2
19 16 38 3
= • = or 5
8 7 7 7
1
To add or subtract similar fractions, combine the numerators and copy

a c a c a±c
the common denominator. If and are fractions, then ± = .
b b b b b
Examples:
5 9
1. +
13 13
Solution:
5 9 14 1
+ = or 1
13 13 13 13
3 4
2. 9 −2
7 7
Solution:
3 10
9 ⇒8
7 7
4 4
-2 ⇒-2
7 7
6
6
7
102

In adding or subtracting dissimilar fractions, rewrite them to similar

ea ec
a c ±
fractions. If and are fractions, and e is the LCD, then, a c b d
b d ± =
b d e
Examples:
2 1
1. +
3 5
Solution:
The LCD is 15.
2 1 10 + 3 13
+ = =
3 5 15 15
5 6
2. 2 −
8 5
Solution:
5 6
2 −
8 5
21 6 105 − 48 57 17
− = = or 1
8 5 40 40 40
Simplifying complex fractions can be done by individual simplifying of
terms or by multiplying both terms by the LCD of all the fractions.
Examples:
4 1
−
5 8
1. 1 2
+
3 7
Solution:
4 1 32 − 5 27
−
5 8 40 40 27 21 567 47
1 2 = 7 + 6 = 13 = 40 • 13 = 520 or 1 520
+
3 7 21 21
103

5
3−
6
2. 7 5
+
8 3
Solution:
5 ⎛ 5⎞
3− ⎜ 3 − 6 ⎟ (24)
6 ⎝ ⎠ 72 − 20 52
7 5 = ⎛7 5⎞ =
21 + 40
=
61
+ ⎜ 8 + 3 ⎟ (24)
8 3 ⎝ ⎠
E XERCISES
A. Reduce each of the following fractions to its lowest terms.
10 8
1. 11.
15 72
5 27
2. 12.
60 90
40 32
3. 13.
50 96
30 24
4. 14.
42 88
60 20
5. 15.
66 28
6 100
6. 16.
45 10000
51 18
7. 17.
68 42
75 16
8. 18.
15 32
13 20
9. 19.
39 400
108 20
10. 20.
135 64
104

B. Perform the indicated equations.
7 3 6 8 1
1. + 7. 3 + −
13 13 12 18 30
15 7 12 2 3
2. – 8. 5 − +1
22 22 32 8 4
6 5 5 6 4
3. – 9. 2 × ×
10 12 8 10 9
5 11 3 4 5 2
4. + + 10. × ×3
35 70 7 7 8 15
3 4 1 3
5. • 11. 15 ÷2
16 30 3 4
9 2 1 2 ⎛ 3 3⎞
6. • •3•2 12. 4 ÷ ⎜ 2 −1 ⎟
15 5 10 3 ⎝ 4 5⎠
105

1 3 3 ⎡6 8 ⎤
13. 4 ÷ 17. +
3 11 5 ⎢⎣ 7 9 ⎥⎦
1 1
+
1 5 6
14. 21 ÷ 2 18.
4 2 1
+
9 8
8 5 1 4
−
9 18 5 +1
15. 1 7 19. 3 5
+ 1 2
6 12 4 −3
5 4
5 9 10 15
− −
3 8 6 24
16. 2 1 20.
+ 3⎛1 2⎞
+
5 15 5 ⎜⎝ 4 7 ⎟⎠
3.2 DEFINITION OF RATIONAL

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
Rational algebraic expression is an expression containing variables and/
or constants together with some/all of the four basic operations. It is an
expression that is the quotient of two polynomials written in fractional form.
N
It can be written in the form , where N and D are polynomials and
D
1 -2a a 2s t −2
D ≠ 0. 3x–1, , 3 , 3 + − d , and • are examples of rational
6y a + 4 d s +1 3t
algebraic expressions.
106

Rational expressions can be reduced by dividing the numerator and the

denominator by their highest common factor. By factoring the numerator
and denominator we can easily identify their common factors. The rational
expression is in its simplified form when the numerator and denominator
have no common factor except 1.
Examples:
Reduce the following to lowest terms:
27k3l3m
1.
9k2l5n
Solution:
The common factor of 27k3l3m and 9k2l5n is 9k2l3.
27k3l3m 27k3l3n ÷ 9k 2l3 3km

= = 2
9k2l5n 9k2l5n ÷ 9k 2l3 ln
20c2 − 16c
2.
12c
Solution:
Factor 20c2 – 16c and find the common factor.
20c2 − 16c 4c (5c − 4) 5c − 4

= =
12c 4c i3 3
p 2 − 49
3.
p+7
Solution:
Factor p2 – 49, then divide the numerator by the denominator.
p2 − 49 ( p + 7) ( p − 7)
= = p−7
p+7 p+7
5r 2 + 29r − 6
4.
r 2 + 12r + 36
Solution:
Factor the numerator and the denominator, then divide both with the
common factor.
5r 2 + 29r − 6 (5r − 1) (r + 6) 5r − 1
= =
r 2 + 12r + 36 (r + 6) (r + 6) r+6
107

E XERCISES
A. Write the common factor of the numerator and denominator of the
following expressions.
6b 24 x + 12
1. 11.
8b 48x
9u2v 4 y2 + 2x
2. 12.
-3uv2 6 y2 + 4 x
(-5q )(-6r ) a2 − 4
3. 13.
-25q 2 2a + 4
3a − 12 b2 − 1
4. 14.
15 − 9x 2b2 − b − 1
x 2 − 16 12(c + d )
5. 15.
x −4 3(c + d )
3 fg ab + ac
6. 16.
5f bx + cx
-36w4 y3 q(r − s)2

7. 17.
18w5 xy2 t( r − s )
3(h2 )(-6z ) y2 + 3 y − 18
8. 18.
(-4 z 2 )(9h) 3− y
5w5 − 15 2w3 x 2 y3
9. 19.
9 − 3w 6w2 x 2 y
(r − s)( s − t ) v2 + 3v + 2
10. 20.
(r 2 − s)( s − t )2 v2 − 1
108

B. Reduce the following expressions to their simplest forms:

15b − 5 x +5
1. 7.
5b + 35 x 2 − 25
3 ( f − 2) a 2 − b2
2. 8.
6 ( f − 2)2 a +b
c2 +3c −10 25c 2 − d 2

3. 9.
c2 − 4c + 4 20c 2d − 15cd 2
15 k − 10l 3x ( y + x )
4. 10.
27 k 4 − 8 kl 3 12x
y6 + z6 4( k − 2)2
5. 11.
y2 − z2 8( k − 2)4
v − 10 m2 + 4m
6. 12.
20 − 2v m2 + 8m + 16
109

2 p ( p + q) (2n + 1)2
13. 17.
8p 4n2 + 2n
m+n 5 p2 + 10 p + 5
14. 18.
m2 − n2 3 p2 + 6 p + 3
6 d 2 + 20 d + 6 r 2 + 2r − 8
15. 19.
3 d 2 − 14 d − 5 r 2 − 7r + 10
16 g 2 − 8 g + 1 s3 +1
16. 20.
4g − 1 s2 − s +1
3.3 MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING RATIONAL

EXPRESSIONS
To multiply rational expressions, multiply the numerators and multiply
the denominators. Then, simplify the product if possible. In symbols,
a c ac
• = , where b ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0.
b d bd
The rule of operation in multiplying numerical fractions is applicable in
multiplying rational expressions. The process is shortened by cancelling
similar terms.
110

Examples:
Multiply the following expressions and reduce the product to lowest
term.
20 h2
1. •
h 42
Solution:
Find the product of the numerators and denominators. Use cancellation
if possible.
10 h
2
20 h 10h
• =
h 42 21
1 21
a a2 + 4a + 3
2. •
ab2 a2 −1
Solution:
Factor each expression before multiplying.
a a 2 + 4a + 3 a ( a + 1)( a + 3)
• = •
ab2 a2 − 1 ab2 ( a + 1)( a − 1)
a (a + 1) (a + 3)
=
a b2 (a + 1) (a − 1)
a +3
= 2
b ( a − 1)
x 2 + 2xy + y2 2x 2 − 3xy + y2
3. (9x2 – 25y2) • •
6x 2 − 13xy + 5 y2 3x 2 + 2xy − 5 y2
Solution:
x 2 + 2xy + y2 2x 2 − 3xy + y2
(9x – 25y ) •
2 2
•
6x 2 − 13xy + 5 y2 3x 2 + 2xy − 5 y2
(3x + 5 y) (3x − 5 y) ( x + y )( x + y ) (2x − y ) ( x − y )

= • •
1 (3x − 5 y ) (2x − y ) (3x + 5 y) ( x − y )
= (x + y) (x + y)
= (x + y)2
111

(m − 4) m + 4
4. •
6 m+6
Solution:
(m − 4) m + 4 (m − 4)(m + 4) m2 − 16
i = =
6 m+6 6(m + 6) 6m + 36
In dividing rational algebraic expressions, multiply the first expression
a c a d ad
by the reciprocal of the second expression. It is defined as ÷ = • = ,
b d b c bc
where b ≠ 0, d ≠ 0, and c ≠ 0.
Examples:
Find the quotients of the following expressions in its simplest form.
8c 40c
1. ÷
5d 75d 2
Solution:
Multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor, then, simplify the
expression.
8c 40c 8c 75d2
÷ = •
5d 75d 2 5d 40c
600cd2
=
200cd
600d
=
200
= 3d
4n + 8 n + 2
2. ÷
n2 − 4 2n + 4
Solution:
4n + 8 n + 2 4n + 8 2n + 4
÷ = •
n2 − 4 2n + 4 n2 − 4 n + 2
4 (n + 2) 2 (n + 2)
= •
(n + 2) (n − 2) n+2
4(2)
=
n−2
8
=
n−2
112

r2 − 9
3. ÷ (r + 3)(r + 5)
(r + 5)(r − 3)
Solution:
r2 − 9 (r − 3)(r + 3) 1
÷ (r + 3)(r + 5) = •
(r + 5)(r − 3) (r + 5)(r − 3) (r + 3)(r + 5)
( r − 3) ( r + 3) 1
= •
( r + 5) ( r − 3) (r + 3) (r + 5)
1
=
(r + 5)(r + 5)
1
=
( r + 5)2
2n + 16 n + 8
4. ÷
6 18
2n + 16 n + 8 2 n + 16 18
÷ = •
6 18 6 n+8
(2n + 16)(18)
=
6( n + 8)
3
2 (n + 8) 18
=
6 (n + 8)
= 6
E XERCISES
A. Express the product in its simplest form.
2f f
1. •
g 6
113

14 h 11k 2
2. •
55 k 28
2
4 l 4 15m
3. •
5m 18k
7 p 2 2p
4. •
9 q 2 3q
1 2
5. •
s + t s −t
u2 + u 8
6. • 2
4 u −1
4(v −1) 2w
7. •
w 7(v − 1)2
114

2 z 2 + z 10z − 5
8. •
4z2 − 1 4z
y2 + y y2 − 4 y + 3
9. •
y2 − 6 y + 9 y2
2c 2 (3c − 5d ) 9c2 + 30cd + 25d2 15 c 3 d 4

10. • •
5d3 12c4d2 72 c 2 − 200 d 2
-6 4
11. •
4 x + 2 2x − 1
6 a+2
12. •
7 12
4 y2 4 y − 5
13. •
3 4y
b + 7 4 y2
14. •
2y b + 7
115

c−4 c +1
15. 2 • 2
c + 1 c −1
x +3 x +3
16. •
4+x x +3
7 − 5d 4
17. •
8 5d −7
9f
18. •(8f + 6)
4f + 3
h2 − 3h − 10 h − 2
19. •
(h − 2)2 h−5
k4 − 25 k 2 + 1
20. •
k4 − 1 k2 + 5
B. Give the quotients of the expressions in simplest form.

1 1
1. 2
÷ 3
a a
116

15st
2. 10s ÷
7s 2
7f 3 g4
3. ÷ 21 f 4 g
14hk
4. (l + m)2 ÷ (l2 – m2)
2b + b2 4b2 + 2b2
5. ÷
4b − 5 16b − 20
5−r 5+r
6. ÷
8 + 2r 4 + r
n2 − 36 3n − 18
7. ÷
n2 − 9 3n − 9
x2 −1 x2 −1
8. ÷
x 2 − 2x + 1 ( x + 1)2
117

p2 − q2 pq + q2
9. ÷
pq2 p
w2 − w − 12 w2 − 2w − 3 w2 + w
10. ÷ 2 ÷
w2 − 9 w − 2w − 8 w + 2
10 p 30 p2
11. ÷
18ab2 24a 2b2
7r − 7 r − 1
12. ÷
18 9
-8 + 4 x 2x − 4
13. ÷
16 4
t 2 − 16 t − 4
14. ÷
5t + 15 10
118

7v2 − 21v 9 − v2
15. ÷
v+5 (v + 5)2
w2 − 9 w −3
16. 2
÷ 2
w −w −2 w +w −6
z2 −1 1−z
17. 2
÷
z − 2z + 1 5 + z
2a 2 − 7a + 3 6a 2 − 5a + 1
18. ÷
2a 2 + 3a − 2 3a 2 + 5a − 2
(4b − 3)4 (4b − 3)3

19. ÷
3 3
m2 + 13m + 12
20. ÷ (m + 1)
m+2
119

3.4 ADDING AND SUBTRACTING RATIONAL

EXPRESSIONS
To add and subtract similar fractions, simply add or subtract the
a b a±b
numerators, then, copy the common denominator. In symbols, ± = .
c c c
Examples:
A. Find the sum of the following expressions:
8 x−4
1. +
x +5 x + 5
Add the numerators 8 and x – 4, then copy the common denominator, x + 5.
8 x − 4 8+(x−4)
+ =
x +5 x + 5 x+5
x+8−4
=
x+5
x+4
=
x+5
x 2 + 4 x + 14 x2 + 5x − 5
2. +
2x2 + 7 x + 6 2x2 + 7 x + 6
Solution:
x 2 + 4 x + 14 x2 + 5x − 5 ( x2 + 4 x + 14) + ( x2 + 5x + −5)
+ =
2x2 + 7 x + 6 2x2 + 7 x + 6 2x2 + 7 x + 6
x 2 + 4 x + 14 + x 2 + 5 x − 5
=
(2 x + 3) ( x + 2)
(x2 + x2 ) + (4x + 5x) + (14 − 5)

=
(2x + 3) (x + 2)
2x2 + 9x + 9
=
(2 x + 3) ( x + 2)
(2x + 3) ( x + 3)
= (2x + 3) ( x + 2)
x+3
=
x+2
120

B. Find the difference of the following expressions:

y +7 6− y
1. −
y−8 y−8
Solution:
Subtract the numerators, (y + 7) – (6 – y), then copy the denominator,
y – 8.
y + 7 6 − y ( y + 7) − (6 − y)
− =
y −8 y −8 y −8
y +7− 6+ y
= y−8
( y + y) + (7 − 6)
=
y −8
2y + 1
=
y−8
5 y2 + 7 y + 3 3 y2 + 6 y + 6
2. −
10 y2 + 15 y 10 y2 + 15 y
Solution:
5y2 + 7y + 3 3y2 + 6y + 6 (5y2 + 7 y + 3) − (3y2 + 6y + 6)
− =
10y2 + 15y 10y2 +15y 10 y2 + 15y
5y2 + 7y + 3 − 3y2 − 6y − 6
=
5y(2y + 3)
(5y2 + 3y2 ) + (7y2 − 6y) + (3 − 6)

=
5y(2y + 3)
2 y2 + y − 3
=
5 y(2 y + 3)
(2 y + 3) ( y − 1)
=
5 y (2 y + 3)
y −1
=
5y
To add or subtract fractions with unlike denominators, we need to
transform them into similar fractions. Fractions are made similar by first
finding their LCD (Least Common Denominator) which is the LCM (Least
Common Multiple) of the denominators. The same process is used for
a c ad bc ad ± bc
algebraic expressions. In symbols, ± = ± = , b and d ≠ 0.
b d bd bd bd
121

Examples:
C. Add the following expressions:
2 2 7
1. + +
l 2 lm mn
Solution:
The LCD is l2mn. Divide the denominator by the LCD and multiply the
quotient by the numerator.
2 2 7 2(mn) + 2(l n) + 7(l2 )

+ + =
l2 lm mn l 2mn
2mn + 2ln + 7l 2
=
l 2mn
c c
2. 2
+
c −9 c+3
Solution:
c c c c
2
+ = +
c − 9 c + 3 (c + 3)(c − 3) c + 3
c + c (c − 3)
(c + 3)(c − 3)
c + c2 − 3c
(c + 3)(c − 3)
c2 − 2c
(c + 3)(c − 3)
c(c − 2)
(c 2 − 9)
D. Subtract the following expressions:

5s 6r
1. −
3r 2s
Solution:
The LCD is 6rs.
5s 6r 2s(5s) − 3r(6r )
− =
3r 2s 6rs
10s2 − 18r 2
=
6rs
122

2 (5s2 − 9r 2 )
=
2 (3rs)
5s2 − 9r 2
=
3rs
a − 10 2a − 5
2. − 2
a + 5 a + 10a + 25
Solution:
a − 10 2a − 5 a − 10 2a − 5
− 2 = −
a + 5 a + 10a + 25 a + 5 (a + 5)(a + 5)
(a − 10)(a + 5) − (2a − 5)
=
(a + 5)(a + 5)
( a 2 − 5a − 50) − (2a − 5)
=
( a + 5)( a + 5)
a2 − 5a − 50 − 2a + 5
=
(a + 5)(a + 5)
a 2 − 7a − 45
=
( a + 5)2
E XERCISES
Perform the indicated operations of the following rational algebraic
expressions:
4f 3f
A. 1. +
fg + fh fg + fh
3t − 3u 4t + 3u
2. +
3v 3v
b+2 b − 2
3. +
b −3 b−3
123

3 15
4. +
p + 2q p + 2g
w2 -w
5. –
w −1 w − 1
6 − 4k 3 − 3k
6. –
12 12
4d 2 3d 2 + 1
7. – 2
d2 + d d +d
z 2 − 10r 25
8. –
z −5 z −5
10 2 a + 9 5a − 7
9. – +
a−4 a − 4 a−4
2m + 3 15m − 4 6 m
10. + –
3 3 3
124

2x x
11. +
2x − 1 2x − 1
3a a −1
12. −
10 − a 10 − a
2m m
13. +
m −1 m −1
7v 12v
14. −
2v − 3 2v − 3
5c − 3 2c − 1
15. +
2v − 3 3c − 5
3n 5
16. −
3n + 5 3n + 5
d − 4 4d − 15
17. +
d −3 d −3
2 y2 − 3 3 y − 2 6 y − 7
18. − +
2y − 6 2y − 6 2y − 6
125

3k − 6 5 − 3k2 9
19. 2
+ 2
− 2
9k 9k 9k
4 x 2 − 1 x 2 + 3 18x
20. − −
5x + 1 5x + 1 5x + 1
7 8 3
B. 1. + +
b bc bcd
m+3
2. 2m − 1 +
6
4r 2
3. 2
+
r − 49 r − 7
2f − 5 f − 1
4. +
f 2f
-2 3
5. −
2u − 6 u − 3
6 2
6. −
g −5 g +5
126

p +1
7. 2
− 2p
p − 6p + 9
2k k−2
8. 2
− 2
k − 2k − 15 2k + 9k
3n 2n 3
9. − + 2
2n − 3 2n + 3 4n − 9
2x + y 2x − y 3x 2 − y 2
10. − − 2
x+y x−y x − y2
-3 y y +1
11. 2
−
y − 25 y + 5
2v 8
12. +
v −1 v +1
10 5
13. 2
−
a − ab a − b
3
14. 9−
h−2
127

4k 2k − 1
15. 2
+
k − 16 k − 4
3 6
16. + 2
8st 7s
6 5
17. +
x2 − 9 x − 3
2x x
18. 2 2
+
x −w x −w
5b 3c 2b
19. + −
2c2 5b 4c
7 2 11
20. − +
m + 3 4m + 12 m − 3
128

3.5 COMPLEX RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

An expression with the numerator, denominator, or both containing one
or more fractions or fractional expressions is called a complex rational
expression. Least Common Multiple and combining like terms can be used to
simplify complex rational expressions.
Simplify the numerator and denominator separately. The process of
simplifying complex fractions is the same as that for complex rational
expressions.
Examples:
Simplify the following expressions:
z z
−
3 12
1. z z
+
3 6
Solution:
Find the LCM of all the denominators, then multiply the new numerator
and the main denominator by the LCM and simplify the result.
z z ⎛z z ⎞
− ⎜ − ⎟ (12)
3 12 = ⎝ 3 12 ⎠
z z ⎛z z⎞
+ ⎜ + ⎟ (12)
3 6 ⎝3 6⎠
4z − z
=
4 z + 2z
3z
=
6z
3
=
6
1
=
2
q 1
+
2 3
2. 2
3+
q
Solution:
q 1 ⎛ q + 1 ⎞ (6q )
+ ⎜ ⎟
2 3 = ⎝2 3⎠
2 ⎛ 2⎞
3+ ⎜ 3 + ⎟ (6q )
q ⎝ q⎠
129

q(3q ) + 1(2q )
=
3(6q ) + 2(6)
3q 2 + 2q
=
18q + 12
q (3q + 2)
=
6 (3q + 2)
q
=
6
2t − 5
3−
3. t −2
5t 2 − 3
−4
t2 − 4
Solution:
The LCD is t2 – 4. Multiply the numerator and the denominator by the
LCD. Simplify and combine like terms.
2t − 5 ⎛ 2t − 5 ⎞ 2
3− ⎜ 3 − t − 2 ⎟ (t − 4)
t −2 ⎝ ⎠
=
5t 2 − 3 ⎛ 5t 2 − 3 ⎞
−4 ⎜ 2 − 4 ⎟ (t 2 − 4)
t2 − 4 ⎝ t −4 ⎠
3(t 2 − 4) − (2t − 5)(t + 2)

=
(5t 2 − 3) − 4(t 2 − 4)
3t 2 − 12 − (2t 2 − t − 10)
=
5t 2 − 3 − 4t 2 + 16
3t 2 − 12 − 2t 2 + t + 10
=
5t 2 − 3 − 4t 2 + 16
t2 + t − 2
=
t 2 + 13
(t + 2)(t − 1)
=
t2 + 13
130

a 2 − ab − b 2
2−
a 2 − b2
4.
a +b a −b
−
a −b a +b
Solution:
⎛ a 2 − ab − b 2 ⎞ 2
⎟ (a − b )
a 2 − ab − b 2 2− 2
2− ⎜
a −b
2 2
⎝ a 2
− b 2
⎠
a +b a −b =
⎛ a+b a−b ⎞ 2
− − ⎟(a − b )
2
⎜
a −b a +b ⎝ a−b a +b ⎠
2 ( a2 − b2 ) − a2 + ab + b2
=
( a + b )( a + b) − ( a − b )( a − b)
2 a 2 − 2 b 2 − a 2 + ab + b 2
( ) (
= a 2 + 2 ab + b 2 − a 2 − 2 ab + b 2
)
2 a 2 − 2b 2 − a 2 + ab + b 2
= 2
a + 2 ab + b 2 − a 2 + 2 ab − b 2
a 2 + ab − b 2
=
4ab
E XERCISES
Simplify the following expressions:
3
7
5
1. 1 3. 6
5 9
7
-4 −2
15
2. 4 4. 2
2− 1+
7 5
131

3 1 h
−
10 2 l2
5. 13 2 10. h2
+
20 5 l
v
q
w
6. v2 11. 10
q2
w
s4 x4 y3
t 5x
7. s2 12. 8x4 y4
t2 y
a 1
a− 2+
3 d
8. a 13. 1
a+ 4− 2
3 d
m 3 1− g
−
3 m 1
9. 1 2 14. −1
+ g2
m 3m
132

2
1 ⎛ 1⎞
2v −
2 ⎜1 − ⎟
15. 20. 1 + ⎝
r⎠
1
2v + (x − r)
2
2
2p
1+ a −b
p+q
16. 21.
2a
p
1+ a+b
p+q
a
1 1 y2 + 5 y + 6
−
9 k2 y+3
17. 1 1 22.
+ 2
3 k 2y + 6
b r
2− 2−
−2b + 2a s
18. 5b 23.
2− r
a−b −1
s
2 1 c d
1− + 2 −
n n d c
19. 1 24.
1− c 1
n +2+
d c
133

18v + 15
5− x
25. 5 28.
3v + 2+ x
2
1 3
+1 2+
y m
26. 29.
1 1
−1 5−
y2 m
a 2 − 25 x2 − 4
27. 5 30. x2 − 9
a+5 x−2
10 x +3
3.6 SOLVING PROBLEMS

INVOLVING RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
Our knowledge in translating verbal expressions and sentences to
rational expressions and equations is very significant in problem solving.
Example 1:
The numerator of a fraction is 6 less than the denominator and the
3
fraction is equal to . Find the fraction.
5
134

Solution:
Let x = the denominator
x – 6 = the numerator
Equation:
x−6 3
=
x 5
The LCD is 5x. Multiply the equation by the LCD.
x−6⎞
( 5 x ) ⎛⎜ ⎛3⎞
⎟ = 5x ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝5⎠
5(x – 6) = 3x
5x – 30 = 3x
5x – 3x = 30
x = 15
Then x – 6 = 15 – 6 = 9
Checking:
x−6 3
=
x 5
9 3
=
15 5
3 3
=
5 5
9
Answer: The fraction is .
15
Example 2:
Roland can ride 7 km in his bicycle going to Hacienda Concordia. In the
same time it takes him to walk 3 km. If his riding rate is 2 kph faster than his
walking rate, how fast does he walk?
Solution:
Let r = Roland’s walking rate
d
r d t=
r
7
riding r +2 7 r+2
3
walking r 3
r
135

Equation:
7 3
=
r+2 r
⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛3⎞
r (r + 2)⎜ ⎟ = r (r + 2)⎜ ⎟
⎝r+2⎠ ⎝r⎠
7r = 3(r + 2)
7r = 3r + 6
7r – 3r = 6
4r = 6
6
r=
4
3 1
r= or 1
2 2
Checking:
equation
7 3
=
r+2 r
7 3
=
1 1
1 +2 1
2 2
7 3
=
3 3
+2
2 2
7 ⎛2⎞
= 3⎜ ⎟
3 4 ⎝3⎠
+
2 2
7 6
=
7 3
2
⎛2⎞
7⎜ ⎟ = 2
⎝7⎠
14
=2
7
2=2
1
Answer: Roland’s walking rate is 1 kph.
2
136

Example 3:
Erwin can plow the field in 7 days and Eddie can plow the same field in
5 days. How long will it take them to plow the field when working together?
Solution:
Let x = the number of days required them to plow the field when
working together
1
= part of the field they can plow in one day
x
1
= part of the field Erwin can plow in one day
7
1
= part of the field Eddie can plow in one day
5
Equation:
1 1 1
+ =
7 5 x
( 35 x ) + = 35 x ⎜⎛ ⎟⎞
1 1 1
7 5 ⎝x⎠
5x + 7x = 35
12x = 35
35 11
x= or 2
12 12
Checking:
1 1 1
+ =
7 5 x
1 1 1
+ =
7 5 2 11
12
1 1 1
+ =
7 5 35
12
1 1 12
+ =
7 5 35
5 7 12
+ =
35 35 35
12 12
=
35 35
11
Answer: Erwin and Eddie can plow the field together in 2 days.
12
137

E XERCISES
A. Represent the following expressions:
1. A fraction whose numerator is 12 less than the denominator.
2. The sum of two even numbers is 44 and the larger number is 8 more
than one-half the smaller number.
3. The ratio of twice a number is 5 less than the cube of the number.
4. Part of the job done in (y + 1) hours if the work can be done in

(3y – 2) hours.
5. The reciprocal of a two-digit numbers whose tens digit is 7 more

than the units digit.
B. Solve the following problems:

1. Find two numbers such that one is three times the other and the
3
sum of their reciprocal is .
10
2. Find the two numbers whose sum is 112, such that the first divided
by the second gives a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1.
3. The denominator of a fraction is 6 more than the numerator. If both

the numerator and the denominator of the fraction are increased
1
by 1, the resulting fraction equals . Find the fraction.
4
4. Berto can complete a job in 10 days and Dodoy can do the same job
in 7 days. How many days will it take them to complete the job if
they work together?
5. One pipe can fill the tank in 12 hours. After it has been opened for
2 hours, the second pipe is opened and the tank is filled in 3 hours
more. How long will it take the second pipe alone to fill the tank?
138

1. I am three times as old as my daughter. In ten year’s time, I shall be
twice as old as her. How old are we today?
2. A birthday party has a large number of visitors. The helper has to seat
them at a number of tables with the regulations that states:
a. Each table is to seat the same number of visitors.
b. The number at each table is an odd number between 200 – 230.
The helper finds that when she seats the visitors:
3 per table, she has 1 visitor left over;
5 or 7 per table, she has 2 visitors left over;
9 or 11 per table, she has 7 visitors left over;

but when she seats them 13 per table there are none left over. How
many visitors are there?
CHAPTER TEST
I. Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank.
20x − 5
1. The reduced form of is:
5x + 30
4x 4x + 1
a. c.
x x +6
4x 4x − 1
b. d.
x +6 x +6
2. Which of the following fractions does not belong to the
group?
1 -1
a. c.
3 -3
-1 1
b. - d. -
-3 -3
139

2x 3 x +1
3. What is the LCD of 2 , , and ?
3x x 6x2
a. 6x2 c. 6(3x)
b. x(3x2) d. 3x2(6x2)
2x 1
4. Solve + .
3 4x
x+3 x2 + 3
a. c.
12 12 x
x2 + 3 x +3
b. d.
12 x 2 12 x
x2 − 9
5. Simplify .
( x + 3)
2
x −3 3+ x
a. c.
x+3 3− x
x+3 -x − 3
b. d.
x −3 x −3
1 1
6. What must be multiplied to to produce ?
y 5
y 5
a. c.
5 y
1 1
b. d.
5 y
2a 10 a
7. Divide - by .
5 6
6 6
a. c. -
25 25
25 25
b. d. -
6 6
140

3 2
8. Subtract 2
− .
7c 5c
14c − 15 14 − 15c
a. c.
35c 35c
15 − 14c 14 + 15c
b. d.
35c 2 35c 2
r 1
9. Add , , and -2 r .
3 r2
3 + 5r 3 3 + 5r 3
a. c.
3r 3r 2
3 − 5r 3 3 − 5r 3
b. d.
3r 3r 2
t t
10. Solve: − = 2.
3 7
21 25
a. t= c. t=
2 2
23 27
b. t= d. t=
2 2
II. Perform the indicated operations of the following expressions:
3 2 4
1. + +
4 3 12
5 3
2. 17 −9
12 8
⎛2⎞ ⎛7⎞
3. ⎜ ⎟ ( 50 ) ⎜ ⎟
3
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 13 ⎠
141

1 3
4. 9 ÷5
3 8
7
5. 5+ −b
b
k2 − 25
6.
k+5
(-4l )(-6l )
7.
8l 2
y−4 y+3
8. 2
+ 2
y − 6y + 8 y + y − 6
5m m 3n − 9
9. + −
(n − 4) (n − 4) (n − 4)2
2
142

3
+3
z
10. 5 6
−
z z2
x +2 5 3
11. 2
+ +
x −4 x +2 x −2
8a 2 + 24a + 8
12.
16( a + 1)
w+5
13. 10 +
w −5
14. 15mn2 ÷ 30x ÷ y
143

15. 16(2x + 3)2
x +5
16. –x
10
15cd 35 c
17. • 2 ÷
70 8cd d
m+ k
18. • m2 – k2
m−k
x
y y2
19. 2x ÷
x
y
5
a−
a
20. 2 4
1− +
a a2
144

Chapter IV – Variation
Chapter IV
VARIATION
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Introduction
4.1 Ratio and Proportion
4.2 Direct Variation
4.3 Inverse Variation
4.4 Joint Variation and Combined Variation
Chapter Test
INTRODUCTION
Many formulas that are used in the
scientific and physical world are basically
based on the relationship between two
or more variables. One of the best known A German mathematician
who gave a variation of
formulas is Albert Einstein’s E = mc2.
the famed “E = mc2”
This equation, which shows the formula.
connection between energy and mass,
won for him a Nobel Prize in 1921. Albert Einstein
Einstien discovered that the ratio of
(1900-1955)
energy to mass is equal to the speed of
E
light squared or = c2 .
m
Another significant equation that is of interest to many is the Boyle’s
Law. It states that “as pressure of gas increases, the volume decreases.” For
instance, a rubber balloon filled with air decreases in size when you squeeze
it. Boyle’s Law can be expressed as V = k/p where k is called the constant of
variation.
These are only some of the interesting things that can be learned in this
chapter that deals with the variation of physical quantities. This chapter
focuses on the different types of variation, namely, direct variation, inverse
variation, joint variation, and combined variation.
4.1 RATIO AND PROPORTION

The concept of variation can be better understood if we have a thorough
understanding of ratio and proportion. A ratio is a comparison of one number
to another by division, while a proportion is a statement that equates two
ratios.
145

For example, in a Math class of 48 students, 30 are girls and 18 are boys.
The ratio of girls to boys is 30:18 or 5:3. On the other hand, the ratio of boys to
18 3
the total number of students is or .
48 8
The ratio of two concrete quantities has meaning if they are of the same
kind. Their ratio is the quotient of their measures in terms of the same unit.
24 inches
For instance, the ratio of 2 feet to 9 inches is or 24:9 which
9 inches
when simplified yields to 8:3.
Let us now see how proportion works in some problems. Suppose you
are driving on a trip of 2,700 kilometers. You begin a trip with a full tank of
gas, and after traveling 424 kilometers, you refill the tank for 275. How
much should you plan to spend on gasoline for the entire trip? (Assume that
the driving conditions are similar throughout the trip.)
The problem can be verbally expressed as:
Pesos for trip Pesos for tank
=
km for trip km for tank
Let x be the amount to be spent on gasoline for the entire trip.
Thus, the proportion is:
x 275
=
2750 424
x = 1783.61
Therefore, you should plan to spend approximately 1,783.61 for gasoline
on the trip.
RATIO
x
The ratio of real number x to the real number y is given by . The ratio
y
of x to y is sometimes written as x:y; where y ≠ 0.
PROPORTION
If the ratio of x to y is the same as the ratio of z to w, we can write the
proportion as:
x z
=
y w
146

The quantities x and w are called the extremes while y and z are called
the means of the proportion. The product of the means is equal to the product
of the extremes.
x : y = z : w yz = xw
means
extremes
Example 1:
Express each ratio as a fraction and simplify.
7 21
a. : b. a2b5 : a4b2 c. c2x2 : cx5
3 5
Solutions:
7 1
7 21 3 7 5 5
a. : = = • =
3 5 21 3 21 9
3
5
a 2b5 b3
b. =
a 4b2 a 2
c2 x 2 c
c. 5
= 3
cx x
Example 2:
Find the ratio of the quantities.
a. 8 days to 200 hours
b. 250 cm to 3 m
Solutions:
a. 8 days to 200 hours
Days and hours are different units but both are units of time wherein
one can be converted in terms of the other. In this case, convert days to
hours (1 day = 24 hours).
24 hours = 192 hours.
8 days ×
1 day
= 192 : 200
= 24 : 25
b. 250 cm to 3 m
Centimeters and meters are units of length. Convert meters into
centimeters (1 m = 100 cm).
100 cm = 300m
3m ×
1m
= 250 : 300
= 5:6
147

Example 3:
The ratio of a certain number to 8 is the same as the ratio of 4 to 5. What
is the number?
Solution:
Let x be the number. The proportion is:
x 4
=
8 5
5x = 32
32
x =
5
Checking:
x 4
=
8 5
32
5 =4
8 5
4
32 1 4
=
5 8 5
1
4 4
=
5 5
32
Thus, the number is .
5
Example 4:
Three cups of flour are required to make one batch of cookies. How many
1
cups are required to make 3 batches?
2
Solution:
1
Let x be the number of cups of flour needed to make 3 batches of cookies.
2
Setting up the proportion, we have:
1
3:1 = x:3
2
Solving for x,
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛7⎞
x = 3 ⎜3 ⎟ = 3⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2⎠
1
x = 10
2
148

Checking:
1
3:1 = x: 3
2
1 1
3 : 1 = 10
:3
2 2
21 7
3:1= :
2 2
3 1
3 21 ⎛ 2 ⎞
= 2 ⎜7⎟
1 ⎝ ⎠
1 1
3 3
=
1 1
3:1 = 3:1
1
Therefore, 10 1 cups of flour are required to make 3 batches of cookies.
2 2
Example 5:
Divide 36 into two parts with the ratio 3 : 7.
Solution:
Let a and b be the parts; then a + b = 36.
a 3
We can also express the problem as a : b = 3 : 7 or = or 7a = 3b.
b 7
a + b = 36 ⎫
The equations ⎬ is a system of equation which can be solved by
7a = 3b ⎭
substitution method. Solving a in 7a = 3b we have:
3b
a = . Substituting it to a + b = 36,
7
a+b = 36
3b
+b = 36
7
3b + 7b = 252
10b = 252
b = 25.2
3(25.2) 75.6
Thus, a = = = 10.8
7 7
149

Checking:
equations
a + b = 36 7a = 3b
10.8 + 25.2 = 36 7(10.8) = 3(25.2)
36 = 36 75.6 = 75.6
Therefore, when 36 is divided into two parts with the ratio 3 : 7, the two
parts are 10.8 and 25.2.
Example 6:
If x = 12, y = 10 and z = 24, write (x + y) : (z + y) as a ratio in simplest form.
Solution:
(x + y) : (z + y)
(12 + 10) : (24 + 10)
22 : 34
11 : 17
Example 7:
Find the ratio of x + y given that:
x+y=7
3x + 2y = 17
Solution:
Using the substitution method:
a. Solve the first equation for x.
x+y=7
x=7–y
b. Substitute the expression for x in the second equation, and solve
for y.
3x + 2y = 17
3(7 – y) + 2y = 17
21 – 3y + 2y = 17
21 – y = 17
-y = -4
y = 4
c. Substitute the value of y in x = 7 – y.
x = 7–y
x = 7–4
x = 3
Therefore, the ratio of x to y is 3 : 4.
150

Example 8:
3x + 5 18x + 5
Find the value of x if =
3 7
Solution:
3x + 5 18x + 5
=
3 7
3(18x + 5) = 7(3x + 5)
54x + 15 = 21x + 35
54x – 21x = 35 – 15
33x = 20
20
x =
33
Checking:
3x + 5 18x + 5
=
3 7
1 ⎛ 20 ⎞ 6 ⎛ 20 ⎞
3⎜ ⎟+5 18 ⎜ ⎟+5
⎝ 331 ⎠1 ⎝ 331⎠1
=
3 7
20 120
+5 +5
11
= 11
7 7
20 5 120 5
+ +
11 11
= 11 11
3 7
75 175
11 11
=
3 7
25 25
75 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 175 ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
11 ⎝ 3 ⎠ = 11 ⎝ 7 ⎠
1 1
25 25
=
11 11
151

Example 9:
A pump can fill a 500-gallon tank in 45 minutes. Determine the time
required to fill a 1,250-gallon tank with this pump.
Solution:
Let x be the time required.
The proportion required is:
500 : 45 = 1,250 : x
Solving for x,
500 1250
=
45 x
500x = (45)(1,250)
500x = 56,250
x = 112.5
Checking:
500 : 45 = 1,250 : x
500 1250
=
45 112.5
100 100
=
9 9
Therefore, the time required to fill a 1,250 gallon tank is 112.5 minutes.
EXERCISES
A. Find the ratio of the given quantities.
1. 120 days to one month
2. 400 m to 8 km
3. 650 seconds to 8 hours
4. 950 grams to 1.5 kilograms
5. 1500 square meters to 2 hectares
6. 32 days to 140 hours
152

7. 28 inches to 3 feet
8. 140 millimeters to 2 liters
9. 5 ounces to 24 ounces
10. 25 to 40.50-centavos
B. Solve for the indicated variable.

x 2
1. =
6 3
4 6
2. =
5 y
3. 2:x=x:8
4 16
4. =
5 y
y 6
5. =
36 7
x +5 x −6
6. =
6 4
7. y : (2x – y) = 6
153

a −5 a +8
8. =
3 12
9. (2b – 1) : 3b = 2 : 5
10. (2y – 3) : (1 + 4y) = (1 – 4y) : (2y + 3)
C. Express each ratio as a fraction and simplify.
4 12
1. :
5 10
2. x2y : x3y8
16 28
3. :
7 49
4. a4b3 : a3b10
4 y 15 y
5. :
5 2
6. 4a2 : 3a6
154

2 y 2 y2
7. :
8 4
3x 2 y
8. : 6x2y
8
1 2bc 2 2
9. : 6c
4c 13
1 1
10. 2
: 4
w w
x
11. 5:
y
1 3
12. :
m n
5 w
13. :
w 10
15 45
14. :
4y2 28 y
: 213
7a
15.
12 y3 a
155

D. Solve the following problems:

1. The ratio of cement to sand in an 80-kg bag of dry mix is 2 is to 5.
Find the number of kilograms of sand in the bag.
2. A line 55 inches long is divided into two parts whose lengths have
the ratio 3:7. Find the lengths of the parts.
3. A force of 36 pounds stretches a spring 6 inches. Determine the

number of pounds of force required to stretch it 8 inches.
4. The ratio of two positive numbers is 3:2. If their product is 96, find
the numbers.
5. The perimeter of a triangle is 150 cm. Find the length of each side if
the sides are in the ratio of 3:5:7.
6. A quality control engineer for a manufacturer found two defective

units in a sample of 75. At that rate, what was the expected number
of defective units in a shipment of 1,875?
7. A motorist drove 140 km in 5 hours. At that same rate, how far

could he drive in 7 hours?
8. A and B who are business partners divided their profits in the 2 to

3 ratio. Find each partner’s share of a profit amounting to 84,000.
9. If 4 painters can paint a house in 15 days, how long can 8 painters

finish the same size under the same condition?
10. Rosita, Cresencia, and Rosalie divided 7,150 among themselves

in the ratio 6:5:2, respectively. How much did each of them receive?
156

4.2 DIRECT VARIATION

If two variables are so related that as one variable changes, a change
will also take place with the other variable. Let us consider, for example, a
car that is traveling at a constant rate of 70 kilometers per hour, then the
distance traveled in t hours is given by d = 70t. This means that after two
hours, the car has traveled a distance of 140 kilometers. The change in distance
is directly affected by the change in the time; as t increases, so does d.
The expression d = 70t illustrates a direct variation wherein we say
that d is directly proportional to t or d varies directly as t. Since d = 70t
d
converts to the proportion = 70, we also say that 70 is the constant of
t
proportionality or constant of variation.
The following statements are equivalent:

1. y = kx for some constant k.
2. y varies directly as x.
3. y is directly proportional to x.
We call k as the constant of variation.
The equation y = kx, where k is a constant is a direct variation. We also

say that they are proportional or directly related.
Several examples of direct variation can be found in geometry.
Consider the following illustrations:
1. Circumference of a circle with radius r
C = 2 π r ; C varies directly as the radius r.
2 π is the constant of variation.
2. Area of a circle with radius r
A = π r2 ; A varies directly as the square of r.
π is the constant of variation.
3. Perimeter of a square of side s
P = 4s ; P is directly proportional to side s.
4 is the constant of proportionality.
4. Volume of a cube of side e
V = e3 ; V is directly proportional to the cube of e (as e3).
1 is the constant of proportionality.
157

Example 1:
a. Write an equation that expresses this direct variation: y varies directly
as x, and y is 24 when x is 12.
b. Find y for x = 15.

Solution:
a. Since y varies directly as x, we have y = kx for some constant k. To find
k, substitute the given values for the variables and solve.
y = kx
24 = k(12)
k = 2
Thus, the equation is y = 2x.
b. For x = 15, y = (2)(15) = 30.

Example 2:
The distance covered by a falling body varies directly as the square of
the time it takes to fall. If an object falling from 30-meter altitude takes 2
seconds to reach the ground, how high is NM2 Building if an object from its
rooftop takes 12 seconds to reach the ground?
Solution:
Establishing the equation, we have D = kt2, where D is the height of the
building, t is the time, and k is the constant of variation.
Substituting the given values to solve k, we get:
D = kt 2
30m = k (2s)2
30m
k =
4 s2
= 7.5 m/s2
Therefore, D = (7.5m/s2)(12 s)2
= 1,080 m
The NM Building is 1,080 meters high without considering any factors
2
such as air resistance or wind velocity. The preceding example illustrates

direct square variation. That is, one of the variable is in the second degree.
In general, if y varies directly as the square of x, then the relationship is
a direct square variation. In symbol, y = kx2, where k is the constant of
variation.
158

Example 3:
Find the constant of proportionality k if the variable s varies directly as
the variable t, and s = 6 when t = 12.
Solution:
Since s varies directly as t, then s = kt. Therefore, substituting 6 for s
and 12 for t, we have the equation:
6 = k . 12
6
k =
12
1
k =
2
Example 4:
⎛ 1⎞
If ⎜ x + ⎟ is directly proportional to y and x = 1 when y = 1, find y when
⎝ x⎠
x = 3.
Solution:
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
Since ⎜ x + ⎟ is directly proportional to y, then ⎜ x + ⎟ = ky.
⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠
Substituting x = 1 and y = 1 in the equation, we have:
⎛ 1⎞ = (k)(1)
⎜1+ ⎟
⎝ 1⎠
2 = k
k = 2
1
For k = 2, we have x + = 2y.
x
If x = 3 then y is:
1
x+ = 2y
x
1
3+ = 2y
3
10
= 2y
3
6y = 10
10 5
y = or
6 3
159

Example 5:
A certain quantity p varies directly with the square of another quantity
q. If p = 2, q = 0.5. Find p when q = 10.
Solution:
The variation equation is:
p = kq2
Solving k,
2 = k(0.5)2
2
k =
0.25
k = 8
Therefore, p = kq2
p = 8(10)2
p = 800
E XERCISES
A. Draw a if the given statement is true. Otherwise, draw a .
1. The relation 2y = 3x expresses a direct variation.
2. The constant of proportionality of V = π d2 is π .
3. Any linear equation x and y may describe a direct
variation.
4. The constant of proportionality of direct variation can
be zero.
bh
5. The formula A = illustrates direct variation.
2
6. In the relation y = 3x2, if x is tripled, y is also tripled.
q
7. If p = kq, then k = .
p
8. The graph of direct variation is always a straight line.
1
9. If x = ky2 and x = 3 when y = 1, then k = .
3
10. P = 2 l + 2w shows direct variation.
160

B. Determine the constant of variation and the equation described in each

of the following statements:
Constant of Equation of
Variation Variation
1. y varies directly as x and
y = 15 when x = 3.
2. x is directly proportional to
1
the square of y and x =
2
when y = 1.
3. The electric current I (in amperes)

in an electric circuit varies
directly as the voltage V. When
21 volts is applied, the current
is 7 amperes.
4. Quantity y is directly
proportional to x and
y = 2c when x = c.
5. y varies directly as x3 and
y = 15 when x = 3.
C. Complete the table below, if y is directly proportional to x.
x y k
1. 10 60
2. 20 5
3. 19 3
3
4. 18
4
1
5. 15
8
1
6. 11
2
7. 530 15
8. 0.5 10.5
9. 22 0.2
6 8
10.
13 7
161

D. Solve each of the following:

3 4 1
1. y varies directly as x. If y = when x = , find x when y = .
2 5 3
2. y varies directly as x2. If y = 8 when x = 2, find y when x = 4.
3. y varies directly as x. If y = 2.5 when x = 7.25, find y when x = 5.75.
4. If r is directly proportional to (35 + 1), and the corresponding values

of r and s are 5 and 8, respectively, find r when s = -3.
5. V varies directly as the square of w if V = 25 when w = 10, find V

when w = 8.
6. The lift of an airplane l is directly proportional to the square of the

air speed s. If l is 250 when s = 100, find l when s = 250.
162

7. Jeepney fare varies directly with the distance covered. In a certain

town, Kyle Eunice pays 7.50 for every 5 km. How far does she
travel if she pays 22.50. How much will she pay if she travels
10.5 km?
8. The weight, W, of an object on Mars is directly proportional to its

weight, B, on Earth. A man who weighs 118.75 kg on Earth weighs
7.5 kg on Mars. Find the weight of a man on Mars if he weighs 98 kg
on Earth.
9. The distance, d, meters through which a body falls from rest varies
directly as the square of time, t, in seconds. When t = 2 seconds,
d = 19.51 meters. How far will the body fall from rest in 5 seconds?
10. Hooke’s Law for an elastic spring states that the distance a spring
stretches is directly proportional to the force applied. If a force of
100 Newtons stretches a spring 8 cm, how much will a force of 250
Newtons stretch the spring?
163

4.3 INVERSE VARIATION

When y varies directly as x, the variables x and y increase or decrease at
the same time. There are some situations where one variable increases as
the other decreases. For this type of variation, we say that one of the variables
is inversely proportional to the other variable. Such variation is called inverse
variation.
The following statements are equivalent.

1. y varies inversely as x.
2. y is inversely proportional to x.
k
3. y= for some constant of variation k.
x
An example of inverse variation is the formula commonly used in physics,

Boyle’s Law. Let us study the following examples:
Example 1:
Boyle’s Law states that the pressure P of a compressed gas is inversely
proportional to the volume V. If there is a pressure of 25 pounds per square
inch when the volume of gas is 400 cubic inches, find the pressure when the
gas is compressed to 200 cubic inches.
Solution:
Since P is inversely proportional to V, then:
k
P =
V
Solving for k using the given values for P and V:
k = PV
k = (25)(400)
k = 10,000
10,000
Thus, P = . When V = 200 we have:
V
10,000
P =
200
P = 50
The pressure is 50 pounds per square inch.
164

Example 2:
If y varies inversely as x and y = 27 when x = 3, find y when x = 9.
Solution:
Since y varies inversely as x, we have:
k
y=
x
Solving for k using the known values for x and y:
k = xy
k = 3(27)
k = 81
81
Therefore, y = =9
9
The value of y is 9 when x is 9.
Example 3:
If it takes 12 men 4 days to build a fence, how many men are needed to
finish the fence in 2 days?
Solution:
The proportion shown below will help us solve the problem.
number of men1 number of men 2

=
number of days2 number of days1
By substitution,
12 men x
=
2 days 4 days
Solving x,
(12 men)(4 days)
x=
2 days
x= 24 men
This means that 24 men are needed to finish the fence in two days.
Example 4:
If p varies inversely as the cube root of q, what is the effect on p of
changing q to 64 times its original value?
Solution:
k
The equation is p = .
3
q
165

If q is changed to 64q then the value of p or pN .

k
pN = 3
64q
k
pN =
4 3
q
1⎛ k ⎞
pN = ⎜ ⎟
4 ⎜⎝ 3 q ⎟⎠
1
pN = p
4
Thus, the new value of p(pN) is one-fourth the original value of p.
Example 5:
A company has found that the daily demand x for its product is inversely
proportional to the price p. When the price is 5, the demand is 800 units.
Approximate the demand if the price is inversed to 6.
Solution:
k
The equation is x = .
p
Solving k,
k = xp = (5)(800)
k = 4,000
Therefore, if p = 6 we have:
k
x =
p
4,000
x =
6
x = 667
The demand is approximately 667 units when the price is inversed to
6.
166

E XERCISES
A. Write a mathematical equation for the given statement. Use k to
represent the constant of variation.
1. p varies inversely as d.
2. u is inversely proportional to the square of v.
3. P is inversely proportional to the square root of 1 + r.
4. V varies inversely as the cube of x.
5. The time, t, required for an auto to travel a fixed distance
is inversely proportional to the rate, r.
6. The amount of capital, P, needed to gain an income varies
inversely as the rate of interest, r.
7. The resistance, R, to the flow of electricity in a conductor
is inversely proportional to the diameter, d, of the wire.
8. A varies inversely as the fourth power of t.
9. The resistance, R, of an electrical conductor varies
directly as the length, l, and inversely as the cross-
section area, A.
10. The gravitational attraction, F, between two particles
of masses m 1 and m 2 is directly proportional to the
square of the distance between the particles.
B. Complete the table below, is x varies inversely as y.
x y k
1. 10 19
2. 26 5
3. 13 52
4. 36 9
1
5. 15
3
1
6. 20
8
7. 27 3
8. 65 60
1 1
9.
4 9
10. 0.96 2.48
167

C. Find the constant of variation of the following:

1. y varies inversely as x, and x = 20 when y = 5.
2. A is inversely proportional to the square of r, and A = 154

when r = 7.
3. s varies inversely as T, and s = 48 when T = 2.5.
1
4. y varies inversely as x and y = 40 when x = .
5
5. y is inversely proportional to x , and y = 6 when x = 9.
6. q is inversely proportional to the cube root of p and q = 18

when p = 8.
7. A varies inversely as product of h and (a + b), and A = 36

when h = 9, a = 2 and b = 6.
8. V is inversely proportional to the cube of p, and V = 81

when p = 3.
168

9. a varies inversely as b and a = 18 when b = 4.
10. A is directly proportional to the square of b and inversely

proportional to C, and A = 42 when b = 3 and c = 3.
D. Solve the following:

1. R1 varies inversely as R2. If R1 = 48 when R2 = 4, find R1 when
R2 = 12.
2. If y varies inversely as the square of z, find y when z = 3 if y = 12

when z = 2.
3. a varies inversely as the square of b and a = 10 when b = 5. Find a

when b = 25.
4. If x inversely proportional to 3 y , and x =1.8 when y = 64, find x

when y = 27.
169

5. An inverse variation is given by ab = k, where k is a constant. If

a = 15 when b = 9, what is the value of k? Find the value of a when
b = 6.
6. If (a – b) varies inversely as (b + 3) and a = 8 when b = 2, find a when

b = -1.
7. If y is inversely proportional to x and y = 1 when x = 10, find the

values of y and x when y – x = 3.
8. Given m is inversely proportional to n2, how is m affected if
a. n is halved?
b. n is increased by 25%?
9. A textile factory accepted an order that could be completed by 15

workers in 10 weeks. How many workers working at the same rate
could complete the job in half the time?
10. The current, I, in amperes is inversely proportional to the

resistance, R in ohms. If the current is 30 amperes when the
resistance, is 3 ohms, what is the current when the resistance is 5
ohms?
170

11. When a force applied to an object is kept constant, the acceleration,

a, at which the object moves as a result of the application of the
force varies inversely as the mass, m, of the object. If a mass of 50
grams is given acceleration of 6 cm/sec2 by a certain force, what
acceleration will that same force give a 75-gram object?
12. Fifty kilograms per square centimeter is the pressure exerted by

150 cubic centimeter of a gas. Use Boyle’s Law to find the pressure
if the gas is composed to 100 cubic centimeters.
13. The intensity of illumination on a surface, E, in foot-candles varies

inversely as the square of the distance, d, of the light source from
the surface. If E is 6.4 foot-candles when d is 8 feet, find E when d
is 6 feet.
14. The volume of sales, V, varies inversely as the unit price, P, of a

commodity. If V = 4,000 units when P = 1.50, find P when V = 3,000
units.
15. The density, D, of any substance is inversely proportional to its

volume, V. If the density of a certain liquid is 24 g/mL when the
volume is 5 ml, what is its density if the volume is tripled?
171

4.4 JOINT VARIATION

AND COMBINED VARIATION
The formula for the area A of a triangle with base b and altitude h is
1 1
given A = bh. The constant of proportionality is and the equation can be
2 2
stated in the following ways:
a. A varies directly as b and h.
b. A varies directly as the product of b and h.
c. A varies jointly as b and h.
This relation is called a joint variation.
Example 1:
Describe the variation given by these equations:
a. z = kx2y3
b. V= π r2h
c. I = Prt
Solution:
a. z varies jointly as x2 and y3.
b. V is jointly proportional to r2 and h.
c. I varies directly as the product of P, r, and t.
JOINT VARIATION
The following statements are equivalent:
1. z = kxy for some constant of variation k.
2. z varies jointly as x and y.
3. z is jointly proportional to x and to y.
Joint variation is always a direct variation.
Example 2:
10 5
s varies jointly as l and the square of w; s = when l = 12 and w = .
3 6
9
Find s when l = 15 and w = .
4
172

Solution:
Setting up the equation, we have:
s = klw2
Solving for k:
10 10 10
s 3 3
k= = 2
= = 3
lw2 ⎛5⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞ 50
(12) ⎜ ⎟ 12 ⎜ ⎟
⎝6⎠ 2 ⎝ 36 ⎠ 6
6
1 2
10 6 2
k= ⋅ =
3 50 5
1 5
Therefore,
3
2
⎛2⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 15 ⎞ ⎛ 81 ⎞
s = ⎜ ⎟ (15) ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝5⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎠
1 8
243
s=
3
s = 81
Example 3:
The area, A, of rectangle is jointly proportional to its length, l and to its
width, w. If l is 5 m and w is 3.5 m when A = 17.5 m2, what is A if l = 6 m and
w = 4 m?
Solution:
The variation equation is A = klw.
Solving for k,
A 17.5 m2
k= =
lw (5)(3.5) m2
k=1
Thus, A = (1) (6 m) (4 m) = 24 m2. The area of the triangle is 24 m2 when
the length and the width are 6 m and 4 m, respectively.
Example 4:
The kinetic energy, K, varies jointly as the mass, m, and the square of
velocity, v. Suppose K is 50 ergs when m is 4 g and v is 5 cm/sec. Find K when
m is 10 g and v is 3 cm/sec.
173

Solution:
The variation equation is K = kmv2.
Solving for k,
50 = k(4)(5)2
50 = 100k
1
k =
2
Thus,
1
K = (mv2)
2
1
K = (10)(3)2
2
K = 45
The kinetic energy is 45 ergs when m = 10 g and the v = 3 cm/sec.
Example 5:
q varies jointly as g and the square of b. If q = 105 when g = 14 and b = 5,
find q when g = 10 and b = 14.
Solution:
Establishing the equation, we get:
q = kgb2
Solving for k,
105 = k(14)(5)2
105 = k(14)(25)
105 = 350k
105
k =
350
3
k =
10
Finding q when g = 10 and b = 14,
⎛3⎞ 2
q = ⎜ ⎟ (10)(14)
⎝ 10 ⎠
q = (3)(196)
q = 588
174

COMBINED VARIATION
kxy3
In the equation w = , k is called the constant of proportionality.
z
This means that the variable w varies directly or jointly as x and y3 and
inversely as z. This is called combined variation. That is, a combination of
joint variation and inverse variation.
Example 6:
A quantity x varies jointly as the product of y and z and inversely as w.
If x = 4 when y = 2 and z = 20 and w = 5, find x if y = 3, z = 4 and w = 2.
Solution:
Establishing the equation:
kyz
x=
w
Solving for k,
wx
k =
yz
(5)(4) (20) 1
k= = =
(2)(20) (40) 2
Therefore,
1
(3)(4)
2 6
x = =
2 2
x = 3
Example 7:
The diametral pitch, P, of a gear varies directly as the number of teeth,
N, and inversely as the pitch diameter, D. Find k if P = 10 when N = 12 and
D = 4. What is the value of N when P = 9 and D = 20?
Solution:
Since P varies directly as N and inversely as D, then:
kN
P=
D
Substituting 10 for P, 12 for N, and 4 for D, we obtain:
k(12) 12k
10 = or 10 =
4 4
40 = 12k 10 = 3k
40 10 10
k= = k=
12 3 3
175

Therefore,
PD (9)(20) 180
= =
N= k 10 10
3 3
⎛ 3 ⎞
N = 180 ⎜ ⎟ = (18)(3)
⎝ 10 ⎠
N = 54
Example 8:
z varies jointly as x and y, and inversely as w, if z = 22/5 when x = 6,
y = 11 and w = 10. Find w when z = 6, x = 5, and y = 27.
Solution:
kxy
z=
w
22 k(6)(11)
=
5 10
22 66k
=
5 10
(66k)(5) = (22)(10)
330k = 220
220 2
k= =
330 3
Solving for w,
kxy
w=
z
3
⎛2⎞ 9
⎜ ⎟ (5)( 27 )
kxy ⎝3⎠
w= = = 15
z 6
Example 9:
3
r varies jointly as s and t and inversely as w. If r = , when s = 10 and
28
t = 3 and w = 56, find r when s = 6, t = 7, and w = 84.
Solution:
Forming the equation, we have:
kst
r=
w
176

Solving for the constant variation,

3 k(10)(3)
=
28 56
3 30k
=
28 56
(30k)(28) = (3)(56)
840 k = 168
168 1
k= =
840 5
Finding r,
⎛1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ (6)(7)
r = ⎝5⎠
84
1
42 1 42 1
r= • or r= •
5 84 5 84 2
42 1
r= r=
420 10
1
r=
10
EXERCISES
A. Express the following as equations using the constant of variation k.
1. The force of impact, F, varies directly as the product
of the mass m and the velocity, V, and inversely as the
product of the acceleration of gravity, g, and time, t.
2. The ideal gas law states that the pressure, P, of a gas
varies directly with the absolute temperature, T, of
the gas and inversely as the volume, V, of the gas.
3. Z is directly proportional to x and inversely
proportional to the square root of y.
4. d varies jointly as x and y and inversely as the square
of r.
5. The maximum force, F, exerted on the vane of a wind
generator varies jointly as the area, A, of the vane and
the square of the wind velocity, V.
177

B. Complete the table below if a varies jointly as b and c and inversely as d.

a b c d k
1. 4 8 12 40
2. 24 14 30 12
3. 9 2 4 5
4. 10 3 1 4
5. 14 4 7 6
3 1
6. 10 2
4 3
7. 0.5 1.5 6.2 1.8
5
8. 6 3 5
8
1 3
9. 13 6
2 8
1 1
10. 8 2 6 20
4 3
C. Solve the following:

3 5 9
1. Z varies jointly as x and y; z = when x = and y = 20 . Find z
2 6
when x = 2 and y = 7.
2. A is directly proportional to the square of b and inversely

proportional to c, and A = 42 when b = 3 and c = 3. Find the constant
of proportionality.
3. The simple interest, I, earned by a savings deposit in a given time,

t, varies jointly as the Principal, P, and interest rate, r. If I = 180
when P = 1,000 and r = 0.06, find I when P = 750 and r = 0.06 in
the same amount of time.
178

4. If y varies directly as the square of x and inversely as the cube z and

y = 5 when x = 2 and z = 2, find the equation of variation.
5. z varies jointly as x and y, and inversely as w. If z = 6 when y = 9,

x = 8 and w = 3, find y when z = 14, x = 7 and w = 6.
6. The weight of a rectangular block of metal varies jointly as the

length, the width, and the thickness. If the weight of a 12 cm by
8 cm by 6 cm block of metal is 18 kg, find the weight of 14 cm by 10
cm by 6 cm block.
7. w varies jointly as x and the square y. If x = 4.5 and y = 10, then

w = 150. What is the value of w when x = 100 and y = 30?
8. The area of a triangle varies jointly as the product of its height and
base. The area of a triangle is 36 m2 when b = 12 m and h = 6 m.
What is the value of k? What is the area of a triangle if its base is
halved and its altitude is doubled?
9. The volume of a cone is jointly proportional to the height and area

of the base of a cone. The volume of a cone with a height of 15 cm
and with a base area of 28 cm2 is 140 cm3. Find the volume of a cone
with a height of 7 cm and with a base area of 12 cm2.
179

3
10. f varies jointly as h and g and inversely as q. If f = when h = 2,
4
g = 3 and q = 8, find f when h = 4, g = 5 and q = 9.
The Golden Ratio
Materials:
grid paper, scissors, calculator, and tape measure
What do a cereal box, a skyscraper, and a famous painting have in

common? One thing is their rectangular shape.
Mathematicians have studied rectangles for centuries. Many ancient
Greek mathematicians and philosophers looked for a special rectangle that
was the most perfect, visually appealing rectangle. Some rectangles are shown
below. Take an informal survey of your classmates to find which one they
like best.
A B C
Most people choose rectangle C. It’s not too skinny and not too square.
This rectangle is called a golden rectangle. Notice that the ratio of the
8
length to width is or 1.6
5
Try This!
Work in groups of three.
Step 1 Cut a rectangle out of grid paper that is 34 squares long and 21
34
squares wide. The ratio of length to width is or about 1.62
21
180

Step 2 Cut the rectangle into two parts, in which one part is the largest
possible square and the other part is a rectangle. Measure the
rectangle and record its length and width. Write the ratio of length
to width and then express it as a decimal. Record your data in a
table like the one shown below.
Rectangle Square
length 34 21 ? ? ? ? ?

width 21 13 ? ? ? ? ?
34
ratio 21
? ? ? ? ? ?
decimal 1.62 ? ? ? ? ? ?
Step 3 Use the same method to cut the smaller rectangle into two parts
until the remaining rectangle is 1 square by 2 squares. Measure
each rectangle to the nearest tenth of a centimeter, and find the
ratio of length to width.
Trigonometry
Materials:
protractor, metric ruler, and calculator
Mathematicians have been studying the relationships among the sides
of right triangles since before 2000 B.C. The study of these relationship is
called trigonometry.
Try This!
Work in groups of three.
Step 1 Each person should draw a right triangle ABC in which m ∠ A = 30°,
m ∠ B = 60°, and m ∠ C = 90°.
Step 2 Use your ruler to measure the leg opposite the 30° angle. Record
the measurement to the nearest millimeter.
A
30°
leg hypotenuse
60°
C leg B
181

Step 3 The leg adjacent to an angle is the side of the angle that is not the
hypotenuse. For example, in this triangle, the leg adjacent to the 30
angle is AC. Measure the leg adjacent to the 30 angle and record
the measurement. Measure the hypotenuse and record the
measurement.
Step 4 Use your measurements and your calculator to find each ratio for
the 30° angle.
opposite leg opposite leg opposite leg

ratio 1 : ratio 2 : ratio 3 :
adjacent leg hypotenuse hypotenuse
Compare your ratios with the others in your group.
Step 5 Repeat steps 2, 3, and 4 for the 60° angle.
On Your Own!
1. Make a conjecture about the ratios of the sides of any 30°-60° right
triangle. Are all 30°-60° right triangles similar to each other? Explain.
2. Draw a 45°-45° right triangle. Find the value of each of the ratios for
45° angle.
3. Reflect. Suppose you know the length of one side of a 30°-60° right
triangle. How can you apply what you have learned to find the length
of the other sides without measuring it directly?
More About Variations
A. Write Direct, Inverse, or Joint on the blank to determine whether the

following represents direct, inverse, or joint variation.
x
1. y=
3
2. y = 8xz
3. 15 = xy
y
4. = 2xz4
3x
5. y = 7s2x32
6. y = 4x2
7. y = 8x
3
8. y=
P
182

y
9. = 5x23
3x
2
10. y= x
3
B. Solve the following:

1. If p varies directly as q, and p = 20, when q = 4, find p when q = 10.
2. If m varies directly as n, and m = 4 when n = 3, find m when n = 21.
3. If x varies inversely as y, and x = 4 when y = 7, find x when y = 2.
4. If y varies directly as x, and y = 9 when x = 4, find x when y = 3.
5. y varies jointly as x2 and y2, and r = 200 when x = 5 and y = 2. Find r

when x = y = 12.
Proportional Connections
When you look a long way down a straight or railroad track, it seems to
narrow as it vanishes in the distance. The point where the sides seem to
touch is called the vanishing point. The same thing occurs in the lens of a
camera, as shown in the figure. Suppose I represents the length of the image,
O the length of the object, d the distance from the lens to the film, and D the
distance from the lens to the object. Then:
Image length Image distance I d

= = .
Object length Object distance or O D
183

Given the length of the image on the film and its distance from the
lens, then the length of the object determines how far away the lens must be
from the object to fit on the film.
Lens
Image d D O
l
on film
Object
Vanishing
point
Questions:
1. How far from the lens should a child 1 meter tall be to fit on 35 mm
film (35mm by 35mm) if the distance d in the ratio above is 7mm?
2. Many camera lenses show an infinity symbol, ∞ . This symbol is
usually used to represent a quantity that grows without bound.
Find the definition given for the infinity symbol on a camera.
Ratios and Proportions

Figure 1
Consider Figure 1. Measure the
length and width of both the small and
large rectangle. Calculate the ratio of
the length to the width of the large
rectangle and the ratio of the length
to the width of the small rectangle.
Compare the two ratios.
Consider Figure 2. Measure the length and

width of both the small and large rectangle. Figure 2
Calculate the ratio of the length to the width of the
large rectangle and the ratio of the length to the
width of the small rectangle. Compare the two
ratios.
Why do you think this comparison yielded
these results? Explain.
If the rectangle were squares, what do you
think the result would have been? Explain.
184

Figure 3
Consider Figure 3. Can you explain
why comparison of the ratios of the length
to the width are different than was found
above?
Now consider the areas of the small
and large rectangles in each figure. Can
you find any measurement that is directly
proportional to the ratio of the area of the
large rectangle to the area of the small rectangle?
Perimeter, Area, and Ratio
Which of the figures above appeals to you the most? Your choice will
test your personality informally. If you choose the circle it means that you
are a “people person”. The triangle suggest a leader. The square suggests an
organized data-collector and the rectangle suggests a personality that is in
transition.
Answer the following by using the figure above.
A. Each square on the grid is 1cm by 1cm. Find the perimeter and area of:
1. the triangle
2. the square
3. the rectangle
B. What is the ratio of the following areas?
1. the square to the rectangle?
2. the rectangle to the triangle?
3. the triangle to the square?
C. What is the ratio of the following perimeters?
1. the triangle to the rectangle?
2. the rectangle to the square?
3. the square to the triangle?
185

CHAPTER TEST
A. Multiple Choice: Write on the blank the letter of the correct answer.
1. The ratio of 400 meters to 7 kilometers is .
a. 4:7 c. 2:35
b. 7:4 d. 35:2
23 x
2. Solve for x : = .
46 2
1
a. c. 46
2
b. 1 d. 2
3. Express “the perimeter (P) of a regular polygon varies
directly as the number of sides (s)” as a formula with k as
the constant of proportionality.
a. P = 4s c. s = kP
b. P = ks d. K = Ps
4. Translate s = kt2 verbally using the terminology of variation
with k as the constant of variation.
a. s is directly proportional to the square of t.
b. s varies inversely as the square of t.
c. k is equal to the product of s and t2.
d. s varies jointly as k and t2.
1
5. If K.E = mv2, when v is doubled, K.E is .
2
a. doubled c. tripled
b. halved d. multiplied by 4
6. Express z as a specific functional equation of x and y if z
varies directly as x and inversely as the square of y, and
z = 18 when x = 3 and y = 2.
kx x
a. z= c. z=
y2 y2
24x
b. z= d. z = 24xy2
y2
186

7. Find k if z varies jointly as x and y, and z = 72 when x = 4

and y = 3.
a. 6 c. 12
1
b. d. 18
6
8. The surface area of a sphere varies directly as the square
of the radius. If the surface area is 36 π cm2 when the
radius is 3 cm, what is the surface area when the radius is
12 cm?
a. 144 π cm2 c. 576 cm2
b. 48 π cm2 d. 576 π cm2
9. Find z when x = 4 and y = 2 if z varies directly as x and
inversely as y, and if z = 5 when x = 2 and y = 3.
a. 7.5 c. 15
b. 30 d. 10
10. For some constant k, the statement “z varies jointly as x2
and y” can be expressed as .
kx2
a. z= c. z = kx2y
y
ky 1
b. z= d. z =
x2 kx2y
11. The kinetic energy, K, varies jointly as the mass, m, and
the square of velocity, V. If K is 36 ergs when m is 8 gm and
V is 3 cm/sec, find K if m = 4 gm and V = 6 cm/sec.
3
a. c. 432
2
b. 612 d. 216
12. In a direct variation, if the independent variable is doubled,
what will happen to the dependent variable?
a. The dependent variable is also doubled.
b. The dependent variable is divided by 2.
c. The dependent variable is increased by 2.
d. The dependent variable is decreased by 2.
187

13. The area of a rectangle varies jointly as the length and the
width, and A = 48 cm2 when l = 12 cm and w = 2 cm. Find
the area of the rectangle whose length is 30 cm and whose
width is 6 cm.
a. 90 cm2 c. 180 cm2
b. 360 cm2 d. 60 cm2
14. The number of hours required to finish a certain job varies
inversely as the number of persons on the job. If 8 persons
require 9 hours to finish the job, how long should it take
for 24 persons to do the job?
a. 72 c. 3
b. 12 d. 25
15. The area of a square varies directly as the square of the
length of a diagonal. If the area of the circle is 8 cm2, and
the diagonal is 4 cm, find the variation constant.
a. 1 c. 2
1
b. d. 16
2
B. Using the indicated variables and K as the constant of proportionality,
translate the following into equations.
1. The perimeter, p, of an equilateral triangle
varies directly as the side, s.
2. The velocity, v, of a sound wave varies directly
as the product of frequency, n, and the
wavelength, l.
3. The pressure, P, of a gas varies directly with
the absolute temperature, T, of the gas and
inversely as the volume, v of the gas.
4. The volume, V, of a right circular cone varies
jointly as the square of the radius, r, of the base,
and the altitude, h.
5. The strength of a beam varies jointly as the
height, y, and the square of its width, x.
6. The force, F, of static friction is directly
proportional to the pressure, P, between two
bodies resting on one another.
7. The distance, d, a ball rolls down an inclined
plane is directly proportional to the square of
the time, t, it rolls.
188

8. The marketing department of a large company

finds that the demand, d, for one of its products
varies inversely as the price, P, of the product.
9. V varies jointly as h and the square of b.
10. The gravitational force, F, with which an object
is attracted to the Earth is inversely
proportional to the square of its distance, r,
from the center of the Earth.
11. The load, L, that can be safely supported by a
horizontal beam varies jointly as the width, w,
of the beam and the square of its depth, d, and
inversely as the length, l, of the beam.
12. The maximum torsinal stress, S, on a circular
shaft varies directly as the torque, T, and
inversely as the cube of the radius, r.
13. m varies directly as n and inversely as the cube
of p.
14. The distance (D) in km covered by a car varies
directly as its speed (S) in km/hr.
15. T varies jointly with M, R, and C.

1. If v varies directly as s and inversely as t, find v when s = 8 and t = 6
if v = 20 when s = 4 and t = 2.
2. The amount of paint required for a circular floor varies as the square
of the radius. If it takes 3 liters of paint to paint a floor with a
radius of 4 meters, find the amount of paint required for a floor
with a radius of 5 meters.
189

3. It takes three men to repair a road in one day. How many men are
needed to repair the same road in half a day?
4. The volume of a right circular cylinder varies jointly as its height

and the square of the radius of the base. The volume is 360 π cm3
when the height is 10 cm and the radius is 6 cm. Find V when h = 18
cm and r = 5 cm.
5. A company determines that the demand for one of its products is

directly proportional to the amount spent on advertising and
inversely proportional to the price of the product. When 40,000
is spent on advertising the price per unit is 20, the monthly
demand is 10,000 units.
a. If the amount of advertising was increased to 50,000, how
much could the price be increased to maintain a monthly
demand of 10,000 units?
b. If you were in charge of the advertising department, would

you recommend this increased expense in advertising?
190

Chapter V – Integral Exponent
Chapter V
INTEGRAL EXPONENT
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Introduction
5.1 Laws of Exponents
5.2 Negative and Zero Exponents
5.3 Scientific Notation
5.4 Fractional Exponents
5.5 Exponential Equations
5.6 Solving Problems Involving Expression with Exponents
Chapter Test
INTRODUCTION
In your first year Math, you
learned that exponents are important A French mathematician
in mathematics. When you worked with who made important
polynomials, you need to follow the contributions to
mathematical notation,
rules or the laws of exponents. Let us
the use of superscripts
discuss further the concepts of to denote exponent.
exponents. René Descartes
Exponent comes from Latin word (1596-1650)
“exponere” which means “expound”. It
is the number or variable written as a small letter on the upper right of the
expression, as in 32, which equals 9. It is also called index. As early as 14th
century, mathematicians used the concept of exponents, but it was Rene
Descartes, a French mathematician, who invented the method of indices to
express the powers of numbers.
Below explains further the definition of exponents.
If a is a nonzero real number, then:

an = a•a•a•...•a, which means a is to be multiplied n times.
an is called the power.
an The exponent tells the number of times the base is to be

multiplied by itself.
The base is a number or expression to which the exponent refers.
191

5.1 LAWS OF EXPONENTS

In mathematics, we follow certain laws. In this chapter, we shall review
several exponential laws that are useful in algebra.
I – THE PRODUCT RULE

xa • xb = xa+b
where x is a nonzero real number and a and b are positive integers.
Examples:
1. a2.a3 = a2+3 = a5
2. (xy) (x 3y) (x2y2) = x1+3+2y1+1+2 = x6y4
3. (-2n5) (3n) (4n7) = (-2) (3) (4) (n5+1+7) = -24n13
4. (2y) (2y) (2y) = (2y) 1+1+1
= (2y)3 or 8y3
5. 34.35 = 34+5 = 39 or 19683
In the Product Law, we can see in the first two examples that if the
bases are the same, we get the exponents of the factors and add them together.
In the third example, notice that since the numerical coefficients of the variable
are not the same, we multiply the numbers and add together the exponents
of n. In the fourth example, the numerical coefficient and the variables are
the same; therefore, we get the exponents of the bases and add them together.
We follow the same rule in the fifth example.
II – THE QUOTIENT RULE

xm
n
= x m −n
x
where x ≠ 0 and m > n.
Examples:
a7
1. = a7−4 = a 3
a4
a 3b4 c5d10 3 −1 4 − 2 5 − 2 10 −12 2 2 3 −2 a 2b2c3

2. = a b c d = a b c d =
ab2c 2d12 d2
(2q )9
3. = (2q )9−5 = (2q )4 = 16q4
(2q )5
( x + y)5 a +3
4. 3 a +2
= ( x + y)5a +3−(3 a +2) = ( x + y)2a +1
( x + y)
192

23 x −1
5. x +2
= 2(3 x −1)−( x +2) = 22 x −3
2
In the Quotient Rule, we subtract the exponents of the expressions of
the same base.
III - THE PRODUCT RAISED TO A POWER RULE

(xy)a = xaya
where x ≠ 0 and y ≠ 0.
a is a positive integer.
Examples:
1. (m3n)2 = m6n2
2. (2y)3 = 23y3 = 8y3
3. (3ab2)3 = 27a3b6
In the Power of a Product Rule, exponential distributes over
multiplication.
IV - THE POWER OF A POWER RULE

(ma)b = mab
where m ≠ 0
Examples:
1. (y2)3 = y6
2. (34)5 = 320
3. (z2x)3 = z6x
In the Power of a Power Rule, we simply multiply the exponents.
V - THE QUOTIENT RAISED TO A POWER RULE

x x
⎛a⎞ a
⎜b⎟ =
⎝ ⎠ bx
where b ≠ 0 and the exponent is a positive integer.
Examples:
3 3
1. ⎛n⎞ n
⎜ 9 ⎟ = 93
⎝ ⎠
7 7
⎛ 2 y ⎞ (2 y) 27 y7 128 y7
2. ⎜ 5 ⎟ = (5)7 = 57 = 78,125
⎝ ⎠
(-z ) z 2
2 2
3. ⎛ -z ⎞
⎜ 8 ⎟ = 82 = 64
⎝ ⎠
193

3
⎛ 3a3b4 ⎞ 33 a9b12 27a9b12
4. ⎜ 5 ⎟
= 3 15 =
⎝ 4c ⎠ 4c 64c15
3
⎛ 5w +2 ⎞ 53w +6
5. ⎜ w −4 ⎟ =
⎝6 ⎠ 63w −12
In the Quotient Raised to a Power Rule, we distribute the exponent
over division.
Laws of Exponents
• The Product Rule
xa•xb = xa+b
• Quotient Rule
xm
= xm–n
xn
• The Product Raised to a Power Rule
(xy)a = xaya
• The Power of a Power Rule
(ma)b = mab
• The Quotient Raised to a Power Rule
x x
⎛a⎞ a
⎜ b ⎟ = bx
⎝ ⎠
EXERCISES
A. Identify the law of exponents used and simplify.
1. x3 • x2
2. y4 ÷ y2
3. (a2b2)4
-1
⎛ w -5 ⎞
4. ⎜ -2 ⎟
⎝x ⎠
194

5. (a + b)-2 (a + b)5
6. (r4s2) ÷ (r2s2)
7. c3d2 ÷ c2d2
8. (e2)(ef3)
9. (x2y2)3
10. (a4b2)(ab)
B. Supply the missing exponent/s.

1. (3x2y2)2 = (3x2y)
2. (3x2y)2 = (3xy)
3. (x3y4)3 = (xy2)2
4. (2x2y)2 = (2x2y)
5. (25x4y5)3 = (5xy2)2
6. 54a5b5 = (2a3b2)2(3ab)
7. 63x10y15 = (3x2y3)3(3x3y4)
195

8. (4x3y)5 = (4xy2)2(xy)
9. 72x7y6 = (2xy)(x2y)2
10. 27x8y7 = (x2y)2(3xy)2
C. Simplify the following:

1. (a3)(e4) Solution:
2. (6a2)(4ab) Solution:
3. (3xy)(-2xyz) Solution:
4. (8u2v)(-5uv)(-2uv2) Solution:
5. (a2)3 Solution:
6. (uv)w Solution:
7. (t4)4 Solution:
8. (qr)s+t Solution:
9. (cd)3 Solution:
10. (4f)2 Solution:
11. (2m3n)5 Solution:
12. (2x3y5)5 Solution:
196

13.
G4 Solution:
G2
14. 8 h 2i 3 Solution:
4 hi
340m5n12q10
15. Solution:
20m 4n 5q 6
16. 2.8 a 8b 6 Solution:

0.7 a 3b 2
4
17. ⎛w ⎞ Solution:
⎜ x ⎟
⎝ ⎠
4
18. ⎛ 2a ⎞ Solution:
⎜ 3b ⎟
⎝ ⎠
5
19. ⎛ ab ⎞ Solution:
⎜ cd ⎟
⎝ ⎠
p
⎛ 7h4ik ⎞
20. ⎜ 5 ⎟ Solution:
⎝ 8 j lm ⎠
5.2 NEGATIVE AND ZERO EXPONENTS

So far, we have been discussing only positive exponents. Let us consider
the equation below.
x4 ÷ x7 = x4-7 = x-3
x4 x ⋅x⋅x ⋅x 1
On the other hand, it can also be written as 7 = = 3 .
x x ⋅x ⋅x ⋅x ⋅x ⋅x ⋅x x
1
From the given examples, we can conclude that x-3 = .
x3
197

In simplifying expressions in exponential form, we do not write the

expression in negative exponent. Instead, we change the negative exponents
to positive exponents by getting the reciprocal of the base. By definition, we
have:
1
x-2 = where x ≠ 0
x2
Now, let us examine the next equation;
xm ÷ xm = xm-m = x0
On the other hand, we learned from our previous lessons in arithmetic

that a number divided by itself is always equal to 1. Therefore, the answer in
the equation above which is x0 is also equal to 1. We can now conclude that
x0 = 1. By the definition of Zero Exponents, we have:
x0 = 1 where x ≠ 0.
Take note that 00 is undefined and there is no such expression as 0-0

because it is also undefined. A zero whose exponent is a negative will give a
denominator zero and dividing by zero is undefined.
Writing fractions using negative exponent is sometimes more convenient
−2
1 ⎛2⎞
to use. For instance, 2
=⎜ ⎟ .
⎛2⎞ ⎝7⎠
⎜7⎟
⎝ ⎠
A quantity with negative exponent is equal to the reciprocal of that
−n n
⎛x⎞ ⎛ y⎞
quantity with the corresponding positive exponent. In symbol, ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ y⎠ ⎝x⎠
Expressions with negative exponents are in its simplest form if the
exponents are positive, no powers of powers, the base appears only once,
and all fractions are in simplified form.
Examples:
n6 1
1. 8
= n6 −8 = 2
n n
-18x 7 -3 -3 3
2. - 10
= - x −3 = - 3 = 3
30x 5 5x 5x
-18 a 5 -2a −8 2
3. 13
= =- 8
45a 5 5a
y3
4. = y0 = 1
y3
198

29
5. 9
= 20 = 1
2
-20k x
6. = -4k 0 = -4(1) = -4
5k x
1 3 1
7. 9m3n0 (12m −2n )−1 = 9m3 •1• −2 or 9m3 •1 • 12 m−2n
12m n 4
9 1
= •m3•m2•
12 n
9m5
=
12n
3m5
=
4n
(2a 2b4 )0 1
8. =
(4a 3b2 )−1 1
4a 3b2
= 1 • 4a3b2
= 4a3b2
.
(7 x ) −3 7 −3 x −3
9. =
( x 4 ) −1 x −4
1 1 x4
= • •
73 x3 1
x4
=
73 x 3
x 4 −3
=
73
x
= 343
Negative Exponents
1
x −a = where x ≠ 0
xa
Zero Exponents
xm
= x m −n = x 0 = 1 where m = n
xn
199

E XERCISES
A. Simplify and evaluate the following expressions using positive
exponents:
−1
⎛ 6a −2b ⎞
1. ⎜ −1 ⎟ Solution:
⎝ c ⎠
2. (a4b-4)-4 Solution:
3. (736w-3)0 Solution:
2 3y4
4. ( x ) −2 Solution:
y
5. 68(a-4)0 Solution:
r5
−4 3
6. (r ) −2 Solution:
r
24 −1 a −3b0
7. Solution:
(2a 2b )-4
-1
⎛ w−7 ⎞
8. ⎜ -3 ⎟ Solution:
⎝w ⎠
-3
⎛ c 2d ⎞
9. ⎜ d +3 ⎟ Solution:
⎝c ⎠
3
⎛ v−5 ⎞
10. ⎜ -7 ⎟ Solution:
⎝v ⎠
200

11. (c-edf )-g (c-2ed3f)g Solution:
-2
⎛ m−4 ⎞
12. ⎜ ⎟ Solution:
⎝ m ⎠
e
⎛ g c−1hd ⎞
13. ⎜ c d−1 ⎟ Solution:
⎝g h ⎠
0
⎛ 36 ⎞
14. ⎜ −5 ⎟ Solution:
⎝4 ⎠
0
⎛ g c+2hd−3 ⎞
15. ⎜ c −2 d ⎟ Solution:
⎝ g h ⎠
B. Simplify and evaluate the following expressions:
1. -7 d10 Solution:
-9 d12
2. 4g-1 Solution:
3. 85 e 24 Solution:
17 e 32
4. c3 Solution:
c5
5. 150b52 Solution:
-6 b62
201

6. i8 Solution:
i10
7. 90r51 Solution:
30r75
8. u42 Solution:
u60
30g5h3
9. Solution:
-6g3h3
10. e15 Solution:

e17
126g8h5t
11. Solution:
6g3h5t
12. 53 Solution:
57
13. 30c3d5e7 Solution:

36c10d10
14. 35 e 5 Solution:
7e5
( )
0-1
15. ⎡ c 0d 2 ⎤ Solution:
⎣ ⎦
202

5.3 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Solving problems that involve very large or very small numbers like for
instance, finding the distance between the earth and the nearest star, mass
of a molecule of water, speed of light, and others are sometimes unmanageable.
Very large or very small numbers can be written in a simpler notation,
easier to remember known as scientific notation. It is based on powers of 10.
A number is in scientific notation if it is in the form A x 10n , where 1 ≤ A < 10
and n is an integer.
To change decimal notations to scientific notations, remember the
following:
• Move the decimal point, either to the right or to the left of it or A is a

number between 1 and 10.
• Multiply the result by 10n (the number of places the decimal point has
been moved). If the decimal point is moved to the left, the exponent is
positive. The exponent is negative if the point is moved to the right.
Examples:
Write the following in scientific notation.
1. 783 900 000 = 7.839 × 108
2. 0.000 000 000 075 9 = 7.59 × 10-11
To change scientific notations to decimal notation, remember the
following:
• If the power is positive (n), drop the power of 10 and move the
decimal point (n) places to the right.
• If the power is negative (n), drop the power of 10 and move the
decimal point (n) places to the left.
• No movement of the decimal point if the power is zero.
Express the following in decimal notation.

3. 4.5 × 1010 = 45 000 000 000
4. 2.6 × 10-6 = 0. 000 002 6
Perform the indicated operations. Write your answer in scientific
notation rounded off to two decimal places.
5. 4.89 × 106 + 7.23 × 106 = (4.89 + 7.23) × 106
= 12.12 × 106
= 1.21 × 107
6. 3. 46 × 104 – 1.23 × 104 = (3.46 – 1.23) × 104
= 2.23 × 104
203

7. (5.28 × 103 )(8.13 × 105) = (5.28 × 8.13) × (103 × 105)

= 42.9264 × 108
= 4.29264 × 10 × 108
= 4.29 × 109
9.64 × 104
8. (9.64 × 10 ) ÷ (5.26 × 10 ) =
4 -2
5.26 × 10−2
= 1.83269962 × [104-(-2)]
= 1.83 × 106
9. A certain molecules weighs 0. 000 004 5g. Express this in scientific
notation.
0.000 0045g = 4.5 × 10-6g
10. A light travels about 26 000 000 000 km in one day. About how many
kilometers a light travels in one week? Express your answer in
scientific notation.
26 000 000 000 km = 2.6 × 1010 km
1 week = 7 days
= (2.6 × 7) × 1010
= 18.2 × 1010
= 1.82 × 1011
E XERCISES
A. Write the following in scientific notation.
1. 690 8. 5 600 000 000 000
2. 0.036 9. 0.000 000 000 075
3. 0.000 9 10. 71 300 000 000
4. 8 920 11. 9 130 000 000
5. 687 000 12. 0.000 000 009 65
6. 0.000 003 7 13. 0.000 034 0
7. 0.000 000 002 14. 20 140 000 000
15. 0.000 000 001 005
204

B. Write the following in standard notation.

1. 3.1 × 105 8. 7.38 × 10-5
2. 9.6 × 104 9. 2.346 × 10-7
3. 6.3 × 106 10. 97.3 × 10-4
4. 3.545 × 109 11. 3.99 × 10-11
5. 6.072 × 1012 12. 5.16 × 10-15
6. 35 × 107 13. 3. 015 × 10-9
7. 5.10 × 108 14. 19 × 10-8
15. 7.30 × 10-13
C. Perform the indicated operations. Write your answer in scientific

notation. Round off the decimal point to the nearest hundredth.
1. 7.96 × 103 + 4.13 × 103
2. 9.46 × 109 + 2.43 × 109
3. 5.37 × 106 + 5.16 × 105
4. 1.39 × 102 + 9.13 × 103
205

5. 7.98 × 107 – 4.73 × 107
6. 9.88 × 1012 – 7.39 × 1012
7. 8.49 × 105 – 5.16 × 104
8. 796 × 102 – 3.65 × 103
9. (63.12 × 10-1) (26.19 × 10-1)
10. (9.37 × 10-3) (25.4 × 105)
11. (9 × 105) (8 × 102)
12. (7.1 × 109) (3.6 × 10-4)
4.5 × 107
13.
2.7 × 103
206

14. (0.146 298 × 104) ÷ (42.8 × 10-2)
7.9 × 10−5
15.
3.9 × 1012
5.4 FRACTIONAL EXPONENTS

Observe the following:
1. 9 =3 Because 3 × 3 = 9
2. xn • xn = x2n If 2n = 8, find the value of n.
To find the value of n, we equate 2n = 8.
Therefore, n = 4.
3. y2a • ya = y3a If 3a = 1, what is a?
To find a, we equate 3a = 1.
1
Therefore, a = .
3
4. m • m = m2 Therefore, the square root of m2 is m.
m2 = m
5. n • n • n = n3 Therefore, the cube root of n3 is n.
3
n3 = n
a
By definition; x n = n
x a read as the nth root of x .
a
a
In the expression x n , the denominator n becomes the index (the order
of the radical) and the numerator a becomes the exponent of the base x.
207

Examples:
Fractional Exponents Radical Exponents
⎛ 12 ⎞
1. ⎜g ⎟ g
⎝ ⎠
1
2. g3
3
g
3
3. 2g 4 2 4
g3
2
4. ( gh ) 5 5
( gh )2 or 5
g 2h 2
1 2 3 4
5. g 2h3 = g 6h6
6
g 3h 4
In example 5, find the LCD of the exponents of the base to get the same
index.
EXERCISES
A. Change the following to radical expressions.
3 1
1. h 2 6. 49 2
1 3 2
2. 24e 5 f 5 7. 3ir 5
1 1 1
3. c d a b 8. 7d 2
2 3 3 1
4. v5w5 9. 8v w 4 3
1 1 1
5. ( eg ) h ( eh) g 10. ( gh ) 3
208

1 1
11. 7x 5 16. (16 x3 y 8 ) 4
x 1 2
y
12. (15a ) 17. 20a 6 b 3
3 2
4 5
13. 19m 8 18. (8b )
1
⎛ 1 ⎞6 1 3
14. ⎜ ⎟ 19. 19c d 4 9
⎝ 36 ⎠
2 3 1 1
2 3
15. (x ) 20. 1000 9 x 3 y 6
B. Express the following radicals in fractional exponents:
1. 3
vw 4 Solution:
2. ( c )( d )
f
g f
g
Solution:
3. 7 4 s2t 3 Solution:
4. 3i 3 Solution:
5. 6 3 2e4 Solution:
6. 4 3
9 Solution:
209

7. gh5 Solution:
8. 25d Solution:
9. 4 g Solution:
10. ( d3 )( 3
d2 ) Solution:
11. 6 y 5 y3 Solution:
12. 36 Solution:
13. 200ab5 Solution:
14. 8
64 x 4 y 4 Solution:
15. 3 4 -12x Solution:
16. -186 a7 Solution:
17. 8
16a 4b 4 Solution:
18. 3
64 Solution:
19. 6 72x5 Solution:
20. -3 11x3 y9 Solution:
210

5.5 EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

Let us analyze the given problem.
Suppose you have one whole sheet of pad paper. Let us cut the paper
into half. The result is, there are two pieces of papers. Let us cut the two
pieces into one-half each. We now have four pieces of papers. Repeat the
same procedure. What did you find out? Let us make a table to easily observe
our findings.
Number of papers Number of pieces after
cut into halves cutting into halves
1
1 2=2
2
2 4=2
3
3 8=2
4
4 16 = 2
5
5 32 = 2
6
6 64 = 2
7
7 128 = 2
8
8 256 = 2
Refer to the table above. If we let x be the number of papers cut into
halves and n be the number of pieces of papers after cutting, we can form an
equation. That is:
x = 2n
if x =8
2n = 8
2n = 23
Therefore, n = 3.
By definition, we can conclude that:
Two powers are equal if and only if their bases and exponents
are equal.
Examples:
Solve for x.
1. 2x = 16
Solution:
2x = 24
x=4
211

2. 8x = 4
Solution:
(23)x = 22 3x = 2
2
23x = 22 x=
3
3. 32 • 3x + 33 = 36
Solution:
32+x + 27 = 36 32+x = 32 x=0
32+x = 9 2+x=2
3 3 g
(e f )
4. g = (ef)g+4
(ef )
Solution:
g
⎡( ef )3 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
= (ef)g+4
( ef )
g
( ef )
3g
= (ef)g+4
( ef )
g
(ef)2g = (ef)g+4
2g = g+4
g = 4
EXERCISE
Solve for the unknown exponential variable. Show your solution.
1. 4x = 64 Solution:
1
2. 3x = Solution:
243
3. 11x = 1331 Solution:
1
4. x-3 = Solution:
8
212

5. 3x+2 = 81 Solution:
6. 5x+1 = 625 Solution:
7. 62x+3 = 7,776x Solution:
8. 95x = 81x+1 Solution:
9. eg•e = e4 Solution:
10. 4x+1 – 42 = 240 Solution:
11. a4x•a-3 = axa9 Solution:
12. 45m+2 – 23 = 56 Solution:
13. 4q = 1,024 Solution:
2
⎛ 1+q ⎞ 1
14. ⎜42 ⎟ =162 Solution:
⎝ ⎠
1
15. 64m = 1,296 Solution:
a +2
⎛1 ⎞
16. 4 3a–1
= ⎜ ⎟ Solution:
⎝ 16 ⎠
5x
17. = 25 Solution:
53
213

a 7b 2c a3
18. = -4 6 Solution:
b3 a b
3m+3
19. = 27 Solution:
9
2
x−
⎛1⎞ 3
20. 34x + 3 = ⎜ ⎟ Solution:
⎝9⎠
1
21. 5y = Solution:
625
1
22. x-2 = Solution:
81
23. 42a = 4096 Solution:
9b + 3
24. = 81 Solution:
3b −1
25. c2 • cx = c3 Solution:
26. 85w = 16w + 1 Solution:
27. 10y = 0.000001 Solution:
28. 3m + 1 – 32 = 18 Solution:
214

29. 642n + 1 = 4n – 3 Solution:
30. z3x•z-2 = z2xz8 Solution:

EXPRESSIONS WITH EXPONENTS
Exponents are very useful in our life. For example, in the field of banking
and finance, we can continue computing how our money earns interest. In the
field of science, we can compute the equation of decay of radioactive elements.
Exponential relations are also encountered in weighing a certain molecule.
Example 1:
Natty and Rudy deposited 20,000 at 5% interest compounded quarterly.
How much is their money after 6 years?
Solution:
The amount of the principal and all earnings at the end of n period is:
A = P (1+ i)n wherein:
P = 20,000
5% .05
i= = = 0.0125 per period
4 4
n= 4 × 6 = 24
A= 20,000 (1 + .0125)24
A= 20,000 (1.347351)
A= 26,947.02
Example 2:
The population of Barangay Handumanan grows exponentially according
to the equation x = 10e(0.02)t. Find the population of the barangay after 5 years.
(e is an irrational number approximately equal to 2.71828)
Solution:
The population of Brgy. Handumanan is according to the equation
x = 10e(0.02)t. After 5 years,
x = 10(2.718) (0.02) (5)
x = 11.05
x ≈ 11
215

Example 3:
A light year is approximately 9.47 × 1012 km. If it takes about 4.3 years
for light to travel from the earth to a certain star, what is the distance of this
star from the Earth?
Solution:
(4.3) (9.47 × 1012)
= 40.721 × 1012
= 4.0721 × 1013 km.
Example 4:
There are 6.02 × 1023 atoms in one mole of hydrogen. Find the number of
atoms in 15 moles of hydrogen. Write your answer in scientific notation.
Solution:
(15)(6.02 × 1023) = 90.3 × 1023
= 9.03 × 1024 atoms
EXERCISE
Solve each of the following problems:
1. The population of a certain country is 70 million. If the growth rate is
2% yearly, what will it be after 5 years?
Solution:
2. A biologist finds out that the number of x bacteria in a culture after t

hours grows exponentially according to the equation x = 2000e0.5t. Find
the number of bacteria in a culture after 0.35 hour.
Solution:
3. Gemelie invested 15,000 at an annual interest rate of 25% compounded

r nt
semiannually. Find the interest earned after 10 years. A = P (1 + )
n
Solution:
216

4. Maurice deposited 6,365 at an annual interest rate of 28% compounded

continuously. Find the amount of deposit after three years. A = Pert
Solution:
5. How much will 30,000 become at the end of two years at 8% compounded
quarterly?
Solution:
Integral Exponent
Example:
xx³ = 3
Here’s a problem.
Let f (x) = xx³. Obviously, f (1) = 1 and f grows with x without bound. It
follows that the equation
xx³ = 3
has a solution greater than 1. Find at least one such solution.
Solution:
We are only concerned with positive x. Introduce y = x3, then xy = 3.
Take the logarithm of both sides of both equations.
1n (y) =3•1n (x)
y • 1n (x) = 1n (3),
which simplifies to
y•1n(y) = 3•1n (3)
The latter equation is trivially solved by y = 3. (We may observe in passing
that the equation has no other real solutions. Indeed, the function
g(y) = y•1n (y)
is negative for y < 1 and, since its derivative g’(y) = 1n (y) +1 is positive,
is increasing for y > 1.)
Therefore, 3 = x3, and x = 31/3.
217

Simplify each of the following expressions:

2
⎛ 2 −3 ⎞ 7
⎛ 8 x 6 ⎞3
1. ⎜ 3 x ⎟ (15x ) 6. ⎜ −3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠
−12
⎛ 73 ⎞
2. x3(2yz2)3 7. ⎜x ⎟
⎝ ⎠
(3x 3 )(4 x 5 ) ⎛ a2 .a 4
3
⎞
3.
( x 3 )3
8. ⎜
⎜ b3
⎝
.b 2
⎟
⎟
⎠
( xy )
5
(2 y4 )(3 y2 )2
4. 9.
( y3 )4 x −1
4
⎛ m2 ⎞
5. (3z-2b3)-3 10. ⎜ −2 ⎟
⎝ m n⎠
218

CHAPTER TEST
I. Write true if the statement is correct; however, if the statement is false,
show why it is false.
1. 3 • 9a = 32a+1
2. 3
y3 = y
3. 16n • 4 = 64n
4. (z-5) = -z5
5. (-4xyz)0 = 1
II. Evaluate each expression.
5-3
1.
5-4
-42
2.
(-4) 2
3. (60)2
4. 23 + 22
5. 3 3 – 32
6. (-8)0 + 80
-2
⎛3⎞
7. ⎜ ⎟
⎝4⎠
(-26 )
8.
(-27 )
-1
⎛2⎞
9. ⎜ ⎟
⎝3⎠
10. 3-1 + 5-1
219

III. Simplify the following:

2
⎛ x -3 ⎞
1. ⎜ 4⎟
⎝ y ⎠
2. 9a2b • 4ab2
3. (x-2y)3
4. 30x2y3 • 4x3y7
ab -3c -4
5. Write without fractions. Use negative exponents if needed.
a -4b 4 c 5
4
⎡10a 5 ⎤
6. ⎢ 2a 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
30 x3 y 4 z10
7.
6 x5 y 2 z 4
8. (4a5b3c7)-3
220

(3 x -2 ) -2 y 2
9.
(9 x -2 ) 0 y -3 z 0
4 x0 + y 0
10.
(5 x 7 )0
16(2 x −3 y ) 2
11.
(8 xy −2 ) −1
−1
⎛ 2 0 xyz ⎞
12. 3(xy) ⎜0
2 ⎟
⎝ x ⎠
3
⎛ x2 ⎞
13. ⎜ −2 ⎟
⎝a x⎠
( m 2 n) 2
14.
x4
(b 2 c )3
15.
c −2
221

−1
⎛ 12 xyz ⎞
16. ⎜ 2 3 ⎟
⎝ 24 x y z ⎠
40m5 n 2 p 6
17.
10a 2 m5 p −6
-30 x −5 y
18.
-40 xy 5
x −2 y 3 z −5
19.
(a 3 )0 y 3
(15a 2 ) −4
20.
(4b) −5
222

Chapter VI – Radical Equations
Chapter VI
RADICAL EQUATIONS
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Introduction
6.1 Perfect Squares and Perfect Cubes Expressions
6.2 Simplifying Radicals
6.3 Addition and Subtraction of Radicals
6.4 Multiplication and Division of Radicals
6.5 Radical Equations
Chapter Test
INTRODUCTION
In the previous chapter, we A Norwegian mathematician
learned the rules about exponents. who proved the impossibility
We discussed the zero exponents, of representing a solution of
positive, and negative exponents, a general equation of a fifth
integral and fractional exponents. degree or higher by a
radical expression.
Niels Henrik Abel

Study the following examples:
(1802-1829)
1. 54 = 625 and 53 = 125
2. (-5)4 = 625 and (-5)3 = -125
3. 43 = 64 and (-4)3 = -64
Notice that if the exponent is an even number, whether the base is positive
or negative, the power is always positive. But if the exponent is odd and the
base is negative, the power is always negative.
Study the next examples:
1. (3)(3) = 9
(-3)(-3) = 9 Therefore, 9 = + 3 and -3 or ± 3.

2. (2)(2) = 4
(-2)(-2) = 4 Therefore, 4 = ± 2.
3. (4)(4) = 16
(-4)(-4) = 16 Therefore, 16 = ± 4.
223

From the given examples, we can now conclude that the square root of
a number has two roots, one positive and the other one is negative.
x = ± y
In the expression a
x , a is called the index or the order of the radical.
is called the radical sign and the variable x inside the radical sign is
called the radicand. An expression with a radical sign is called radical. Take
note that when no index is indicated, the radical is a square root and the
index is 2.
6.1 PERFECT SQUARES AND PERFECT CUBES

EXPRESSIONS
If a2 = b then, b = a.
If a3 = b then, 3
b = a.
Observe the table below:
PERFECT SQUARE PERFECT CUBE

SQUARES ROOT CUBE ROOT
12 = 1•1 = 1 1 = 12 = 1 13 = 1•1•1 = 1 3
1 = 3 13 = 1
22 = 2•2 = 4 4 = 22 = 2 23 =2•2•2 = 8 3
8 = 3 23 =2
32 = 3•3 = 9 9 = 33 = 3 33 = 3•3•3 = 27 3
27 = 3 33 = 3
42 = 4•4 = 16 16 = 42 = 4 43 = 4•4•4 = 64 3
64 = 3 43 = 4
52 = 5•5 = 25 25 = 52 = 5 53 = 5•5•5 = 125 3

125 = 3 53 = 5
62 = 6•6 = 36 36 = 62 = 6 63 = 6•6•6 = 216 3

216 = 3 63 = 6
72 = 7•7 = 49 49 = 72 = 7 73 = 7•7•7 = 343 3

343 = 3 73 = 7
82 = 8•8 = 64 64 = 82 = 8 83 = 8•8•8 = 512 3

512 = 3 83 = 8
92 = 9•9 = 81 81 = 92 = 9 93 = 9•9•9 = 729 3

729 = 3 93 = 9
102 = 10•10 = 100 100 = 102 = 10 103 = 10•10•10 = 1000 3

1000 = 3 103 = 10
224

Examples:
Find the indicated roots.
1. 64 = 8
Radical sign
2. 3
125 = 5
index
1
3. 100 y 4 = 10y2
a
X =xa
4. 3
729x 6 = 9x
2
radicand
5. 0.25 = 0.5
m
m ⎛ 1n ⎞
If a n = ⎜a ⎟ * Power Law of Exponents
⎝ ⎠
( a)
m
n
=
1
= n
am * For all real numbers a for which a n is defined
Note: m and n are positive integers with no common factor except 1.
m
n
am = an
n — index
m — power to which the radical is raised
Examples:
( )
2
6. 3
216 = (6)2 = 36
( )
3
7. 81 = (9)3 = 729
2 2
⎛ 27 ⎞ ⎛3⎞ 9
8. ⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 64 ⎠ ⎝4⎠ 16
( ) (4x )
3 3
2
9. 16x 4 = = 64x6
225

E XERCISE
Find the indicated roots.
484
1. 36 9.
1600
Solution: Solution:
9
2. 49 10.
25
Solution: Solution:
3. 0.04 11. 1.21

Solution: Solution:
4. 1.96 12. 0.09

Solution: Solution:
5. 144 13. 0.16

Solution: Solution:
6. 100 14. 3
8
Solution: Solution:
7. 432 15. 3
512
Solution: Solution:
64
8. 16. 3
0.008
529
Solution: Solution:
226

100 512
17. 24. 3
4900 729
Solution: Solution:
( )
19 2
18. 25. 3
729
576
Solution: Solution:
( )
3
19. 3
64 26. 121
Solution: Solution:
( 1)
2
3
20. 3
216 27.
Solution: Solution:
8
( )
2
3
21. 3 28. 1728x 3
64
Solution: Solution:
27
( )
3
22. 3
29. 225
125
Solution: Solution:
64
( )
3
23. 3 30. 625y2
216
Solution: Solution:
227

6.2 SIMPLIFYING RADICALS

Radicals are in simplest form if they satisfy the following conditions:
• The radicand has no factor that is a perfect nth root.
• The index or the order of the radical is in its lowest form.
• There is no radical in the denominator.
Let us examine the following examples:

Simplify:
1. a b
c
Solution:
⎛ 1b ⎞
a b
c =
a ⎜c ⎟ Transform the radicand to fractional exponents.
⎝ ⎠
1
⎛ 1 ⎞a
= ⎜ cb ⎟ Definition of fractional exponents
⎝ ⎠
1
= cab or ab
c
2. ( 16x 2 )
Solution:
Simply extract the square root of 16x2, that is:
16x 2 = 4x
3. 12
Solution:
Let us get the factors of the radicand such that one of the factors is the
largest possible perfect square.
12 = 4.3
Therefore, 12 = 2 3
228

49
4.
9
Solution:
49 7
Simply extract the square root of the radicand: =
9 3
2
5.
3
Solution:
2 2
can also be written as . Notice that the denominator is a radical.
3 3
Reviewing the conditions that satisfy the simplification of radicals, we can
2
say that cannot be considered in simplest form. To eliminate the radical
3
expression in the denominator, we will multiply the expression by another
expression that is equivalent to one (1) and at the same time will eliminate
the radicals in the denominator. This process is called rationalization.
2 3 6
• =
3 3 3
2 6
Therefore; = . The expression now is in its simplest form
3 3
and free of radicals in the denominator.
1
6. 3
a
Solution:
To find out what expression will rationalize the denominator, we must
obtain a perfect cube in the denominator. We will multiply the expression by
3
a2
3
.
a2
3 3
1 a2 a2 3
a2
Therefore: 3 . = =
a 3
a2 3
a3 a
229

1
7.
a+ b
Solution:
In our example, we will apply our knowledge about special products.
We will use the formula for the difference of two squares, which is:
(a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
Thus, we can rationalize the expression by multiplying both the
numerator and denominator by a − b . The pair of binomials that we use
to rationalize the denominator is called its conjugates.
Therefore,
1 a− b a− b
• =
a+ b a− b a −b
2
8.
3+4
Solution:
To simplify, use the same method as in example #7.
2 3−4
•
3+4 3−4
2( 3 − 4) 2( 3 − 4)
= =
3 − 16 -13
Rationalization is the process of eliminating radicals in the denominator.
To rationalize radical expressions, take note of the following conditions:
• If the denominator is a monomial, multiply the numerator and the
denominator by a radical that makes the radicand a perfect nth power.
• If the denominator is binomial involving square roots, multiply the
numerator and the denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.
230

E XERCISES
A. Simplify the following:
1. 54 6. 3
72ab2c 4
Solution: Solution:
2. 147 7. 16( a − b)5

Solution: Solution:
1
3. 3
54 8.
8
Solution: Solution:
x3 y
4. 162 9.
2 wz 3
Solution: Solution:
32 x3 y 8
5. 4
176 10. 4
128 z 5
Solution: Solution:
231

50 x −4 y 5
11. 25x 5 14.
3 xy −2
Solution: Solution:
2a −5b −3
12. 32ab 3 15.
75a −2b
Solution: Solution:
13. 3
80x10 y16
Solution:
B. Simplify the following by rationalizing the denominator:
2 3b
1. 4.
3 5a − 4b
Solution: Solution:
3
18 63
2. 5. 3
72 4
Solution: Solution:
a 43 5
3. 6.
1− a 3
3
Solution: Solution:
232

4
2a 3 1
7. 9.
4
12a 5 x−y
Solution: Solution:
a+ b 1
8. 10.
a− b 2+ 3
Solution: Solution:
C. Prove:
( x)
a
a
1. n
ab = n
a . n
b 4. =x
Solution: Solution:
a
b b a
2. a
c
= a
c
5. xa =x
Solution: Solution:
3. z y
x =
zy
x
Solution:
233

6.3 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

OF RADICALS
We learned from our previous lessons that when we add or subtract
polynomials, we combine similar terms. We will use the same rule in adding
and subtracting radicals. We can only combine radicals if:
1. they have the same radicand; and
2. they have the same index.
This is best explained through the examples below.
Simplify the following:
1. 4 5 +5 5 = 9 5
2. 23 4 + 63 4 = 83 4
3. 6 3 54 − 2 3 128 + 8 3 16
= 6 3 (33 ) ⋅ 2 − 2 3 (26 ) ⋅ 2 + 8 3 (23 ) ⋅ 2
= 6(3) 3 2 − 2(22 ) 3 2 + 8(2) 3 2

= 18 3 2 − 8 3 2 + 16 3 2
= 26 3 2
4. a x + b x − c x = (a + b − c) x
5. x y + x 3 y cannot be combined because the radicals do not have the
same index.
6. 3
ab − 3 a 2b cannot be combined because the radicand ab ≠ a b.
2
E XERCISES
A. Perform the indicated operation.
1. a 2 − 4a 2 + 3 2
Solution:
2. 3
54 + 4 3 128
Solution:
234

1
3. 3+ 3
3
Solution:
4. 3 20 x 2 + 4 25 x 4
Solution:
5. 3 3 4 x 5 − 5 3 32 x 2 + 3 (2 x ) 2
Solution:
6. 3 6 − 6 9 + 4 6 − 36
Solution:
20
7. 4 5+ − 4 45
75
Solution:
8. -6 x 3 3 x + 3 81x + 3 81x 4
Solution:
9. a 3 128ab − 3a 3 ab + 20 3 a 4b
Solution:
235

a
10. a 3b 2 + 6a a 2b3 − ab 2
b2
Solution:
11. 33 5 + 83 5 − 3 5
Solution:
12. 6 28 x − 5 63 x
Solution:
13. 36 + 64
Solution:
14. 44 + 99
Solution:
15. 3 45 − 2 20 − 80
Solution:
16. 36 + 6
Solution:
17. 5 32 − 8
Solution:
236

18. 45 − 6 20
Solution:
3
19. 7 + 48
16
Solution:
16 6
20. −
3 3
Solution:
B. Answer the following:
1. Find the perimeter of a triangle if the sides are 7 5w , 11 5w ,
and 10 5w , respectively.
Solution:
2. Find the slope of a line containing the points ( 12, 75) and
( 108, 48) .
Solution:
3. If m ∠ NLS = 32 and m ∠ SLQ = 4 72 , what is m ∠ NLQ?

Solution:
237

4. Find the perimeter of a regular pentagon if one side is 10 15 cm.

Solution:
5. Find the perimeter of the triangle whose sides measure 4 3 m,

5 6 m, and 3 7 m.
Solution:
6.4 MULTIPLICATION AND

DIVISION OF RADICALS
When multiplying or dividing radicals, it is necessary to know that before
we can multiply or divide, the indices of the radicals must be equal. This is
better explained by the following examples:
Examples:
Simplify the following:
1. 4
3 • 4 27 = 4
81 = 4
34 = 3
2. 16 • 25 = 4•5 = 20
3. 3
8 • 3 64 = 3
512 or 2•4 = 8
Notice that if they have the same index, we simply multiply the radicand
and extract its nth power.
4. 2•32
To find the solution for example #4, we must make the indices of the
radicals equal and transform the radicals to fractional exponents.
Solution:
1 1
2•32 = 22 • 23
1 1 3+ 2
= 22
+
3 = 2 6 Apply the Multiplication Law of Exponents.
5
= 2 6
= 6
25 or
6
32
238

5. 3
2 • 3
Solution:
1 1
3
2 • 3 = 2 •3 3 2 Transform to fractional exponents.
2 3
= 26 • 36 Change the exponents to similar fractions.
6
= 6
22 • 33 Write as a single radical and simplify.
= 6
4 • 6
27 = 6 108
3
6. 5
Solution:
3 3 3 5 15
5 = 5
=
5
•
5
=
5
5
7. 3
4
Solution:
5 3
5 3
5 3
42
3
5 16⋅ 3
80 3
8(10) 2 3 10 3
10
3
= = • = = = = =
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 2 3
4 3
4 4 4 2
8. 3 ÷ 4
3
Solution:
1
32 1 1 2 −1 1
1 = 32 − 4 = 3 4 = 34 = 4
3
3 4
Multiplication Rule for Radicals

If the indices of the radicals are the same, then:
a• b = ab
Division Rule for Radicals
a a
= (We use the process of rationalization to
b b
eliminate the radicals in the denominator.)
239

The pairs of binomials like...
a− b and a + b
a + b and a− b
...are conjugates.
Conjugates are used in rationalizing denominators with radicals because
their product has no radicals in it.
E XERCISES
A. Perform the indicated operation and simplify.
1. 8 ⋅3 2 6. 3
2 ⋅4 2
Solution: Solution:
2. (x xy 2 )( y x2 y ) 7. 23 ⋅ 5 4
Solution: Solution:
3. (
3 7 a 3 3 3a − 4 7 a 4 ) 8. 3
5⋅4 5
Solution: Solution:
1
4. ⋅ 2 9. 3
a 2b ⋅ ab3
4
Solution: Solution:
5. (3 2+ 4 )( 2 −5 4 ) 10. 4 3 x2 ⋅ 5 5 x6
Solution: Solution:
240

3+ 6
11. -2 30 ÷ 3 16.
5− 6
Solution: Solution:
5+ 5
12. 54 ÷ 900 17.
7− 7
Solution: Solution:
20
13. 75a −4b7 ÷ 2ab2 18.
20 − 2
Solution: Solution:
a + a+b
14. (2 )
12 + 3 27 ÷ 3 19.
a − a+b
Solution: Solution:
1 1
+
3 4
15. (4 )
12 + 3 18 − 2 32 ÷ 2 20. 1
−
1
3 4
Solution: Solution:
B. Answer the following:

1. One cube has a side of 3 3 3 and the other cube has a side of 3
5.
Which has the greater volume?
Solution:
2. Find the area of a triangle if the height is 5 m and the base is 3 m.

Solution:
241

3. What is the perimeter of a rectangle if the width and length are

30 and 51 , respectively?
Solution:
4. Find the area of a circle if the radius is 17 cm.

Solution:
5. What is the length of each side of a square if its area is 361 cm?
Solution:
6.5 RADICAL EQUATIONS

Radical equation is an equation in which there is a variable in the
radicand. It is necessary to know how to solve this kind of equation.
Let us examine the following examples:
1. x = 3
Solution:
( x)
2
= 32 Square both sides of the equation.
x = 9
2. a +1 = 2
Solution:
( a + 1) 2 = 22 Square both sides of the equation.
a+1 = 4 Simplify and solve for the variable.
a = 3
3. 2x+ 4 = 6
Solution:
( )
2
2x + 4 = 62
2x + 4 = 36
2x = 32
x = 16
242

4. 2x+1 − 4 = -1
Solution:
2x +1 = -1 + 4
( )
2
2x +1 = 32
2x + 1 = 9
2x = 8
x = 4
5. 6 x − 5 = 15 − x
Solution:
( ) ( )
2 2
6x − 5 = 15 − x
6x – 5 = 15 – x
7x = 20
20
x = 7
To Solve a Radical Equation

• Be sure that the unknown is on one side of the equation.
• Square both sides of the equation.
• Simplify and solve for the variable.
E XERCISE
Find the solution set of each of the following equations:
1. x =5 3. x −3 = 0
Solution: Solution:
2. x −5 = 4 4. 4− y−2 = 0
Solution: Solution:
243

5. x +1 = 2x + 5 8. 5 x − 10 = 6 x + 8
Solution: Solution:
6. 3y + 4 = 2 y − 7 9. 9 x − 18 − 2 x − 4 = 0
Solution: Solution:
7. 11y + 5 − 4 y + 19 = 0 10. 5 x = 3x + 8
Solution: Solution:
Radicals
Simplify each of the following expressions.
1. Find the value of 3

64 .
2. Simplify by removing all possible factors from the radical 9a8b .
3
3. Simplify by removing all possible factors from the radical 24a 4b8 .
75
4. Simplify by removing all possible factors from the radical a6 .
5
5. Rationalize the denominator and simplify .
7
3y
6. Rationalize the denominator and simplify .
4− 7
244

We learned that every mathematical operation has its own inverse or

opposite. Even a simple fraction has its opposite called “reciprocal.” The
inverse of addition is subtraction. The inverse of multiplication is division.
The opposite of a positive number is a negative number. The inverse of finding
the square root is “squaring” which we learned in our previous lesson,
“Exponents”. When we say the square of a number, we mean that we multiply
the number by itself. There are numbers which are called perfect squares.
Some of these are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100…
n The square root of a number, n, written

is the number that gives n when multiplied by itself.
For example,
100 = 10
because 10 × 10 = 100
Here are some techniques for finding square roots of numbers that aren’t
perfect squares without a calculator:
1. Estimate – First, get as close as you can by finding two perfect square
roots your number is between.
2. Divide – Divide your number by one of those square roots.
3. Average – Take the average of the result of step 2 and the root.
4. Use the result of step 3 to repeat steps 2 and 3 until you have a number
that is accurate enough for you.
Now, you are ready to do this simple activity. Calculate the 10 to 2

decimal places.
1. Find the two perfect square numbers it lies between.

Solution:
32 = 9 and 42 = 16, so 10 lies between 3 and 4,
2. Divide 10 by 3.
Solution:
10
= 3.33 (You can round off your answer.)
3
245

3. Average 3.33 and 3.

Solution:
3.33 + 3
= 3.1667
2
10
4.
3.1667
Solution:
= 3.1579
5. Average 3.1579 and 3.1667.

Solution:
3.1579 + 3.1667
2
= 3.1623
6. Is 3.1623 squared equal to 10?

Solution:
3.1623 × 3.1623 = 10.0001
If this is accurate enough for you, you can stop!
Note: There are a number of ways to calculate square roots without a
calculator. This is only one of them.
Sieve of Eratosthenes
The predecessor to the modern “Sieve 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
of Atkin”, which is faster but more complex 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
which was created by Eratosthenes, an
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
ancient Greek mathematician, is called the
SIEVE OF ERATOSTHENES. This is a 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
simple, ancient algorithm for finding all 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
prime numbers. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Algorithm 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
1. Write three things:
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
a. The highest number to check is
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
the square root of the last number
you care about, rounded down. 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
b. A list to hold primes found. It 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
starts empty.
246

c. A list to hold numbers that remain to be checked. It starts out filled

with all integers from two up to the last number you care about.
2. Repeat the procedure until all you need had been checked.
a. Delete to the prime list the first remaining number.
b. Eliminate the number that is a multiple of the number you just
deleted.
3. Delete the remaining numbers to the prime list.
Check: ⎡⎣ 10 ⎤⎦ = 3
Remaining numbers are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.

Prime numbers are 2, 3, 5 and 7. After the first iteration, 2 have been
moved to the primes.
4, 6, 8 and 10 have been eliminated.
We’re done checking.
We therefore conclude that the prime numbers up to ten are 2, 3, 5,
and 7.
Integral Exponent
Magic Squares
A magic square is a square array of numbers or n × n sided square that
has numbers in it consisting of the distinct positive integers 1,2…., π 2 . To
have a real magic square, make a square with numbers in it in a grid format.
They are arranged such that the sum of the numbers in any horizontal, vertical
or main diagonal line is always the same number known as the magic constant.
The smallest magic square is 3 × 3.
15 15 15
15
8 1 6 15
3 5 7 15
4 9 2 15
15
247

How to construct Magic Squares
1. Make a table that has the same number of rows

and columns. The number of rows and columns
should be an odd number.
2. Put number one in the

1
middle row of the first
column so that the
numbers should go
diagonally from bottom
left to upper right.
1 3. If the number hit the upper border of the

square, continue from the next row of the
bottom border.
3 1
4. If the number hit 5
2 the right border of
the square, continue 4
from the next 3
column of the left
border. 2
1 8 15
5 7 14
5. If the square is already filled up by another
4 6 13 number, write down the number and
10 12 3 continue diagonally from there.
11 2 9
17 24 1 8 15
6. Write down the number if it falls on the diagonal 23 5 7 14 16
of the square and tend to exit the square. Simply 4 6 13 20 22
act as if they have hit a number and come a
10 12 19 21 3
column down.
11 18 25 2 9
See how fun it is to fill in all the gaps. Check the sums horizontally,
vertically and diagonally and feel how exciting it is to construct a magic square!
Try to make very big magic squares. But remember, this method can
only make odd number magic squares.
248

Math is Fun!
Let’s have some fun.
Do you believe that I can guess what’s on your mind?
Just follow my instructions carefully.
1. Think of any number between 1 and 10.
2. All you have to do is imagine. Do not tell me the number. Remember, I

will guess what’s on your mind.
3. From the number that you chose, add seven (7).
4. From the answer you got, subtract three (3).
5. Finally, from the answer you got in step 4, subtract the first number you
chose in step 1.
Your number is 4.
[Can you guess how I did that?]
I have another one and try to guess how I did it.

Just follow my instructions carefully.
1. Think of any number between 1 and 10.
2. All you have to do is imagine. Do not tell me the number. Remember, I

will guess what’s on your mind.
3. From the number that you chose, add 2.
4. From the sum, multiply by 9.
5. Finally, add the digits of your number until you only have a one-digit
number.
Example:
Suppose your answer in step 4 is 54, add the digits.
5+4=9
Remember that number.
6. Subtract six from the number in step 5.
Your number is 3.
[Can you guess how I did that?]
249

CHAPTER TEST
I. Simplify the following:
b
⎛ a ⎞
1. ⎜b ⎟ Solution:
⎝ a⎠
2. 3
−128x 4 y −4 Solution:
3. 5
−243a10b 2 Solution:
625x5
4. 4 Solution:
y3
343a10b13
5. 3
Solution:
ab
6. 15
3 2 x 5 y 10 Solution:
250

7. 10
3125a 8 y 4 Solution:
8. 100m8 n 2 Solution:
32 x3 y8
9. 4
Solution:
128 z 5
2 c −5 d −3
10. Solution:
75 c − 2 d
II. Rationalize the denominator and simplify.
5+2
1. Solution:
5−2
b− a −b
2. Solution:
b+ a −b
1
3. Solution:
x+ y + x− y
251

1
4. Solution:
a2 +b − a2 −b
5
5. Solution:
10 + 15
5+ 3
6. Solution:
3− 2
7
7. Solution:
8+ 5
x8
8. Solution:
10
a
9. Solution:
a + 2a
9
10. Solution:
15 − 7
252

III. Perform the indicated operation.

53 7
1. 6 3 x4 + 7 x 3 x − x Solution:
x
4
2. x 3 x2 + 3
x 5 y 6 − 5 z −3 3 x 5 z 9 Solution:
y2
3. a 2 4 a 9 + 3a 4 a13 − ab 4 ab8 Solution:
(a − b)2 a −b a3 − a2b
4. − 2 2+ 2 2 Solution:
a +b a −b a −b
5. 3
x 3 y ⋅ 3 x 2 y 2 + 3 xy Solution:
6. x•3 x•5 x Solution:
x7 y 4 6 x2 y 2
7. 3 ⋅ Solution:
z2 z3
8. 3
a 7b6 ⋅ 5 a5b 2 + 15 ab6 Solution:
253

9. 4+3 3 − 4−3 3 Solution:
10. 3
6 + 2 11 + 3 6 − 2 11 Solution:
IV. Solve for the unknown values.

1. x 2 + 2 x − 10 = x Solution:
2. a −1 = 7 Solution:
3. x2 − 4x +8 = x Solution:
4. 3x 2 + 5 x + 6 = x + 3 Solution:
5. x−7 +9 = x Solution:
254

Chapter VII – Sequence and Series
Chapter VII
SEQUENCE AND SERIES
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Introduction
7.1 Arithmetic Sequences and Series
7.2 Solving Problems Involving Arithmetic Sequences and Series
7.2.1 Finding the General Formula for an Arithmetic Sequences
7.2.2 Finding the Arithmetic Mean of an Arithmetic Series
7.2.3 Finding the Formula for the Sum of Arithmetic Sequences or Arithmetic Series
7.3 Geometric Sequences and Series
7.4 Solving Problems Involving Geometric Sequences and Series
7.4.1 Finding the Common Ratio and General Formula for a Geometric Sequences
7.4.2 Finding the Sum of the Geometric Sequences
7.5 Harmonic Sequences and Series
7.6 Binomial Expansion
Chapter Test
INTRODUCTION
An Italian mathematician
The manager of the firm is offering who is best known to the
the following alternatives: modern world for a
number sequence
Alternative 1: From your current named after him, the
salary of 50,000, you will receive an Leonardo of Pisa Fibonacci numbers.
increase of 5,000 per year for the next (Fibonacci)
10 years or (c.1170-c.1250)
Alternative 2: Starting with your current salary of 50,000, you will

receive an increase of 8% annually, using the previous year’s salary as the
base for the next year’s computation, also for the next 10 years.
255

At this point, can you decide which of the two alternatives is better?
What is described in the figure?
What comes to your mind when you see a pair of rabbits?
After reading this chapter, you will be more than ready to provide answers
to the above questions.
7.1 ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES AND SERIES

A sequence of numbers is a list with specific pattern following a certain
mathematical rule. The numbers in the sequence are called terms.
Examples of Sequences:
Pattern
1. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,… add 1 to the preceding term
add 4 to the next term,etc.
or the difference increases by 1 for each term.
4. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55,… add the two preceding terms

(Fibonacci sequence)
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
=
1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 Note also that the following pattern
exist with this special sequence of
numbers. (ratio of succeeding terms)
= 1, 0.5, 0.67, 0.6, 0.625, 0.615, 0.619, 0.618, 0.618
1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55
= or their reciprocals
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
= 1, 2, 1.5, 1.67, 1.6, 1.625, 1.615, 1.619, 1.618
5. 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 each term is doubled
6. 20, -100, 500, -2,500 each term is multiplied by -5
7. 2,4,10,28,82 each term is multiplied by 3 and from the

product we subtract 2
256

8. 2, 11, 57, 288, 1,444 2nd term = 1st term

multiplied by 5 and add 1.
x5+1 x5+2 x5+3 x5+4
3rd term = (2nd term)•(5) + 2
4th term = (3rd term)•(5) + 3
5th term = (4th term)•(5) + 4
9. 1, 2, 6, 24, 120 2nd term = (1st term)•(2)
3rd term = (2nd term)•(3)
x2 x3 x4 x5
4th term = (3rd term)•(4)
5th term = (4th term)•(5)
10. Find the first three terms and the 25th term of the sequence defined by
1
an = 3 + (n – 1)
2
where ‘n’ is our term numbers.
Solution:
Plug the term number into the function to find the value of the term.
⎛1⎞
when n=1 : an = a1 = 3 + (1 – 1) ⎜ ⎟ = 3 + 0 = 3
⎝2⎠
⎛1⎞ 1 7
n=2 : an = a2 = 3 + (2 – 1) ⎜ ⎟ = 3 + =
⎝2⎠ 2 2
⎛1⎞
n=3 : an = a3 = 3 + (3 – 1) ⎜ ⎟ = 3 + 1 = 4
⎝2⎠
⎛1⎞
and n = 25 : an = a25 = 3 + (25 – 1) ⎜ ⎟ = 3 + 12 = 15
⎝2⎠
The fourth example of sequences is known as the Fibonacci sequence,
attributed to Leonardo of Pisa (1170 – 1240) pen name – Fibonacci. Note that
the ratio of succeeding terms in the sequence converges to the value ≅ 0.62
or 62%. This pattern occurs in nature, and Fibonacci derived this pattern by
observing the mating patterns of rabbits. This sequence occurs under the
assumptions that the rabbits are enclosed, none die, and that each month
they breed to give another pair.
This famous number sequence is very popular and a very useful tool for
financial traders in identifying lower limits (support) and upper limits
(resistances) of trading bands. That is, when the price of a commodity starts
to rise, it usually goes up to 62% of the last stop or break and vice versa.
The famous number sequence is popular and a very useful tool at
examining how our natural environment shows this 62%. For example, by
observing our ears, we find that the outer ear is about 62% of the total
measurement of the inner and outer ear. Or, when we examine a sun flower
257

closely, the outer part of the sunflower occupies about 62% of the total space
occupied by the inner core and outer part of the sunflower.
Now, we will continue to formally define an arithmetic sequence and
series.
Our first two are examples of arithmetic sequences. There is a common
difference. In the first sequence, the common difference is 1 and in the second
sequence, the common difference is 4. Note at this point that not all sequences
that has a pattern in addition is arithmetic.
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence in which each successive term is
found by adding/subtracting the same number, called the common
difference, to the previous number.
An arithmetic series, on the other hand, is the sum of the terms in an
arithmetic sequence.
Examples:
Sequence Series
1. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … 1+2+3+4+5+…
(add 1 to each term)
2. 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, … 2 + 6 + 10 + 14 + 18 + …

3. 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 0 + 5 + 10 + 15 + 20
4. 5, 2, -1, -4, -7 5 + 2 + (-1) + (-4) + (-7)

(add -3 to each term)
5. -7, 4, 15, 26, 37 -7 + 4 + 15 + 26 + 37

6. 20,000, 21,000, 22,000, 23,000 20,000 + 21,000 + 22,000 + 23,000

(add 1 000 to each term)
5 9 7 3 5 9 7 3
7. , ,2, , + +2 + +
2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2
1
(add - to each term)
4
31 32 34 31 32 34
8. 10, , ,11, 10 + + + 11 +
3 3 3 3 3 3
1
(add to each term)
3
Let us reexamine our examples of sequences above. Note that examples
3 and 4 have last terms, while examples 1 and 2 does not have last terms.
258

A sequence that has a last term is called a finite sequence and a

sequence with no last term is called an infinite sequence.
We will continue in the next lesson on how to evaluate the indicated
sums in the above examples, as well as how to determine the succeeding or
even the nth term of an arithmetic sequence.
E XERCISES
A. List the first five terms of each of the arithmetic sequence described
below:
a1 = means the first term of the sequence

d = means the common difference
1. a1 = 8 ; d=5
2. a1 = 15 ; d=3
3. a1 = 1 ; d=2
4. a1 = 2 ; d=2
5. a1 = 4 ; d=4
6. a1 = 3 ; d=5
7. a1 = 9 ; d = 11
3 1
8. a1 = ; d= -
4 4
9. a1 = 2 ; d = -5
1
10. a1 = ; d=1
2
B. Identify the common difference of the following arithmetic sequence:
1. -1, -11, -21, -31, . . .
2. 7, 10, 13, 16, . . .
5 7
3. 2, , 3, , 4, . . .
2 2
4. -7, -4, -1, 2, 5, . . .
259

5. 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, . . .
6. 8, 3, -2, -7, -12, . . .
7. 21, 30, 39, 48, . . .
8. 26, 33, 40, 47, . . .
3 5 7 9
9. , , , ,...
2 2 2 2
10. 45, 51, 57, 63, . . .
C. Is the Fibonacci sequence an arithmetic sequence? Explain your answer.

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES AND SERIES
7.2.1 FINDING THE GENERAL FORMULA FOR AN ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
Suppose we let:
a — represent the terms in a sequence;
d — represent the common difference;
a1 — represent the 1st term;
a2— represent the 2nd term; and so on
an — represent the nth term.
Now we can enumerate the terms of an arithmetic sequence as follows:

1st term : a 1
2nd term : a 2 = a1 + d (definition of arithmetic sequence )
3rd term : a 3 = a2 + d = (a1 + d) + d = a1 + 2d
4th term : a 4 = a3 + d = (a1 + 2d) + d = a1 + 3d
5th term : a 5 = a4 + d = (a1 + 3d) + d = a1 + 4d
260

Note here that the coefficient of d is always one less than the number of
term. Hence, following the above procedure will lead us to the general
formula for finding the nth term of an arithmetic sequence and is given by:
nth term:
an = a1 + (n – 1)d
Example 1:
Find the 18th term of the sequence 2, 11, 20, 29, …
Solution:
1st term a1 = 2
d = ?
a18 = ?
To get d, subtract each term from each successor.
11 – 2 = 9
20 – 11 = 9
29 – 20 = 9
Therefore: d = 9
Now, a18 = 2 + (18 – 1)9
= 2 + (17)9
= 2 + 153
a18 = 155
Example 2:
What is the difference between the 6th and 12th terms of 2, 6, 10, 14,…?
Solution:
a1 = 2
d=? a6 = ? a12 = ? a12 – 6 = ?
Evaluate the value of d : 6 – 2 = 4; 10 – 6 = 4; 14 – 10 = 4
a6 = a1 + 5(d) a12 = a1 + 11(d)
a6 = 2 + 5(4) a12 = 2 + 11(4)
a6 = 2 + 20 a12 = 2 + 44
a6 = 22 a12 = 46
Hence, a12 – a6 = 46 – 22 = 24
261

Another way of solving the above problem is given as follows:

Since from definition we know that:
a6 = a1 + 5d and
a12 = a1+ 11d
then a12 – a6 = (a1 + 11d) – (a1 + 5d)
remove symbols of grouping
= a1 + 11d – a1 – 5d
= (a1 – a1) + (11d – 5d) associative property
= 0 + 6d combine like terms
= 6d
subtitute the value of d = 4
= 6 (4)
a12 – a6 = 24
Example 3:
Find the next three terms of the sequence: 3, 5, 7, 9.
Solution:
a1 = 3; a4 = 9
d=?; a5 = ? ; a6 = ? ; a7 = ?
Find for d: (5 – 3) – (7 – 5) = (9 – 7) = 2
This applies our definition:
an = a1 + (n – 1) d
Therefore: a5 = 3 + 4 (2) = 11
a6 = 3 + 5 (2) = 13
a7 = 3 + 6 (2) = 15
Example 4:
Micah Jezel saves from her allowances as follows:
6 on the first week; 10 on the second week; 14 on the third week,
and so on, for one year or a total of 52 weeks. Can you identify the amount of
her 52nd deposit?
Solution:
6, 10, 14, … form an arithmetic sequence with d = 10 – 6 = 4; 14 – 10 = 4
and n = 52.
Using our definition: an = a1 + (n – 1) d
a52 = 6 + (52 – 1) 4
a52 = 6 + (51) 4
a52 = 6 + 204
a52 = 210
Therefore, Micah Jezel’s last saving is 210.
262

Example 5:
Find the 100th term of the arithmetic sequence: 20,000, 21,000, 22,000.
Solution:
100th term : a100 = a1 + (n – 1)d
Identify : a1 = 20,000
d = 1,000
n = 100
Therefore, a100 = 20,000 + (99)(1,000)
a100 = 119,000
Example 6:
Your mother opened an account in a bank with an initial deposit of
10,000. She plans to deposit an additional amount every month. If her
depositing behavior/pattern is as follows: 100, 200, 300, 400, 500,…for the
next 5 years, how much will be the amount of the last deposit?
Solution:
5years (12 months) = 60 deposits
a60 = a1 + (n – 1)d
Unknown: a 60 = ?
Identify: a 1 = 100
d = 100
n = 60
Therefore: a 60 = 100 + (60– 1)(100)
a 60 = 6,000
Example 7:
Kyle Eunice was promised an increase of 2,000 every six months for
the next 10 years of employment with her current employer. If she is currently
receiving 180,000 every six months, how much will her salary be after 5
years?
Solution:
5 years (2) = 10 (increase is given 2 times a year)
a10 = a1 + (n – 1)d
Unknown: a 10 = ?
Identify: a1 = 180,000
d = 2,000
n = 10
Therefore: a 10 = 180,000 + (10 – 1)(2,000)
a 10 = 198,000
263

Example 8:
Using the same example as in #7, what will be the increment/differences
of Kyle Eunice’s salary between today and after 10 years?
Solution:
10(2) = 20 (increase is given twice a year)
a 20 = a1 + (n – 1)d
Unknown: a20 – a1 = ?
a 10 = 198,000
Identify: a1 = 180,000
d = 2,000
n = 20
Therefore: a20 = 180,000 + (20 – 1)(2 000)
a20 = 218,000
a20 – a1 = 218,000 – 180,000
= 38,000
Hence, Kyle Eunice’s salary increment from the current salary level
will be 38,000 after 10 years.
7.2.2 FINDING THE ARITHMETIC MEAN OF AN ARITHMETIC SERIES

Given an, an+1, an+2, are three consecutive terms of an arithmetic series,
then:
an+1 – an = an+2 – an+1 Common difference between 2 terms is constant
and is equal to d.
2an+1 = an + an+2
Combine similar terms.
an + an + 2
an+1 = Divide both sides by 2.
2
an+1 is called the arithmetic mean also known as average. Note here
that in our example, an+1 is also the middle number in the sequence.
Example 1:
Find the arithmetic mean between 10 and 40.
Solution:
10 + 40 50
Arithmetic mean = = = 25
2 2
Note: The sequence is: 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, …
Example 2:
Insert three arithmetic means between 6 and 18.
264

Solution 1:
6 + 18 24
1st arithmetic mean = = = 12
2 2
6 + 12 18
2nd arithmetic mean = = = 9
2 2
12 + 18 30
3rd arithmetic mean = = = 15
2 2
Note: The sequence is: 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, … or a more logical approach to
this kind of problem is given below:
Solution 2:
Given: a1 = 6 ; a5 = 18 ; n=5
a2 = ?
a3 = ?
a4 = ?
d =?
Using our definition: an = a1 + (n – 1) d
a5 = 6 + (5 – 1) d
18 = 6 + 4d
4d = 18 – 6
18 − 6 12
d = = =3
4 4
How can we solve for a2, a3, and a4 ?
a 2 = 6 + [(2 – 1)3] = 6 + (1)(3) = 9
a 3 = 6 + [(3 – 1)3] = 6 + (2)(3) = 12
a 4 = 6 + [(4 – 1)3] = 6 + (3)(3) = 15
Example 3:
Find the arithmetic mean between 180,000 and 184,000.
Solution:
180,000 + 184,000
or the arithmetic mean is 182,000.
2
265

Example 4:
In the arithmetic sequence -7, 4, , 26, 37, identify the missing term.
Solution:
Note that the missing term is actually a middle term. Hence, we can use
the arithmetic mean concept to find the missing term. The solution is as
follows:
a2 + a4 a1 + a5
a3 = or
2 2
4 + 26 -7 + 37
a3 = or
2 2
a3 = 15
Example 5:
5 7
Insert two arithmetic means between and .
2 4
Solution:
5 7
Given: a1 =
; a4 = ; n=4
2 4
Unknown: a2 = ?
a3 = ?
From the definition: a4 = a1 + (4 – 1)d
7 5
Substituting the given values: = + 3d
4 2
7 5
Solve for d by combining like terms: – = 3d
4 2
⎛ 7 10 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
Simplify: ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = d
⎝4 4 ⎠ ⎝3⎠
3
- =d
12
1
d=-
4
Now we can solve for a2 and a3 using our definition of a term of an
⎛ 1⎞ 5 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 10 1 9
a2 = a1 + (2 − 1) ⎜ − ⎟ = + (1) ⎜ − ⎟ = − =
⎝ 4 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 4⎠ 4 4 4
⎛ 1⎞ 5 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 10 2 8
a3 = a1 + (3 − 1) ⎜ − ⎟ = + (2) ⎜ − ⎟ = − = =2
⎝ 4⎠ 2 ⎝ 4⎠ 4 4 4
266

Example 6:
Find the missing term in the arithmetic sequence: 31, 36, , 46.
Solution:
Since the missing term is midway between the term 36 and 46, then we
can use the formula for the arithmetic mean.
a2 + a4 36 + 46 82
Missing term: a3 = = = = 41
4 2 2
7.2.3 FINDING THE FORMULA FOR THE SUM
OF ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE OR ARITHMETIC SERIES
Let us start with the most common arithmetic sequence, the natural
number:
1, 2, 3, 4, … , 99, 100.
To get the sum of the said sequence, we can rearrange the terms such
that:
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + … + 99 + 100
becomes: (1 + 100) + (2 + 99) + (3 + 98) + (4 + 97) + … + (50 + 51)
which is equal to: 101 + 101 + 101 + 101 + … + 101
and there are: 50 pairs of 101
hence the sum is: 50 (101) = 5050.
This idea was from the mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, from his
work (as young boy then) we have the following conclusions:
• There are 50 pairs of 101.
• The sum of sequence 50 – (101) can be equivalently written as:
50 (1 + 100)
100 This is now expressed as terms of the last and
or (1 + 100)
2 first of the sequence
100 (100 + 1)
or
2
or in general
n ( n + 1)
1+2+3+4+…+n=
2
and we will call this our Gauss theorem from this point onward.
Now, following same logic and with:
a 1 = first term of arithmetic sequence
267

an = last term of arithmetic sequence

Sn = sum of the arithmetic sequence or the arithmetic series
with n – terms
d = common differences
Sn = a1 + (a1 + d) + (a1 + 2d) + ... + [a1+(n – 1)d]
1st term 3rd term

2 term
nd
nth term = an
But we can rewrite this as follows: By rearranging the terms and
combining similar terms:
Sn = a1 + a1 + d + a1 + 2d + … + a1 + (n – 1)d
Sn = a1 + a1 + … + a1 + 2d + … + (n – 1)d
n of a1
Sn = n (a1) + [d + 2d + … + (n – 1) d]
Sn = n (a1) + d [1 + 2 + … + (n – 1)] Factor out d
d( n − 1) ( n − 1 + 1)
Sn = n (a1) + Apply Gauss Theorem
2
d(n − 1) (n )
Sn = n (a1) +
2
1
Sn = [2n ( a1 ) + d(n − 1)(n)] Factor out 2
2
n
Sn = [( a1 ) + ( a1 ) + d(n − 1)] Factor out n
2
n
Sn = [2( a1 ) + d(n − 1)] 2(a1) = a1 + a2
2
n
Sn = [a + a1 + (n – 1)d] associative property
2 1
1st term nth term
or alternatively,
n
Sn = (a1 + an)
2
The sum of an arithmetic sequence with n terms is given by the product
of the sum of the first and last term (a1 + an ) and half of the number of terms
⎛n⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟.
⎝ ⎠
268

Example 1:
Find the sum of the odd integer from 1 to 99.
Solution:
Given: a1 = 1; an = 99; d=2
Unknown: n = ?; Sn = ?
To solve for n, we go back with our formula in finding the nth term of an
an = a1 + (n – 1) d
an = a1 + nd – d
99 = 1 + n (2) – 2
n(2) = 99 – 1 + 2
2n = 100
100
n =
2
n = 50
Substitute the computed values to our formula.
n
Sn = (a + an)
2 1
50
Sn = (1 + 99)
2
Sn = 25(100)
Sn = 2,500
Example 2:
From our previous example, we can now compute for the total savings
of Micah Jezel where she saves weekly as follows:
a1 = 6
a2 = 10
a3 = 14
a 52 = 210
Solution:
Given: a1 = 6; a52 = 214; n = 52
Unknown: Sn = ?
Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + … + a52
269

n
Sn = (a + a52)
2 1
52
Sn = (6 + 210)
2
Sn = 26(216)
Sn = 5,616
Example 3:
From the above example, can you help Micah Jezel determine how many
weeks she needs to save in order to accumulate the sum of 880?
Solution:
Given: a1 = 6; Sn = 880; d=4
Unknown: n = ?
n
From our formula, Sn = (a + an)
2 1
n
This is same as: Sn = [ 2(a1) + (n – 1) d ]
2
n
Substitute the given: 880 = [ 2(6) + (n – 1) 4 ]
2
n
Simplify: 880 = [ 12 + 4n – 4 ]
2
1
Factor out : (2) (880) = n[ 12 + 4n – 4 ]
2
Distribute the factor(n): 1,760 = 12n + 4n2 – 4n
Combine similar terms: 1,760 = 4n2 + 8n
Rearrange terms: 4n2 + 8n – 1,760 = 0
Divide both sides of equation by (4)
n2 + 2n – 440 = 0
At this point, we can solve for n using the quadratic equation formula.
-b ± b2 − 4ac
n =
2a
-2 ± (2)2 − 4(1)(-440)
n =
2(1)
270

-2 ± 4 + 1,760
n =
2
-2 ± 1,764
n =
2
-2 ± (42)
n =
2
-2 + 42 40
n = = = 20
2 2
-2 − 42 -44
n = = = -22
2 2
However, since n must be a positive whole number, then we can disregard
the root n = -22.
Therefore, Micah Jezel needs 20 weeks in order to accumulate the
desired sum of 880, or following the arithmetic sequence, we need to add
20 terms to get a sum of 880.
Example 4:
If after opening a checking account in a bank with an initial deposit of
50,000, you start to accumulate/deposit money every month in the following
pattern for a period of one year: 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 2,500, …5,500, how much
will be the total principal value in the account after one year?
Solution:
Total amount will be:
(initial deposit) + (sum of all the monthly deposits)
50,000 + (sum of the sequence 1,000, 1,500, ... 5,500)
The sum of the sequence 1,000, 1,500, ... 5,500
n
is given by the formula: Sn = (a + an ).
2 1
Note that n = 12 (12 months in one year) hence,
12
Sn = (1,000 + 5,500) = 6(6,500) = 39,000
2
Therefore, total amount will be:
50,000 + 39,000
or 89,000.
Example 5:
Find the sum of the arithmetic sequence.
26, 31, 36, 41, 46
271

Solution:
n
Sn = (a + an)
2 1
Given: n=5 ; a1 = 26 ; an = 46
5
We will have: Sn = (26 + 46)
2
5
= (72)
2
Sn = 180
Example 6:
Find the sum of the first 100 terms of the following arithmetic sequence:
22, 20, 18, 16, …
Solution:
In order for us to use our formula for arithmetic series, we need to
identify “an” or the last term, hence we need to identify the a100th term.
a100 = a1 + (100 – 1) d
From the problem, a1 = 22 and d can be evaluated as: (20 – 22) or
(18 – 20) or (16 – 18) or (-2 ).
So we can go back to: a100 = 22 + (100 – 1)(-2)
a100 = 22 + (99)(-2)
a100 = -176
Hence, we can use the general formula:
n
Sn = (a1 + an)
2
100
Sn = [22 + (-176)]
2
100
Sn = (-154)
2
Sn = 50 (-154)
Sn = -7,700
Example 7:
Find the sum of the first twenty terms of the arithmetic sequence defined
by:
an = 3n + 7
272

Solution:
n
For us to be able to use the general formula, Sn = (a + an), we need to
2 1
identify: n, a1, and an from the problem: n = 20.
We need to identify: a 1 : when n = 1 > a1 = 3(1) + 7 = 10
a 20 : when n = 20 > a20 = 3(20) + 7 = 67
20
Now we can substitute : Sn = (10 + 67)
2
Sn = 10(77)
Sn = 770
Example 8:
How much will I receive over my 25-year career if my starting salary is
60,000 and I receive a 1,500 salary raise every year?
Solution:
From the problem, we will have the sequence, 60,000, 61,500, 63,000,
64,500, …
Given: a1 = 60,000
d = 1,500
n = 25
We need to identify: an = a1 + (n – 1) d
a 25 = 60,000 + (25 – 1) 1,500
a 25 = 60,000 + (24) 1,500
a 25 = 60,000 + 36,000
a 25 = 96,000
Therefore, we will have the series:
60,000 + 61,500 + 63,000 + … + 96,000
⎛ 25 ⎞
= ⎜ 2 ⎟ (60,000 + 96,000)
⎝ ⎠
= (12.5) (156,000)
= 1,950,000
273

E XERCISES
A. Find the sum of the arithmetic sequence described below.
1. a1 = 1 ; d = 5 ; n = 10
1 3 15 7
2. , , ,
3 3 3 3
3. (-1), (-2), (-3), (-4), (-5)
4. a1 = 4 ; n = 10 ;
5. a1 = 2 ; n = 50; d = 2
B. Find the term required in the arithmetic sequence.

1. The 20th term of 9, 6, 3, ...
2. The 5th term of 6, 11, 16, ...
3. The 7th term of 4, 8, 12, ...
4. The 10th term of 1, 3, 5, ...
5. The 100th term of 6, 12, 18, ...
C. Find the arithmetic mean described below.

1. Find the arithmetic mean between -3 and 27.
2. Find the arithmetic mean between 6 and 18.
3. Insert the three arithmetic means between -3 and 9.
4. Insert two arithmetic means between 40 and 70.
5. Insert the arithmetic mean between 100 and 1100.
274

D. Solve the following word problems:

1. The school auditorium has 25 seats in the first row and 25 rows in
all. The seats are designed such that each successive row contains
one additional seat. How many seats are there in the auditorium?
2. The store manager wishes to file cans of “pork n beans” so that the
top layer will contain four cans and each layers will have one more
than the layer above. If there are 12 layers, how many cans will be
needed?
3. Mrs. Tarrazona gave her daughter 1,000 on her 12th birthday, and
intends to increase this by 500 each year. How much will the
daughter receive after her 18th birthday?
4. From the above problem, how much will be the sum of money given
to the daughter immediately after her 18th birthday?
5. If condominium rentals in the city increase each year by 1,000 of

the previous years rental, and current rate is at 6,500, what will
be the amount of rent during the 5th year?
275

7.3 GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES AND SERIES

Just like the arithmetic sequence, each of the terms in a geometric
sequence is related to the preceding term.
The following sequences are examples of geometric sequences. Can you
identify the pattern?
Examples:
1. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, …
2. 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, …
3. 0.01, 0.05, 0.25, 1.25, 6.25,…
4. 80, 40, 20, 10, …
The pattern:
1. next number/ term = (2) (previous numbers)
2. next term = (3) (previous term)
3. next term = (5) (previous term)
⎛1 ⎞
4. next term = ⎜ 2 ⎟ (previous term)
⎝ ⎠
At this point, we are ready to formally define a geometric sequence and
geometric series as follows:
A geometric sequence is a sequence in which each successive term is
found by multiplying the same number, called the common ratio, to the
previous number.
A geometric series, on the other hand, is the sum of the terms in a
geometric sequence.
Going back to our examples of geometric sequences, we have the following
geometric series:
Geometric Sequence Geometric Series
1. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, … 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + …
2. 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, … 1 + 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + …
3. 0.01, 0.05, 0.25, 1.25, 6.25, … 0.01 + 0.05 + 0.25 + 1.25 + 6.25 + …
4. 80, 40, 20, 10, … 80 + 40 + 20 + 10 + …
Geometric Sequence Common Ratio

1. 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.03125, … 0.5
2. 20, 55, 151.25, 415.9375, … 2.75
3. -10, 120, -1 440, 17 280, … -12
4. -0.75, 0.1 875, -0.046 875, 0.01 171 875, … -0.25
276

E XERCISES
A. List the first five terms of each of the geometric sequence described
below:
Where a1 = 1st term of the sequence and r = common ratio.
1. a1 = -1 ; r=2
2. a1 = 2 ; r=2
3. a1 = 2 ; r=3
4. a1 = 1 ; r = -2
1
5. a1 = ; r=2
3
6. a1 = 0.1 ; r=6
7. a1 = -5 ; r=5
8. a1 = 1 ; r = 10
9. a1 = 1,000,000 ; r = 0.1
10. a1 = 1 ; r=4
B. For exercise 11–20, get the sum of the geometric terms you have identified
in exercise 1–10 on the previous page.
1. a1 + a2 + a3 + a4+ a5 where a1 = -1 ; r=2
2. a1 + a2 + a3 + a4+ a5 where a1 = 2 ; r=2
3. a1 + a2 + a3 + a4+ a5 where a1 = 2 ; r=3
4. a1 + a2 + a3 + a4+ a5 where a1 = 1 ; r = -2
1
5. a1 + a2 + a3 + a4+ a5 where a1 = ; r=2
3
6. a1 + a2 + a3 + a4+ a5 where a1 = 0.1 ; r=6
7. a1 + a2 + a3 + a4+ a5 where a1 = -5 ; r=5
8. a1 + a2 + a3 + a4+ a5 where a1 = 10 ; r = 10
9. a1 + a2 + a3 + a4+ a5 where a1 = 0.1 ; r = 0.1
10. a1 + a2 + a3 + a4+ a5 where a1 = 4 ; r=4
277


GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES AND SERIES
7.4.1 FINDING THE COMMON RATIO AND GENERAL FORMULA
FOR A GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
Suppose we let
a represent the terms in a geometric sequence.
r represent the common ratio.
a1 represent the first term.
a2 represent the second term.
an represent the nth term.
Then we can enumerate the terms of geometric sequence as follows:

1st term: a1
2nd term: a2 = (a1)•r definition of geometric sequence
3 term:
rd
a3 = (a2)•r = (a1)•r•r = a1•r2
4th term: a4 = (a3)•r = (a1•r2)•r = a1•r3
5th term: a5 = (a4)•r = (a1•r3)•r = a1•r4
Note here that the exponent or power of r is always one less than the
number of term. Hence, following the procedure will lead us to the general
formula for finding the nth term of a geometric sequences and is defined by:
nth term : an = a1 • rn–1
Before we illustrate this concept with examples, let us first examine
how to find the common ratio, r.
Going back to our example:
1, 2, 4, 8, 16
The common ratio is obtained by dividing any term by the preceding
term. From the above example, we have:
2nd term 2
= =2
1st term 4
3rd term 4
= =2
2nd term 2
4th term 8
= =2
3rd term 4
278

5th term 16
= =2
4th term 8
From the example: 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, the common ratio is derived as follows:
2nd term 3
= =3
1st term 1
4th term 27
= =3
3rd term 9
Now, we are ready to solve the following examples:
Example 1:
Find the 8th term of the geometric sequence 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, …
Solution:
Given: a1 = 1 ; n =8
Unknown: r=? a8 = ?
3 9 27 81
r : = = = =3
1 3 9 27
an = a1 • rn–1
a8 = a1 • r8–1
a8 = a1 • r7
a8 = 1 • 37
a8 = 2,187
Example 2:
Find the common ratio of the geometric sequence if the 1st term is 5 and
the 6th term is 160.
Solution:
Given: a1 = 5 ; a6 = 160 ; n=6
Unknown: r=?
From our formula: an = a1 • rn–1
a6 = a1 • r 5
Substitute the given: 160 = 5 • r5
160
Combine like terms: = r5
5
279

Simplify: 32 = r5
r5 = 32 = 25
r=2
or r5 = 32
5
r 5 = 5 32 = 2 Take the nth root of both sides of the equation.
Example 3:
Find the common ratio of the geometric sequence:
-0.75, 0.1875, -0.046875, …
Solution:
2nd term 0.1875
= = -0.25
1st term -0.75
3rd term -0.046875
= = -0.25
2nd term 0.1875
Example 4:
Find the common ratio of the geometric sequence:
9, 22.5, 56.25, 140.625, …
Solution:
2nd term 22.5
= = 2.5
1st term 9
3rd term 56.25
= = 2.5
2nd term 22.5
4th term 140.625
= = 2.5
3rd term 56.25
Example 5:
Find the common ratio of:
2, 22, 242, 2,622, …
Solution:
2nd term 22
= = 11
1st term 2
3rd term 242
= = 11
2nd term 22
4th term 2662
= = 11
3rd term 242
280

Example 6:
Find the common ratio in the geometric sequence if the first term is 24
and the fourth term is 8,232.
Solution:
Given: a1 = 24
a4 = 8,232
n = 4
Unknown: r = ?
an = a1 • rn–1
a4 = a1 • r3
8,232 = 24 • r3 Substituting the given values
8,232
Simplify: r3 =
24
r3 = 343
r = 3
343
r = 7
7.4.2 FINDING THE SUM OF THE GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE

Following the same logic as what we did with the arithmetic sequence,
the formula for geometric series is derived as follows:
let a 1 = the first term of geometric sequence
an = the nth term of geometric sequence
Sn = the geometric series or sum of geometric sequences
r = the common ratio
n = the number of terms
then: (equation 1)
Sn = a1 + a1r + a1r2 + a1r3 + … + a1rn–2 + a1rn–1
1st term 3rd term (n–1)th term

2 term
nd
4th term nth term
By factoring out a1, we will have: (equation 2)
Sn = a1 (1 + r + r2 + r3 + … + rn–2 + rn–1)
281

Multiplying both sides by r will yield: (equation 3)

r • Sn = a1• r ( 1 + r + r2 + r3 + … + rn –2 + rn–1)
or r • Sn = a1 (r + r2 + r3 + r4 + … + rn–1 + rn)
Now, subtracting equation 3 from equation 2 will yield:
Sn – rSn = a1 (1 + r + r2 + r3 +… + rn–2 + rn–1) – a1 (r + r2 + r3 + r4 +… + rn –1 + rn)
Factor out Sn on the left side and a1 on the right side of the equation:
Sn (1 – r) = a1 [(1 + r + r2 + r3 +… + rn–2) – (r + r2 + r3 + r4 +… + rn–1 + rn)]
Sn (1 – r) = a1 (1 – rn), multiplying both sides by (1 – r), we will have
⎡ a − rn ⎤
Sn = ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎣ (1 − r ) ⎦
But from our formula, the last term or nth term of a geometric sequence
is defined by:
an = a1rn–1
Multiplying both sides by r: r • an = a1• rn–1 • r
Multiplication of powers: r • an = a1 • rn–1+1
Simplifying, we have: r • an = a1 • rn
Now, substituting this from our formula for geometric series, we will
have:
a1 (1 − r n )
Sn =
(1 − r )
a1 − a•rn
Sn =
(1 − r)
a1 − r•an
Sn =
(1 − r)
This is an alternative formula for our sum Sn, but note that in this formula,
we are required to know the last/nth term an, in addition to a1 and r.
Rewriting them here, we have:
a1 (1 − r n )
Sn =
(1 − r )
a1 − r•an
Sn =
(1 − r)
Where: Sn = the sum of the geometric sequence
a1 = the first term of the geometric sequence
an = the last/nth term of the geometric sequence
282

r = the common ratio (r ≠ 1)

n = the number of terms
Example 1:
Find the sum of the five terms of the geometric sequence: 1, 5, 25, 125,
625.
Solution:
Given: n = 5; a1 = 1; an = 625
Unknown: r = ?; Sn = ?
Solve for r:
5 25 125 625
r= = = = =5
1 5 25 125
From our formula,
a1 (1 − r n )
Sn =
(1 − r )
Substitute the given values:
1 (1 − 55 )
Sn =
(1 − 5)
(1 − 3,125)
Sn =
( − 4)
(-3,124)
Sn =
(-4)
Sn = 781
Using the other formula:
a1 − r • an
Sn =
(1 − r)
Substitute the given values:
1 − (5)(625)
Sn =
(1 − 5)
1 − 3,125
Sn =
(-4)
(-3,124)
Sn =
(-4)
Sn = 781
283

Example 2:
Find the sum of the 20 terms of geometric sequence: 4, 8, 16, 32, …
Solution:
Given: n = 20; a1 = 4
Unknown: r = ?; Sn = ?
Solve for r:
8 16 32
r= = = =2
4 8 16
From our formula:
a1 (1 − r n )
Sn =
(1 − r )
Substituting the given values:
4 (1 − 220 )
Sn =
(1 − 2)
4 (1 − 1,048,576)
Sn =
(1 − 2)
4 (1 − 1,048,576)
Sn =
(-1)
-4,194,300
Sn =
(-1)
Sn = 4,194,300
Example 3:
Find the sum of the first tenth terms of the series:
2, 6, 18, 54
Solution:
a1= 2 r = 3 n = 10
(r n − 1)
Sn = a1
r −1
(3010 − 1)
Sn = 2
3 −1
(59,048)
Sn = 2
2
Sn = 59,048
284

Example 4:
15 45
Find the sum of the series : 5, - , , ... to 8 terms.
2 4
Solution:
a1= 5
n = 8
-15 45
2 = 4 = -3
r =
5 -15 2
2
⎡⎛ 3 ⎞ 8 ⎤
⎢⎜ - ⎟ − 1 ⎥
(r n − 1) ⎢⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
Sn = a1 =5⎣
r −1 3
- −1
2
⎛ 6,305 ⎞
⎜ 256 ⎟ 31,525 2
⎛ ⎞
5⎝ ⎠=
⎜- 5 ⎟
Sn = 5 256 ⎝ ⎠
-
2
6,305
Sn = -
128
E XERCISES
A. Find the indicated sum of the following geometric sequence:
1. 3, 6, 12, 24,... to 10 terms
2. 900, 9, .09,... to 8 terms
3. 2, -4x, 8x2,... to 6 terms
285

1 2 8
4. , , ,... to 7 terms
2 3 9
5. 4, -8, 16, -32,... to 10 terms
1 1 1 1
6. , , , ,... to 12 terms
2 4 8 16
1 1
7. 3,1, , ,... to 5 terms
3 9
1
8. 4, 2,1, ,... to six terms
2
9. 20, -40, 80, -160,... to eleven terms
10. -50, 25, -12.5, 6.25,... to nine terms
B. Identify the nth common ratio of each geometric sequence:

1. a, 2a, 4a, …
2. 2, -6, 18, …
3. 4, 2, 1, …
4. 3, -6, 12, -24, …
5. -2, -4, -8, …
286

C. Find the nth term of each sequence.

1. Find the 12th term of the geometric sequence: a, 2a, 4a, …
2. Find the 11th term of : 2, -6, 18, …
3. Find the 5th term of : 4, 2, 1, …
4. Find the 10th term of : 3, -6, 12, -24, …
5. Find the 15th term of : -2, -4, -8, …
7.5 HARMONIC SEQUENCES AND SERIES

A type of sequence in which the reciprocal of each term forms an
arithmetic sequence is called a harmonic sequence. The form of the
sequence below is harmonic.
1 1 1 1
a1 , a1 + d , a1 + 2d ,... , a1 + (n − 1)d
2nd term nth term

1st term 3rd term
a 1 — 1st term of an arithmetic series
d — common difference
n — number of terms
1 1 1
The sequence , , ,… is a harmonic sequence since 7, 10, 13,…
7 10 13
form an arithmetic sequence.
Example 1:
1 1 1
Find the 11th term of the harmonic sequence , , ,…
25 22 19
287

Solution:
1 1 1
Get the reciprocal of , , and . 25, 22, and 19 is an arithmetic
25 22 19
sequence.
a1 = 25
d = -3
The 11th term of this arithmetic sequence is:
a 11 = a1 + (n – 1)d
a 11 = 25 + (11 – 1)(-3)
a 11 = 25 + (10)(-3)
a 11 = 25 – 30
a 11 = -5
1
Therefore, the reciprocal of -5 which is - is the 11th term of the harmonic
5
sequence.
The terms between two terms of a harmonic sequence is called harmonic
means. Finding the harmonic means is also similar to the rules in obtaining
the arithmetic means.
Consider the harmonic sequence below:
1 1 1 1
, , ,...,
10 14 18 50
1 1
The harmonic means between and are:
10 50
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , , , , , , and
14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46
Example 2:
3
Insert two harmonic means between 5 and .
4
Solution:
1 4
Find the arithmetic means between and .
5 3
1
a1 =
5
4
a4 =
3
288

n =4
a4 = a1 + (n – 1)d
4 1
= + (4 – 1) d
3 5
4 1
= + 3d
3 5
20 − 3
= 3d
15
17
= 3d
15
17
d=
45
So, the arithmetic means are:
a 2 = a1 + (2 – 1)d
1 17
= + (1)
5 45
1 17
= +
5 45
26
=
45
a3 = a1 + (3 – 1)d
1 17
= + (2)
5 45
1 34
= +
5 45
43
=
45
45 45
Getting the reciprocals, we have and . Thus, the harmonic means
26 43
3 45 45
between 5 and are and .
4 26 43
Finding the sum of the harmonic series is similar to the rule of obtaining
the sum of an arithmetic series.
289

Example 3:
Find the sum of the first seven terms of the harmonic sequence:
1 1 1
+ + + ...
9 13 17
Solution:
We can compute a7 by using the formula, an = a1 + (n – 1)d.
a1 = 9
n = 7
d = 4
a 7 = 9 + (7 – 1)4
a7 = 9 + (6) 4
a7 = 9 + 24
a7 = 33
1
Sn =
n
( a + an )
2 1
1
S7 =
7
(9 + 33)
2
1
S7 = 7
(42)
2
1
S7 =
147
1
Therefore, the sum is .
147
E XERCISES
A. Find the nth term of the following harmonic sequence.
1 1 1
1. , , , ... n = 6
2 5 8
1 1 1
2. , , , ... n = 10
4 10 16
290

1 1 1
3. , , , ... n = 13
3 11 19
1 1 1
4. , , , ... n = 11
-12 -4 4
3 1 3
5. , , , ... n = 8
7 3 11
2
6. -2, -1, - , ... n = 7
3
2 1
7. 1, , , ... n = 9
3 2
1 1 1
8. , , , ... , n = 12
5 7 9
10 10 10
9. , , , ... , n = 15
6 9 12
6 6 6
10. , , , ... , n = 5
13 19 25
B. Insert two harmonic means between the following:
4 4
1. and
3 27
1
2. 1 and 7
1 1
3. and
2 8
1
4. and 0
12
291

1 1
5. and
10 31
1 1
6 and
5 20
1 2
7. and
2 7
1 1
8. and
5 11
1 1
9. - and
5 4
1 1
10. and
17 26

Find the sum of the following harmonic series.
5 5 5 5
1. + + +
31 46 61 76
4
2. -2 + (-4) + 0 + 4 + 2 +
3
Find the sum of the first five terms of the following series.
5 5 5
3. + + + ...
16 31 46
1 1 1
4. - + + + ...
4 4 12
1 5 5
5. + + + ...
3 43 71
292

7.6 BINOMIAL EXPANSION

Consider the expansion of a binomial (a + c)n , where a is the 1st term, c
is the 2nd term and n as the power of the expression.
(a + c)0 = 1
(a + c)1 = a + c
(a + c)2 = a2 + 2ac + c2
(a + c)3 = a3 + 3a2c + 3ac2 + c3
(a + c)4 = a4 + 4a3c + 6a2c2 + 4ac3 + c4
(a + c)5 = a5 + 5a4c + 10a3c2 + 10a2c3 + 5ac4 + c5
Observe the expansions. What have you noticed about the coefficients
and exponents of the variables?
Procedure to follow in evaluating the expression (a + c)n

a. The expansion has an as the 1st term and cn as the last term.
b. There are n + 1 terms in the expansion. For instance, (a + c)4 has 5
terms.
c. Following the order of the terms, the exponent of a is descending while
the exponent of c is ascending by 1 from term to term.
d. The sum of the exponent of a and c in each term is n. The numerical
coefficients follow a definite form according to a pattern.
Consider the Pascal’s triangle below. It is a triangle of numbers that are

bordered by 1’s. The coefficients of each products are the numbers found in
the triangle.
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
Example 1:
What are the coefficients of the expansion of (a + c)8?
Solution:
(a + c)7 — 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
(a + c)7 — 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
Therefore, the coefficients of (a + c)8 are 1, 8, 28, 56, 70, 56, 28, 8 and 1.
293

Example 2:
What is the expanded form of (a + c)8?
Solution:
(a + c)8 = a8 + 8a7c + 28a6c2 + 56a5c3 + 70a4c4 + 56a3c5 + 28a2c6 + 8ac7 + c8
Let us analyze the expansion:
Terms
1st : a8 or xn
7 8 8 −1 n n −1
2nd : 8a c = a c or a c
1 1
6 6 8 ⋅ 7 8 −2 2 n ⎛ n − 1 ⎞ n −2 2
3rd : 28 a c = a c or ⎜ a c
1⋅2 1 ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 8 −3 3 n ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n − 1 ⎞ ⎛ n − 2 ⎞ n −3 3
⎜ 1 ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟⎜ 3 ⎟a c
5 3
4th : 56 a c = a c or
1⋅2⋅3 1 ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 8−4 4 n ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n − 1 ⎞ ⎛ n − 2 ⎞ ⎛ n − 3 ⎞ n −4 4
5th
4 4
: 70a c = a c or a c
1⋅ 2⋅3⋅ 4 1 ⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 8−5 5 n ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n − 1 ⎞ ⎛ n − 2 ⎞ ⎛ n − 3 ⎞ ⎛ n − 4 ⎞ n −5 5
⎟a c
3 5
6th : 56a c = a c or ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜
1⋅ 2⋅3⋅ 4 ⋅5 1 ⎝ 1 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠
8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 8−6 6 n ⎛ n ⎞⎛ n −1 ⎞⎛ n − 2 ⎞⎛ n − 3 ⎞⎛ n − 4 ⎞⎛ n − 5 ⎞ n−6 6
⎟a c
2 6
7th : 28a c = a c or ⎜ ⎟⎜
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6 1 ⎝ 1 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜
⎠⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 6 ⎠
⎟⎜
7 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 8−7 7
8th : 8ac = a c
1⋅ 2⋅ 3⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6 ⋅7
n ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n − 1 ⎞ ⎛ n − 2 ⎞ ⎛ n − 3 ⎞ ⎛ n − 4 ⎞ ⎛ n − 5 ⎞ ⎛ n − 6 ⎞ n −7 7
or a c
1 ⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 7 ⎟⎠
8 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 8−8 8
9th : c = a c or cn
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 8
The product can be simplified using the factorial notation.
0! = 1
1! = 1
2! = 1 • 2 = 2
3! = 1 • 2 • 3 = 6
n! is called n factorial. Consider n as a positive integer:
n! = n(n – 1)(n – 2) … 3 • 2 • 1
294

Example 3:
12!
Find the value of .
7! 8!
12! 12 ⋅ 11 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1
=
6! 7! 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1
= 132
The binomial expansion formula:
n n −1 n(n − 1) n −2 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2)
(a + c)n = a +a c+ a c + + ...+ cn
1! 2! 3!
Consider r as a number of term, thus the nth term of the binomial
expansion is:
n(n − 1)( n − 2) . . . ( n − r + 2) n – r + 1 r – 1
a c
(r − 1) !
Example 4:
What is the 4th term of (2a + 5c)6
6 ⋅5⋅4 ⋅3
= (2a)6 – 4 + 1 (5c)6 – 1
(4 − 1) !
360
= (2a)3 (5c)5
6
= 608a3 3125c5
E XERCISES
A. Find the value of the following:
1. 9! 4. 10! – 3!
2. 8! 5. 5!6!
3. 7! + 3! 6. 3!4!
295

11 !
7. 4! + 9! 9.
10 !
8!
8. 8! – 7! 10.
2!
B. Expand the following binomial and then simplify.

1. (c + 1)3 6. (2m + 3p)8
2. (p + 3)4 7. (3q – 2t)7
3. (s + 5)6 8. (3 – v)9
6
⎛1 ⎞
4. (d – 6) 7
9. ⎜ 3 + w⎟
⎝ ⎠
10
⎛ 2⎞
5. (k – 8)5 10. ⎜x − 3⎟
⎝ ⎠
C. Find the indicated term in the following expansion in simplified form.

1. 4th term of (z + 5)6
2. 7th term of (x + y)10
296

3. last term of (a – b)5
4. 6th term of (c + t)9
5. 5th term of (m – k)8
1. Business
XTY Corporation manages a 24-hour convenient store. This coming
Christmas season, the management wishes to create a ‘decorated tree’
using one of the saleable items during the season, canned fruit cocktail.
If the tree should consist of 15 rows with each row having one can less
than the row below it and if the bottom row has 32 cans, how many cans
are needed for the decorated tree?
2. Formulate General Equation

The sequence 1, 3, 5, 7,... is formed by adding +2 to the previous
term of the sequence, more specifically, this is known as the sequence of
“odd positive integers.” Formulate an algebraic expression that will
represent the sum of the first ‘n’ terms of the described number sequence.
3. Math Game
A magic matrix is a square matrix numbers in which the columns,
rows, and diagonals all have the same sum. Make a magic matrix by
using the 2.3, 3.2, 4.1,... Find the pattern and write the first nine terms
and place them in the appropriate spaces to create a magic matrix.
297

CHAPTER TEST
I. Identify each of the following sequences as arithmetic, geometric, or
neither, then solve for the common ratio or common difference.
1. 2, 7, 12, 17, . . .
2. 162, 54, 18, 6, . . .
3. 4, 8, 16, 32, . . .
4. -28, -16, -4, 8, . . .
5. 0.4, 0.04, 0.004, . . .
1 1 1 1
6. , , , , ...
10 15 20 25
1 9
7. , 2 , , 8, . . .
2 2
1 1 1
8. 1 , , ,...
3 9 27
9. 1, 9, 25, 49, . . .
10. x, 2x, 4x, 8x, . . .
298

II. Find the indicated term of the sequences described below.

1. 17, 13, 9, 5, . . . 10th term
2. a, 7a, 14a, 21a, . . . 12th term
3. 5, 6, 7, 8, . . . 100th term
4. 6, 12, 24, 48, . . . 20th term
5. 3, -6, 12, -24, . . . 8th term
6. 100, 1, 0.01, . . . 6th term
7. 0.09, 0.009, 0.009, . . . 5th term
3 7 11
8. , , ,
2 2 2 ... 7th term
9. 6, 0, -6, . . . 8th term
1 1 1
10. , , , 11th term
2 4 8
299

III. Find the sum of the first nth terms of the sequences described below.
1. 17, 13, 9, 5, . . . 10 terms
2. a, 7a, 14a, 21a, . . . 12 terms
3. 5, 6, 7, 8, . . . 100 terms
4. 6, 12, 24, 48, . . . 20 terms
5. 3, -6, 12, -24, . . . 8 terms
6. 100, 1, 0.01, . . . 6 terms
7. 0.9, 0.009, 0.009, . . . 5 terms
3 7 11
8. , , ,
2 2 2 ... 7 terms
9. 6, 0, -6, . . . 8 terms
1 1 1
10. , , ,
2 4 8 ... 11 terms
300

IV. Answer the following:

1. A chemical experiment consists of bacteria that multiply six times
every thirty minutes. If the number of bacteria at the start of
experiment is 400, complete the sequence for four hours and
determine the total number of bacteria at the end of the experiment.
2. An engineer accepts a starting annual salary of 650,000 with an

agreement that he will receive a 10% increase every year. How
much will be his salary on the 5th year. If he intends to realize to
retire after ten years of service what will be his total earnings during
the stint with his employees?
3. A particular algae culture triples in number every hour. If 5 units

are placed in an aquarium at 6:00 a.m., how many units will be in
the aquarium at 8:00 pm?
4. A remote island in the southern part of Luzon has a standing

population approximately 18,000. If their population will increase
at a rate of 11% per annum, what will be the population of the island
after 10 years?
5. A real estate property in Negros appreciates in value at the rate of

4% every year. If you have a property in Bacolod with total value of
1M today, what will be its value after six years?
301

6. If your parents promise to increase your allowance by 100 every

month, given that you are now receiving 200 per month, how much
will your allowance be after six months? How much will be your
parents’ total expenses for your allowances for one year?
7. Inday started saving last month with an initial amount of 700. She
planned to increase her savings for the next three months, in the
following amounts: 780, 860, and 940. If she would continue
saving in this pattern, what would be the amount of her 10th deposit?
At the end of the 10th deposit, how much would be in her account?
8. The computer equipment of D’Brothers corporation depreciates in

a straight line pattern at a rate of 10% per annum. If the current
price of the equipment is 1.5M, what will be the value of the
equipment for the next five years? What will be the value of the
equipment ten years from now?
9. Find the 150th term of the harmonic sequence whose 1st term is
1 1
and whose 4th term is .
9 15
10. Construct Pascal’s triangle up to 20 rows.
302

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Cecil Tarrazona — Tamayo

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and Cecil Tarrazona–Tamayo

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Exclusively Published and Distributed by:

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G-Math, a worktext in mathematics for secondary school, is the

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The x-coordinate or the abscissa is the first element of an ordered pair

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B. Write the quadrant/axis and the coordinates of the given points.

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C. Plot the following points on the Cartesian plane below.

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D. Plot three points in at least two different quadrants whose coordinates

1.2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

{ xx –+ 4yy ==84 { -4y

It can be written in two forms. Ax + By = C is the standard form, where

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Slopes/y-intercepts System Graphs Solutions

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2. 11x + 13y = 12 10. -15x – 4 = -y

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C. Identify whether the following are consistent, inconsistent, or

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D. Give an equation for the following:

1. line intersecting at only one point represented by x + 3y = 5x

2. line parallel to the line represented by 2x – 4y = 6

3. line overlapping the line represented by 7x – y = 8

1.3 SOLVING SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

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B. In a separate paper, solve the following by graphing using the:

x- and y-intercept form

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11. 4x = 8 + y 16. x–y+2=0

14. x – 2y = 1 19. 6x = 10y

For numbers 21-25, let x = 1, 2, and 3

22. y = -x + 7 25. x+y=6

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1.4 SOLVING SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS