Outpatient Management of “It is much more important to

Congestive Heart Failure know what sort of patient has a

For the Primary Physician disease than what sort of disease
a patient has.”
Sir William Osler
David J. Shaw, M.D., M.B.A.

Objectives of Talk Definition of Congestive

• 1. Identify reasons patients with heart failure
decompensate and require hospital readmission
Heart Failure
• 2. Identify strategies for effectively managing
patients in the outpatient environment A syndrome including circulatory
• 3. Identify evidence-based therapies and congestion or inadequate tissue
evidence-based doses of those therapies for perfusion due to abnormal heart
management of heart failure due to systolic function and associated
dysfunction
neurohormonal abnormalities
• 4. Identify strategies for management of heart
failure with normal ejection fraction

Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart

Failure

Pathophysiology of • Myocardial • Remodeling

damage – Catecholamines
Heart Failure – Ischemia, infarction – Renin-
(CAD) Angiotensin-
How it gets that way – Hypertension Aldosterone
System
– Viral
– Cytokines
– Idiopathic
– Endothelin

1
 Causes of Heart Failure
(Italian Registry)
• Ischemic heart disease — 40 percent
• Dilated cardiomyopathy — 32 percent
Classification Systems for
• Primary valvular heart disease — 12
CHF
percent
• Hypertensive heart disease — 11
percent
• Other — 5 percent

Classification of CHF
• May be defined in terms of: Significance of CHF Classification
– Affected ventricle(s) – Right and/or Left
– Primary manifestation – Congestion or • Evidence base only exists for
Hypoperfusion certain forms of congestive heart
– Relative Cardiac output – Low output or High failure
output (e.g. thyrotoxicosis)
• The evidence base is in evolution
– Ventricular function – Low ejection fraction
(“Systolic Dysfunction”) or Preserved ejection • Understanding the
fraction (“HFNEF = Heart Failure with Normal pathophysiology of CHF enables
Ejection Fraction”)
us to understand what forms of
– Acute versus Chronic – ADHF (Acute
Decompensated Heart Failure) vs Chronic Stable
therapy might be effective
Congestive Heart Failure

New York Heart Association Heart failure develops over time in symptomatic and asymptomatic phases. Each phase
can be targeted with specific treatments to reduce morbidity and mortality. The stages of
heart failure development described below are excerpted from Hunt, SA, Baker, DW,
Functional Classifications Chin, MH, ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Heart
Failure in the Adult, ACC/AHA Practice Guidelines, 2001.
• Class I - symptoms of heart failure only Patients at high risk of developing heart failure (HF) because of the presence of
at levels that would limit normal conditions that are strongly associated with the development of HF. Such patients
individuals have no identified structural or functional abnormalities of the pericardium,
myocardium, or cardiac valves and have never shown signs or symptoms of HF. .

• Class II - symptoms of heart failure with Patients who have developed structural heart disease that is strongly associated with
ordinary exertion the development of heart failure (HF) but who have never shown signs or symptoms of
HF.
• Class III - symptoms of heart failure on
less than ordinary exertion Patients who have current or prior symptoms of heart failure associated with
underlying structural heart disease
• Class IV - symptoms of heart failure at
rest Patients with advanced structural heart disease and marked symptoms of heart failure at
rest despite maximal medical therapy and who require the specialized interventions

2
 Why do patients decompensate? Strategies for Management of CHF
• Based on first “decongesting” the patient
• Failure to take medications • Then managing the underlying cardiac
– Fear of or perception of side effects pathophysiologic abnormalities
– Can’t afford • For primary myocardial disease, the abnormalities
– Not on formulary are generally due to damage to the myocardium
– Not motivated to take based on adverse effects of the neurohormonal
response to ventricular failure – the very
• Excess sodium in diet responses which are adaptive short-term become
• Worsening heart disease deleterious long-term
• For valvular, pericardial and endomyocardial
• Worsening renal function disease, the treatment is that of the underlying
anatomical abnormality

Treatment of ADHF
(Acute Decompensated Heart Failure)
• Evidence-base is not robust
• The principles are relieving congestion and
augmenting perfusion
Treatment of Acute
• While one might expect that positive inotropic
Decompensated Heart Failure agents would be beneficial in this condition, a
host of inotropic agents have failed to show
long-term benefit, or have actually resulted in
increased mortality
• Beta Blockers, one of the cornerstones of
therapy for chronic heart failure, are
contraindicated in ADHF

Ultrafiltration for ADHF

Role of Loop Diuretics in ADHF • Ultrafiltration, also called aquapheresis, a form of
Loop diuretics relieve symptoms of dyspnea and edema, hemodialysis which allows removal of fluid that is
but may cause: isotonic with plasma. Simplified veno-venous
1. Electrolyte abnormalities ultrafiltraton device, with very small extracorporeal
2. Activation of RAAS and SNS
blood, minimizes hemodynamic shifts, and
hypotension.
3. Diuretic resistance
• UNLOAD trial published in 2007, showed that early
4. Structural changes in distal tubule ultrafiltration resulted in greater weight loss, greater
5. Worsening renal function. (Furosemide lowers GFR fluid loss, and no difference in renal function.
by ~ 15%) Rehospitalization in UNLOAD was less in UF group
6. ? Increased mortality vs diuretic group. (JACC, 2007; 49;675-683)
DOSE-HF study compared high and low dose loop • UF patients had less activation of RAAS and
diuretic, as continuous infusion or q12h i.v. bolus – Catecholamine systems.
showed no difference in outcome short-term

3
 Treatment of Heart Failure
due to Systolic Dysfunction

Evidence-based Therapies for

Heart Failure due to Systolic Dysfunction
• This is the most robust evidence-based treatment for
heart failure
• ACE-I or ARB for Heart Failure with LVSD ACE-Inhibitor and/or ARB in
• Beta blocker for HF with LVSD (only 3 approved: Heart Failure with Systolic
carvedilol, metoprolol and bisoprolol)
• Aldosterone antagonists for patients with HF in NYHA Dysfunction
Class IV or Class III with Myocardial Infarction
• Add Digoxin for patients who remain symptomatic
• The combination of Isosorbide Dinitrate and
Hydralazine has a survival benefit in African-
Americans

NYHA Class II-III – SOLVD NYHA Class IV - CONSENSUS

Treatment

4
 Results of CHARM (Candesartan Heart failure
Assessment
of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity) Studies
• CHARM-Alternative (ACE-Intolerant Patients): Use of
candesartan resulted in a 23% (P < .001) relative risk
reduction in cardiovascular death or heart failure
hospitalization Digoxin in Heart Failure
• CHARM-Added (Addition of candesartan to an ACE-I
in patients with EF<40%: Patients taking candesartan
had a 15% lower risk of cardiovascular mortality (P =
.005). Symptoms of heart failure as assessed by
NYHA functional class were also improved (P < .001)

DIG Study
DIG Study
(1997) n=3403
n=3403

Placebo n=3397 Beta Blockers in Heart Failure

DIG Study

p<0.001
Digoxin

FIGURE 2. Effect of carvedilol versus placebo on mortality (A) and the combined CIBIS II
end point of death or cardiovascular hospitalization (B)for the entire US Carvedilol
Heart Failure Trials Program. Carvedilol therapy was associated with a 65%
reduction in mortality and a 38% reduction in death or cardiovascular
hospitalization. (Adapted from N Engl J Med.

5
 COPERNICUS (Addition of Carvedilol to an ACE-I in pts. With Post-MI
LVD):
Kaplan–Meier Analysis of Time to Death in the Placebo Group and the
Carvedilol Group.
P=0.0014

MERIT HF

A-HeFT All-Cause Mortality

100 43% Decrease in Mortality

Fixed-dose Hydralazine and Fixed Dose ISDN/HDZN

ISDN in Heart Failure

Survival %

95

90
Placebo

P = 0.01

85
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Days Since Baseline Visit

Taylor AL et al. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2049-57.

RALESRALES Study
STUDY P < 0.001 RALES

Aldosterone Antagonists in
Heart Failure

6
 EPHESUS
RESULTS

Treatment of Heart Failure with

Kaplan-Meier
Estimates of the Rate
Normal Ejection Fraction
of Death from Any
Cause (Panel A), the
Rate of Death from
(HFNEF)
Cardiovascular
Causes or
Hospitalization for
Cardiovascular
Events (Panel B), and
the Rate of Sudden
Death from Cardiac
Pitt, B. et al. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1309-1321 Causes (Panel C)

Current Therapies for HFNEF Current Therapies for HFNEF

• Terminology has evolved: Previously: (continued)
Diastolic dysfunction; heart failure with • Patients with HFNEF tend to be older than
normal systolic function those with Systolic Dysfunction, tend to be
• Now recognized to be a condition with both female more commonly, and tend to have
diastolic (compliance) abnormalities and more hypertension
with abnormalities of conformational change • Hypertension is principal target for HFNEF
(twisting abnormalities – left ventricular
deformation) but with normal ejection • From I-PRESERVE Study (NEJM, 359:2456,
fraction December 4, 2008 , Irbesartan NOT superior
to placebo for death or CV hospitalization
• Present therapies are not “evidence-based”

Evidence-based Therapies for Asymptomatic

Left Ventricular Dysfunction (ALVD)
• Just as with Heart Failure with Systolic
Dysfunction, an extensive evidence-base exists
Treatment of Asymptomatic for ALVD
Left Ventricular Dysfunction • ACE-I or ARB have a combined death or CHF
(ALVD) benefit
• Among patients with asymptomatic left
ventricular dysfunction treated with ACE
inhibitors, beta blockers appear to reduce
mortality and the rate of progression to
symptomatic heart failure

7
Class I – Asymptomatic LVD (SOLVD Prevention)

Questions?

Cardiac Resynchronization
Therapy
• In Heart Failure, synchronization of
contraction of the right and left ventricles
can result in substantially improved
Device Therapy for CHF performance
• This is accomplished by biventricular
pacing, coupled to atrial pacing (to optimize
A-V intervals)

8
 Cardiac Resynchronization
Therapy Left Ventricular Assist Devices
• From MADIT-CRT (N Engl J Med; published at
www.nejm.org on September 1, 2009,
10.1056/NEJMoa0906431) , In Minimally • Implanted devices with external
symptomatic cardiac patients (NYHA I or II) with power source, which can be
decreased EF and wide QRS, CRT-D reduced worn by patients with advanced
mortality or HF events (which ever comes first) HF
when compared with ICD-only therapy by 41%.
• Used both as bridge to cardiac
• CRT may improve LV twist in some patients with
CHF with Systolic dysfunction who will later
transplantation and as
improve LV end-systolic volume as well
“destination therapy”

Applying this to your patient Conclusions

• Important to understand classification and
• CHF, like diabetes, COPD and pathophysiology of congestive heart failure
hypertension, is a chronic disorder which • Treatment of Acute Decompensated Heart
is rarely cured but can be effectively Failure evolving, but evidence-base not
managed with application of evidence- strong
based therapies • Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure due to
• Critical role of education in the Systolic Dysfunction has strong evidence
management of patients with CHF base, favoring use of ACE-I/ARB, Beta
Blocker, and sometimes digoxin,
• Critical role of careful monitoring of spironolactone, and/or hydralazine/ISDN
patients and actively engaging them in
their mangement

Conclusions (continued)
• Little data concerning effective
treatment of HFNEF
• Good evidence base for treatment of Questions?
ASLVD: again ACE-I/ARB and Beta
Blocker
• Critical role of recognizing causes of
decompensation and working with
patient to anticipate and prevent them

9
 6/10/2012

 “Supraventricular tachyarrythmia characterized by

uncoordinated atrial activation with consequent
deterioration of atrial mechanical function”
from ACC/AHA Practice Guidelines

Cecilia Gutierrez, MD  Most common arrhythmia seen in clinical practice

Clinical Professor
Family and Preventive Medicine
UCSD School of Medicine

Prevalence increases with age

• 1% < 60 year olds
• 8% > older than 80 years
Atrial Fibrillation Demographics by Age Loss of atrial synchronous mechanical activity
US Pop x 1,000 Pop with A‐Fib x 1000
Irregular rapid Ventricular response
30,000 500
Impaired diastolic filling +/‐ Ischemia
Cardiomyopathy
400

20,000
300

Population
200
10.000 Population
with A Fib
100
Cardiac
Output
+ Risk for Thromboembolic event
0

Age (years) Increased Morbidity and Mortality

Risk of ischemic stroke in patients with

paroxysmal and permanent A‐fib
 ~ 5% per year risk for ischemic stroke
 It accounts for ~ 15% of all strokes, but they tend to be larger
and more devastating than other embolic sources
Annualized Ischemic Stroke

Severity of Ischemic strokes in patients

Rate (5/year)

with and without A Fib

Bedridden Patients (%)

45

Paroxysmal A‐Fib Sustained A‐Fib

41.2 N= 460 N= 1552

23.7

J Am Coll Cardiol 2000: 35; 183

Strokes without Strokes with
A‐fib N=845 A‐Fib N= 216

Neuroepidemiology 2003; 22:118

1
 6/10/2012

 Cardiac
◦ Long standing HTN  Non cardiac  Atrial remodeling results in:
◦ MI ◦ Pulmonary Emboli
◦ Pneumonia
◦ Patchy fibrosis, leads to abnormal conduction pathways
◦ Heart Failure
◦ Cor pulmonale ◦ Fatty infiltration of SA node
◦ Cardiothoracic surgery
◦ Pericarditis ◦ Sleep apnea ◦ Atrial fiber hypertrophy leads to dilatation and
◦ Myocarditis ◦ Hyperthyroidism enlargement
◦ Congenital Heart disease ◦ Alcoholism
◦ Valvular disease ◦ Drug abuse
A “critical mass” of atrial tissue appears to be an important
◦ Associated with WPW syndrome factor in maintaining A‐fib
◦ Infiltrative diseases (e.g., Amyloid
heart disease)

 Electrical remodeling: “critical atrial mass”

 Asymptomatic  History and Physical Exam
 Duration of A‐fib  Non specific symptoms  Assess cardiovascular
◦ Cardioversion (pharmacological or electrical) is more  Palpitations, Chest pain, stability
successful when a‐fib is < 24 hrs dyspnea, fatigue,  Obtain an EKG, provide
◦ The longer A‐fib lasts, the less the chance to return and lightheadedness, syncope oxygen if needed
maintain sinus rhythm  Heart failure  Labs: CBC diff, Chem
 Stroke panel, TSH, free T‐4,
 Cardiac collapse requiring Cardiac enzymes
emergency treatment  Chest X‐ray
 Echocardiogram

Additional Tests:  Cardioversion can be achieved electrically or

 Holter or Event Monitor pharmacologically
 TEE in patients in whom cardioversion is being ◦ The risk for thrombosis is the same
considered ◦ It can be done safely if A‐fib is < 48 hrs duration
 Treadmill or Stress Test
◦ If A‐fib is > 48 hrs, anticoagulate for at least 3 weeks
prior to and 4 weeks after cardioversion
 Electrophysiology Studies (EPS)

 DC Cardioversion should be performed emergent

if patient is hemodynamicaly unstable

2
 6/10/2012

Three critical questions to answer:  The latest recommendations come from the AFFIRM
1. To restore and maintain sinus rhythm? and the RACE trials, both published NEJM, Dec 2002
2. To allow A‐fib to continue but achieve ventricular rate  Patient were assigned to either rate control or rhythm
control
control?
 End points:
3. How to best prevent thrombosis?
◦ Death from CV events ◦ Implantation of
◦ HF pacemakers
The answer to these questions depend on ◦ Thromboembolic events ◦ Severe drug adverse
patient’s condition, risk/benefit analysis of ◦ Bleeding side effects
options and the patient’s preferences ◦ Hospitalization

For the majority of patients it is recommended to:

 The number of deaths in rate controlled groups were  Control rate rather than rhythm and provide long term
lower than rhythm controlled, but not statistically anticoagulation
significant ◦ Ventricular rate of < 80 beats/min at rest and
 The risk of thromboembolic events was the same in both < 110 beats/min during exercise
groups ◦ β‐Blockers (BB) or Calcium channel blockers (CCB)
 Drugs used to control rate are safer than those used to Diltiazem or Verapamil are the first line therapy
control rhythm ◦ Digoxin is useful when BB or CCB are not tolerated,
 Patients in rhythm control group had more or use in combination
hospitalizations due to CV events and serious drug side
effects

Decreasing the ventricular response rate:  RACE II Study

◦ 614 patients with permanent atrial fibrillation were
randomized to either
◦ Improves diastolic filling and coronary perfusion
 lenient rate‐control strategy (resting heart rate <110
◦ Decreases myocardial energy demand beats per minute) or
◦ Prevents tachycardia‐mediated cardiomyopathy  a strict rate‐control strategy (resting heart rate <80
beats per minute and heart rate during moderate
exercise <110 beats per minute)

 Van Gelder et al.; RACE II Investigators. Lenient versus strict rate control in
patients with atrial fibrillation. NEJM 2010;362(15):1363‐1373

3
 6/10/2012

The primary outcomes:

 Composite of death from
CV causes  Antiarrhythmic drugs carry significant potential for
 Hospitalization due to HF, serious side effects
stroke, syst embolism,  Have inconsistent efficacy of drugs
bleeding, and life‐
 Their long term efficacy is limited
threatening arrhythmic
events
Choosing Antiarrhythmic drug is challenging:
 It depends on the patient’s cardiac condition

Outcome: It is best to co‐manage patients on antiarrhythmic drugs

with a cardiologist
Lenient rate control, ventricular rate of less than 110
beats/min at rest, was not inferior to strict rate control
in preventing cardiac death, heart failure, stroke, and
life‐threatening arrhythmias

 Flecainide  It decreases the risk of thromboembolism

 Propafenone For patients minimal  Most patients should be anticoagulated, unless the risk
 Dofetilide or no heart ds exceeds its benefits
 Ibutilide  Warfarin and ASA are the most widely used agents and
 Amiodarone Prefer for patients their used depend on the risk profile of patients
 Sotalol with CAD, CHF  Dabigatran approved by the FDA Nov, 2010
 Dronedarone  and…. many more under study

 CHADS2 is a validated
scoring system which  CHADS2 is the acronym for  According to the American College of Chest Physicians,
assess patient’s risks for the following risk factors: patients at low risk can be treated with ASA, those at
stroke ◦ C= Congestive HF high risk with Warfarin and those with moderate risk
◦ H= HTN (syst or diast) can use either drug
 Each risk factor counts for 1 ◦ A= age 75 or older ◦ Warfarin dose is adjusted to target INR level
point, except for Stroke or ◦ Aspirin dose is 81 to 325 mg daily
◦ D =Diabetes
TIA which account for 2 ◦ S = h/o stroke or TIA
points each

• CHADS2 is not perfect

• It doe not include CAD
• It does not adjust for gender
• Females have higher risk for thromboembolism than males

4
 6/10/2012

CHADS2 Adjusted Stroke Rate * Risk Level Recommended

Score (95%CI)
therapy

0 1.9 (1.2‐3.0) Low Aspirin

81‐325 mg daily
1 2.8 (2.0‐3.8) Low

2 4.0 (31‐5.1) Intermediate Warfarin

Target INR 2.0‐3.0
3 5.9 (4.6‐ 7.3) Intermediate

4 8.5 (6.3‐ 11.1) High Warfarin

5 12.5 (8.2‐ 17.5) High Target INR 2.0‐3.0

6 18.2 (10.5‐27.4) High

* Adjusted Stroke Rate is the expected stroke rate per 100 patient-year

Bottom line: both warfarin and aspirin are better than

Adapted from ref 15, Snow V et al. Ann Int Med 2003:139:1009-1017
placebo, but warfarin is superior to aspirin

 Outpatient Bleeding Risk Index, OBRI, is a validated tool

that helps assess the risk of bleeding for patients on
Coumadin  Zero: low risk ~ 3 %/ yr
 Four parameters are considered, each given 1 point  Score 1‐2. Intermediate, ~ 12%/yr
◦ 1. Age > 65  Score 3‐4 High Risk, ~ 48%/yr
◦ 2. H/o hemorrhagic stroke
◦ 3. h/o GI bleed  OBRI does not include
◦ 4. One or more of the following: Recent MI; Severe ◦ Risk for falls
anemia (Htc < 30); DM; and Renal impairment (Cr > 1.5 ◦ Alcoholism
mg/dL)
◦ Other bleeding disorders

Few things to remember about Warfarin

 Dabigatran Etexilate is a pro‐drug, rapidly converted into

dabigatran. Half life 12‐17hrs
 FDA approved for the prevention of stroke and systemic
embolism in patients with non‐valvular A‐fib
 Fixed dose: Oral 150 mg bid and 75 mg bid in impaired
kidney function, GFR < 30 ml/min
 Predictable anticoagulant effect
 No need for routine coagulation monitoring
 No interaction with food of CYP450 system
• Target Goal: INR 2.0 to 3.0 for most patients
• Target Goal: INR 2.5 to 3.5 for patients with rheumatic
heart disease, persistent thrombus on trans‐esophageal
echo or for those with prosthetic valves

5
 6/10/2012

1.0 0.05 Advantages Disadvantages

Warfarin
0.04
Cummulative Hazard Rate

Dabigatran
0.8
0.03
110 mg  Superior to warfarin in  Increased the risk of MI
stroke prevention in  Increased risk of GI bleed in
0.6 0.02 Dabigatran
150 mg
patients with A‐fib elderly patients
0.01
0.4
 Anticoagulation effect in  Increasing concern for
0.00
0 6 12 18 24 30 30 to 60 min with a adverse outcomes in trauma
0.2 predictable response patients
0.0  Fewer drug interactions ◦ No practical way to assess level
0 6 12 18 24 30 than warfarin of anticoagulation
Months ◦ No quick reversal
No at Risk
 No need for frequent office
 High Cost
visits
◦ 150 mg $ 246 for 60 caps
Connolly et al, NEJM 2009; 361:1139

 Apixaban. Aristotle Trial:  It depends on your level of comfort and experience

◦ ↓ stroke and syst embolism by
21%
However, must consider when patients
◦ ↓ major bleeding by 31%
◦ ↓ mortality by 11%  Need rhythm control
 Serious cardiac disease

 Rivaroxaban: ROCKET AF  Need for

Clinical Trials ◦ EPS, Ablation therapy
◦ Non‐inferior to warfarin for the ◦ Pacemaker
prevention of stroke or systemic
embolism.
◦ Surgical treatment
◦ Less ICH and fatal bleeding
Eikelboom, et al Circulation 2007
A Replacement for Warfarin: The Search
Continues

 Radiofrequency Ablation Disrupt the initiation

 Surgery: Maze procedure and conduction of electrical
activity of arrhythmogenic foci

 Surgery: Left Atrial Appendage (LAA) Ligation

 Pacemaker
Electric override of
arrhythmogenic impulses
 Defibrillators

6
 6/10/2012

Surgical Treatment to Prevent Thrombosis

 The “Maze” procedure: Incisions made in both
LAA occlusion or ligation
LA
atria to isolate and interrupt the multiple
reentrant circuits  Most thrombi in non‐valvular
◦ Radial approach: Incisions done in an attempt to A‐fib come from the LAA RA
maintain physiologic activation of atria  LAA ligation is done during
◦ “Corridor” surgery: Isolation of SA node to create an cardiac surgery
electrical “corridor” to activate the AV node  No large studies available yet
LA

 Still, limited long term data available of risk/benefits  Percutaneous procedures are
being studied; early results
were promising LV

 EPS studies identified specific foci in the atria which  Override abnormal electrical signals
serves as triggers of A‐fib
 Type of pacer depends on patient’s condition
◦ Foci at or near the pulmonary veins
◦ Dual chamber pacer
◦ Other foci: Cristae terminalis and coronary sinus maintain AV synchrony
 Ablation of these foci has cured A‐fib  Improve symptoms
◦ Still, these studies are small and of short follow up and quality of life
◦ End points regarding thrombosis were confounded  Cardiac resynchronization
by LAA obliteration  Defibrillators/Pacer devices
 AV nodal ablation and pacemaker
 No long term data on risk/benefits

 Assess hemodynamic stability  Refer to Cardiologist

 History, PE, labs, imaging studies ◦ Antiarrhythmic therapy
 Treat underlying cause(s) and comorbid conditions ◦ Persistent, poorly tolerated A‐fib
 Control Rate. First line drugs: BB and CCB ◦ Complex cardiac disease
◦ Vent rate at rest < 80 bpm ◦ Need for ablation, surgical tx, pacemaker or defibrillators
◦ Vent rate during exercise < 110 bpm
◦ But….perhaps no need for strict control
 Remember Immunizations: Pneumovax and Flu vaccine
 Anticoagulation: Assess risks/benefits: OBRI vs. CHADS2
◦ Warfarin vs. ASA vs. Dabigatran

7
 6/10/2012

Questions?

8
 Credentials
UPDATE IN • Am Soc of Tropical Med and Hygiene (ASTMH)
TRAVEL MEDICINE • Certificate of Knowledge in Clinical Tropical Medicine
and Travelers' Health (CTropMed®)
2012 • Member since 1984
International Society of Travel Medicine (ISTM)
• Certificate of Knowledge in Travel Health (CTH)
David N. Spees, M.D. • Founding Member 1991
June 22, 2012 • Overseas experience
– Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo-2 years
– Cairo, Egypt- 2 years
– Cambridge, England- 1 year

Lecture Map

Vaccines
 1. Vaccines
 2. Insect repellants
 3. Malaria prophylaxis
 4. Traveler’s Diarrhea
 5. Immunocompromise and vaccines

Vaccine Preventable Perils

What is the most common
vaccine-preventable disease in
• Hepatitis A
travelers? – “Most common vaccine –preventable
1. Hepatitis A infection acquired during travel” HIIT 2012
(Yellow Book)

OR – Non-immune Traveler’s risk=

1-10/1,000/month
2. Influenza

1
 Influenza Indications for Typhoid Vaccine
• “Most preventable infection among • CDC: “Where there is increased risk of
travelers to subtropical and tropical exposure”, it is “common in most parts of
countries.” the world except in industrialized
• “occur primarily outside the domestic countries”
epidemic season.”
• CID 2005: 40(1 May)
• Travel to Asia, Africa, and Latin America
• Keep your vaccine to give to travelers
(usually expires 6/30/xx)

Typhoid Vaccines Practical Advice for Typhoid Vaccine

Not evidence based

• Vivotif™-Oral, Live, Attenuated Ty21a Vaccine • 2 weeks of potential exposure in next 2

– One cap qod for 4 doses years for Typhim™ and 5 years for the
– Booster q5yrs Vivotif™

• Typhim Vi™-Vi Capsular Polysaccharide Vaccine • IM for short lead time and PO for longer
– 0.5ml IM lead time
– Booster q2yrs

Typhoid: Live oral Ty21a Measles Vaccine

(Risk 3-30/100,000/month)

• Do not take at the same time as an • New Countries with measles outbreaks
antibiotic (it’s a live bacterial vaccine) – France (14,000 cases in 2011) and Europe (26,000 in 2011)
• Nor with hot beverage or alcohol – New Zealand
• Do take on empty stomach • Usual areas of risk
• If 4 dose schedule interrupted, must be – Asia, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, and
restarted Africa
• CDC says: Be up-to-date…regardless of
any travel plans

2
 Measles “Up-to-Date” Measles Review
• 1. Physician or laboratory-diagnosed Therefore those born between 1957 - ~1985
measles or a positive antibody test and went to college before 1989
• 2. Were born in the United States before
1957 Or born between 1956 - ~1985 and did not
• 3. Have had 2 doses of MMR vaccine go to college
-2 dose schedule (school age and college dose)
started 1989 • Need MMR # 2

Who else needs

Yellow Fever
Measles Vaccine?
• Contraindicated
– thymectomy or thymus disease, e.g.
• 6m-18 months old (not counted if given
Myasthenia gravis
between 6-12 mon)
– CD-4 count <200
– Breastfeeding
• 18m-5yrs: 2nd MMR if >28 days since
the 1st • Increased risk of complications for persons
>60 years old
•

Polio Hepatitis B
• New country with polio- China • Acceptable accelerated schedule
– Months 0, 1, 4
• Usual: India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and
most of Central Africa • Other schedules
– Months 0, 1, 2, 12
• As good as months 0, 1, 6
• One booster dose after age 18 for
– 0, 7, 28 days, booster at 6-12 months
travelers to countries with cases

3
 Insect Repellants
Encephalitis, Japanese B
• Check Yellow Book at
– www.cdc.gov/travel

Insect Repellants Picaridin (7 years of use)

(Natrapel 8 hour…, Sawyer…, Repel…)

 Conventional Repellants  Advantages (as opposed to DEET)

 Picaridin  Odorless and Non-sticky
 DEET  Less likely to irritate skin
 Biopesticide Repellants  No damage to fabrics/plastics
 Oil of lemon eucalyptus or PMD  “Less irritating if sprayed in the child's eyes”
 From natural materials  Disadvantages
 IR3535  Not available in California and NY
 Recommend 10%-50% conc. CDC/repellents  (but can get through the internet)

Oil of lemon eucalyptus

Picaridin (for malaria protection?) (p-menthane 3,8-diol or PMD)
Repel (various), Citrapel (various), Cutter Lemon Eucalyptus (all 30-40%)

Medical Letter: “It’s long term safety is less well  “30% PMD protection from biting for 6
established.” (no reports of oral ingestion) hours.” http://cfpub.epa.gov/oppref/insect/index.cfm
 “PMD (and DEET) have 90-100% protection
CDC recommends Picaridin for the
for 5-6 hours.” Med Vet Entomol. 2000
prevention of insect bites

 EPA warning: “may not want to apply to

No AAP opinion
hands.” Not for children <3 y.o.
 AAP: “much less effective”
 CDC: Not recommended

4
 Oil of Citronella
IR3535 No longer recommended
Skin So Soft Bug (various), Bullfrog Mosquito (various), Sawyer (various)

 15-20 % lasts 8 hours  Oil of Citronella’s duration of protection is

from 1-60 minutes NEJM 2002; 347:16
 CDC: Not recommended 480
420
360
300
240 DEET
180
120
60
0
Citronella 6.65 20, polym 23.8

DEET Permethrin
 56 years of use  33 years of use
 Used by 200 million persons/year EPA, 1980  Effective against mosquitoes, ticks, mites
 EPA classifies it as a non-health concern and other insects
 AAP OK with ≤30% in children  Lasts through washings (concentration dependent)
 Repellent and insecticide
 Use on clothing, blankets, PJ’s…

DEET plus Permethrin Malaria: Insect Avoidance

AIM, 1998 ERB=B

 33% polymer-based DEET & Permethrin

impregnated clothing
 Long sleeves and long pants
 8 hour exposure
 Results:
 DEET 20-30%, polymerized or
 Treated: 1 bite/hour controlled release (up to 50% in adults)
 Controls: 108 bites/hour  Second line: Picaridin 20%

 Conclusion: 99.9% protection

 Permethrin on clothes

5
Dengue – “Break bone fever”

• Endemic in most tropical and subtropical

areas of the world Malaria Prophylaxis
• In US travelers: 30% Caribbean, 21%
Pacific Islands, 17% Asia, 15% Central
Amer., 15% South Amer., 2% Africa

• Competent vectors reside in the U.S.A.

Prophylaxis of Chloroquine-resistant
Malaria Prophylaxis? Plasmodium falciparum (EBR=A)
75-95% protective
• Factors to consider
– Risk of malaria vs. risk of prophylaxis  1. Atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone™)
• Little high quality nor timely data
• Risks of exposure are underestimated and risks of
prophylaxis are overestimated
 2. Doxycycline
• Variables:
– Location
– Type exposure  3. Mefloquine (Lariam™)
– Length of exposure
– Season

Malarone (atovaquone/proguanil) Doxycycline

 DOC in most cases  Most frequent 2nd choice
 Adult and pediatric strengths  Sun sensitization an issue
 Expensive if >14 days of malarious  Send Candida vaginitis treatment in
exposure women
 Side effects ~ placebo  Does not prophylaxis against diarrhea
 No neuropsychiatric adverse effects  Probably good for Leptospirosis
 FDA approved for maximum 6 prophylaxis in freshwater exposures
months

6
 Mefloquine Primaquine (for prophylaxis of P. vivax)
 Medication Guide states:
• “2. Lariam can rarely cause serious mental  Reserved for those unable to take any
problems in some patients. other recommended regimen OR to areas
 …people taking Lariam occasionally with predominant Plasmodium vivax
experience severe anxiety, feelings that
people are against them,  Document normal G6PD level!
hallucinations,…depression, unusual
behavior, or feeling disoriented. There have  30 mg base (2 x 15. mg tabs) daily with
been reports that in some patients these food, starting 2 days before exposure,
side effects continue after Lariam is
stopped. Some patients think about killing daily during exposure, and for 7 days after
themselves…” leaving malarious area
 Roche Laboratories Inc., 2003
 5% with neuropsychiatric effects stop it  Consider consulting the Malaria Hotline
 Pregnancy Category B (EBR=C) (770-488-7788)

Primaquine as Prophylaxis Primaquine can be first line in

in Chloroquine-sensitive areas Chloroquine sensitive areas
P. vivax ≥90%
• Eliminates the dormant phase
(hypnozoites) of P. vivax which can
cause malaria weeks, months or years  Argentina, SA  Guatemala
later  Belize  Honduras
• 35% of malaria cases in USA were >2  Bolivia  Mexico
months after return  Costa Rica  Nicaragua
• 81% of these were P. vivax  Ecuador, SA  Panama
ASTMH 85(6), 2011
 El Salvador  Paraguay, SA
• (or use Chloroquine weekly)
• Currently: nationwide shortage

Primaquine as Terminal
Prophylaxis
 After prolonged exposure (months)
http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/
 Give at end of malarone/doxy/mefloquine

CDC Malaria Map Application

 Assure G6PD is normal

 30mg base (15mg X 2 tabs) daily for 14 days

7
 Traveler’s Diarrhea
Traveler’s Diarrhea  Basic Principle:  Cook it, Boil it, Peel it, or 
Forget it
 Problem:  Even persons that strictly follow 
guidelines develop the diarrhea.

 Why?  Epidemiologically shown that Flies are 
transmitters of Campylobacter EID, Vol.11:3

 Flies carry E. coli on their feet         Appl. Environ Microbiol. 
2004 Dec;70(12)

Traveler’s Diarrhea‐Facts

 85 % of Campylobacter in Thailand resistant to 
fluoroquinolones

 Quinolone‐resistant Campylobacter  is spreading 
in SE Asia and Indian subcontinent

 80% of  TD caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli

 40% = Average rate of TD to high risk regions

 82% report improvement with self‐treatment

TD‐Evidence Based Recommendations  TD‐Prophylaxis
EBR – Level C (consensus of experts)  
(EBR) “Prophylaxis should not be used extensively” 

 Level A – Consistent, good quality patient   Consider for AIDS, Cancer, Immunosuppressed

oriented evidence
 1) Antibiotics (usually a quinolone) should be used 
to reduce the duration and severity  Best choice
 2) Loperamide can be used with an antibiotic for 
adults with TD  Rifaximin (Xifaxan™) – 200 mg TID
 Level B – Inconsistent or limited quality patient 
oriented evidence
 Traveler’s should avoid high‐risk foods and eating 
behaviors

8
 Rifaximin Probiotics and TD

Advantages Disadvantages  Intestinal bacteria that promote health by stimulating 

optimal mucosal immune responses.
 Well tolerated  Expensive  Shortens viral diarrhea by 0.7 and by 1.2 days in 
 Not absorbed  TID dosing antibiotic‐associated diarrhea (peds) Ped Infect Dis J, 2005
 Mixed results when used for prevention
 Study A – No effect on overall rate
 Adverse Effects  Study B – Controls = 40%, Lactobacillus gg – 24%
 Abd distension  <2%  Study C – For misc. destinations:  Controls = 7.4% vs. 3.9% in 
 Diarrhea               <2% probiotic group

 Stomach pain     <2%

Thailand, India and SE Asia
TD – Bottom line :‐)
 Loperamide ‐ 2 after 1st diarrheal stool, & 1 after next few
Azithromycin
 1000 mg once
 Ciprofloxacin  or
 500 mg X 2, if continues 500 BID x 3days  500 mg daily x 3
 Nausea 2.5%, Diarrhea 1.6%, vomiting 1% = 5.1%
 Levofloxacin 
 500 mg daily x 3 days  in children ‐ 10 mg/kg x 3 days
 Nausea 0.6%,    vomiting 0.4%,     stop rate = 3.4%
 Azithromycin
 2nd line for adults
 1st line for children

Azithromycin‐Adverse Effects
Immunocompromise
1000 mg once
 ‐diarrhea 7%
500 mg daily x 3
 diarrhea 5%
and vaccines
 nausea 5%  nausea 3%
 Abd pain 5%
 Abd pain 3%
 vomiting 2%
 = 19%  =11%

9
 Immunocompromise and Vaccines
Immunocompromise and Vaccines
Steroid Therapy
Immunobiologicals
• Anti-TNF agents
• Live Viral vaccines are OK if: –
–
Entanercept (Enbrel™),
Infiximab (Remicade™)
– Less than 2 weeks – adalimumab (Humira™),
– Topical, inhaled, short acting alternate day, – certolizumab (Cimzia™), Golimumab (Simponi™),…

intra-articular, intra-bursa or tendon • Interleukin-# receptor inhibitors

– Anakinra (Kineret™)
• NOT OK if: – Tocilizumab (Actemra™)

– ≥ 20 mg prednisone/day • selective costimulation modulators

– Abatacept (Orencia™)
– ≥ 2 mg/kg/day
• Pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
• WAIT ≥3 months if on steroids > 2 weeks – Leflunomide (Arava™)

Immunocompromise and Vaccines Immunomodulators & Vaccines

Immunobiologicals Specifically Varicella
• INACTIVATED vaccines: (Tdap, Hep A, B, mengin, HPV, Pneum) • LIVE Viral Vaccines are RISKY if:
• Best- At least 2 weeks before
– or >3 months after therapy stopped – Methotrexate ≥0.4mg/kg/week
• Already on Rx- Acceptable to give – Azathioprine ≥3.0 mg /kg/day (Immuran™)
• LIVE vaccines – 6-mercaptopurine ≥1.5 mg/kg/day
– MMR- 6 weeks before
– Varicella and Zoster- “1-3” months before (Pick 3m)
– Assume same for MMR and Yellow Fever
– Live influenza- Avoid
– Yellow Fever and Oral Typhoid- Avoid

Immunocompromise and Vaccines Immunocompromise and Vaccines

Chemotherapy Solid Organ Transplants
• How long after ChemoRx before live • How long after transplant before inactivated
vaccines? vaccines?
– Typically 6 to 12 months
– 3 months
• (Hep A, B, Tdap, Mening, rabies, Typhim, Flu, IPV, Pneumo)
– (MMR, Varicella, Yellow Fever)
• How Long before giving live viral vaccines?
–Avoid

10
 Immunocompromise and Vaccines Resources
Stem Cell Transplants
• How long before Hep A, B, Typhim, Mening, Rabies?  www.CDC.gov/travel

–1 year (however, best to wait 2 years)

 www.istm.org (Inter. Society Travel Med)
• How long before MMR vaccine?
– 2 years  www.immunize.org
• Unless Graft vs. Host disease or still on
immunosuppressives
 Travel and Tropical Medicine, Jong & 
• How long before YF and Varicella vaccines? McMullen, 4th ed., 2008
–Avoid

11
 6/10/2012

Is Fibromyalgia Real?
Fibromyalgia and Myofascial Care  Condition which lends itself to questioning
— Nonspecific symptoms, no definite testing, psychologic
comorbidities are common
 Disease of the month
Bill H. McCarberg, MD — Systemic yeast, Epstein Bar Virus, Lyme disease, lupus
Kaiser Permanente San Diego  Science
Adjunct Assistant Clinical Professor — fMRI, HPA axis, genetics, biochemical markers
University of California, San Diego
 Diagnosis
President Western Pain Society
 Treatment

Mechanistic Characterization Paradigm Shift in Fibromyalgia

of Pain American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Criteria
Peripheral Central
Neuropathic
(nociceptive) (non-nociceptive) ■ Final common
pathway
■ Primarily due to ■ Damage or entrapment of ■ Primarily due to a central ■ Discrete illness ■ Chronic widespread
inflammation or peripheral nerves disturbance in pain pain ■ Part of a larger
mechanical damage in processing ■ Focal areas of continuum
periphery ■ Responds to both tenderness ■ Tenderness in ≥11 of
peripheral and central ■ Tricyclic, neuroactive 18 tender points
■ Many somatic
■ NSAID, opioid responsive pharmacological therapy compounds most effective ■ Psychologic symptoms, diffuse
■ Responds to procedures ■ Behavioral factors more and behavioral tenderness
prominent factors nearly
■ Behavioral factors minor
■ Examples always present ■ Psychologic and
■ Examples behavioral factors
Osteoarthritis
■ Fibromyalgia and negative
■ ■ Irritable bowel syndrome play roles in some
■ Rheumatoid arthritis ■ Tension headache individuals
■ Cancer pain ■ Idiopathic low back pain
Anterior Posterior

Controversial areas –
clinical significance still “Stressors” Capable of Triggering These Illnesses
(Supported by Case-Control Studies1,2)
unclear  Early life stressors3
— Children born in 1958 who had experienced a motor traffic accident
 Role of inflammation or who were institutionalized were 1.5 – 2X more likely to have
— Elevated levels of certain cytokines chronic widespread pain 42 years later

— Emerging role of glial cells in pain makes attractive link  Peripheral pain syndromes (e.g. RA, SLE, osteoarthritis)4
 Role of dysautonomia and hypothalamic pituitary  Physical trauma (automobile accidents)5
adrenal axis changes  Certain catastrophic events (war but not natural disasters)6
— Many are epiphenomena and due to co-morbidities  Infections
— Others may be diatheses  Psychological stress/distress
 Chiari malformation/cervical stenosis
1. Clauw and Chrousos. Neuroimmunomodulation. 1997;4:134-53. 2. McLean and Clauw. Med Hypotheses. 2004;63:653-8.
3. Jones et al. ACR Meeting. 2007. 4. Clauw et al. JCR. 1997.
5. McBeth. ACR Meeting. 2006. 6. Clauw et al. J Occup Environ Med. 2003;45:1040-8.

1
 6/10/2012

Genetics of Fibromyalgia Conditions Characterized by Widespread

Secondary Hyperalgesia / Allodynia
 Familial predisposition1
— Most recent work by Arnold, et al suggests >8 odds ratio (OR) for  Fibromyalgia
first-degree relatives, and much less familial aggregation (OR 2)
with major mood disorders  Temporomandibular disorder1,2
— Much stronger with bipolarity, obsessive compulsive disorder  Headache (tension > migraine)3,4
 Genes that may be involved  Idiopathic low back pain5,6
— 5-HT2A receptor polymorphism T/T phenotype2  Vulvodynia/vulvar vestibulitis7
— Serotonin transporter3
 Whiplash associated disorder8
— Dopamine D4 receptor exon III repeat polymorphism4
 IBS9,10
— COMT (catecholamine o-methyl transferase)5

1. Maixner et al. Pain. 1995;63:341-51. 2. Kashima et al. Cranio. 1999;17:241-246.

3. Langemark et al. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:1061-4. 4. Buchgreitz et al. Pain. 2006;123:19-27.
1. Arnold et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:944-52. 2. Bondy et al. Neurobiol Dis. 1999;6:433-9. 5. Giesecke et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:613-23. 6. Giesbrecht and Battie. Phys Ther. 2005;85:1085-92.
3. Offenbaecher et al. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:2482-8. 4. Buskila et al. Mol Psychiatry. 2004;9:730-1. 7. Giesecke et al. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104:126-33. 8. Lemming et al. Clin J Pain. 2005;21:412-21.
5. Gürsoy et al. Rheumatol Int. 2003;23:104-7. 9. Whitehead at al. Gastroenterology. 1990;98:336-40. 10. Mertz et al. Gastroenterology. 1995;109:40-52.

Supraspinal Influences on
Pain and Sensory Processing fMRI of Evoked Pressure Pain in
Fibromyalgia and Related Conditions
Inhibition
Facilitation
 Is there objective evidence of augmented pain processing
■ Substance P ■ Descending
pathways
anti-nociceptive in fibromyalgia?1
■ Glutamate and EAA
■ Serotonin
■ Norepinephrine-
serotonin (5HT ), dopamine  Role of depression in pain processing in FM2
(5HT ) 1a,b
2a, 3a
■ Nerve growth factor
+ ■ Opioids  Role of cognitive factors in pain processing in FM
■ GABA
■ CCK — Locus of control
■ Cannabanoids
■ Adenosine — Catastrophizing3
 fMRI changes of augmented central processing of pain also
seen in idiopathic low back pain4

1. Gracely et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:1333-43. 2. Giesecke et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:2916-22.
3. Gracely et al. Brain. 2004;127:835-43. 4. Giesecke et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:613-23.

Stimuli & Responses During Pain Scans

Functional MRI in Fibromyalgia

14

12
Pain Intensity

10

8 SI SI (decrease)
6 Fibromyalgia (n=16)

4 Subjective Pain Control (n=16)

2 Stimulus Pressure Control (n=16)

0
1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
2
Stimulus Intensity (kg/cm ) Gracely, Arthritis Rheum
2002
IPL SII STG, Insula, Putamen Cerebellum

2
 6/10/2012

There is a Deficiency of Descending

Analgesic Activity in FM:1,2 Which one? Fibromyalgia? The History
Opioids Noradrenergic/Serotonergic
 Pain
 Normal or high levels of  Low levels of biogenic
— Current and lifetime history of widespread pain
CSF enkephalins3 monoamines in CSF in FM5
— The more widespread, the more likely it is fibromyalgia
 Never been administered in  Nearly any class of drug that — “I hurt all over”
RCT but most feel that raises both serotonin and
opioids are ineffective or norepinephrine has — Pain felt in any area of musculoskeletal and non-musculoskeletal
demonstrated efficacy in FM regions
marginally effective
— Often “unpredictable”, worsened by stress
 Harris recently used PET to
— Often accompanied by stiffness, non-dermatomal paresthesias
show decreased mu opioid
receptor binding in FM4

1. Kosek and Hansson. Pain. 1997;70:41-51. 2. Julien et al. Pain. 2005;114:295-302.

3. Baraniuk et al. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004;5:48. 4. Harris et al. J Neurosci. 2007;27:10000-6.
5. Russell et al. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35:550-6.

Fibromyalgia? The History Diagnostic Work-up

 Other somatic symptoms  Intensity of evaluation depends largely on history
— Fatigue — If symptoms acute or sub-acute extensive evaluation necessary
 Not made better by rest or exercise
— If symptoms have lasted for many years and history is classic
— Memory difficulties virtually no work-up is necessary
 Difficulty with memory and concentration
— Insomnia and sleep disturbances
 Laboratory evaluation at some point in illness
— Co-morbid syndromes — ESR, CRP
 Irritable bowel — CBC and chemistry profile
 Interstitial cystitis — TSH, Vitamin D
 Headache
— Avoid serological studies e.g. ANA, RF
 TMJ/TMD

Treatment of Fibromyalgia and Other

Central Pain Syndromes Pharmacological Therapies
■ Dual reuptake inhibitors such as
Strong ■ Tricyclic compounds (amitriptyline, cyclobenzaprine)
Evidence ■ SNRIs and NSRIs (milnacipran, duloxetine, venlafaxine?)
■ Anticonvulsants (e.g., pregabalin, gabapentin)
Pharmacological
Education
Therapy
■ Tramadol
Modest ■ Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Evidence ■ Gamma hydroxybutyrate
■ Dopamine agonists

Weak ■ Growth hormone, 5-hydroxytryptamine, tropisetron,

Aerobic Cognitive Behavioral Evidence S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe)
Exercise Therapy (CBT)

No ■ Opioids, corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,

Evidence benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, guanifenesin

Modified from Goldenberg et al. JAMA. 2004;292:2388-95.

3
 6/10/2012

Relative Activity on Serotonin and

Norepinephrine Reuptake Among
Careful with Opioids Antidepressants
 Multiple studies show they are ineffective
 Psychologic comorbidities may lead to more abuse, dependence Serotonin Mixed Norepinephrine

 Most fibromyalgia expert use opioids in selected cases

Citalopram Venlafaxine Amitriptyline Maprotiline
Fluvoxamine Duloxetine Milnacipran Desipramine
Sertraline Imipramine Nortriptyline
Paroxetine Reboxetine
Fluoxetine

Antidepressant Analgesic/Antidepressant

Fishbain et al. Pain Med. 2000;1:310-6.

Symptoms of Pain, Fatigue, etc.

Nonpharmacological Therapies
■ Nociceptive processes (damage or
■ Education inflammation of tissues) Dually Focused
Strong
Evidence ■ Aerobic exercise ■ Disordered sensory processing Treatment
■ Cognitive behavior therapy

Modest ■ Strength training ■ Pharmacological

Evidence ■ Hypnotherapy, biofeedback, balneotherapy therapies to improve
symptoms
Functional Consequences
of Symptoms
Weak ■ Acupuncture, chiropractic, manual and massage therapy,
Evidence electrotherapy, ultrasound ■ Nonpharmacological
■ Increased Distress therapies to address
■ Decreased activity dysfunction
■ Isolation
No ■ Poor sleep
Evidence ■ Tender (trigger) point injections, flexibility exercise
■ Maladaptive illness behaviors

Goldenberg et al. JAMA. 2004;292:2388-95. Clauw and Crofford. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:685-701.

Exercise Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

 Aerobic exercise nearly universally beneficial; tolerance,  A program designed to teach patients
compliance, adherence are biggest issues techniques to reduce their symptoms, to
 To maximize benefits increase coping strategies, and to identify and
— Begin several months after pharmacologic therapy eliminate maladaptive illness behaviors
— Begin with low-impact exercises; avoid strength training until late
 Shown to be effective for nearly any chronic
— Both physician and patient should consider this as a “drug”
medical illness
 Less evidence supporting strengthening, stretching
 Not all CBT is created equally; very dependent
on content, therapist and program

4
 6/10/2012

Recommended Approach
Self help program highlights  Education
 Identify and treat “peripheral” pain generators
 Program features 10 topics or “Steps”:
 For patients who need or want medications, start
— Understanding Fibromyalgia
with low doses of mixed tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline,
— Being Active cyclobenzaprine); start low, go slow
— Sleep  If patient has depression, memory problems, fatigue as most
— Relaxation prominent symptoms
— Time for You — Add mixed reuptake inhibitor (eg, duloxetine, milnacipran,
— Setting Goals venlafaxine) or SSRI (may need high doses)
— Pacing Yourself  If patient has sleep disturbance as most prominent symptom
— Thinking Differently — Use pregabalin or gabapentin first, give higher % of dose at night
— Communicating
— Fibro Fog

Clauw and Crofford. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:685-701.

Recommended Approach - II Conclusions

 Consider – sodium oxybate, naltrexone  Fibromyalgia and other “idiopathic” pain syndromes
 For additional analgesic effect, add tramadol, tizanidine, have strong neurobiological underpinnings
opioids  These are likely polygenic disorders characterized
 For sleep, if patient doesn’t tolerate TCA, use zolpidem, by pain and sensory amplification
zaleplon, trazodone
 There is evidence of increased levels of pro-
 Aggressively introduce non-pharmacological therapies nociceptive neurotransmitters (e.g. Subtance P,
glutamate) and decreased levels of anti-nociceptive
neurotransmittters (e.g. serotonin, norepinephrine)
 The condition can be easily diagnosed in clinical
practice based primarily on the patient history

Clauw and Crofford. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:685-701.

5
 6/10/2012

Disclosures
Treatment of Obesity: 2011
 Advisory Board: Novo Nordisk,
Orexigen, Allergen
 Consultant: Abbott, Lilly, Enteromedics,
Jenny Craig
 Speaker : Abbott, Merck
 When the Grants are running low will
work the senior circuit for Chippendales

Ken Fujioka, MD
Scripps Clinic Research
La Jolla, California USA

Average family practitioner sees 20 ARS How often does the primary care
pts per day then he or she will see doctor see an obese pt on a daily basis
Select the most correct answer  Correct answer is about 6 per day and
A. 6 obese and one morbidly obese pt one to two morbidly obese patients
B. 4 obese pts and no morbidly obese pts  Obesity is very common
 C. Family practice doctors that see kids will
 Even in La Jolla California land of the rich
see a lot less obesity
 (less than 3 a day) and beautiful the Family practice docs will
 D. A FP that specializes in Women’s health see at least 20% obese and one morbidly
will see over 10 obese patient per day
◦ Half of these women will think they are obese ◦ Tanja Crockett Obesity Research Sept 2012
but are are simply overweight

ARS Question: expected wt loss from Lifestyle Modification and

diet and lifestyle changes Pharmacotherapy for Obesity
Mean (±SE) Weight Loss in the 4 Groups:
 How much weight loss can you expect if Last-Observation-Carried-Forward Analysis
you have a patient diet, change their 0
lifestyle 2
4
 0% to 5% Sibutramine alone
Weight Loss (kg)

6 Lifestyle modification alone

 5% to 10% 8 Sibutramine + brief therapy

 10% to 15% 10
12 Combined therapy
 15% to 20% 14
 20% to 25% 16
0 3 6 10 18 40 52
Week
Wadden TA, et al. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(20):2111-2120.

1
 6/10/2012

So why is weight loss so difficult POMC

Hypothalamus Hind Brain

NPY
 Once a patient gains weight
 For whatever reason
ghrelin
 That patient will have an increased number Leptin CCK Vagas Nerve Amylin

of fat cells Insulin

 Jules Hirsch late 1980s PYY GLP-1
 The hormones controlling weight will adapt Fat Cells
Stomach

Liver
to a starved state forever Pancreas

 Sumithran P. NEJM 365;17;2011

Small Intestines
 The patient’s metabolic rate will drop
lower than expected and stay reduced
Fujioka K. San Diego Geriatric Surfing weekly 2011 Senior Spring Swimsuit Issue
 Rosemnaum M,Leibel RL Int J Obesity 2010

What does this mean for the Treatment options and expected 

practicing physician weight loss
 Expect a 5% to 10% as success
Treatment % weight loss
◦ The patient will not be happy with this as they
Diet, Exercise and Lifestyle  5–10%
are expecting 30%
modification
 There are huge benefits to this amount of Medications 5–10%
weight loss Medications with Diet,  10–15%
◦ Blood sugar Exercise and Lifestyle
◦ Blood pressure Bariatric surgery 20–35%
◦ Sleep apnea
◦ Many good things
 Fujioka K Diabetes, obesity and Metabolism 2010 Handbook of Obesity treatment Chapter 37 Weight loss Clinics: Range of capabilities, benefits, risks, and costs; Editor George Bray:2008
Fujioka K, Lee MW. Pharmacologic Treatment options for obesity: Current and Potential medications. Nutrition Clin Prac. 2007 Vol. 22#1pp50-54
Hofso et al. European Journal of Endocrinology. 163:735-45, 2010

Case: 38 year old borderline Diabetic

Hispanic obese female with PCO Choosing a Diet
 Referred by the primary care physician  Might there be a better diet for this
because of fasting glucose of 119 group of patients ?
 Besides starting metformin what diet will ◦ PCO
you prescribe? ◦ Metabolic syndrome
◦ ADA 1800 calorie diet ◦ Early type two Obese Diabetics
 (the RD wants this one)
◦ Low glycemic diet  What do they all have in common
 (Women’s health magazines want this one)
 Insulin resistance
◦ HCG diet
 (the patient wants this one)

2
 6/10/2012

CALERIE Trial: CALERIE trial: randomized to one of two

low carbohydrate vs. high carbohydrate diets diets
◦ High Carbohydrate diet
 34 overweight patients tested for insulin
 60% carbohydrate, 20% protein, 20% fat
resistance  mean estimated daily glycemic index of 86
◦ Half were insulin resistant (high insulin)  glycemic load of 116 g/1,000 kcals
◦ Half were insulin sensitive (low insulin)  15 g fiber/1,000 kcal
 Randomized for 24 weeks: ◦ Low Carbohydrate diet
 30% caloric restricted diet  40% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30% fat
 Average of 2000 kcals per day  mean estimated daily glycemic index of 53
 glycemic load of 45 g/1,000 kcals
 15 g giber/1,000 kcal
A low-glycemic load diet facilitates greater weight loss in overweight adults with high insulin secretion
But not in overweight adults with low insulin secretion in the CALERIE trial. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2939-2941

Conclusions: CALERIE study

 In healthy overweight patients with
insulin resistance there was more
weight loss in the patient assigned to
the low-glycemic load diet
 There are papers that will have
different conclusions *

A low-glycemic load diet facilitates greater weight loss in overweight adults with high insulin secretion
But not in overweight adults with low insulin secretion in the CALERIE trial. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2939-2941

Published studies looking at weight loss on ARS: We now need to prescribe an

a low carbohydrate diets in insulin resistant exercise routine
patients
 Which exercise prescription will you
 Pitas study Yes give to the patient
 Baba study Yes  1. Cardio or Aerobic training
 Cornier study Yes  2. Resistance training
 Plodkowski Yes  3. Both Resistance training and
 Ebbeling study Yes Aerobic
 McLaughlin No
 McLaughlin No
◦ Lee & Fujioka Diabetes Obesity Metabolism
2011;13:204-206

3
 6/10/2012

Exercise and weight loss Aerobic or Resistance Training

 What do you tell your patient ?  Randomized 262 pts with type 2 DM to
◦ Aerobic or Cardiovascular training (walking) ◦ Placebo group stretching and relaxation
◦ Resistance training (weight lifting) ◦ 3 days of Resistance training
◦ Combination of both (cardio and resistance) ◦ Aerobic exercise
◦ Combination of resistance and aerobic
 Exercise prescriptions standardized to:
◦ 150 minutes per week (all were of equal time requirements)
◦ Church TS, Blair SN, Cocreham S, et al Effects ◦ Moderate intensity 10 to 12 kcal/kg of body weight
of Aerobic and Resistance Training on HbA1c in
pts with Type 2 DM. JAMA 2010;304(20):2253-62 ◦ Exercise intensity of 50% to 80%
◦ All sessions supervised
 9 month exercise program

Resistance training or Aerobic ? Effect on A1c

Church TS. Et al JAMA 2010;304(20)2253-62
Weight loss: Resistance vs. Aerobic

Control Resistance Aerobic Combination

Body wt. + 0.4 -0.3 - 0.8 -1.5*

(Fat mass) (+ 0.1) (- 1.4)** (- 0.6) (- 1.7)**

* Statistically significant from control and resistance group
** Statistically significant from the control group
Above values in Kilograms

Three medications that recently went

Take home Message on Exercise before the FDA for approval
 In obese diabetics  Lorcaserin
◦ And more than likely obese non diabetics ◦ Arena
 A Combination of Resistance training  Qnexa
and Aerobic training of at least 3 hours ◦ Vivus
per week are needed for weight loss  Contrave
◦ Orexigen

4
 6/10/2012

Lorcaserin (FDA briefing

Lorcacerin documents)
 Selective 5HT2c (serotonin) receptor ag
 Serotonin Agonist New PDUFA 27 June 2012
 Increases Satiety  Percent weight loss -5.8 (-2.5 placebo)
 Well known biologic system ◦ -3.3 placebo subtracted
 Recent positive vote by FDA advisory ◦ 5% responder rates = 47% vs 23% for pbo
panel (18-4-1)  Heart rate -1.9 (pbo -0.3)
 Arena (developed and own the  SBP: -1.7 (pbo -1.1)
drug) and Eisai (has the U.S. DBP: -1.5 (pbo -1.0))
marketing rights)

Lorcaserin: Body Weight Over Years 1 & 2

Locacerin
102 Yr 1 Yr 2
Placebo in year 1 and 2 (n=684)  Will have to deal with the history of
100 Lorcaserin in year 1, placebo in year 2 (n=275)
Lorcaserin in year 1 and 2 (n=564)
Phen-fen and thickened heart valves
 If one looks at the science of heart valve
98
Body Weight (kg)

96 thickening with phen-fen it appeared that

94 the problem was all fenfluramine and not
92
the addition of phentermine
 Locacerin did rather extensive trials
90
looking at heart valves and locacerin
0
0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104  Valvulopathy: HR 1.07 95% CI [0.74; 1.55]
Study Week
Smith SR, et al. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(3):245-256.

Lorcaserin: Where will it fit Qnexa

 5.8% weight loss (Placebo 2.5%)  Combination of Phentermine and
 This system is well known Topiramate
◦ drug appears to be very safe  Very good efficacy (close to 10% wt loss)
 Will be useful in patients with  How does it work ?
cardiovascular disease ◦ Phentermine: increases epinipherrine and nor-
◦ Example Strokes or status post MIs epi
Topiramate: unknown

5
 6/10/2012

56 week data of changes in Blood Pressure

FDA Decision Qnexa and Heart rate on phentermine/topiramate
 Vivus pharmaceutical
 Qnexa: combination of Phentermine  Placebo 3.75/23 7.5/46 15/92
and Topiramate
 Advisory committee votes 10 to 6 against approval  Wt change % -1.5 -4.7 -8.2 -10.4
Oct. 28, 2010
 the FDA declines approval  SBP, mm Hg -2.3 -3.3 -5.2 -5.2
 DBP, mm Hg -1.9 -0.9 -3.3 -2.9
◦ Main reason: “safety risks” and potential
for birth defects  Pulse 0.0 +1.3 +0.6 +1.6
 February 2012 2nd FDA advisory
committee votes 20-2 for approval  Expect the company to do a post approval cardiovascular outcomes
study because of effect on heart rate

Q-nexa FDA advisory Panel 2-22-12 Risk mitigation strategy for Qnexa
 topiramate monotherapy exposure in  Targeted education programs aimed at
pregnancy associated with a two- to five- providers and patients, including a
fold increased prevalence of oral clefts brochure on contraception and
 Labeling stating that the drug is in recommendations for monthly pregnancy
Pregnancy Category X testing
 Distribution of Qnexa only through 10  Development of a pregnancy
certified mail-order pharmacies registry to track pregnancy outcomes
◦ agree to training of their pharmacists
◦ submitting to internal audits

FDA Decision: Contrave Contrave

 Orexigen Pharmaceutical  % weight loss -6.7% (pbo -2.5)
 Contrave: a combination of Bupropion ◦ Pacebo subtracted -4.2 %
and Naltrexone  5% responders 48 vs 16 for pbo
 Advisory committee votes 13 to 7 for Cardiovascular effects:
approval  BPM +0.1 (pbo -1.0)
 and the FDA declines approval  SBP: -0.9 (pbo -2.3)
◦ Main reason: “Cardiovascular problems” DBP: -1.1 (pbo -1.5)
 LA times February 1, 2011

6
 6/10/2012

Communication from Office of New

Drug development to Orexigen
ARS: Diet Sodas Good or Bad
 Written correspondence detailing requirements  “Doc is it ok for me to drink diet colas
for a Cardiovascular outcomes trial
for my weight loss program
◦ Enroll a population of obese pts with an
estimated background rate of 1.0-1.5% annual  A. No, it will cause rebound weight gain
risk of a Major Cardiovascular event  B. No, you might as well drink a regular
◦ The upper bound of the 95% confidence soda
interval should exclude a hazard ratio of
 2.0 at interim analyses (87 events)  C. No, you would do just as well or
 1.4 at final analyses better to drink water
 <10,000 pts, and < 2 years to interim analysis  C. Yes, and it has been shown to help with
 Sept 20, 2011 press release
weight loss (more than drinking water)

Choice study for weight loss CHOICE Results

Choose Healthy Options Consciously Everyday (CHOICE)

 compared the replacement of caloric

beverages for 6 months with  2.5% in the Diet Beverage group
 2.0% in the Water group
 Water
 1.8% in the Control group
 Diet beverages
 Controls  Statistically the Diet Beverage group had more
◦ designed to equate treatment contact time pts lose at least 5% of their weight
◦ and attention, monthly weigh-ins, and weekly  Take home is if you can get your pt to drink
diet sodas or water they will lose 2.5 to 2.0
monitoring
◦ Choose Healthy Options Consciously Every day Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95:555-63
percent of their weight

ARS: how often should your patient RELATION OF SELF-WEIGHING

weigh themselves ? TO WEIGHT LOSS

 A. Never
 B. Once a month
 C. Once a week
 D. Every day

Source: Linde et al. Ann Behav Med. 2005;30(3):210–216

7
 6/10/2012

HCG Treatment for obesity

 Injections of human chorionic HCG have
been claimed to aid in:
 reducing hunger
 affecting mood
 localized (spot) reduction.
The End

Special thanks to the staff for putting up with my travel

and not getting things in on time

Double blind placebo controlled HCG

study
 West J Med 127:461-463, Dec 1977
 Placed both groups on a 500 kcal per day
 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
diet
 (HCG) in the Treatment of Obesity
 received daily injections of HCG or placebo
 A Critical Assessment of the Simeons
 Rated hunger and mood
Method
 Did anthropomorphic measurements
 FRANK L. GREENWAY, MD, and
GEORGE A. BRAY, MD, Torrance,
California

Double blind trial of HCG for Double blind trial of HCG for
weight loss: Bray and Greenway weight loss: Bray and Greenway
 No difference in weight loss
 No difference in mood
 No difference in the fat loss or location of
fat loss

8
 Case
Screening for Prostate Cancer:
A Dilemma with a History  Warren Buffett (age 81) was
Alfred O. Berg, MD, MPH
recently screened with PSA,
Professor, UW Family Medicine
biopsied, and is now
Former Chair, USPSTF scheduled for RT for prostate
cancer in July. Comment?

© A. Berg 2012 © A. Berg 2012

Disclosures Objectives — 1
  No financial conflicts   Understand the significance of
  No off-label recommendations prostate cancer in the U.S. and the
  No speakers’ bureaus history of screening guidelines for
prostate cancer
  No consulting
  Understand the recent changes in
  No legal work evidence about screening for
prostate cancer

© A. Berg 2012 © A. Berg 2012

Objectives — 2 Prostate Cancer Basics

  Understand changes in guidelines   Highly prevalent
• 33% of men between ages 40-60 have
from the U.S. Preventive Services microscopic cancer cells
Task Force, the American Cancer • 75% of men over age 80
Society, and the American Urological • 16% of men will get a diagnosis of prostate
cancer in their lifetime
Association
  Modest mortality
  Understand different approaches to   2.8% of men die from prostate cancer

screening that clinicians might take   Most men who die are over age 75
  95% alive after 12 years without treatment
in their own practice
© A. Berg 2012 © A. Berg 2012

1
Cancer Screening Model Early History — 1975
  Cancer happens   Firstsystematic review
  It grows   Screening for prostate cancer
  It spreads   Reviewed the only available
  It kills screening test: digital rectal exam
  “do not recommend screening”

  Therefore: detect and treat it early

© A. Berg 2012 © A. Berg 2012

US Preventive Services
Early History — 1979 Task Force
  Canadian Task Force on the Periodic   USPSTF I: 1984 — 1989
Health Examination   20 members — MDs, allied health
  First Guide published in 1989
  "poor evidence” for prostate cancer
  USPSTF II: 1990 — 1995
screening (DRE)
  10 members — all primary care MDs
  Second Guide published in 1995
  USPSTF III: 1998 — present
  16 members — interdisciplinary
  Multiple products beginning April, 2001
  Prostate cancer addressed in 2002,2008,2012
© A. Berg 2012 © A. Berg 2012

Potential Benefits of Potential Harms of

Screening Screening
  Improved prognosis   Hazards intrinsic to the tests
  Permits less radical treatment   Labeling
  Adverse effects of unnecessary treatment
  Reassurance from negative results
  False-positives: anxiety, follow-up tests
  Saves resources
  False-negatives: false reassurance
  Diverts resources

© A. Berg 2012 © A. Berg 2012

2
 Interventions Not Routinely
Recommended for Older Adults
1989 1989 USPSTF
  USPSTF — insufficient evidence for   Screening for prostate cancer
DRE; transrectal ultrasound and   Screening for breast cancer under age 50
serum tumor markers not   Screening for dementia
  Screening for osteoporosis
recommended
  Screening for diabetes
  ACS – annual DRE
  Screening chest X-ray
  NCI – annual DRE   Screening ECG
  CTF – recommend against screening   Screening urinalysis

© A. Berg 2012 © A. Berg 2012

1996 USPSTF 2002 - 2008

  USPSTF – DRE, PSA, TRUS not   2002
recommended (D) insufficient evidence (I)
  ACS, AUA, ACR NYT: "Task Force Softens Stance"
annual DRE age 40;   2008
PSA age 50 insufficient evidence for men under
  CTF – recommend against screening age 75 (I)
  OTA – evidence inconclusive
recommend against for men over
age 75 (D)
© A. Berg 2012 © A. Berg 2012

2012 USPSTF Grades

  ACS – ". . . men [should] have a Certainty of Net
Magnitude of Net Benefit (Benefit Minus Harms)

chance to make an informed Benefit

Substantial Moderate Small Zero/Negative

decision with their health care High A B C D

provider about whether to be Moderate B B C D
screened for prostate cancer." Low I Statement

  AUA – screen "well informed men"

Do: A & B recommend routinely
(policy is under review) Depends: C recommend individual decision
  CTF — not currently under review Don’t do: D recommend against
Don’t know: I insufficient evidence
  USPSTF – D © A. Berg 2012

3
USPSTF Prostate Cancer
Screening – Final May 2012 What Changed?
 The USPSTF recommends against PSA-based   Grade
screening for prostate cancer. Changed from I statement to D recommendation
Grade: D recommendation • From shared decision-making to
  Applies to men without symptoms suspicious for recommend against screening
prostate cancer, regardless of age, race, or family   Why?
history.   New evidence regarding benefits and harms
  Did not evaluate the use of the PSA test as part
  Five new clinical trials of screening and
of a diagnostic strategy in men with symptoms
prostate cancer mortality
suspicious for prostate cancer.

Evidence on Mortality Also Updated

  5 Clinical Trials   Natural history data
  1 poor quality   Ecological data
  Focus on 2 large trials in USA and
  Harms of treatments
Europe
  Results
  ERSPC: 0.06% decrease in deaths of
men 50-74 (in 2 of 7 countries only)
  PLCO: 0.03% increase in deaths

  Combined: no effect
© A. Berg 2012

Benefits per 10,000

Screened Harms per 10,000 Screened
  Between 0 and 6 fewer deaths from   1,000-1,200 will be biopsied
prostate cancer over about 10 years   1,100 will be diagnosed with
(NNS ~ 1,444 to prevent one death prostate cancer
  No improvement in all-cause   90% of those diagnosed will be
mortality treated (next slide)

© A. Berg 2012 © A. Berg 2012

4
Harms per 10,000 Treated
  50 deaths within 1 month of surgery “A 3% lifetime risk of prostate cancer
  100-700 men with serious surgical death means that 97% of men have
complications (e.g. cardiac, DVT) to be informed about a test that
  2,000-3,000 with incontinence,
cannot help them—it can only harm
impotence, or both them. And the benefit only accrues
to a small fraction of those destined
  Overall averages about 500 serious
to die of the disease.”
harms per 10,000 screened
– Gil Welch, JAMA December 2012
© A. Berg 2012 © A. Berg 2012

Critique of Earlier Draft What’s Next?

  Trials
flawed   ACS, AUA, ACPM, AAFP, and ACP
  New data from PLCO 1/12 expected to update within the next
  After 13 years still no benefit 12 months
  Ecological data - inconclusive   Don’t expect much new

  CISNET Modeling
  Maximum possible benefit a 20%
mortality reduction (from 2.80% to
2.24%)
© A. Berg 2012 © A. Berg 2012

Clinical Advice
  Do not order a PSA without   Prostate cancer is a serious health problem that affects
thousands of men and their families. But before getting a
informing your patients PSA test, all men deserve to know what the science tells
us about PSA screening: there is a very small potential
(PSA should never be “routine”) benefit and significant potential harms. We encourage
clinicians to consider this evidence and not screen their
  You must be willing to discuss patients with a PSA test unless the individual being
potential benefits and harms screened understands what is known about PSA screening
and makes the personal decision that even a small
  Focus should be on systems to possibility of benefit outweighs the known risk of harms.

facilitate decision-making — Michael LeFevre, USPSTF Co-Chair

© A. Berg 2012 © A. Berg 2012

5
Conflict of Interest and Bias Quote of the Month 10/11
  Common and often not transparent   “Wein medicine need to look into
  Financial conflicts include clinical our soul and we need to learn the
  Disclosure not an adequate remedy
truth. If your income is dependent
on you not understanding
  Balance or exclude them?
something, it is very easy not to
  2011 IOM recommendations for understand something.”
systematic reviews and guidelines - Otis Brawley, ACS Chief Medical Officer
set a high bar

© A. Berg 2012 © A. Berg 2012

What about Warren Buffett?

  “Screeningis cheap and effective   ACS, AUA, USPSTF all agree that
advertising and a moneymaker. For men in their 80’s should not be
every 1,000 men we screen at the routinely screened (average life
mall, 145 have an abnormal screen, expectancy < 10 years)
and 135 come to us for evaluation.   Alarms stockholders about
Fees easily cover the cost of something that is unlikely to matter
screening.”   Moral: Great wealth does not
- hospital exec quoted by Otis Brawley
guarantee great medical advice
© A. Berg 2012 © A. Berg 2012

6
 6/13/2012

Why the USPSTF got it wrong USPSTF

• Gives prostate cancer screening a D grade.
Christopher J. Kane MD
Professor of Surgery, Chief of Urology • The definite evidence of harm far outweighs the
C Lowell and JoEllen Parsons Chair in Urology unproven benefit of PSA screening
• 8,000 comments received concerning the
recommendation in the first 30 days (comment
period).

Why? Recent studies

• The randomized trials of PSA screening show
little improvement in mortality at a high cost of Screening revisited:
treatment •PLCO (Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovary) -
Andriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb RL, et al.: Mortality results from a
• PSA is a poor screening test with poor specificity randomized prostate-cancer screening trial. N Engl J Med 2009,
so many men get prostate biopsies and worry 360:1310–1319.
and don’t have cancer
•ERSPC (European Randomized Screening for
• Many men who are treated had bad side effects, Prostate Cancer) - Schroder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ,
surgical complications, erectile dysfunction and et al.: Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized
incontinence and don’t benefit from treatment European study. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:1320–1328

Screening Screening

PLCO:
PLCO: •Findings after median 11.5 yrs
•Randomization 50-74 yo men from 1993-2001
•38,350 men to intervention vs 38,355 to control •Prostate Ca diagnosis:
•Screening: Annual PSA (6 yrs) and DRE (4 yrs) •Screened-9% vs Control-7.8%
•Control: NO screening
•Follow for > 13 years •Prostate Ca Mortality:
•Screened-0.24% vs Control-0.21%
•Goal: whether or not screening reduces Prostate
Cancer Mortality

Andriole et al, NEJM, 2009

1
 6/13/2012

PLCO Contamination: Screening

•Flaws:
•Assumed that 10% with prev screening in control arm ERSPC:
would continue
•162,243 men 55-69 yo randomized from 1991-2003
•In actuality, Control Arm,
•44% of men in each arm had >1 PSA test before randomization
•During trial, 52% had undergone PSA screening and 46% with •Median follow-up - 9 years
DRE
•Controls: •Screening:
•Only 15% decreased diagnosis
•Did NOT require annual PSA – only 2.1 tests averaged
•93% of cancers were asymptomatic, organ-confined
over course of study
•Follow-up was 11.5 years from randomization, NOT •DRE variable, but usually only if equivocal PSA
treatment

ERSPC:
•Prostate Cancer diagnosis: Screened-8.2% vs Control-4.8 Screening - Newer data
•Death from prostate cancer: screened arm RR was 0.80 (95%
CI 0.67–0.95; P=0.01)
•Curves began to diverge at 7-8 years
•NNS to prevent 1 death=1410; NNT=48
•20,000 men aged 50-64 yrs
•Screened every 2 years
•Followed median 14 years
Schroder et al, NEJM, 2009 •Screened:
•Prostate cancer diagnosed: Screened-12.7% vs Control-8.2%
•Prostate cancer death: Screened-0.5% vs Control-0.9%
•RR Reduction = 0.56 (95%CI, 0.39-0.82, p=0.002)
•Compared to ERSPC = 0.8

Hugosson et al, Lancet Oncol, 2010

Screening - Newer data

• Now with 11 years of follow-up, the relative

reduction in the risk of death from prostate
•Younger patients – more likely to have incurable cancer at first screen
•Lower PSA threshold for biopsy (2.5-3 vs 4) and more frequent
cancer is 21% (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.68-.91
screening (2 vs 4 yrs) p=0.001), 29% after adjustment for
•Lower contamination (3% vs 44%) noncompliance.
•Longer follow-up with improved RR
• NNS now 1055, NNT 37.
•NNS = 293 and NNT = 12 to prevent 1 Death
•Not significantly different from Breast or Colorectal cancer

2
 6/13/2012

May 12, 2011

So in what ways were they wrong?
• There is strong evidence that radical
prostatectomy saves lives over observation
(38% prostate cancer mortality reduction, 25%
all cause mortality reduction) at 15 years (Bill-
Axelson NEJM 2011; 364:1708-17)
• Diagnostic procedures to detect prostate cancer
are common in both screened and unscreened
populations, they just occur later in unscreened
men.

RP vs. WW Survival Benefit to Surgery

• 1989-1999 695 men with newly diagnosed
prostate cancer randomized between RP and
WW
• Median followup 12.8 years
• RR of death in surgery arm 0.62 (95% 0.44-0.87
p=0.01)
• Survival benefit was confined to men under 65
• NNT to prevent 1 death was 15, 7 for men
under 65

Bill-Axelson, A et al NEJM 2011

3
 6/13/2012

US Age Adjusted Incidence

• The task force minimized the burden of living
with advanced cancer and primarily looked at
survival (bone mets, obstruction, fractures etc…)
• The task force did not adequately consider at risk
populations (AA and FH men)
• The task force minimized the epidemiologic data
that since PSA testing began in the 1990’s there
has been a 40% reduction in prostate cancer
mortality and 75% reduction in presentation with
advanced disease.

Defining the proportion

US Age Adjusted Mortality of mortality reduction
from PSA screening and
early detection
• Two models generated to
determine the proportion of
decline in mortality from
early detection vs. improved
treatment
• 45-70% mortality reduction
from early detection

Etzioni et al Cancer Causes Control.

2008 Mar;19(2):175-81.

Changes in Risk Stratification in

Stage Evolution the PSA Era 1989–2002:
CaPSURE
100%
High risk
16.0%
30.2% 25.1%
36.6%
80%
Presentation with Bony Metastasis by Year of Diagnosis
12
%of patients

11 37.2%
60%
10 38.5%
Intermediate risk 37.3%
9
8 33.8%
40%
7
Percent

6
5 Low risk 46.8%
20%
4
32.5% 36.4%
3 29.5%
2
0%
1
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year

Cooperberg MR, et al. J Urol. 2003 Dec;170(6 Pt 2):S21-5.

Copyright Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2003.

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 6/13/2012

So how do we answer the Prostate Cancer Gene 3 (PCA3)

screening concerns? A brief history
• Improve the specificity of PSA
• Stop screening men who are unlikely 1999 2003 2005 2006
PROGENSA
2010

to benefit First PCA3

publication
Feasibility
of PCA3
Gen-Probe
PCA3 Assay
PCA3 Assay
launched in
FDA
submission
urine test
Europe
• Diminish overtreatment by offering
active surveillance more than
currently • PCA3 Assay use in clinical practice*
– >50 labs in 21 countries offer PCA3 Assay
– Worldwide, ~185,000 tests performed to date
– www.PCA3.org run by European clinicians

*The PCA3 Assay is not FDA - approved

PCA3 Molecular Urine Test

PCA3 Score is independent of prostate size
Specimen Processing

PCA3 Score

Source: Deras/Aubin, et al. (2008) J. Urol. 179:1587

Repeat biopsy dilemma PCA3 utility for predicting repeat biopsy outcome

• The fear that prostate cancer may have been missed at first PCA3 Score Serum PSA
biopsy often leads to repeat biopsies
1.00 1.00
– The majority (~80%) of repeat biopsies are negative 0.90 0.90

– Biopsy is costly and can be associated with considerable anxiety, 0.80 0.80

discomfort, pain and other complications 0.70 0.70

0.60 0.60
– The incidence of resistant post-biopsy infections is rising
sensitivity

sensitivity

0.50 0.50

• Clinicians and patients must decide on a repeat biopsy based on 0.40 0.40

the associated risks and benefits 0.30 0.30

0.20 0.20
• Clear unmet need for more accurate methods to: 0.10
First Biopsy; AUC=0.703

Previous Negative Biopsy; AUC=0.684 0.10

First Biopsy; AUC=0.616

Previous Negative Biopsy; AUC=0.529

– supplement PSA for guiding repeat biopsy decisions 0.00

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00

– reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies (~5 men are biopsied 1-specificity 1-specificity

per cancer diagnosed)

Source: Deras/Aubin, et al. (2008) J. Urol. 179: 1587

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PCA3 in the GSK REDUCE Trial (placebo arm, n=1072)

Men with previous negative biopsy and elevated serum PSA PCA3 correlates with likelihood of positive repeat biopsy
North American and European multi-center studies
80%
Cancer (n=190) Benign (n=882)
70% Median (range)

57%
60
% Biopsy Positive

PCA3 Score 34 (1.7-288) 17 (0.4-242)

60% Mann Whitney 2-Tail p-value <0.0001
60
50

% positive biopsy
50

% positive biopsy
50% 40
40

33%
30
40%
30
20 20

22%
30% 10
18%
10
0 0
11%

20%
6%

<5 5‐19 20‐34 35‐49 50‐100 >100 <10 10‐19 20‐34 35‐49 50‐100 >100
(N=26) (N=73) (N=45) (N=22) (N=42) (N=18) (N=100) (N=104) (N=105) (N=50) (N=61) (N=43)
10% PCA3 Score PCA3 Score

0% North American Study European Study

<5 5-19 20-34 35-49 50-100 >100 Marks et al (2007) Urol. 69:532 Haese et al (2008) Eur. Urol. 54:1081
n=116 n=442 n=232 n=111 n=122 n=49

PCA3 score

Source: Aubin et al. (2010) J. of Urology 184(5):1947

PCA3 complements the existing standard of care Risk Stratification

GSK REDUCE trial placebo arm (repeat biopsy population)
• PSA
Marker ROC AUC (95% CI)
Serum PSA 0.612 (0.570, 0.655) • Clinical Stage
Percent free PSA 0.637 (0.593, 0.681) • Gleason Grade
PCA3 Score 0.693 (0.649, 0.736)
• Number and extent of positive biopsies
Predictive Model* 0.717 (0.675, 0.759)
Predictive Model* + PCA3 Score 0.753 (0.712, 0.793) • PSA velocity/ PSA kinetics
• Obesity
* Age, family history, prostate volume, serum PSA, %free PSA

Source: Aubin et al. (2010) J. of Urology 184(5):1947

% of
Variable Level Points N % fail
cohort
Analysis of Men
UCSF
PSA 2.1-6 0 721 50 9
Age 55–74 at 6.1-10 1 453 31 14
Diagnosis: 10.1-20 2 209 15 28
Conservative Rx 20.1-30 3 36 3 33

Localized CAP CAPRA >30 4 20 1 55

Gleason 1-3/1-3 0 1068 74 12

Gleason score Prostate cancer mortality 1-3/4-5 1 239 17 20

at 15 years 4-5/1-5 3 132 9 28
2–4 4%–7%
T-stage T1/T2 0 1410 98 14
5 6%–11% Cooperberg et al T3a 1 29 2 21
6 18%–30% J Urol June 2005
% pos bx <34% 0 911 63 10
7 42%–70%
>34% 1 528 37 22
8–10 60%–87%
Age <50 0 51 4 6

>50 1 1388 96 15
Albertsen PC. JAMA. 1998;280:975-980. Score calculated by totaling each
Copyrighted 1998, American Medical
Association. characteristic, range 0-10

6
 6/13/2012

C
The UCSF-CAPRA 100
Clinically Indolent Disease
5-year actuarial RFS (%)

90

80 How to define an “insignificant tumor”?

70

60 Clinical stage T1c

50 PSA density < 0.15ng/ml/cm3
40

30

20
And absence of
10 Any Gleason pattern 4 or 5
0 > 3 cores involved
0 > 50% of core involved
1 2 3 4 5
Years In a 12 core Bx
Epstein. JAMA 1994;271:368

Active Surveillance Do Nothing?!

• Advantages • 331 patients with a median follow-up period of 84 months (range
– Avoids risk from surgery or radiation therapy 24–132 months)
– Decreased cost
•101 patients (31%) came off active surveillance because criteria
for intervention were fulfilled,
• Disadvantages
– Inaccurate staging/grading may put patient at risk •32 patients (10%) received radical treatment although they did not
for metastases fulfill the criteria for intervention
– Stress
•The overall survival was 85% and the disease-specific survival
– Side effects from repeat biopsy
was 99%

•Three patients died of prostate cancer

Klotz et al Nat Clinic Pract Urol Jan 2008

Prostate Cancer Incidence Summary

Mortality Rates by Country • PSA is an imperfect screening test. High
sensitivity but low specificity
• PSA screening does save lives
• Younger men and those at increased risk of
prostate cancer benefit the most
• We currently have methods of improving the
specificity of screening
• We should stop screening men unlikely to benefit
• We should offer active surveillance to low risk men

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Summary
• To discourage PSA screening for all men is
irresponsible
• The USPSTF methodology is severely flawed
• Lets thoughtfully move forward with prostate
cancer detection and treatment that keeps faith
with the patients at risk for the second leading
cancer killer of American Men

UROLOGY.UCSD.EDU HEALTH.UCSD.EDU RCHSD.ORG

Prevalence of Prostate Cancer among Men

with a Prostate-Specific Antigen Level ≤ 4.0 ng
per Milliliter
–14.9% of these cancers had Gleason 7 or
higher
–Prostate cancer prevalence:
•PSA ≤ 0.5 ng/mL 6.6%
•PSA 0.6 – 1.0 ng/mL 10.1%
•PSA 1.1 – 2.0 ng/mL 17.0%
•PSA 2.1 – 3.0 ng/mL 23.9%
•PSA 3.1 – 4.0 ng/mL 26.9%
–High grade cancer prevalence:
•PSA ≤ 0.5 ng/mL 12.5%
•PSA 3.1 – 4.0 ng/mL 25.0%

Thompson et al NEJM 2004

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Melanoma, or Not! Background:

Skin Cancer in the US
• >1 million skin cancers per year
• 1 in 5 people in the US will get a skin
cancer in their lifetime
• 96% of these are non-melanoma skin
cancers (BCC/SCC)

Charles Miller M.D.

Dermatologist, Kaiser Permanente
San Diego, CA (pic from Cabrillo Point)

Skin Cancer Prevention Background:

Malignant Melanoma
1 in 5 Americans will get Skin Cancer • The incidence of Melanoma is rising faster
than for any other cancer (6%/year 1950-
Approximately 95% not fatal 90)
– This leads to a doubling every 10-15 years
Almost 5%
ARE
fatal

Lifetime risk of Invasive Melanoma

in the US Background: Melanoma
• More than 12,000 deaths in US last year
from skin cancer--8800 due to Melanoma
• Melanoma is the most common cancer killer
in women age 30-35
• Responsible for more years of life lost
/cancer than any other adult malignancy
except testicular cancer

2010 : 1 in 57 develop Invasive Melanoma

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2011 : 53,360 Melanoma In-Situ (stage 0)

2011 : 70,000 invasive cases Melanoma in U.S.

Risk Factors:
Risk of any Melanoma: 2011
Clinical Characteristics
• 1 in 33 Caucasian Americans • Fair complexion
• 1 in 500 in Latino Americans – freckles, red/blond hair, blue eyes
• Large number of moles
• 1 in 1000 in African Americans
• Clinically atypical moles
– But: 300% increased incidence of Stage 3 or • Family history of melanoma
4 disease at detection in African Americans.
• Sunburns in childhood / amount of sun in childhood

Diagnosis and Staging Clinical Characteristics:

ABCDE Rules
A: Asymmetry in shape of a mole
Appearance of a new mole
B: Borders that are notched or irregular
Bleeding
C: Color of a mole is variable or changing
Concern of patient regarding a mole
D: Diameter exceeding 6mm
E: Evolution (meaning change)
• Enlarging
• Elevated

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ABCDE Rules Review Treatment

Early detection and removal

of melanoma is the best
treatment

What’s more important that

knowing what is melanoma?

What’s not Melanoma?

Seborrheic Keratosis
(barnacle, age spot, wisdom spot)

Seborrheic Keratosis Seborrheic Keratosis, SK

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Benign Nevi Hemangioma

Dermatofibroma

Sunscreens

Prevention Prevention: Sunscreens

• Protective clothing including Hats! The Pros
• Teach and use good habits in
childhood Universally accepted that UV light
• Properly use sunscreens plays a major role in skin cancer
– with SPF 30 or greater Sunscreens proven to reduce the
• True – not much more protection than with SPF 15,
but no one uses enough of SPF15 to get SPF 15 risk for BCC/SCC
protection – so use SPF 30
•and Cons
• Self skin exams every 1-3 months
Decreased Vitamin D
• Avoid the sun when possible
• No tanning booths! 10-20 minutes 3 times per week
or supplement

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Quick answer to:

What sunscreen should I wear, Doc?
• My answer is:
– Any sunscreen with an SPF 30 or higher that
has Zinc in it.
– or Avobenzone“
– Or Parsol 1789
– Or Mexoryl

• Why? you may ask.

Sunscreen
• If you look at the previous graph, the black bars
illustrate the best protection for a given ingredient. I think
Zinc covers nearly the entire spectrum.
• Why SPF 30 when 15 is enough.
– Well – for one, you need to use a baseball size amount
“SPF 30 with Zinc”
for a waist up application. No one uses that much (not
even your Dermatologist).
is a statement I can live with,
patients can remember, and
hopefully, they will follow.

Skin Cancer Prevention = Skin Cancer Prevention

Wrinkle Prevention Minimize Sun Exposure
– UVA
Twin Studies – UVB

Hats Clothing Shade Sunglasses

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Skin Cancer Prevention Skin Cancer Prevention

Sunscreen
SPF 30+ New 1. SPF 30 +
– SPF = UVB protection Sunscreen 2. Broad
– Stars = UVA protection with Zinc Labeling
rules Spectrum
Zinc or Titanium or Avobenzone or Octocrylene
3. Water Resistant
July 2012: 80 minutes

Skin Cancer Prevention Actinic Keratosis - AK’s

• 1-5mm scaly or rough red papules
2 million cases of skin cancer this year in U.S.
• Pre-cancerous (low conversion rate)
1.6 million cases of Basal Cell Carcinoma • Easier to feel them than see them
– Rub finger over skin
300,000 cases of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• AK Treatment
Almost 100,000 cases of Melanoma – Freeze with LN2
– 2mm halo
Millions of cases of AKs
– Repeat for thicker lesions

Skin Cancer Prevention

Skin Cancer Prevention
Early Detection!!
A: Asymmetry in shape of a mole What Sunscreen 1. SPF 30 +
Appearance of a new mole should I buy? 2. Broad
B: Borders that are notched
Bleeding Spectrum
C: Color of a mole is variable SPF 30+ 3. Water Resistant
Color of a mole is changing
D: Diameter exceeding 6mm with Zinc 80 minutes
E: Evolution (meaning change)
+ Enlarging
+ Elevated

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Skin Cancer Prevention Skin Cancer Prevention

WHY?

Sunscreen:
Oral
No SPF 30+
Vitamin D
Tanning Beds Broad Spectrum
1000-2000 IU/Day
80 min in water

Minimize
ABCDE Don’t
unprotected direct
Rules Smoke
sun exposure

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Dementia Update 2012 Number of persons over 65 in US

70
John Daly, MD 60
Clinical Professor, UCSD 50

Millions
Program Director, UCSD Geriatrics Fellowship 40 Over 85
Medical Director, SOCARE 30 Over 65
20
10
0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year

Prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease with

Increasing Age
• Dementia (Latin: Demens)
Percent of Patients With AD

45
40 – Without Mind
35
30
• 2000 BC (Egypt): Memory Loss Related to Aging
25 • 200 AD: Galen wrote about cerebral dysfunction
20
• Middle Ages: Not focused upon much
15
10 • 1700s: Philippe Pinel likely coined “dementia”
5
• 1700s: Jean Esquirol - Des Maladies Mentales
0
65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 – Causes: Age, syphilis, mercury, wine, masturbation,
Age (Years)
and menstrual disorders.
Adapted from Ritchie K, Kildea D. Lancet. 1995;346:931-934.

Boller and Forbes. J Neuro Sci 1998

What is dementia?
• “Insanity with loss of intellectual power due to
brain disease or injury” Oxford Dictionary
…Last scene of all that ends this strange eventful
history, is second childishness and mere oblivion;
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans every-
thing
Shakespeare. As You Like It. 1600

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The 3 requirements for dementia diagnosis

• Cognitive impairment involving two or more Dementia or Delirium?

cognitive areas (memory, language, visual
spatial skills, executive function, apraxia……) Know the difference
• Functional decline from a previous higher
functional level.
• Impairments not due to delirium

DSM IV Criteria for Dementia DSM IV Criteria for Delirium

• Memory impairment and at least one of the following:
• Disturbance in consciousness with reduced ability to
Apraxia, agnosia, aphasia or executive function
focus, sustain or shift attention
impairment
• Change in cognition
– Deficit in two or more areas of cognition
• Disturbance develops over a short period and tends to
• Impairments must be severe enough to cause impairment fluctuate unpredictably
in social or occupational function and must be a decline
from a prior higher level in function • History, PE or lab results indicate disturbance caused by
consequence of medical condition, intoxication,
• Diagnosis should NOT be made for deficits occurring medication or mixed causes
exclusively during the course of an episode of delirium

What’s the Difference? Pearls of Geriatric Assessment

• With advancing age, the specificity and
Unrecognized delirium leads to increased sensitivity of the typical signs and symptoms of
morbidity and mortality because of failure to treat disease decline
the underlying cause
• Any alteration of homeostasis in an elderly
individual is likely to produce abnormalities of
mental status and cognition (i.e. delirium)

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Delirium and Mortality Dementia vs. Delirium

• Dementia • Delirium
• 6-month mortality of elderly patients admitted to – Onset acute or sub-acute
– Insidious onset
post acute care facility – Fluctuating course
– Chronic course
– Impaired attention
– With delirium: 25.0% – Attention usually normal
– Often hyperactive or
– With sub-syndrome delirium: 18.3% – Few motor signs hypoactive
– Usually no autonomic signs – Increased sympathetic
– Without delirium: 5.7% activity common
– Triggering event/drug may
be apparent

(Marcantonio et al. JAGS #6,June 2005:963-9)

Criteria for Diagnosis of Mild

What is Normal Brain Aging?
Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
• The presence of Alzheimer’s disease pathology • Cognitive complaint
over age 85 is 50%
• Normal activities of daily living
• Since there has been no test for pre- • Normal general cognitive function
symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease, how much of
the age-related difference seen in memory • Abnormal testing in one or more cognitive areas
testing is due to effects of early or undetected for age and educational level
Alzheimer’s disease? • Not demented

Ten Warning Signs of Dementia

• Memory problems that • Problems with abstract
affect job thinking
Recognizing Dementia • Difficulty with familiar • Misplacing things
tasks • Changes in mood or
• Language problems behavior
• Disorientation to time and • Changes in personality
place • Loss of initiative
• Judgment problems

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Etiologies of Dementia Alzheimer’s Disease

4% 4% • First described in 1906 by
AD
Dr. Alois Alzheimer
AD + LB
15%
DLB • Initial case report was a
VaD 51-year-old woman with a
FTD progressive dementia
Other
5% • She died at age 56 and at
57% autopsy, he described the
plaques and tangles that
15%
are the hallmark of AD

• 51 year old woman brought in by her husband for • Interested Alzheimer

8 months of worsening behavioral changes because she was young
– Strong feelings of jealously towards her husband • Progressively worsened
– Memory impairment and disorientation • Died of sepsis 4.5 years
– Inability to manage household or to cook later (decubitus ulcer)
– Gets lost in familiar places; fearful of friends
• Genetics:
• On exam – ApoE3 homozygote
– Disoriented with rapid forgetting – No APP mutations
– When asked to write her name, writes “Mrs.” then – Suspect she had a
forgets the rest. Presenilin 2 mutation
– Speech has paraphrasic errors
Maurer et al. Lancet 1997 Yu, et al. Arch Neurol 2010 

Classification of Dementia 1906-1976

• Kept records of her hospital course • Prior to 1976, dementia was classified as either
• Performed an Autopsy senile or “pre-senile” dementia
• Sections from • Senile dementia was considered to be an
expected consequence of aging
frontal, parietal
and occipital • “Pre-senile” dementia was attributed to
cortex (no Alzheimer’s disease, which was believed to be a
hippocampus relatively rare condition causing dementia in
younger people
or entorhinal
cortex)
Yu, et al. Arch Neurol 2010 

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Senile Dementia and NINCDS-ADRDA Criteria for

Alzheimer’s Disease Probable AD (1984 Clinical Criteria)
In his landmark article in 1976, Dr. Robert • Dementia by clinical exam and confirmed by
Katzman demonstrated that the majority of senile cognitive testing
dementia was, in fact, Alzheimer’s disease • Deficits in two or more areas of cognition
• Progressive worsening
• No disturbance of consciousness
• Onset after age 40; usually after 65
• Absence of systemic disorder or other brain
disease that could cause changes

The Diagnosis of Probable AD is Features that Make Diagnosis of

Supported by: Alzheimer’s Disease Unlikely
• Progressive deterioration of specific cognitive functions: • Sudden onset, rapid progression
• Aphasia - language • Early occurrence of: gait disturbance, seizures or
• Apraxia - impairment in learned motor skills behavioral changes
• Agnosia - alterations in perception • Focal neurological findings
• Impaired ADLs and altered behavior patterns • Early evidence of extrapyramidal symptoms
• Family history, especially if confirmed by neuropathology • Other medical disorder severe enough to account for
• Normal LP and EEG memory loss or other symptoms
• Evidence of cerebral atrophy on CT

Criteria for Probable Dementia with

Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Lewy Bodies
• Lewy Body Dementia • Progressive cognitive decline sufficient to
• Lewy Body Variant of Alzheimer’s Disease interfere with usual social or occupational
function
• Cortical Lewy Body Disease
• At least two of following:
• Diffuse Lewy Body Disease – Fluctuating cognition with alterations of alertness or
attention
– Recurrent visual hallucinations
– Spontaneous motor features of Parkinsonism

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Adverse Drug Reactions in Dementia

with Lewy Bodies Vascular Dementia
• Antipsychotics
– Severe EPS reactions
– Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
• Dopaminergic Agents: Carbidopa/Levodopa
– Hallucinations and psychosis
• Memantine?
– There are several case reports of increased
hallucinations and agitation in Lewy body dementia
patients treated with memantine

NINDS-AIREN Criteria for Probable

Features that Make the Diagnosis of
Vascular Dementia
Vascular Dementia Unlikely
• Dementia
• Cerebral vascular disease defined by: • Early onset of memory problems, progressive
– Focal signs of stoke on neurologic exam worsening of memory and other cognitive
– Evidence of relevant cerebral vascular disease: deficits in absence of corresponding focal lesion
• Multiple large vessel infarcts on imaging
• Single strategically placed infarct (angular gyrus, thalamus,
basal forebrain, PCA or ACA territories) • Absence of focal neurological signs other than
• Multiple basal ganglia or white matter lacunes or extensive cognitive deficits
periventricular white matter lesions
• A relationship between the two:
• Absence of any cerebrovascular lesions on brain
– Within 3 months of stroke
imaging
– Abrupt deterioration and stepwise progression

Variants of Frontotemporal dementia

Frontotemporal Dementia
• Behavioral variant
• Group of related diseases involving – Pick’s disease or frontovariant FTD
degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of – Affects social skills, personal conduct, emotions and
self awareness
the brain
– About 60 % of FTD
• These areas are involved in decision making, • Semantic variant
behavioral control, emotion and language – Temporal variant FTD
• It is the most common of the early onset – Deficit is in meaning of language and not production of
dementias speech
• Primary progressive aphasia
– Progressive loss of ability to produce language
– Represents about 20% of FTD

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Clinical Diagnostic Features of Diagnostic Features of

Frontotemporal Dementia Frontotemporal Dementia
Core Diagnostic Features
• Behavioral disorder: • Supportive diagnostic features
– insidious onset, slow progression – Onset before age 65
– loss of personal and social awareness
– disinhibition, hyperorality, loss of insight – Positive family history 1st degree relative
• Affective symptoms: – Bulbar palsy, muscle wasting, fasciculations
– depression; delusions; apathy; lack of empathy
• Speech disorder:
• Diagnostic exclusion features
– progressive reduction of speech – Abrupt onset with seizure activity
– stereotypy of speech; echolalia, perseveration; late mutism – Early severe amnesia, spatial disorientation, apraxia
• Investigations: – Cerebellar ataxia
– normal EEG
– Early severe pathological EEG
– frontal or temporal volume loss on imaging
– profound frontal system dysfunction on
neuropsychological testing

The Diagnostic Evaluation of

Summary of the four common dementias
Dementia
Alzheimer’s Dementia Fronto- Vascular
Disease with Lewy temporal dementia • Medical history and physical
bodies dementia • Neurological evaluation
• Cognitive testing
Memory loss Parkinsonism Behavior Evidence of
is prominent Hallucination changes strokes • Brain imaging
Visual spatial Language Memory loss • Laboratory tests
prblems disturbance is not
• Psychiatric evaluation
prominent
Amyloid Lewy bodies Tau Strokes on
Tau-p imaging

Evidence Supports the Following

Tests in Routine Dementia Evaluation
• CBC • Depression screening
• Electrolytes • MRI or CT structural brain
• Metabolic panel image

• Thyroid function tests

• B-12 level

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The Multidisciplinary Team –

Issues to Cover at Diagnosis
Essential Components
• Effect of disease • Where to find help and
services
• Medical team
• Disease progression
• Ability to perform daily • Caregiver information • Social work
tasks • Financial and legal
planning issues • Case management
• Available medications
• Difficult behaviors • Driving • Patient resources
• Family
• Community

Recommendations Why Screen for Early Dementia?

• Need to be presented face-to-face as well as in • Allows the individual a chance to plan for the
a clear written format future, while decision-making capacity exists
• Need to be discussed with the patient, family • Safety issues
– Medication compliance
and caregivers with adequate time for questions
– Driving
and clarification
– Neglect and abuse
• Need to be pertinent to the individual’s living – Wandering
situation and available resources • Can disease course can be modified?

The Primary Care Physician’s Role Which patients need referral to neurologist
in Care of Patient’s with Dementia or other dementia specialist?
• Recognition of symptoms • Sudden onset, rapid progression.
• Accurate diagnosis • Age of onset less than 60
• Documentation of diagnosis • Any focal neurologic findings
• Development of a care plan and referral to • Marked behavior change or language
appropriate social support services disturbance at onset
• Follow-up assessment and care • Seizures
• Appropriate use of prescription medications • Movement disorder or Parkinsonism
• If it “doesn’t feel right”

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Patients you may wish to refer to a Resources the primary care physician must
multidiscipline dementia center have to care for the patient with dementia
• Mild cognitive impairment or early stage disease • Access to neuropsychological testing
• Patients with poor social support systems or at • Social worker with dementia care experience
risk living conditions • Access to care management services
• Individuals who express an interest in research • A knowledge of community support systems in
or clinical trials your area (ex: Alzheimer’s Association)
• If you are feeling overwhelmed by the patient’s
care needs

ACP and AAFP Evidence Review for Summary of ACP and AAFP
Dementia Treatment Guidelines for Dementia Treatment
• RCTs: Modified Jadad score 3 or above • Clinicians should base the decision to initiate
– Donepezil - 24 studies: 2 moderate to severe, 1 severe cholinesterase inhibitor or memantine on individual
assessment
– Galantamine - 10 studies: all mild to moderate – Weak recommendation, moderate quality evidence
– Rivastigmine - 9 studies: 1 moderate, none severe • Choice should be based on tolerability, adverse effects,
– Memantine - 5 studies: 2 mild to moderate, 2 moderate ease of use and cost
to severe, 1 severe – Weak recommendation, low quality evidence

Raina et al Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:379-397

Qaseem et al Annals Internal Medicine March 4, 2008

Earlier Identification of Disease

• The pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease develops
years to perhaps decades prior to detectable cognitive
dysfunction
New Diagnostic Modalities • Can these changes be detected in asymptomatic
individuals?
• Are there “surrogate-markers” for early disease?
– Biomarkers in CSF or blood
– Advanced imaging technologies

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New Alzheimer’s Disease Guidelines

and Criteria
• Notable difference from 1984 NINCDS-ADRDA
includes formulation of 3 AD stages and
inclusion of biomarkers
• Broad consensus that the use of biomarkers
must be validated and standardized before
routine clinical application

Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease:

Three Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease
Biomarkers and Advanced Imaging
• Pre-clinical Measures of: Solely for research:
– Pathophysiological changes in the brain, but cognitively normal A-beta accumulation: This is a conceptual model
• Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD CSF A-beta 42 and not meant to imply that
– Clinical and research criteria PET image with amyloid all individuals with early AD
tracer pathology will progress to
• Dementia due to Alzheimer’s Disease AD dementia
– Probable Neuronal injury:
– Possible CSF tau/p-tau
– Probable with evidence of AD pathophysiology FDG-PET/fMRI
sMRI

MCI with AD Pathology Dementia due to Alzheimer’s Disease

• Clinical Core Criteria can be used in clinical • Probable AD Retains framework of 1984
– Change in cognition over time setting – Core clinical criteria NINCDS-ADRDA criteria
consistent with AD
– Impairment in 1 or more • Possible AD Previous possible AD should be
cognitive domains – Atypical course reevaluated with updated criteria
– Independent function – Mixed etiology
– Not demented
• Probable AD with AD Not recommended for routine AD
• Research criteria Research only: Prior to use in pathology diagnosis; may increase certainty
– Incorporates biomarkers and community, biomarker criteria and – Biomarkers in AD diagnosis
advanced imaging standardization must occur – Advanced imaging

10
 6/10/2012

Amyloid Imaging CSF Markers for Alzheimer’s Disease

• Florbetapir (Amyvid: Eli-Lilly Avid) • CSF levels of tau and A-beta 42 have been
– 18F tracer that labels amyloid on PET scan shown to accurately predict which MCI patients
will progress to AD
– In January 2011, the FDA Peripheral and Central
Nervous System Drugs advisory board voted – Significantly elevated tau levels and lower A-beta 42
approval, if a clinical trial can confirm that doctors can levels in CSF are highly sensitive and specific for
read the scans properly. Alzheimer’s pathology

Volumetric MRI
• The finding of a hippocampal volume two
standard deviations below normal and a inferior
lateral ventricle volume greater than two
standard deviations above normal is strongly
predictive of progression to AD in patients with
MCI

Dementia is……
• Loss of memory and other cognitive functions
• A decline in the ability to perform usual daily
tasks
• Changes in behavior and personality
• Loss of ability for self care and self
determination

11
 6/10/2012

There are approximately

5.4 million individuals
in the U.S. today
with the diagnosis
of Alzheimer’s Disease

The Tip of the Iceberg…

SOCARE
• Team provides comprehensive initial evaluation
and social assessment
• Referral for: imaging, neuropsychological
testing, geriatric psychiatry or neurology, as
8950 Villa La Jolla Drive, Suite C-129
indicated
La Jolla, CA, 92037
Phone: (858) 622-5800 • A final conference with patient and family to
Fax: (858) 622-1017 present diagnosis, recommendations and
http://adrc.ucsd.edu education about community resources

The San Diego and Imperial County

SOCARE Contact Information
Alzheimer’s Association
Clinic Office 858 492-4400

(619) 471-3833
• Services available include:
– Education for patients and caregivers
– Support groups
– Crisis help line
– Safe return program
– And many, many more

12
 6/10/2012

Other Resources
• Southern Care Givers Resource Center
– 858 268-4432
• Glenner Memory Care Centers
– 800 736-6674

13
 6/10/2012

Conflict on Interest

Collaborative Care Model of  none

Mental Health Care

Kurt Lindeman, M.D.

June 23, 2012

Lecture Objectives

 At the conclusion of this presentation, the Mental health in the primary

learner will be able to:
 Understand the significance of mental health care setting.
issues in the primary care setting.
 Describe the various aspects of collaborative care
models used to manage mental health care in the .

primary care setting.

 Take initial steps to implement collaborative care
models in their own practice.

Mental health in the primary care setting. Mental health in the primary care setting.

 The combined lifetime prevalence of all  Psychiatric Diagnoses have been found in
mental health disorders is 57.4% (Kessler, 2005) *42.5% of patients in a Primary Care Office
(Ansseau, 2004)
 Approximately half of all mental health care
 Estimates as high as 50-70% of patients in
services are provided solely by Primary Care
Primary Care have psychological symptoms
providers. (deGruy, 1996)
affecting their medical condition (Gatchel, 2003)

1
 6/10/2012

Mental health in the primary care setting. Mental health in the primary care setting.

 The most commonly detected disorders  Approximately half of the patients with a
include psychiatric disorder were not recognized as
 Mood Disorders 31% - depression and dysthymia having a mental illness by there primary care
 Anxiety disorders 19% - generalized anxiety physician. (Higgens, 1994)
 Somatoform disorders 18%
 Substance dependence 10%
 (Ansseau, 2004)

Mental health in the primary care setting. Mental health in the primary care setting.

 “The bidirectional relationship between the effects of  30,000 people die of suicide each year
depression/anxiety and medical illnesses creates a
 650,000 attempts!
vicious cycle of medical, mental health, and
behavioral concerns that can negatively affect the  Suicide is related to physical health
course of illness.” (Beachum, 2012)  32% will have had a medical visit in the preceding
 Decreased quality of life 6 months
 Decline in activities of daily living  Physical health is noted as an important
 Poor adherence contributing factor in 11-51% of attempts
 Decreased health related behaviors  (Kaplan and Saddock, 2003)
 Increased use of services
 Increased morbidity and mortality (Katon, 2003)

Mental health in the primary care setting.

 Treatment of depression after screening can Collaborative Care Models

improve outcomes.
 However the USPSTF recommends against
screening unless you have staff-assisted care
support in place. .

 Screening alone does not lead to improved

outcomes.
 (Phillips, 2011)

2
 6/10/2012

Collaborative Care Models Collaborative Care Models

 Collaborative Care offers a seamless,  “It is evident that there is no single approach
multidisciplinary approach to patient care. to integrating or coordinating services.
 It is a collaborative approach to care that However, there are critical success factors
occurs entirely within the primary care clinic. that vary depending on program goals,
 It involves the partnership of multiple populations, the role and type of implementer
specialties in patient care — including among others.” (RWJ Foundation, 2007)
physicians, nurses, and behavioral health  There is “no uniform definition of integration.”
professionals.
 (Beachum, 2012)

Collaborative Care Models Collaborative Care Models

 Blount suggests analyzing a program according to  Properly organized models should impact
the following categories  Access to services
 Location of services:
 Clinical outcome
 Coordination – referrals to outside services
 Collocation – services within the same building  Maintained improvement
 Integration – services in the same place, working in  Improved adherence
partnership
 Patient and provider satisfaction
 Targeted or non-targeted patient population
 Specified or unspecified Behavioral Health services  Cost effectiveness
 (Blount, 2003)
 Small scale or extensive implementation
 Open or protocolized treatment strategies

Collaborative Care Models Collaborative Care Models

 RWJF echoes Blount in asserting  RWJF continued…

 Service integration can mean different things and  Commonalities between programs include
may take on many forms … the path toward  All programs appeared to be vested in a shared belief
integration varies depending on the goals, the that treating the whole person is paramount.
resources, and the system reach of the  Existence of a conceptual framework
implementer.  Improved communication tools and processes
 Screening tools
 Collaboration in determining clinic approach
 Identifying funding mechanisms
 Establishing sustainability

3
 6/10/2012

Collaborative Care Models Collaborative Care Models

 Evidence suggests that Collaborative Care:  IMPACT Model

 Reduces barriers to access and forestalls  Improving Mood-Promoting Access to
progression of illnesses Collaborative Treatment
 Improves efficiency as much as 200–300% in
 It is a collaborative model of depression
achieving positive health outcomes
treatment in primary care.
 Increases patient and PCP satisfaction
 Fewer appointment cancellations  Impact-UW.org
 Higher adherence to medical recommendations
 (Beachum, 2012)

Collaborative Care Models Collaborative Care Models

 The five most essential elements of IMPACT  Collaborative care is the cornerstone of the
are: IMPACT model and functions in two main
 Collaborative Care ways:
 Depression Care managers  The patient's primary care physician works with a
 Designated Psychiatrist care manager and the patient to develop and
implement a personalized treatment plan
 Outcome measurement
 Care manager and primary care provider consult
 Stepped Care
 (Impact-uw.org)
with psychiatrist to change treatment plans if
patients do not improve
 (impact-uw.org)

Collaborative Care Models Collaborative Care Models

 Depression Care Manager: This may be a nurse,  Designated Psychiatrist:

social worker or psychologist and may be supported
by a medical assistant or other paraprofessional. The  Consults to the care manager and primary care
care manager: physician on the care of patients who do not
 Educates the patient about depression respond to treatments as expected
 (impact-uw.org)
 Supports antidepressant therapy if prescribed

 Coaches patients in behavioral activation

 Offers a brief course of counseling

 Monitors depression symptoms for treatment response

 Completes a relapse prevention plan

 (impact-uw.org)

4
 6/10/2012

Collaborative Care Models Collaborative Care Models

 Outcome measurement:  Stepped care:

 IMPACT care managers measure depressive  Treatment adjusted based on clinical outcomes
symptoms at the start of a patient's treatment and and according to an evidence-based algorithm
regularly thereafter.  Aim for a 50 percent reduction in symptoms within
 The PHQ-9 is an effective measurement tool. 10-12 weeks
 (Impact-uw.org)
 If patient is not significantly improved at 10-12
weeks, change the plan with help from the
psychiatrist
 (impact-uw.org)

Collaborative Care Models Collaborative Care Models

 “The IMPACT collaborative care model  “These findings are consistent with a substantial
body of evidence for collaborative care for
appears to be feasible and significantly more depression that has emerged over the past 10
effective than usual care for depression in a years.”
wide range of primary care practices.”  A meta-analysis of the evidence for collaborative
 At 12 months, 45% of intervention patients depression care was published by Gilbody, et al in
the Archives of Internal Medicine in 2006. They
had a 50% or greater reduction in depression examined 37 randomized controlled trials with
symptoms from baseline compared with 19% 12,355 total patients. They concluded, “Sufficient
of usual care participants. randomized evidence had emerged … to
 (Unutzer, Jama 2002) demonstrate the effectiveness of collaborative care.”
 (impact-uw.org)

Implementation

Implementation  There are many ways to improve the

provision of mental health care in your
practice.
 Educate yourself
 Increase communication with patients and
.
providers
 Collocation
 Collaboration
 Start a Collaborative Care program
 Wellness programs

5
 6/10/2012

Implementation Implementation

 Educate yourself  Educate yourself - Learn outside resources

 Learn the DSM criteria for the common diagnoses  Do you know how to refer to mental health
 Learn the common medications services?
 Learn the screening questions  What resources do you have in your system, how
 Learn the co-morbidities do patients find resources on their own?
 Take a class, CME, online certifications, etc…  What resources are available in the community?
 Access and Crisis Line, 211, couples, groups,
substances, housing, food, clothing, shelter, fun
organizations
 Do you have social workers in your clinic?

Implementation Implementation

 Communicate with patients and providers  Collocation

 Start asking your patients about mental health  Can your clinic relocate it’s mental health
care providers to the same space in which you work?
 Ask your patients about their mental health care  Once you’re close it’s easy to start talking
providers and other resources  You’ll likely capture more patients this way
 Communicate with your patients mental health  Decrease stigma amongst patients and providers
care providers
 Start decreasing stigma amongst patients

Implementation Implementation
 Start a program
 Collaboration  What exactly are you targeting? What population, what

 If you’re already using the same work-space as condition?

 How are you going to find these pts?
your mental health providers, start talking to them.  What service are you going to offer them?
Set time to meet. Have lunch together.  Where is this service located?
 How are you going to communicated with those service
providers?
 Are you going to share a treatment plan?
 Are you going to make a protocol?
 Who is going to follow the treatment plan, progress and protocol?

 Do you have specialist help?

 Will it be accessible?
 How are you going to fund this?

 Will it be cost effective?

6
 6/10/2012

Implementation References
 Kessler, R.C., Berglund, P.A., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas,
 Wellness programs K.R., Walters, E.E. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset
 Lots of things that are good for your health are distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity
Survey Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry,
also good for your mental health. 62(6), 593-602; 2005.
 Connecting mental health patients with wellness  deGruy F. Mental health care in the primary care setting. In:
Donaldson MS, ed. Primary Care: America's Health in a New Era.
programs may improve their health*. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 1996.
 This may also foster a team approach to provide  Ansseau, M. Dierick, F. Buntinkx, P. Cnockaert, J. De Smedt, M.
Van Den Haute, D. Vander Mijnsbrugge. High prevalence of
holistic services for their health. mental disorders in primary care. Journal of Affective Disorders -
January 2004 (Vol. 78, Issue 1, Pages 49-55, DOI:
10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00219-7)

References References
 Gatchel, R. J., & Oordt, M. S. Clinical health psychology and primary  Sadock, Ben J., Sadock, Virginia A. Synopsis of
care: Practical advice and clinical guidance for successful
collaboration. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Psychiatry, 9th Ed. Lipincott Williams and Wilkins,
Association; 2003. 2003.
 Higgins ES. A review of unrecognized mental illness in primary care.  Phillips, Robert L. Better Integration of Mental
Prevalence, natural history, and efforts to change the course.
Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of South
Health Care Improves Depression Screening and
Carolina, Charleston. Archives of Family Medicine [1994, 3(10):908- Treatment in Primary Care. Am Fam
17] Physician. 2011 Nov 1;84(9):980.
 Katon, Wayne J. Clinical and Health Services Relationships  Integrating Publicly Funded Physical and Behavioral
between Major Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and General
Medical Illness. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:216–226 © 2003
Health Services: A Description of Selected Initiatives
Society of Biological Psychiatry. Final Report. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
2007.

References Collaborative Care Model of Mental

Health Care
 Blount, Alexander. Integrated primary care: organizing  Questions?
the evidence. Families, Systems & Health: 21, 121-134,
2003.
 Unützer J, Katon W, Callahan CM, Williams JW Jr,
Hunkeler E, Harpole L, Hoffing M, Della Penna RD,
Noël PH, Lin EH, Areán PA, Hegel MT, Tang L, Belin
TR, Oishi S, Langston C; Collaborative care
management of late-life depression in the primary care
setting: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Dec
11;288(22):2836-45.
 Gilbody S, Bower P, Fletcher J, et al. Collaborative
Care for Depression: A Cumulative Meta-analysis and
Review of Longer-term Outcomes. Arch Intern Med.
2006;166:2314-2321

7
 TOBACCO DEPENDENCE:
A 2-PART PROBLEM
PHARMACOTHERAPY for
Tobacco Dependence
SMOKING CESSATION
Physiological Behavioral

The addiction to nicotine The habit of using tobacco

Treatment Treatment

Sarah McBane, PharmD, CDE, BCPS

Medications for cessation Behavior change program

June 23, 2012

Treatment should address the physiological
and the behavioral aspects of dependence.

CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE for

Objectives TREATING TOBACCO USE and DEPENDENCE

1. List several health risks associated with chronic  Update released May 2008
tobacco use
 Sponsored by the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Public Heath
2. Describe dosing and usage of pharmacologic Service with:
agents used in tobacco cessation
 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute
3. Compare the efficacy of the various


 National Institute on Drug Abuse

pharmacologic aids for cessation  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 National Cancer Institute
4. Identify the five components of comprehensive
tobacco cessation counseling www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/
HANDOUT

ANNUAL U.S. DEATHS ATTRIBUTABLE

to SMOKING, 2000–2004 METHODS for QUITTING
Percent of all smoking-
attributable deaths
 Nonpharmacologic
Cardiovascular diseases 128,497 29%  Counseling and other non-drug approaches
Lung cancer 125,522 28%
Respiratory diseases 103,338 23%  Pharmacologic
Second-hand smoke 49,400 11%  FDA-approved medications
Cancers other than lung 35,326 8%
Other 1,512 <1% Counseling and medications are both effective,
but the combination of counseling and
TOTAL: 443,595 deaths annually medication is more effective than either alone.
Fiore et al. (2008). Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update.
3
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2008). MMWR 57:1226–1228. Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, MD: USDHHS, PHS, May 2008.

Copyright © 1999-2009 The Regents of the University of California, University of Southern California,
and Western University of Health Sciences. All rights reserved. Updated October 2008.

1
 PHARMACOLOGIC METHODS: NICOTINE GUM
FIRST-LINE THERAPIES Nicorette (GlaxoSmithKline); generics

Three general classes of FDA-approved  Resin complex

drugs for smoking cessation:  Nicotine
 Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)  Polacrilin
 Nicotine gum, patch, lozenge, nasal spray, inhaler  Sugar-free chewing gum base
 Psychotropics
 Contains buffering agents to enhance
 Sustained-release bupropion buccal absorption of nicotine
 Partial nicotinic receptor agonist
 Available: 2 mg, 4 mg; original, cinnamon,
 Varenicline
fruit, mint (various), and orange flavors

NRT: RATIONALE for USE NICOTINE GUM: DOSING

Dosage based on current smoking patterns:
 Reduces physical withdrawal from nicotine If patient smokes Recommended strength

 Eliminates the immediate, reinforcing effects 25 cigarettes/day 4 mg

of nicotine that is rapidly absorbed via tobacco <25 cigarettes/day 2 mg
smoke
Recommended Usage Schedule for Nicotine Gum
 Allows patient to focus on behavioral and
psychological aspects of tobacco cessation Weeks 1–6 Weeks 7–9 Weeks 10–12
1 piece q 1–2 h 1 piece q 2–4 h 1 piece q 4–8 h
DO NOT USE MORE THAN 24 PIECES PER DAY.
NRT products approximately doubles quit rates.

NICOTINE GUM:
NRT: PRODUCTS CHEWING TECHNIQUE SUMMARY
Polacrilex gum Nasal spray
 Nicorette (OTC)  Nicotrol NS (Rx)
Chew slowly
 Generic nicotine gum (OTC)
Inhaler
Lozenge Nicotrol (Rx)

Stop chewing at
 Nicorette Lozenge (OTC) Chew again first sign of peppery
 Nicorette Mini Lozenge (OTC) when peppery
Generic nicotine lozenge (OTC) taste or tingling

taste or tingle sensation
fades
Transdermal patch
 NicoDerm CQ (OTC)
 Generic nicotine patches (OTC, Rx) Park between
cheek & gum
Patients should stop using all forms of tobacco
upon initiation of the NRT regimen.

Copyright © 1999-2009 The Regents of the University of California, University of Southern California,
and Western University of Health Sciences. All rights reserved. Updated October 2008.

2
 NICOTINE GUM: ADDITIONAL
NICOTINE LOZENGE
Nicorette Lozenge and Nicorette Mini Lozenge
PATIENT EDUCATION (GlaxoSmithKline); generics

 To improve chances of quitting, use at least nine  Nicotine polacrilex formulation

pieces of gum daily  Delivers ~25% more nicotine
than equivalent gum dose
 The effectiveness of nicotine gum may be reduced
by some foods and beverages:  Sugar-free mint, cherry flavors
 Coffee  Juices
 Contains buffering agents to
 Wine  Soft drinks enhance buccal absorption of
nicotine
Do NOT eat or drink for 15 minutes BEFORE
or while using nicotine gum.  Available: 2 mg, 4 mg

NICOTINE GUM: NICOTINE LOZENGE: DOSING

ADD’L PATIENT EDUCATION (cont’d) First cigarette smoked Recommended strength

Within 30 min of 4 mg
 Chewing gum will not provide same rapid
satisfaction that smoking provides awakening
After 30 min of awakening 2 mg
 Chewing gum too rapidly can cause excessive
release of nicotine, resulting in adverse effects Recommended Usage Schedule for the Nicotine Lozenge

 May stick to dental work Weeks 1–6 Weeks 7–9 Weeks 10–12
1 lozenge 1 lozenge 1 lozenge
q 1–2 h q 2–4 h q 4–8 h
DO NOT USE MORE THAN 20 LOZENGES PER DAY.

NICOTINE LOZENGE:
NICOTINE GUM: SUMMARY DIRECTIONS for USE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES  Use according to recommended dosing schedule
 Might satisfy oral  Need for frequent dosing can  Place in mouth and allow to dissolve slowly (nicotine release
cravings. compromise compliance. may cause warm, tingling sensation)
 Might delay weight gain  Might be problematic for  Do not chew or swallow lozenge.
(4-mg strength). patients with significant
dental work.  Occasionally rotate to different areas of the mouth.
 Patients can titrate
therapy to manage  Patients must use proper  Standard lozenges will dissolve completely in about 2030
withdrawal symptoms. chewing technique to minutes; Nicorette Mini lozenge will dissolve in 10 minutes.
minimize adverse effects.
 A variety of flavors are
available.  Gum chewing might not be
socially acceptable.

Copyright © 1999-2009 The Regents of the University of California, University of Southern California,
and Western University of Health Sciences. All rights reserved. Updated October 2008.

3
 NICOTINE LOZENGE: ADDITIONAL TRANSDERMAL NICOTINE PATCH:
PATIENT EDUCATION DOSING
 To improve chances of quitting, use at least nine
lozenges daily during the first 6 weeks Product Light Smoker Heavy Smoker
 The lozenge will not provide the same rapid NicoDerm CQ 10 cigarettes/day >10 cigarettes/day
satisfaction that smoking provides Step 2 (14 mg x 6 weeks) Step 1 (21 mg x 6 weeks)
Step 3 (7 mg x 2 weeks) Step 2 (14 mg x 2 weeks)
 The effectiveness of the nicotine lozenge may be Step 3 (7 mg x 2 weeks)
reduced by some foods and beverages: Generic 10 cigarettes/day >10 cigarettes/day
 Coffee  Juices (formerly Habitrol) Step 2 (14 mg x 6 weeks) Step 1 (21 mg x 4 weeks)
 Wine  Soft drinks Step 3 (7 mg x 2 weeks) Step 2 (14 mg x 2 weeks)
Step 3 (7 mg x 2 weeks)
Do NOT eat or drink for 15 minutes BEFORE
or while using the nicotine lozenge.

TRANSDERMAL NICOTINE PATCH:

NICOTINE LOZENGE: SUMMARY ADDITIONAL PATIENT EDUCATION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES  Water will not harm the nicotine patch if it is
 Might satisfy oral cravings.  Need for frequent dosing applied correctly; patients may bathe, swim,
can compromise
shower, or exercise while wearing the patch
 Might delay weight gain
(4-mg strength). compliance  Do not cut patches to adjust dose
 Easy to use and conceal.  Gastrointestinal side  Nicotine may evaporate from cut edges
effects (nausea, hiccups,
 Patients can titrate therapy
and heartburn) may be
to manage withdrawal  Keep new and used patches out of the reach of
symptoms. bothersome.
children and pets
 Several flavors are  Remove patch before MRI procedures
available.

TRANSDERMAL NICOTINE PATCH TRANSDERMAL NICOTINE PATCH:

NicoDerm CQ (GlaxoSmithKline); generic ADD’L PATIENT EDUCATION (cont’d)
 Nicotine is well absorbed across the skin
 Side effects to expect in first hour:
 Delivery to systemic circulation avoids hepatic first-  Mild itching
pass metabolism
 Burning
Plasma nicotine levels are lower and fluctuate less
 Tingling


than with smoking

 Additional possible side effects:
 Vivid dreams or sleep disturbances

 Headache

Copyright © 1999-2009 The Regents of the University of California, University of Southern California,
and Western University of Health Sciences. All rights reserved. Updated October 2008.

4
 TRANSDERMAL NICOTINE PATCH: NICOTINE NASAL SPRAY:
SUMMARY ADDITIONAL PATIENT EDUCATION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES  What to expect (first week):
 Provides consistent Hot peppery feeling in back of throat or nose
nicotine levels.  Patients cannot titrate the 

Sneezing
dose to acutely manage


Easy to use and  Coughing


withdrawal symptoms. Watery eyes
conceal. 

Runny nose
Allergic reactions to the


 Once daily dosing 

associated with fewer adhesive may occur.  Side effects should lessen over a few
compliance problems. days
 Patients with dermatologic
 Regular use during the first week will help in
conditions should not use development of tolerance to the irritant effects
the patch. of the spray

NICOTINE NASAL SPRAY NICOTINE NASAL SPRAY:

Nicotrol NS (Pfizer) SUMMARY
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Aqueous solution of nicotine
in a 10-ml spray bottle  Patients can easily  Need for frequent dosing
titrate therapy to can compromise compliance.
 Each metered dose rapidly manage  Nasal/throat irritation may
actuation delivers withdrawal symptoms.
be bothersome.
 50 mcL spray
 Higher dependence
 0.5 mg nicotine potential.
 ~100 doses/bottle  Patients with chronic nasal
disorders or severe reactive
 Rapid absorption across airway disease should not
nasal mucosa use the spray.

NICOTINE NASAL SPRAY: NICOTINE INHALER

DOSING & ADMINISTRATION Nicotrol Inhaler (Pfizer)

 One dose = 1 mg nicotine  Nicotine inhalation system

(2 sprays, one 0.5 mg spray in each nostril) consists of:
 Start with 1–2 doses per hour  Mouthpiece
Cartridge with porous plug
 Increase prn to maximum dosage of 5 doses per 
containing 10 mg nicotine and
hour or 40 mg (80 sprays; ~½ bottle) daily 1 mg menthol
 For best results, patients should use at least 8  Delivers 4 mg nicotine
doses daily for the first 6–8 weeks vapor, absorbed across
 Termination: buccal mucosa
 Gradual tapering over an additional 4–6 weeks

Copyright © 1999-2009 The Regents of the University of California, University of Southern California,
and Western University of Health Sciences. All rights reserved. Updated October 2008.

5
 NICOTINE INHALER:
NICOTINE INHALER: DOSING DIRECTIONS for USE (cont’d)

 During inhalation, nicotine is vaporized and

 Start with at least 6 cartridges/day during the first
3-6 weeks of treatment absorbed across oropharyngeal mucosa

 Increase prn to maximum of 16 cartridges/day

 Inhale into back of throat or puff in short breaths
 Nicotine in cartridges is depleted after about 20
 In general, use 1 cartridge every 1-2 hours
minutes of active puffing
 Recommended duration of therapy is 3 months  Cartridge does not have to be used all at once
 Open cartridge retains potency for 24 hours
 Gradually reduce daily dosage over the following
6–12 weeks  Mouthpiece is reusable; clean regularly with mild
detergent

NICOTINE INHALER: NICOTINE INHALER:

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM ADDITIONAL PATIENT EDUCATION
Air/nicotine mixture out
Sharp point that  Side effects associated with the nicotine inhaler include:
breaks the seal
 Mild irritation of the mouth or throat
Aluminum laminate
sealing material  Cough
 Headache
Sharp point that
breaks the seal Mouthpiece  Rhinitis
 Dyspepsia
Porous plug impregnated  Severity generally rated as mild, and frequency of
with nicotine
Nicotine
symptoms declined with continued use
Air in cartridge

Reprinted with permission from Schneider et al. (2001). Clinical Pharmacokinetics

40:661–684. Adis International, Inc.

NICOTINE INHALER: NICOTINE INHALER:

DIRECTIONS for USE (cont’d) ADD’L PATIENT EDUCATION (cont’d)
 The inhaler may not be as effective in very cold
(<59F) temperatures—delivery of nicotine vapor
 Put top on mouthpiece and align marks to close may be compromised
Use the inhaler longer and more often at first to
 Press down firmly to break top seal of cartridge 
help control cravings (best results are achieved
with frequent continuous puffing over 20 minutes)
 Twist top to misalign marks and secure unit
 Effectiveness of the nicotine inhaler may be
reduced by some foods and beverages

Do NOT eat or drink for 15 minutes BEFORE

or while using the nicotine inhaler.

Copyright © 1999-2009 The Regents of the University of California, University of Southern California,
and Western University of Health Sciences. All rights reserved. Updated October 2008.

6
 NICOTINE INHALER: SUMMARY BUPROPION SR: DOSING
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Patients should begin therapy 1 to 2 weeks PRIOR
 Patients can easily titrate to their quit date to ensure that therapeutic plasma
therapy to manage  Need for frequent dosing can levels of the drug are achieved.
withdrawal symptoms. compromise compliance.
 The inhaler mimics the  Initial throat or mouth Initial treatment
hand-to-mouth ritual of irritation can be bothersome.
smoking.  150 mg po q AM x 3 days
 Cartridges should not be
stored in very warm Then…
conditions or used in very  150 mg po bid
cold conditions.  Duration, 7–12 weeks
 Patients with underlying
bronchospastic disease must
use the inhaler with caution.

BUPROPION SR BUPROPION:
Zyban (GlaxoSmithKline); generic ADVERSE EFFECTS
 Nonnicotine Common side effects include the following:
cessation aid  Insomnia (avoid bedtime dosing)
 Sustained-release
 Dry mouth
antidepressant
 Affects DA and NE
  craving for Less common but reported effects:
cigarettes  Tremor
  symptoms of
 Skin rash
nicotine withdrawal

BUPROPION: BUPROPION:
CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS ADDITIONAL PATIENT EDUCATION
 Contraindications: seizures, MAOI use, eating
 Dose tapering not necessary when discontinuing
disorders treatment

 Warning: Neuropsychiatric symptoms  If no significant progress toward abstinence by

and suicide risk seventh week, therapy is unlikely to be effective
 Discontinue treatment
 Precaution: concern for seizures,  Reevaluate and restart at later date
cirrhosis

Patients should stop bupropion and contact a health care provider

immediately if agitation, hostility, depressed mood or changes in
thinking or behavior (including suicidal ideation) are observed

Copyright © 1999-2009 The Regents of the University of California, University of Southern California,
and Western University of Health Sciences. All rights reserved. Updated October 2008.

7
 BUPROPION SR: SUMMARY VARENICLINE: DOSING
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Patients should begin therapy 1 week PRIOR to their
 Easy to use oral  The seizure risk is quit date. The dose is gradually increased to minimize
formulation. increased. treatment-related nausea and insomnia.

 Twice daily dosing might  Several contraindications

reduce compliance and precautions preclude Treatment Day Dose
problems. use in some patients.
Initial Day 1 to day 3 0.5 mg qd
 Might delay weight gain dose
 Bupropion might be titration Day 4 to day 7 0.5 mg bid
beneficial for patients
with depression. Day 8 to end of treatment* 1 mg bid
* Up to 12 weeks

VARENICLINE VARENICLINE:
Chantix (Pfizer) ADVERSE EFFECTS
 Nonnicotine  Common (≥5% and 2-fold higher than placebo)
cessation aid  Nausea
 Partial nicotinic
 Sleep disturbances (insomnia, abnormal dreams)
Constipation
receptor agonist 

Flatulence
 symptoms of


nicotine withdrawal  Vomiting
 Blocks dopaminergic
reward pathway

VARENICLINE:
WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS VARENICLINE: SUMMARY
 Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and suicide risk ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Easy to use oral
formulation.  May induce nausea in up to
 Cardiovascular adverse events in one third of patients.
patients with existing cardiovascular  Twice daily dosing might
reduce compliance  Post-marketing surveillance
disease problems. data indicate potential for
 Offers a new mechanism of neuropsychiatric symptoms.
 Serious skin reactions action for persons who
have failed other agents.
 Nausea

Patients should stop varenicline and contact a health care provider

immediately if agitation, hostility, depressed mood or changes in
thinking or behavior (including suicidal ideation) are observed

Copyright © 1999-2009 The Regents of the University of California, University of Southern California,
and Western University of Health Sciences. All rights reserved. Updated October 2008.

8
 LONG-TERM (6 month) QUIT RATES for COMPARATIVE DAILY COSTS
AVAILABLE CESSATION MEDICATIONS of PHARMACOTHERAPY
30 Average $/pack of cigarettes, $5.95
Active drug
25 23.9
Placebo
20.2
20 19.0
Percent quit

18.0
17.1
15.8 16.1

$/day
15
11.3 11.8 11.2
10.3
10 9.1
9.9 8.1

0
Nicotine gum Nicotine Nicotine Nicotine Nicotine Bupropion Varenicline
patch lozenge nasal spray inhaler
Data adapted from Cahill et al. (2008). Cochrane Database Syst Rev; Stead et al. (2008).
Cochrane Database Syst Rev; Hughes et al. (2007). Cochrane Database Syst Rev

EFFECTS of CLINICIAN
COMBINATION PHARMACOTHERAPY INTERVENTIONS
Regimens with enough evidence to be ‘recommended’ first-line With help from a clinician, the odds of quitting approximately doubles.

 Combination NRT 30 Compared to patients who receive no assistance from a

Estimated abstinence at

n = 29 studies clinician, patients who receive assistance are 1.7–2.2

Long-acting formulation (patch) times as likely to quit successfully for 5 or more months.
5+ months

20
Produces relatively constant levels of nicotine

2.2
PLUS 1.7
10
Short-acting formulation (gum, inhaler, nasal spray) 1.0 1.1
 Allows for acute dose titration as needed for nicotine 0
withdrawal symptoms No clinician Self-help Nonphysician Physician
material clinician clinician
 Bupropion SR + Nicotine Patch Type of Clinician
Fiore et al. (2008). Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update.
Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, MD: USDHHS, PHS, May 2008.

COMPLIANCE IS KEY to
QUITTING The 5 A’s
 Promote compliance with prescribed regimens. ASK about tobacco USE

 Use according to dosing schedule, NOT as ADVISE tobacco users to QUIT

needed.
ASSESS READINESS to make a quit attempt
 Consider telling the patient:
 “When you use a cessation product it is important to read all
the directions thoroughly before using the product. The ASSIST with the QUIT ATTEMPT
products work best in alleviating withdrawal symptoms when
used correctly, and according to the recommended dosing
schedule.” ARRANGE FOLLOW-UP care

Copyright © 1999-2009 The Regents of the University of California, University of Southern California,
and Western University of Health Sciences. All rights reserved. Updated October 2008.

9
 The 5 A’s (cont’d)

 Arrange
ARRANGE follow-up care

Number of sessions Estimated quit rate*

0 to 1 12.4%
2 to 3 16.3%
4 to 8 20.9%
More than 8 24.7%
* 5 months (or more) postcessation

Provide assistance throughout the quit attempt.

Fiore et al. (2008). Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update.
Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, MD: USDHHS, PHS, May 2008.

BRIEF COUNSELING:
ASK, ADVISE, REFER (cont’d)
 Brief interventions have been shown to be effective
 In the absence of time or expertise:
 Ask, advise, and refer to other resources, such as
local group programs or the toll-free quitline
1-800-QUIT-NOW or 1 800 – NO-BUTTS

This brief
intervention can be
achieved in less
than 1 minute.

PHARMACOTHERAPY for
SMOKING CESSATION

Sarah McBane, PharmD, CDE, BCPS

June 23, 2012

Copyright © 1999-2009 The Regents of the University of California, University of Southern California,
and Western University of Health Sciences. All rights reserved. Updated October 2008.

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 6/10/2012

Prescription Drug Outline

1. Discuss the high prevalence of prescription drug misuse
Abuse/Misuse in the Primary and associated etiologic and social factors.
2. Discuss the balance to treat chronic pain, while identifying
Care Setting and treating addiction should it occur.
Nathan A Painter, PharmD, CDE 3. Apply best practices in the treatment of chronic pain with
opioids
Assistant Clinical Professor
4. List warning signs of opioid misuse and discuss how a
UCSD Skaggs School of Pharmacy clinician might respond.

Ambulatory Care Pharmacist

UCSD Family Medicine Clinics

Epidemiology of Prescription
What Prescriptions Drugs Get Abused?
Drug Misuse and Abuse
• Opioids: hydrocodone (Vicodin), oxycodone  National
(Oxycontin)  Nearly 1 in 5 teens (19% or 4.5 million) have used
prescription drugs to get high.
 1 in 10 teens (10% or 2.4 million) reported using cough
• Anxiolytics: benzodiazepines (Xanax, Valium), medicine to get high.
barbiturates (butalbital, Fiorecet)  7 of the top 10 drugs abused by 12th graders are prescription
drugs or OTC medications.
 2007 MTF – 1 in 10 seniors used Vicodin and over 5% used
• Stimulants: amphetamine (Adderall), OxyContin
methylphenidate (Ritalin)
 California
 Prescription drug use is accelerating
 Prescription drug use exceed all other drugs other than
marijuana

Non-medical Use: National Survey on

Drug‐Use and Health (in thousands) Prescription
Results from the 2006 NSDUH: National Findings. http://oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh/2k6nsduh/2k6Results.pdf Drug Overdose
Lifetime  Past Year  Past Month 

2006 2007 2006 2007  2006  2007 

Nonmedical Use of 
Psychotherapeutics 
50,965 50,412 16,482 16,280 7,095 6,895

Pain Relievers  33,472 33,060 12,649 12,466 5,220 5,174

OxyContin®  4,098 4,354 1,323 1,422 276 369

Tranquilizers  21,303 20,208 5,058 5,282 1,766 1,835

Stimulants  22,468 21,654 3,761 2,998 1,385 1,053

Methamphetamine  14,206 13,065 1,889 1,343 731 529

MMWR. 1/2012. 61(1).
Sedatives  8,822 8,396 926 864 385 346 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6101a3.htm?s_cid=mm6101a3_w

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Epidemiology of Prescription Drug

Misuse and Abuse Major Findings on PDM
• It is generally believed that the broad availability  Pain relievers are most widely used of all
prescription drugs across all populations.
of prescription drugs (e.g., via the medicine
 PDM is closely associated with age – percentage
cabinet, the Internet, and physicians) and rates increase among youth as they get older –
misperceptions about their safety make peaking in their late teens (18-20) falling off after
prescription medications particularly prone to 20.
abuse.  Older adults exhibit lower rates of misuse –
however because there are more of them, results in
• Among those who abuse prescription drugs, greater overall use.
high rates of other risky behaviors, including  Whites are predominately the users of prescription
abuse of other drugs and alcohol, have also drugs (approximately 75%).
been reported (another good reason to be doing  Young females (12-17) use slightly more than
urine tox screens in your clinic. young males. This changes as they get older.

Major Findings on PDM

Youth Misconceptions Where are they getting them?

• 40% believe prescription drugs are “safer” than  From 2007 NSDUH:
 56.5% got them from someone they know
illicit.  18.1% obtained them from a physician
• 30% believe there’s “nothing wrong” using  4.1% purchased them from a “dealer”
prescription drugs.  .5% bought them on the Internet

• 29% believe they are not addictive  From 2005 PATS Survey:
 60% of teens say they are easy to obtain from parents
• 55% believe there is no harm in using medicine cabinet
prescription drugs  50% from other peoples prescriptions
 More than 50% of teens said “they are available everywhere”
 Another Survey:
 1 in 4 kids with a legitimate prescription had been
approached by others.

2
 6/10/2012

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services CURES

Administration Survey 2009-2010
• Consider use of the California Prescription Monitoring
• The homes of relatives or friends as key sources Program to check history of patient’s prescriptions for
for people to start misusing powerful painkillers controlled substances (http://ag.ca.gov/bne/cures.php)
• Drugs left in home medicine cabinets are prime • In order to obtain access to the PDMP system Prescribers
and Pharmacists must first register with CURES by
targets for prescription drug abuse
submitting an application form electronically at
• Among first-time or occasional users of https://pmp.doj.ca.gov/pmpreg/.
prescription pain killers, most received them • To obtain a CURES report complete form available at:
from family or friends. http://ag.ca.gov/bne/pdfs/BNE1176.pdf
• Among chronic abusers of pain relievers, 41%
obtained pills for free or without asking from
friends or relatives, while 26% got a prescription

Opioid Drugs and Risk Evaluation and White House Office of National Drug
Mitigation Strategies (REMS) Control Policy
• On May 16, 2011, the FDA met with members of the Industry • Mandatory prescriber education
Working Group (IWG) and other sponsors of Long Acting – Public/private partnership to develop an educational
and Extended Release opioid drugs. The purpose of the campaign directed at parents and patients
meeting was to discuss the next steps in implementing A
Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) for these • Prescription drug monitoring programs
products through a single shared system. Topics discussed – CURES
included: • Proper medication disposal
• 1) Prescriber training
• Law enforcement agencies
• 2) Medication Guides
– Decrease prescription drug diversion and abuse
• 3) REMS assessment plan
– Pill mills
• 4) Administrative requirements
– Doctor shopping
http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/informationbydrugclass/ucm163647.htm
http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/InformationbyDrugClass/ucm163655.htm http://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/2012-national-drug-control-strategy

Prescription Drug Misuse from a

Healthcare Provider’s Perspective
To determine whether prescribers are aware of
the prevalence of prescription drug misuse
To evaluate healthcare providers’ knowledge
of current prescription drug misuse statistics
To assess whether prescribers are able to
recognize the signs of prescription drug
misuse

Jacqueline Hovhanessian, PS4, Marina Zotova, PS4

3
 6/10/2012

Perceptions of Substance Abuse Among

UCSD Health Science Students and
Faculty
To assess perceptions of substance use and
substance danger among UCSD Health
Science students and faculty.
To evaluate the impact that attending a
health science program has on a student’s
decision to discontinue using substances.

Jessica Derwin, PS4, Tina Nguyen, PS4

4
 6/10/2012

Opioid Agreement/Contract Informed Consent

SPECIFIC RISKS OF THE TREATMENT (long-term
• Have a Treatment Plan/Informed Consent (documentation of opioid use):
risk/benefit) on the chart (DGIM has a Treatment Agreement
that can be used)  Side effects (short and long term)

• Treatment Agreement (use for those at high risk for  Physical dependence, tolerance
abuse/addiction)
 Risk of drug interactions or combinations
– One physician/one pharmacy
– Frequent visits (respiratory depression)
– Drug screening  Risk of unintentional or intentional misuse (abuse,

– Agreement to return for pill count when asked to do so addiction, death)

– Number/frequency of all refills  Legal responsibilities (disposing, sharing, selling)
– Reason for discontinuation (violation of agreement, misuse
of medication, abuse of other substances)
• Example: http://www.painedu.org
Paterick et al., 2008

Drug Screening Other Strategies

Purpose
• Evidence of therapeutic adherence • Pill counts should be part of management
• Evidence of non-use of illicit drugs • Should be done by licensed personnel only
Results of study from pain medicine practice (n=122)
• May be most useful early in treatment and can be
• 22% of patients had aberrant medication taking
behaviors
combined with urine toxicology at a nursing or
• 21% of patients had NO aberrant behaviors BUT had
pharmacist visit (no MD visit needed)
abnormal urine drug test
Therefore, aberrant behavior and urine drug test monitoring are
both important.

Katz et al. Clinical J of Pain, 2002.

Pain Assessment Risks/Concerns of Chronic

Opioid Therapy
• Periodic review:
 “Causing Addiction” in persons without abuse or
– Evidence of analgesia dependence history with opioids
– Treat side effects  “Feeding” an existing addiction
– Enhanced social/employment functioning  Causing a relapse in a patient in stable remission
– Overall improved quality of life  Diversion of medication by a patient with or without pain
– Family assessment
– Unsatisfactory: review other options None of these risks are adequately quantified for any
• You can always get a consultation: patient population, but they are not negligible
– Pain specialists
– Psychiatrist (co-occurring mental illness is common)
– Addiction specialist

5
 6/10/2012

Aberrant Medication-Taking Red Aberrant Medication-Taking Yellow

Behavior Flags Behavior Flags

• Deterioration in functioning at work or socially • Complaints about need for more medication
• Illegal activities – selling, forging, buying from • Drug hoarding
nonmedical sources
• Requesting specific pain medications
• Injection or snorting medication
• Multiple episodes of “lost” or “stolen” scripts • Openly acquiring similar medications from other
providers
• Resistance to change therapy despite adverse
effects • Occasional unsanctioned dose escalation
• Refusal to comply with random drug screens • Nonadherence to other recommendations for
pain therapy
• Concurrent abuse of alcohol or illicit drugs
• Use of multiple physicians and pharmacies

Approaching Patient with Aberrant

Substance Use Disorder Treatment
Medication-Taking Behavior
 Take non-judgmental stance • Therapeutic Options:
 Use open-ended questions
 State your concerns about the behavior
• Combination of medication treatment plus
psychosocial/psychotherapeutic interventions:
 Examine the patient for signs of flexibility
 Is the patient more focused on specific opioid or pain
– Inpatient (usually detoxification; short term
pharmacotherapy) followed by:
relief?
• Residential
 Approach as if they have a relative contraindication • Intensive outpatient
to controlled drugs (if not absolute contraindication) • Individual/Group Drug Counseling
 Take pressure off yourself by referring to clinic • +/- Maintenance pharmacotherapy
policies • Know the options in your community

Passik & Kirsh, 2005

Conclusions QUESTIONS?
• Prescription drug misuse/abuse and associated
addiction increasing
• Consider non-opioid treatment options for chronic • DEA Drug Take Back Initiative
pain – http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_disposal/take
• If chronic opioids are to be used: back/
– Treatment Agreement/Informed Consent • CURES
– Good documentation of treatment plan and responses – http://ag.ca.gov/bne/cures.php
– Get releases at outset for other treatment providers, family
member(s) important to therapy
• Know the options for referral in your community

6
 6/10/2012

References
 Monitoring the Future, 2007.
 2005 & 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings,” SAMHSA,
September 2006 & 2007.
 Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) www.ondcp.gov
 Maxwell, J.C. 2006. Trends in the abuse of prescription drugs. Gulf Coast Addiction Technology
Transfer Center, 1-14.
 Paulozzi, L.J., Budnitz, D.S., Xi, Y, 2006. Increasing deaths from opioid analgesics in the United
States. Pharmacoedidemiology and Drug Safety 15, 613-7.
 Fishbain DA, Rosomoff HL, Rosomoff RS: Drug abuse, dependence, and addiction in chronic
pain patients. Clin J Pain. 1992; 8:77-85.
 Balantyne JC, Mao, J. Opioid therapy for chronic pain. N Engl J Med, 2003; 349:1943-53.
 Gourlay D, Heit H. Universal Precautions in Pain Medicine: The treatment of chronic pain with
or without the disease of addiction. Medscape Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2005 7(1).
 Paterick TJ, Carson GV, Allen MC, Paterick TE: Medical informed consent: general
considerations for physicians. Mayo Clinic Proc, 2008 83:313-9.
 CSAT, Methadone-Associated Mortality: Report of a National Assessment, 2003
 Passik SD, Kirsh KL. Managing pain in patients with aberrant drug-taking behaviors. J
Supportive Oncology, 2005; 3:83-6.
 Principles of Addiction Medicine, Ries R etal (eds), pp 99-112, 2009.
 Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment, Gallanter M, Kleber H, pp 215-235, 2008.

7
 6/12/2012

Concussion
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI)
PreTest
David E.J. Bazzo, M.D. FAAFP, CAQSM
Professor of Family Medicine
UCSD School of Medicine

A direct blow to the head is needed to diagnose  Loss of consciousness is needed to 
concussion? diagnose a concussion?
1. True 1. True
2. False 2. False

Currently in California, if a high school athlete 
New 3T functional MRI can tell you when a 
suffers a mild concussion, but his/her evaluation 
player may return to play
is unremarkable, they may return to sport:
1. Next day for practice or game 1. True
2. False
2. Next week for practice or game

3. After physician evaluation with written release

4. Whenever the patient feels ready to return

5. Whenever the coach or trainer feel that the 
athlete is ready 

1
 6/12/2012

Concussion symptoms may take several hours to 
LOC with concussion confers a worse prognosis?
present after the onset of injury
1. True 1. True
2. False 2. False

Seizure immediately after concussion confers a 
worse prognosis?
1. True
2. False

For each single concussion in the NFL..
Over 5,000 happen to high school kids
• 1.2 million high school football players 
During the weekend of 10/17/10 in NFL yearly
A record 22 Concussions were recorded • 140,000 ‐ 250,000 high school football 
concussions each year
• Up to 47% of all high school football 
players have experienced a concussion ‐
35% have had more than one

2
 6/12/2012

The numbers
• Over 15 Million kids play contact sports each 
year in the U.S. alone
And no one know how many happen  • The CDC estimates that more than 3.8 million 
to our youngest athletes sports brain injuries occur every year
• The vast majority of them go undetected, 
unreported and unmanaged – estimates 80%. 
Particularly in girls soccer and basketball
• Pediatric emergency room visits for sports 
concussion have tripled over the last decade

Epidemiology in Children and 
The problem
Adolescents
• 32 (44?) states have passed sports concussion  • 500,000 ER visits/year resulting in 95,000 
laws and National legislation is on its way hospitalizations/year
• Estimated that 40% of players return sooner  • 90% of these are “minor”, but 7,000 children 
than they should die each year of head trauma and 29,000 
cases of permanent disability yearly
• Main causes: MVA’s, falls, assaults, bike 
accidents and trauma related to sports

Symptom Checker, Harvard Medical  
School, Harvard Health Decision Guide, 
2007

Video links
• Second impact syndrome – NY Times
– http://video.nytimes.com/video/2007/09/15/spor
ts/1194817092469/high‐school‐football‐s‐hidden‐
danger.html
• High school football – ESPN Outside the Lines
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=du_qiQ96ddk

• CNN – Sanjay Gupta program on concussion

3
 6/12/2012

Definition of  Definition
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury • Results in rapid onset of short –lived impairment 
A disturbance in brain function caused by direct  of neurologic function that resolves 
or indirect force to the head spontaneously
• Symptoms largely reflect a functional disturbance 
rather than a structural injury
A dysfunction of brain metabolism rather than a 
structural injury or damage to the brain • May or may not involve loss of consciousness
• Resolution of symptoms typically follows a 
sequential course but in some cases symptoms 
Mild traumatic brain injury(MTBI) is  may be prolonged
controversially used interchangeably with the 
term concussion • No abnormality on standard structural 
neuroimaging studies
McCrory et. al., Concensus statement on concussion 
in sport: the 3rd International Conference on  US Dept. HHS, CDC, Heads Up: Facts for 
Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008. Physicians about MTBI, 2006 3rd International conference on concussion 
J Athl Train. 2009;44(4):434‐448 in sports, Zurich, Nov. 2008

Glasgow Coma Scale Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
• A broad term used to describe a spectrum of 
brain injuries resulting from trauma
• Severe TBI : GCS = 3‐8
• Moderate TBI : GCS = 9‐12
• Mild TBI : GCS = 13‐15

Signs and Symptoms of Acute  Physical Signs and Symptoms of Acute 
Concussion Concussion
• Physical • Headache
• Cognitive • Nausea/vomiting
• Emotional • Balance problems
• Sleep Related • Visual problems
• Fatigue
• Sensitivity to light or noise
• “Dazed” or “Stunned”

3rd International Conference on concussion  US Dept. HHS, CDC, Heads Up: Facts for 

in sports, Zurich, Nov. 2008 Physicians About MTBI, 2006

4
 6/12/2012

Cognitive Signs and Symptoms of  Emotional Signs and Symptoms of 
Acute Concussion Acute Concussion
• Feeling mentally “foggy” or slowed down • Irritability
• Difficulty concentrating or remembering • Sadness
• Forgetful of recent information (amnesia) • Hyper‐emotional
• Confused about recent events • Nervousness
• Answers questions slowly • Anxiety
• Repeats questions(perseverates)

US Dept. HHS, CDC, Heads Up: Facts for  US Dept. HHS, CDC, Heads Up: Facts for 
Physicians About MTBI, 2006 Physicians About MTBI, 2006

Sleep Related Signs and Symptoms of 
Differential Diagnosis
Acute Concussion
• Drowsiness • Heat illness
• Hyper‐ or Hyposomnolence • Exertional migraine
• Difficulty falling asleep • Sleep disorder

• For concussion, need a temporal relationship 
of injury to symptoms

US Dept. HHS, CDC, Heads Up: Facts for 
Physicians About MTBI, 2006

Recovery time in concussed 
Variable concussion recovery rates by age
Author Sample Size Population Test Utilized Total days  Total day 
high school athletes
cognitive symptom
resolution resolution

Lovell at al.  95 Professional  Paper and  1 day 1 day

2005 (NFL) pencil NP

Guskiewicz 94 College Balance  3‐5 days 7 days

et al. 2003 BESS

Lovell, 208 High School Computer  26 day 17 days

Collins et. al.  NP 2
2008

presented at 2011 AMSSM by Collins Collins et. al., Neurosurgery 2006

5
 6/12/2012

Office Tools and Techniques for 
Evaluation SCAT 2
• Thorough history: signs, symptoms, previous 
head injuries
• Head and neck exam
• Focused neurological exam(including mental 
status, gait and balance assessment) –Balance 
Error Scoring System(BESS)
• SAC(Standardized Assessment of Concussion) 
or SCAT2(Sport Concussion Assessment Tool)

Evaluation SCAT2 Balance Examination
• Double leg stance
• SAC(Standardized Assessment of Concussion)  • Single leg stance
or SCAT2(Sport Concussion Assessment Tool) 
• Tandem stance
• Standard orientation questions are unreliable  • Error types
(person, place and time) 1. Hands lifted off iliac crest
• Serial monitoring for first few hours – 2. Opening eyes
observing carefully for signs of deterioration 3. Step, stumble or fall
4. Moving hip into >30 degrees abduction
5. Lifting forefoot or heel
6. Remaining out of test position for > 5 seconds
NCAA.ORG has the BESS and SCAT2 demonstration video

Return to Play Guidelines Return to Play Guidelines
• Any player with signs of concussion should be  • “When in doubt, sit them out”
removed from play • New California Interscholastic Federation(CIF) 
guideline requires a licensed physician(MD or DO) 
• Player should be closely monitored for the  to provide written release prior to returning to 
next few hours play
• Medical evaluation with frequent follow up • Zurich Guidelines (November 2008) provide a 
• Return to play follows a medically supervised  structured return to play protocol
stepwise process • Athletes must be asymptomatic at rest, with 
cognition and when physically active before 
returning to play

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Return to Play Guidelines Prevention
• Headgear ‐ “risk compensation”
• Mouth guards
• Rule Changes
• Education – public, players, athletic trainers, 
coaches, parents

Neuroimaging Neuroimaging
• In general, structural imaging provides little  • Non‐contrast CT – test of choice 
benefit in concussion evaluation for intracranial hemorrhage during 
the first 24‐48 hours after injury
• Should be used if suspicion of an intracerebral • CT best modality for detecting 
structural lesion exists: i.e. prolonged  skull fractures
disturbance of consciousness, focal neurologic  • After 48 hours MRI may be more 
deficit or worsening symptoms appropriate (able to detect 
cerebral contusions, petechial 
hemorrhage and white matter 
lesions)

Neuroimaging Neuropsychological Testing
• Functional Imaging(Functional  • Measures reaction time, memory and other 
MRI)‐ can measure metabolic  neurocognitive functions
and hemodynamic changes in  • Useful because cognitive recovery will usually be 
delayed until after clinical symptom resolution
the brain
• Can assist with return to play clinical decision 
• Other functional modalities such  making
as PET, MRS, SPECT and  • Done when the athlete is asymptomatic
MEG(Magnetic Encephalogram)  • Can be used for pre‐participation screening with 
with DTI (Diffusion Tensor  high risk sports
Imaging) are promising and still 
being developed

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Neuropsychological Testing Treatment
• Computer based ‐ ImPACT, CogSport, ANAM,  • Rest
Headminder, CNS Vital Signs • Rest
• Written based – usually requires a  • More rest – both physical and cognitive
neuropsychologist to interpret and administer  • Education – patients/players, coaches, parents 
• Several other types in development and  and teachers
available, e.g. – King‐Devick test, Military  • Most concussions resolve(80‐90%) within a 
Acute Concussion Evaluation(MACE) relatively short time period(7‐10 days)

Rehabilitation Patient Instructions
• Cognitive rehabilitation
– Progression of cognitive tasks

• Vestibular rehabilitation
– Balance training

SCAT 2

Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury Long term symptoms
• Post‐Concussion Syndrome – small number 
usually 10‐20% of all concussions
• Second Impact Syndrome(SIS) ‐ controversial
• Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy(CTE) – NFL 
Football Brain Registry – also referred to as 
“dementia pugilistica”, some cases can mimic 
ALS
• Long term psychiatric effects – much more 
significant than previously believed

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Summary
• MTBI/Concussions are a common everyday 
occurrence frequently seen by primary care 
providers – “Take it seriously...bruising the brain 
is a big deal” (Dr. Dave Baron 1/5/11)
• Guidelines and tools are available to help in the 
management of these cases
• There is a tremendous need to improve our 
knowledge base and understanding of these 
injuries
• Whenever possible...“Play it safer” 

Case 1 ‐ Soccer Case 1 – Soccer (cont)

• 16 yo male high school soccer player  • That night, tried to study for math test (usually 
• While heading ball hit head with other player his best subject) noted  lights bothered his eyes 
and dull headache where hit head
• Rubbed head ,continued to play for last few  • Difficulty concentrating while studying 
minutes of game without apparent problem  • Denied nausea/vomiting or visual changes but 
(per Mom) felt “tired” 
• No LOC • Brought to clinic the next day for evaluation
• PE: scalp soft tissue contusion at site of impact, 
no pupillary abnormalities, normal speech, 
orientation, gait, gross cranial nerve evaluation 
and gross motor functioning.

What additional evaluation should be done to  Would head imaging be warranted at this time?  
assess for concussion? If so which imaging :
1. Questionnaire about symptoms 1. Skull radiograph
2. Computer based neuropsych testing 2. CT Scan
3. Balance testing 3. MRI
4. 1 and 2 4. No Imaging warranted
5. 2 and 3
6. All of the above

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The patient wants to know when he can play 
soccer again. What do you tell him? Case 1 – Soccer (cont)
• Additional assessment performed 
1. The next day
– SCAT2 positive symptom score
2. One week – Positive slight balance problem on BESS
3. One month • A: Concussion
4. When released by a physician • P: No imaging indicated
5. Can’t return to play – Managed with cognitive and physical rest
– Re‐evaluated 72 hours later
• Outcome: Symptoms improved ‐ Graded return to 
exercise initiated ‐ Resumed soccer one week 
post injury ‐No recurrence of symptoms

Case 2 ‐ Skateboarder Case 2 – Skateboarder (cont)

• 19 yo ♀ collegiate tennis player • 2/24/11 initial physician visit:
• 2/20/11 fell from skateboard and hit back  – Lightheaded, headache began DOI and not 
of head changed
• 2/22/11 seen by training staff with c/o  – no balance problem, no weakness 
left sided neck pain,  HA, sleepy, hard to  • O: nl except TTP L paraspinal cervical 
concentrate, sensitive to light muscles
• PMH: No hx concussion • A: Concussion
• P: Rest from physical and mental activity
–Close f/u for sx change

Would you image this patient? Case 2 – Skateboarder (cont)

• We opted:
0% 1. Yes with skull x‐ray – If sx worse proceed with imaging, low threshold
0% 2. Yes with CT Scan • 2/25/11 (4 days after injury)
• Symptoms got worse – to  ED
0% 3. Yes with MRI – CT Scan – punctate hemorrhage , repeat scan 6 hours later, no change
– D/C’d with f/u
0% 4. Yes with other imaging • 3/2/11 
• S: Still HA, light sensitivity, sleepy, gets confused easily
0% 5. No – No vision change, normal  hearing, balance
• O: no new findings
• A: Concussion 
• P: No activity
– Weekly exams

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Would you repeat any imaging? Case 2 – Skateboarder (cont)

• Repeat imaging with MRI
1. Yes, CT Scan • 3/7 reviewed image cavernous hemangioma
– Continued to have problems studying
2. Yes, MRI
• 3/9/11 (17 days post injury)
3. Yes, other imaging – sx worse, bad HA, arms and legs feel weaker, tingling, numbness on 
both that last for hours. Studying making things worse, decreased 
4. No appetite, nausea, no vomiting
• TO ED
– Recommended MRI w/contrast, including GRE sequences.
• Pt went home for spring break, saw her neurologist thought 
to be hemangioma with no need for further w/u, nl exam
• 3/30/11
• Better, no HA, N/V/Dizzy, nl energy, sleeping well

11
 25 STEPS: H OW TO SET UP A STUD EN T-RUN FREE CLI N I C PROJECT
1. Identify a core group of interested students.
2. Identify a faculty advisor/ champion w ho w ill help to build credibility and
. support from your institution and help to ensure adequate clinical
supervision for all activities.
3. Find a community partner w ho is already serving the underserved in a
community setting- e.g. school, church, neighborhood program, meal
program. M eet w ith the partner and begin to establish a trusted
relationship. From the beginning, help your fellow health professional
students and team understand that w e, as health professionals , are guests
in the community partner's setting. Thus, if something is needed, w hether
an electrical outlet, or a copy machine, or keys to a certain door, that w e
are in this long term partnership together and the elements of trust and
mutual respectare essential to a successful long term project.
4. Establish a legal relationship betw een the university and the site so that
for the purpose of health professional education, the site becomes an
extension of the university. Complete a memorandum of understanding
and/ or affiliation agreement. This may take several months and w ill
involve the legal/ contracting team from both partners. The legal
contracting team at your university w ill know how to set these up. Your
faculty champion can help you w ith this step.
5. Identify w hat permits you w ill need for certain activities and arrange for
County or state permits as needed including environmental w aste
hauling( how you w ill get rid of your medical w aste) , CLIA w aiver( so
you can do simple on-site labs) , and others, e.g. a permit to use an x-ray
unit for dental services, etc.
6. Contact local preceptors, community faculty, and faculty if they w ould be
w illing to volunteer (from once a month to once every 3 months), in
addition to the core faculty advisor(s) It is important to establish
liability and malpractice coverage for all aspects of your free clinic project.
Community physicians w ho w ould like to volunteer w ill be appointed as
community/ voluntary faculty at your health professions school. Refer to
Item 4. A lso, you w ill need to ensure that all your health professional
student and community volunteers have a legal status at your program.
Thus, if a medical student is enrolled, they w ill be covered because they
are supervised by a member of faculty and there is an affiliation
agreement in place. If you have a community member w ho w ould like to
volunteer their services, they can sign up as a free clinic project volunteer
and complete your paperw ork for volunteering, You never w ant to
burden your community partner. Ensuring that liability structures are
established is key. It may feel onerous, but in the long run, there is a
feeling of safety and both community partner and institutional trust that
is established because it is recognized that these structures are in place.
8. Start small, perhaps one evening a w eek at a local community program.
9. If possible, arrange for elective credit for the medical/ health professional
students. A t UCSD, first and second year medical students w ho w ant to
w ork in the free clinic must take a required elective course, Community
A dvocacy, w hich introduces them to the free clinic project, and includes
philosophy, approach, skills, and opportunities for reflection as w ell as
their first clinical experiences . Students w ho continue to be involved
receive further elective credit. Fourth year medical students can complete
a clerkship in underserved or family medicine that gives them extensive
experience at the free clinic project and, w ith supervision, the opportunity
to learn to be , clinical coaches/ teachers to the first and second years
10. Initial basic supplies can usually be donated from a local practice, or the
faculty practice. Pharmaceuticals initially can be donated, and also one
can use the Patient A ssistance Programs w hich provide free prescription
medications for specific patients. . The $4 programs at many stores, such
as Target, can also be used. Beginning to provide medications this w ay
requires no additional input of funds. Soon, develop a basic formulary
using generics, and a mechanism to use the Patient A ssistance Programs,
and a w ish list formulary for samples and purchased medications, so that
patients are not being constantly sw itched from medicine to medicine.
A pproach your university, local labs, purchasing cooperatives such as
Council Connections, and other resources to achieve affordable lab
services. M edical specialty clinics can be developed as w ell by involving
medical students as specialty managers and specialist faculty as
attendings.
11. Faculty may consider w riting a H RSA medical student education grant to
fund some faculty teaching time, especially for program supervision.
A A M C grants for student community service grants, and other small
grants can also be w ritten. Local foundations may be interested in your
project. Over time, approach your university for core infrastructure
funding as foundations prefer to match core funding.
12. Empow er your students, encouraging them, w ith guidance and
supervision, to develop patient charts, history forms, data collection
methods, an intake system, environmental w aste permits, lab
arrangements, social resource consultations, health education, fund-
raising..."w hatever it takes" to provide excellent, high quality care.
13. A llow some of these questions to surface over time, as the clinic evolves,
questions and issues w ill emerge, that the students w ill then address, e.g.
patient flow , quality assurance. Develop a mechanism to follow up during
the w eek, to check lab results, etc. It is essential to have patient contact
information for each patient, even it is the street corner w here a patient
usually sleeps, and/ or their best friend's cell phone. Explain to patients
that labs can only be draw n, if you have a w ay to find them if needed.
Reinforce the approach that high quality care, one patient at a time, is the
most important role you can play. Given that the need in the nation is
 almost infinite, student-run free clinic projects cannot address this larger
need. But, one patient at a time, you can provide safe, legal, high quality
thorough integrated health care.
14. Develop a mission statement and a clinic philosophy, that is reinforced
and adhered to, e.g. our approach includes show ing respect to all patients,
taking time w ith them and establishing trust, so over time, some of their
deeper problems and issues can be addressed. A lw ays show respect to all
patients, colleagues, fellow students, custodians. Our philosophy consists
of four tenets: Empow erment, a H umanistic approach, a Transdisciplinary
M odel, and the Community as Teacher.
15. In our program, patients are seen by a pair of medical students, preclinical
and clinical. Other students, including pharmacy students, social w ork
interns, acupuncture students, and interpreters, ; the clinical student acts
as the coach. The students then present to the attending and the attending
comes to see the patient, then the chart is w ritten and signed off by both
students and the attending. A ll patient care must be directly supervised
by clinical attendings.
16. Develop strong social resource and case management activities at the
clinic so that those patients w ho are eligible for access through M edi-Cal,
M edicare, M edicaid, County Programs, or SCH IP/ H ealthy Families are
assisted w ith access and are able to have a medical home. Develop an
approach that integrates assessment for the Social Determinants of
H ealth(SDH ) into your history, essentially evolving the Social history into
a Social Determinants of H ealth history. Encourage and reinforce
thorough social histories and treatment/ intervention Plans that include
addressing the SDH . In our setting, all patients w ho are eligible for
government supported programs are referred for care. Free clinic projects
should serve people w ho are not eligible for any access or w ho are unable
to achieve access, thus, those 'w ho fall through the cracks.' Your program
can become part of the "safety net" for the safety net.
17. Develop mechanisms to follow outcomes. A clinical database and/ or
Electronic H ealth Record can be be developed to measure patient
outcomes and compile patient statistics. The Quality of Well Being Scale is
used to measure outcomes. Other measures are the SF-12, SF-36, SF-1, and
the PH Q-9(w hich is used for depression).
18. In the summer, students can also volunteer and receive credit and, w ith
funding, several students can be hired to help build the infrastructure of
the clinic. These students can w ork on improving the clinic infrastructure,
look at the clinic as a w hole, brainstorm its current needs, then set goals,
assign tasks, and meet w eekly to review objectives and achievements.
19. Students may do community projects and occasional research projects
One must be careful of research in a free clinic setting- patients are very
grateful and are a "vulnerable population". A lso, trust building is very
important. If your clinic is seen too much as all about research, it may be
 hard to build trust. N onetheless, research w hich helps to address the
needs of the community and the clinic, and uses a Community Oriented
Primary Care Research model, w hich involves the community at A LL
steps.
20. A s each site grow s and becomes stronger, new sites are developed or new
resources at existing sites are developed. Overall, grow ing deeper and
stronger in terms of quality at one site is more important than developing
many sites.
21. Reach out to other professions, law yers, pharmacists, social w orkers,
acupuncturists, nurses, dentists, and other integrative health
professionals to develop collaborations to create a transdisicplinary
model to address patient needs. Eventually, pharmacy faculty and
students, dental faculty and students, social w ork faculty and students,
law school faculty and students, acupuncture faculty and students,
nursing faculty and students, and others, all w ill w ork side by side w ith
the patient at the center.
22. Involve community members as much as you can, roles include liaison,
outreach, promotoras, teachers for the students. H ave the student see the
community as their teacher and learn from community members how best
to address concerns or take the next step. Consider starting empow erment
groups for the patients/ clients, and involve them in creating and
receiving health education and health maintenance activities. The concept
of the promotora, the w ise w oman( person) from the community, w ho
helps build trust to the community and brings w isdom from the
community is key to the success of these projects.
23. M aintain very high professional standards, confidentiality, and quality of
care, safety, not "poverty" or "half-care" because it's the "free clinic". A s a
society, w e are underserving this population, thus inherent in the term
underserved is a 'right to health care."
24. A void hierarchical structures among the student leaders. Everyone has a
leadership role; everyone w orks both administratively and clinically,
expect a high level of maturity, responsibility, and ow nership and most of
all, humility. N o task is too small. The clinic leaders are the ones w ho also
take out the garbage.
25. Practice regular reflection activities, "learning circles", build community
among everyone at the sites, learn from our mistakes, follow up, and
model respectful communication, empathy, congruence, and positive
regard. Practice thoroughness, conscientiousness, and compassion.
 6/12/2012

Objectives
By the end of this presentation, the
learner will:
‘UCSD Student Run Free Have an improved understanding of health
Clinic Project care disparities in San Diego
What It’s All About' Gain knowledge of the history of the UCSD
Student-Run Free Clinic Project and how it
addresses health care needs of uninsured
Ellen Beck, MD patients
Be able to initiate or participate in similar
projects in other areas where health care
http://meded.ucsd.edu/freeclinic/
disparities exist

Access to Care Health care is county by county

More than 50 million without access
to health care
More than 108 million without access
to dental care Federal Health Care, e.g. Medicare
Health care costs are the most State programs
common cause of personal County-responsibility to care for the
bankruptcy in the country, even for indigent and those without access to
those with health insurance care

Health care is County by County Health Care Programs

San Francisco-Universal access to LIHP Low Income Health Program

care through Healthy San Francisco 133% of Federal Poverty Level( $892)
San Diego---health care desert --no previous diagnosis, no lien
CMS-less than 1200 a month Children-Medi-Cal, Healthy Families,
disease that can lead to your Child Health Initiative(not here)
death Mammograms and Every Woman
sign a lien against your future counts
property “Cancer lottery”

1
 6/12/2012

Underserved Care My own background

Maintain very high professional McGill University

Worked in remote areas in northern
standards, confidentiality, and quality Canada
of care, safety, not "poverty" or "half- Department of Community Health-Elderly
care" because it's the "free clinic". As services, education, community programs,
mental health services
a society, we are underserving this
Directed a clerkship for McGill in primary
population, thus inherent in the term care and geriatrics
underserved is a 'right to health 1987 came to San Diego
care." My parents and my patients were my
greatest teachers

UCSD Student-Run Free Clinic

Free Clinic Project
Project
Founded in 1997 2000 patients-1000 core medical
Committed Community Partners, patients and 1000 others,
passionate students, faculty and “safety net” for the safety net, San
community volunteers Diego-very limited safety net, many
4 sites fall through the cracks
Community Partners: No other resources
2 “social justice” churches, already Provide continuous, comprehensive
serving the underserved high quality health care to people
2 inner city elementary schools without access to care

Population Core philosophy

51% Latino, 30% Caucasian, 9% African-
American,7% Asian, 4% other or not stated Empowerment
Now 69% Latino, 12% Caucasian, Humanistic
All ages: majority from 21-65 Trans-disciplinary
25% street homeless Community as Teacher
51% women, 49% male,
85% with chronic illness: Hypertension,
Hyperlipidemia, Diabetes, Asthma, Taught, modeled, and expected
Depression throughout all activities
All do not qualify for and/or cannot afford
access to care

2
 6/12/2012

Esperanza Empowerment Group

Empowerment
Member 3 years
Create an environment in which the
other: individual, family, community
take charge of their life and achieve
joy and wellbeing
“When I first came to the group, I was carrying a lot, and I let
everything out. I cried a lot and since then, everybody in the
group has helped me to think, to defend myself, to move forward
without fear. Everything I hear here, I share with my family and
they also are changing. I was in the hospital recently and they
gave me a lot of support. I want this group to continue and want
to invite a lot of people so that they also can listen and learn not
to have fear and to move forward. This is my home and I want to
share it with everybody.”

Irma Empowerment group member

Humanistic
4 years
…Before coming to this group, I
did not know how to control my Rogerian person-centered approach
temper and I did not know how to
speak with my children or my Empathy
husband. Now I feel like a
different person. I know how to Congruence: Self-awareness
control my temper. I know how to
speak to my children. Now I
know how to get along with
Positive Regard: Respect
myself better. Before, I didn’t
value myself. I didn’t take time for
myself. I feel much better about
myself. Thanks to all of
you….For me, this group is like a
family, something beautiful that
happened in my life, this
experience, this support….Ojala!
I wish I can continue to come and
to share.”

Transdisciplinary “Culturally Humble” ( Tervalon)

All fields working together with the

patient at the center
Dispel hierarchies and existing
stereotypes and inter-professional
prejudices

3
 6/12/2012

Student perceived self-efficacy with the

Students/Trainees- underserved
UCSD Medical Students pre-post first free clinic elective
105 first year-complete required N=431 medical students who took elective
between 2001-2001
elective Students' perception of self-efficacy with care of the
70 first and second year, each homeless, minority families, and women and children
all improved (all p<0.001).
quarter-elective
Some third year-continuity site and Attitudes towards the care of the homeless and
minority families improved (p<0.001, p=0.0283
selectives respectively).

80 fourth year four week clerkship

either in Family Medicine or Students reported an increase in interest in primary
care, as well as increased interest in working with the
Underserved Medicine underserved (both p<0.001).
Yoon, R., Johnson, M., Smith, S., Beck, E.
Independent Study Project, 2009

Students learn to teach What we do

Teach the philosophy: through

examples, role modeling, weekly
reflection sessions, community
building, didactics that include topics
such as health promotion, health
education, and working with
interpreters, social resources

All care and services are supervised by

licensed professionals Transdisciplinary

Volunteers!!!!!! THANK YOU!!! Pharmacy students-all first year,

Family Doctors, Specialists, many third and fourth year
Pharmacists, Dentists, Nurses, Pre-dental students
Lawyers, Community Members, Acupuncture students: Pacific College
Students….. of Oriental Medicine
All of our clinical leadership team and Social Work Interns: San Diego
School of Social Work
many of our volunteers were once
students with us and have returned to Law Students: California Western
School of Law
be faculty supervisors

4
 6/12/2012

182 Diabetic Patients 182 Diabetic Patients

Process outcomes Intermediate Outcomes
Had the following test within the last year
• LDL <100 70%
Blood Pressure 100%
HA1C 99% • LDL <130 86%
LDL 93% • BP <130/80 46%
TG 88% • BP<140/90 77%
HDL 88%
• Mean HA1C 8.26%
Microalbumin 80%
Marrone, L., Smith, S., Johnson, MJ, Beck, E Independent Marrone, L., Smith, S., Johnson, MJ, Beck, E Independent Study
Study Project, UCSD 2010 Project, UCSD 2010

LABS Pharmacy

Contract with Quest Labs Patient Assistance Programs

Affordable labs $1.7 million each year in free meds,
not samples
Website
In San Diego, 211

Acupuncture and integrative

Dental Care
approaches
Greatest unmet medical need in the Pacific College of Oriental Medicine
nation---over 108 million
Toothless leads to joblessness
Cost Prohibiitive
Medical-dental link—all dental
diseases are infections, affects
diabetes, etc.
When a patient’s sugar is out of
control…..

5
 6/12/2012

Hospitalization---huge unmet
Specialty and Hospital Services
need
Specialty clinics, 17 different No county hospital
specialties, faculty and community Hospitals are required by law to
volunteers supervise students in care stabilize the emergent patient, but
Former students are now our there is no law that they can’t bill
volunteer dermatologist, orthopedist All hospitals have charity programs,
Collaborate with Project Access for but patients often don’t know how to
specialty procedures and treatments access them
Need for ombudsman to help with
bills
Need for intense case management

Social and Legal Services Comprehensive Wellness Program

Inner City Elementary School-Golden
Benefits of Intensive Case Avenue Elementary in Lemon Grove
Management Children-Wellness Teachers-components
Social Determinants of Health History of wellness, physical and emotional,
creativity, expression, meaning
Students work with Social Workers Junior Health Promoters
Parents-Access to Healthcare and
Also, free legal clinic: Education and Classes
California Western School of Law Teachers-Professional Renewal
Environment-Gardens, Murals, Learning
Resource: Center for Health environment
Education and Advocacy( Legal Aid)

Golden Avenue Elementary

Blue Bandaid Brigade---
Youth Health Promoters

6
 6/12/2012

What we do at the Free Clinic

Other factors That Affect Health
Project
Teach Back method: Pretend that you are Fear: Working with clients to address
the doctor and I am the patient, or let’s
switch roles, and please teach me what I their fears-teaching fear management
have just taught you. tools
Trust: Being ‘trust bridges’, Helping
Barriers Reduction: Identify what barriers people build trust
are preventing someone from taking
charge of their life and their health, and Stigma: Address concepts of stigma
with them, help to reduce those barriers and how to overcome it
Knowledge: Classes, sharing
Personal prescriptions: Sources of stress knowledge, adult education model
and Sources of Strength

Promotoras New Program

San Diego workforce Partnership

Introduce students to the clinic promotoras, Create work experience for entry level
explain and value the importance of their
health professionals from
role
underserved backgrounds
They come to the medical school to teach the
students E.g. Pharmacy tech, dental assistant,
They are available during clinic to help Medical Assistants, LVN, etc.
problem solve and consult.
They co-facilitate the empowerment group.

7
 6/12/2012

Fellowship in National Faculty Development Addressing

Underserved Health Care Health Needs of the Underserved

1-2 year Fellowship in Underserved Health Care 135 faculty

Medicine, then expanded to Dentistry,
Acupuncture, now Pharmacy, hopefully mental 30 states
health, law, nursing 25% from underrepresented minorities in
Help direct the free clinic project and complete a the health professions
project and training
6 medical fellows, 5 were previously student 3 areas of focus:
leaders at the free clinic project, now they have faculty development skills
returned to be the role models and clinic directors, community partnerships and programs
supervising all aspects of care
2 dental fellows personal and professional renewal
All now work with the underserved

Faculty Development Program

Faculty Development Program
Outcomes: Pre-post Change
Age Range of Participants in overall confidence in being able to
demonstrate your proficiency in the following skills
N: 40 of 49 participants of the 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007
Pre-Post Change: Mean

40-49 4.00
35% 50-59
3.50
13% Overall
60-69 3.00
4%
change
70+
2.50 48.36%
1% 2.00
20-29 1.50
30-39 5%
42% 1.00

0.50 2.62 3.73

0.00

Defining Promotora 118% Designing student curricula related

Designing a Promotora Program 123% to underserved communities
PROMOTORAS

5.00 4. 50

4.50 4. 00
4. 05

4.00
3. 50
3.50
Defining Promotora 3. 00
3.00 2. 54

2.50 2. 50

2.00 Designing a promotora 2. 00

program
1.50 1. 50

1.00 1. 00

0.50
0. 50
0.00
0. 00
1 2 PRE P OS T

8
 6/12/2012

Designing a student or resident-run Comparing Cultural Skills

Outcomes: Programs and Projects
free clinic project 60

48
4. 00
3. 80 50

Percent Increase
3. 50

40
3. 00
32
2 . 36
30
2. 50

2. 00
20
12
1. 50

10
1. 00

0
Developing an Teaching Cultural
0. 50

educational about issues competency

0. 00 component or of culture and
P RE P OS T experience race
addressing
issues of
culture and
race

2003: Outcomes after first 53

What we have learned
participants
7 new or improved student-run free Ownership
Coaching and role modeling
clinic projects
Orientation re philosophy and specific
19 new student curricula expectations
30 new resident curricula Teaching students to be teachers
Showing the students that the patients and
21 PI or co-investigator for a grant community are truly the teachers
35 new leadership roles Directly related to patient care
Group reflection that starts and ends a
session and in class, related to patient care

What Can YOU do

What lessons have we learned
Ownership: If the students feel directly Remain intact/martyrs die
involved in care and education, they will
Learn the programs in your county
take responsibility
Involve community members in the For children
training, the teaching and the role modeling For women
Role Models, supervisors that have lived For cancer
and can teach the philosophy
Think social determinants
Philosophy that is transmitted, practiced
and expected Ask for help( social work, 211, county)

9
 6/12/2012

If you want to get involved Review of Objectives

Emails lightstreams@gmail.com or
ebeck@ucsd.edu Have an improved understanding of health
care disparities in San Diego
Our volunteer coordinator is Anne
Gain knowledge of the history of the UCSD
Crane acrane@ucsd.edu Student-Run Free Clinic Project and how it
Handout: 25 steps for starting a student addresses health care needs of uninsured
run free clinic project patients
Website: Be able to initiate or participate in similar
http://meded.ucsd.edu/freeclinic/ projects in other areas where health care
disparities exist
Please come visit!

Gandhi, Marley, Aristotle, Rumi

King, Chavez, Hillel Rule of Life

10
 6/10/2012

This activity is jointly sponsored by New

Jersey Academy of Family Physicians and
Consensus Medical Communications.
New Frontiers in Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus Management: Introducing the This activity is supported by an educational
Role of the Kidney as a Therapeutic Target grant from Bristol-Myers Squibb and
AstraZeneca.

Presenting Faculty and Disclosures Content Development Faculty

Timothy S. Bailey, MD, FACE, CPI Ruby Halper-Erkkila, MD
• Daniel Einhorn, M.D. Clinical Professor of
Clinical Associate Professor Owner/Physician
Medicine, University of California, San
University of CA, San Diego School of South Branch Family Practice
Diego, CA; Medical Director, Scripps Medicine
Branchburg, New Jersey
Whittier Institute for Diabetes, Diabetes and San Diego, California

Endocrine Associate; La Jolla, CA Director, AMCR Institute Inc. Edward J. Schwager, MD, FAAFP
Escondido, California Regional Medical Director
• No Disclosures Carondelet Medical Group, Inc.
Jaime Davidson, MD, FACP, MACE
Medical Director, Concierge Choice
Clinical Associate Professor Physicians
Department of Internal Medicine Tucson, Arizona
UT Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas

Content Development Faculty

Disclosures
• Timothy Bailey, MD, CPI, FACE, FACP, has reported grants/research
support from Animas, Bayer, BD, Boehringer Ingelheim, Corcept, Bristol
Myers Squibb, Dexcom, GlaxoSmithKline, Halozyme, Lifescan, Lilly,
Medtronic, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Resmed, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, and
Xoma. He has received consulting and speaking honoraria from Roche, Pre-Test
Sanofi-Aventis, Novo Nordisk, Amylin, and BD
• Jaime Davison, MD, has reported grants/research support from Bristol
Myers Squibb, Astra Zeneca, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Eli Lilly and Co.,
Roche, Janssen, and Lifescan
• Ruby Halper-Erkkila, MD, has no financial relationships to disclose
• Edward J. Schwager, MD, FAAFP, has no financial relationships to
disclose

1
 6/10/2012

For T2DM patients with no The primary mechanism of lowering

cardiovascular disease, what is your glucose by SGLT2 drugs is:
maximum target A1C?
1. < 6% 1. Increasing insulin secretion

2. ≤ 6.5% 2. Decreasing hepatic glucose production

3. < 7% 3. Preventing renal glucose reabsorption

4. ≤ 7.5% 4. Improving insulin sensitivity

5. < 8% 5. Increasing glucose update

Potential benefits of the SGLT2 inhibitors Objectives

in addition to glucose lowering include:
• Identify the challenges and barriers to goal achievement in
1. Blood pressure lowering patients with T2DM and implement appropriate solutions

2. Reduction in LDL-C • Utilize guidelines to appropriately set targets to help

patients reach glycated hemoglobin (A1C) goals
3. Weight loss • Distinguish the unique differences between available
pharmacotherapeutic options and discuss the clinical
4. Blood pressure lowering + weight loss implications of these differences on appropriate patient
selection
5. All of the above • Describe the pharmacology and rationale for the use of
SGLT2 inhibitors and explore their potential role in
T2DM patients

Case Study James: Current

Case Study: James Medications
• James, a 63-year-old man, presents for a follow-up visit. • Metformin 1000 mg po twice a day
He has diabetes, which was diagnosed about 4 years ago,
hypertension, hyperlipidemia, paroxysmal atrial • Lisinopril 20 mg po daily
fibrillation, patent foramen ovale, and coronary artery
disease with a non-obstructive lesion at the right coronary • Diltiazem ER 120 mg po daily
artery at cath
• Simvastatin 40 mg po daily
• James admits to not exercising and feels he has “put on a
few pounds” • Dabigatran 150 mg po twice a day
• ASA 81 mg po daily
• Social history: Non-smoker, no alcohol use, office
executive

2
 6/10/2012

Case Study James: Number of Americans With

Lab Results and Physical Exam Diabetes Rises to Nearly 26 Million
• Lab results • A1C • 8.3% of total population
– FPG 223 mg/dL Baseline (4 years ago) 7.4% – 90%-95% have T2DM
33% by 2050
After 3 months of metformin 6.4%
– BUN 10 mg/dL • 1.9 million new cases each year in people
6 months ago 6.9% aged > 20 years
– Cr 0.96 mg/dL
Most recent 7.6%
– GFR 99 mL/min • 79 million Americans aged > 20 years have prediabetes

– Urine microalb: Neg • Physical exam • Seventh leading cause of death in United States

– Height 67 inches • Leading cause of kidney failure, non-traumatic lower-limb amputations,

– Tchol 133 mg/dL and blindness in US adults
– Weight 195 lbs
– TG 110 mg/dL
– BMI 30.5 kg/m2 • Diabetes costs: $174 billion annually
– HDL 38 mg/dL The epidemic continues…
– BP 128/78 mm Hg
– LDL 73 mg/dL Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the
United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2011/p0126_diabetes.html. Accessed March 23, 2012.

Newly Diagnosed Diabetics: Age-Adjusted Percentage of US Adults

55% Are 45-64 Years Old Who Had Diagnosed Diabetes: 2009
Estimated number of new cases of diagnosed diabetes
among people aged 20 years or older, by age group
United States, 2010
1,052,000
Total: 1.9 million
newly diagnosed Age-adjusted
percent
465,000
390,000 Missing data
< 4.5%
4.5%–5.9%
6.0%–7.4%
7.5%–8.9%
20-44 45-64 ≥ 65 ≥ 9%
Age Group

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2011.pdf. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Diabetes Translation. National Diabetes Surveillance System.
Accessed March 23, 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics. Accessed April 3, 2012.

Adults With Diagnosed Diabetes in Your State 16% of Patients Diagnosed With Diabetes
Do Not Take Any Medications
2008 Age-Adjusted Estimates of % of Adults With Diagnosed Diabetes
% w/ diabetes US Adults With Diagnosed Diabetes – Treatment With Insulin or
≥ 10.2 Other Medications
California 8.5–10.1
1.0–8.4
0–6.9

2007–2009 National Health Interview Survey

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Fact Sheet: National estimates and general information on diabetes
http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDT_STRS2/CountyPrevalenceData.aspx?stateId=3 and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
4&Mode=DBT. Accessed March 23, 2012. US Department of Health and Health Services, National Institutes of Health, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases. National Diabetes Statistics, 2011. Published February 2011.

3
 6/10/2012

Estimated Future Years of Life Lost

Owing to Diabetes Prevent/Delay T2DM
• Significantly decrease rate of onset • ADA recommendations3: Considered
with lifestyle modification or in those with IGT, IFG, or an A1C of
metformin 5.7%-6.4%
– Lifestyle intervention: 34% – Weight loss: 7% of BW
reduction at 10 years in DPPOS1
– Increasing physical activity to at
– Metformin: Less effective than least
lifestyle intervention in DPP and 150 min/week of moderate
DPPOS (18%) but may be cost- activity (walking)
saving over a 10-year period2
– Metformin: Especially for those
with BMI > 35 kg/m2, age < 60
years, and women with prior
GDM
– Annual monitoring for the
DPP=diabetes prevention program; DPPOS=diabetes prevention
development of diabetes
The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration program outcomes study

1. Knowler WC, et al. Lancet. 2009;374(9702):1677-1686.

Adapted from Seshasai SR, et al. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(9):829-841. 2. Herman WH, et al. Presented at: 71st Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association;
June 24-28, 2011; San Diego, California. Abstract 136-LBOR.
3. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(Suppl 1):S11-S63.

JF2

Challenges in Diabetes Care The Paradigm of Treatment:

Treat to Failure
10 Combination Insulin
Monotherapy Therapy
Multiple Diet/Exercise
defects in type 2 Adverse effects 9
9.6%
Last Visit (%)
Mean A1C at

diabetes of therapy 9.0%

8.6%
8

Weight Type 2 7
Hyperglycemia ADA Goal < 7%
management Diabetes 6
Diagnosis 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Years
CVD risk
(lipid and Diabetes progression
Access to
hypertension At insulin initiation, the average patient had:
medications
control) 5 years with A1C > 8%
The progressive nature of T2DM
10 years with A1C > 7% ultimately overwhelms medications
Adapted from International Diabetes Center, Minneapolis, MN. © 2005 All rights reserved. Adapted from Brown JB, et al. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(7):1535-1540.

JF3
Established Benefits of Glycemic Do Not Delay Initiating Pharmacologic
Control Treatment or Intensifying Therapy When
• Overall, glucose-lowering agents have a favorable risk-benefit Not at Goal
profile OAD +
multiple daily
CHF
MI (prior MI) Diet and OAD OAD OAD OAD + insulin
PVD exercise monotherapy up-titration combination basal insulin injections
Stroke (prior MI)
Risk of events MI (no prior MI)
in diabetics vs Death
Stroke (no prior MI)
10
nondiabetics
A1C (%)

Pancreatitis
End stage renal disease
Blindness
TZD bone fracture
9
Adverse events TZD CHF
Severe hypoglycemia w/ intensive therapy
associated with
therapy
Rosiglitazone MI
8
Metformin lactic acidosis
Exenatide pancreatitis
Mean A1C
Diabetes-related death of patients
Risk reduction
MI
Microvascular disease
Intensive (insulin/sulfonylurea) vs conventional
therapy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes
7
w/ intensive Death
Diabetes-related death Intensive (metformin) vs conventional therapy in
diabetes control MI Earlier and more aggressive
Death overweight patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes 6 Duration of Diabetes
intervention may improve treating to
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 target vs. conventional therapy
Events Per 1000 Patient Years OAD=oral anti-diabetic

Bergenstal RM, et al. Am J Med. 2010;123(4):374.e 9-18. Copyright © 2010, Elsevier. Adapted from Del Prato, et al. Int J Clin Pract. 2005;59:1345-1355.

4
Slide 22

JF2 Faculty: This is an updated slide per Dr Bailey's comment

Jennifer Frederick, 5/8/2012

Slide 24

JF3 Faculty: new slide per Dr Bailey

Jennifer Frederick, 4/26/2012
 6/10/2012

JF4

Treatment Goals Determining Glycemic Targets

A1C: ADA < 7%* • Individualize glycemic
targets Patient-Centered Approach
A1C: AACE ≤ 6.5%
– Using clinical
Blood pressure < 130/80 mm Hg characteristics:
age, duration of disease,
comorbidities,
LDL < 100 mg/dL** hypoglycemia

• Clinical impact of
Triglycerides < 150 mg/dL
cardiovascular outcome
HDL > 40 mg/dL men trials
> 50 mg/dL women
• ACCORD, ADVANCE,
Apolipoprotein B < 80 highest risk;
VADT
< 90 high risk
Weight loss Reduce weight by at * More stringent A1C goal (< 6.5%) for select individuals
(long life expectancy, no significant CVD, short duration
least 5%-10%; of diabetes)
avoid weight gain **< 70 mg/dL with overt CVD

Diabetes Care. 2012;35(Suppl 1):S11-S63. Ismail-Beigi F, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(8):554-559.
Rodbard HW, et al. Endocr Pract. 2009;15(6):540-559.
Inzucchi SE, et al. Diabetes Care. 2012. Copyright © 2012 American Diabetes Association.
Handelsman Y, et al. Endocr Pract. 2011;17 Suppl 2:1-53.

Clinical Implications of Intensive

Glycemic Control Trials Case Study James
Risk of all-cause mortality in ACCORD
• Summary:
– 63 years old
Achieving goals with intensive therapy
has benefit. Highest risk for mortality 95% – History of T2DM on metformin
1 CI
was seen in intensive arm with highest
Intensive – A1C 7.6%
Log (Hazard Ratio)

A1C levels
– GFR: 99 mL/min
0 95%
CI – BMI: 30.5 kg/m2 – Has gained about 15 lbs, not exercising
– Hx of CAD

-1 Standard • What is the optimal A1C goal for this patient?

6 7 8 9 1. ≤ 6.5%
Average A1C (%)
2. < 7.0%
Riddle MC, et al. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(5):983-990. Copyright © 2010 American Diabetes Association.
Diabetes Care. 2012;35(Suppl 1):S11-S63. 3. 7.1%–7.5%
Genuth S, Ismail-Beigi F. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(1):41-48.

2012 ADA/EASD Treatment Algorithm for 2012 ADA/EASD Treatment Algorithm

Type 2 Diabetes: Patient-Centered Approach for Type 2 Diabetes: Key Points
• Individualize glycemic targets and glucose-lowering therapies
• Diet, exercise, and education remain the foundation
• Metformin is the optimal first-line drug (unless
contraindications)
• After metformin, combination therapy with 1-2 orals or
injectables
– (Aim to minimize side effects where possible)
• Ultimately, many patients will require insulin alone or in
combination
• Focus on the patient: his/her preferences, needs, and values
• Comprehensive CV risk reduction must be major focus
Inzucchi SE, et al. Diabetes Care. 2012. Copyright © 2012 American Diabetes Association.
Inzucchi SE, et al. Diabetes Care. 2012.

5
Slide 26

JF4 Faculty: Switched out figure with one in the new ADA/EASD reference.
Jennifer Frederick, 4/23/2012
 6/10/2012

AACE/ACE 2009 DIABETES Case Study James

ALGORITHM FOR GLYCEMIC CONTROL
• What would you do next to manage his diabetes?
1. Refer to diabetic education
2. Re-educate on lifestyle changes, continue
monotherapy, and ask to see back in office in 3
months
3. Re-educate on lifestyle changes and begin dual
therapy
4. Re-educate on lifestyle changes and begin triple
therapy
Rodbard HW, et al. Endocr Pract. 2009;15(6):540-559. Copyright © 2009 AACE.

Pathophysiology of T2DM:
Assessing Options in Modern An Evolving Concept
Ominous Octet
T2DM Management—
Decreased
incretin effect
Islet  cell

Implications for Clinical Increased

lipolysis

Practice Islet cell

Impaired
insulin secretion

Increased Increased glucose

glucagon secretion reabsorption

Increased Decreased glucose

hepatic uptake
glucose production Neurotransmitter dysfunction

Data from DeFronzo RA, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(1):5-14.

Treatment of T2DM: A Sound Kidneys Play an Important Role in

Approach Based Upon Pathophysiology Handling of Glucose
Islet  cell Increased
TZDs lipolysis

GLP-1 agonists TZDs

 DPP-4 inhibitors
Sulfonylureas/
Total glucose stored in body ~450 g
Impaired Increased glucose
insulin secretion meglitinides reabsorption
Glucose utilization ~250 g/day

Brain ~125 g/day

Insulin** Rest of body ~125 g/day

Metformin
TZDs SGLT2 inhibitors* Glucose in Western diet 180 g/day

 Glucose production (gluconeogenesis + glycogenolysis) ~70 g/day

Increased TZDs Decreased
hepatic glucose Renal glucose filtration and reabsorption ~180 g/day
glucose production
Metformin uptake
DPP-4=dipeptidyl peptidase-4.
*FDA has not approved these medications for use. **Insulin  glucose disposal through multiple
mechanisms Data from Wright EM, et al. J Intern Med. 2007;261(1):32-43.
Adapted from DeFronzo RA. Diabetes. 2009;58(4):773-795.

6
 6/10/2012

SGLT2 Is the Major Transporter SGLT2 Mediates Glucose Transport

for Renal Glucose Reabsorption in the Renal Proximal Tubule
Volume of plasma kidneys filter/day = 180 L
Normal glucose concentration = 1000 mg/L
Glucose filtered/day = (180 L/day) (1 g/L) = 180 g
SGLT2 S1 proximal
Virtually all the glucose
High capacity tubule
filtered is reabsorbed, and
Low affinity
Glucose SGLT2 glucose does not appear in
the urine. Glucose GLUT2 Glucose
S
S1 part of G Glucose
proximal tubule
L
Collecting
~90% T duct
1
Reabsorption ~10% Na+ Na+ Na+
ATPase
Lumen Blood
K+ K+
S3 part of
proximal tubule NO GLUCOSE
SGLT2 transporter mediates 90% of renal glucose reabsorption
SGLT = Sodium-glucose cotransporter

Wright EM. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001;280(1):F10-F18. Thorens B. Am J Physiol. 1996;270(4 Pt 1):G541-G553.. Adapted from Bakris GL, et al. Kidney Int. 2009;75(12):1272-1277.

SGLT2 Inhibition Lowers Blood Glucose Levels

by Acting on the Kidney Where Glucose Is
Renal Glucose Handling Before
Reabsorbed and After SGLT2 Inhibition
Inhibition of SGLT2 transport ‘resets’ the system
SGLT2
500 Diabetic TmG inhibitors
reduce TmG for
SGLT2 inhibition glucose
Glucose Flux (mg/min)

400
reabsorption,
Normal TmG
300 lowering the
glucose
excretion
200 threshold—
bringing the
100 glucose
SGLT2 inhibition reabsorption
0 threshold
Normal Threshold Diabetic Threshold closer to
normal
90 180 270 (arrows).
Plasma Glucose Concentration (mg/dL)
TmG = maximal transport rate for glucose
Jennings A, et al. Presented at: Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting. Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca.
July 19, 2011. DeFronzo RA, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(1):5-14. Copyright © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Case Study James:

Rationale for SGLT2 Inhibitors Current Therapy Metformin 1000 mg po
Twice a Day
• What treatment change would you recommend
• SGLT2 is responsible for 90% of renal glucose reabsorption
next for this patient?
– Potentially lower blood glucose levels due to increased renal
excretion of glucose 1. Do nothing
– Potential weight loss due to urine loss of the calories from glucose 2. Add SU
• Phlorizin: ‘Prototype’ SGLT inhibitor–non-selective inhibitor 3. Add TZD
of SGLT; derived from apple bark, stimulated urinary glucose
excretion 4. Add GLP-1 agonist
• Mutations in SGLT2 transporter are benign 5. Add DPP-4 inhibitor
– Familial renal glucosuria (FRG) 6. Add alpha-glucosidase inhibitor

DeFronzo RA, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(1):5-14.

7. Add basal insulin
White JR. Clinical Diabetes. 2010;28(1):5-10.

7
 6/10/2012

Individualizing Therapy: Case Study James: Current A1C 7.6%

What Do the Guidelines Recommend?
Factors to Consider A1C 7.6%-9.0%
Triple Therapy8
Dual Therapy7
Risk of use Corrects a novel GLP-1
in renal Cost pathophysiologi Effect on GLP-1 or DPP-41 + TZD2
insufficiency 2-3 or DPP-41
c defect weight MET + or TZD2 Mos.***
MET + GLP-1
SU or glinide3,4
or DPP-41 + SU6
TZD2
Complements
No Improves action of other 2-3 Mos.
***

hypoglycemia glycemic antidiabetic agents

Insulin
control
AACE/ACE Diabetes Algorithm ± other agent(s)5

Cardiovascular *** If A1C goal not achieved safely

1 DPP-4 if  PPG and  FPG or GLP-1 if  PPG
effects 2 TZD if metabolic syndrome and/or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Other safety
Injection (mortality, 3 Glinide if  PPG or SU if  FPG
considerations 4 Low-dose secretagogue recommended
vs oral lipids, BP) 5 a) Discontinue insulin secretagogue with multidose insulin; b) Can use pramlintide with prandial insulin
6 Decrease secretagogue by 50% when added to GLP-1 or DPP-4
7 If A1C < 8.5%, combination Rx with agents that cause hypoglycemia should be used with caution
8 If A1C > 8.5%, in patients on dual therapy, insulin should be considered

Adapted from Rodbard HW, et al. Endocr Pract. 2009;15(6):540-559. Copyright © 2009 AACE.

JF7

Case Study James: Current A1C 7.6% Relative A1C Reduction Ability
What Do the Guidelines Recommend?

Bromocriptine
Maximum Expected A1C Decrease With Monotherapy
Recommendations to Avoid Weight Gain

Colesevelam*

Pramlinitide

Repaglinide
SGLT2 inhibitors**
Nateglinide

inhibitors**

Liraglutide

Metformin
DPP-4 inhibitors
*

Exenatide
alpha-GIs

inhibitors
Colesevelam
Bromocriptine

SGLT2
Lifestyle

DPP-4

Pramlinitide

Repaglinide

Insulin
Nateglinide

Liraglutide
Exenatide

Metformin
alpha-GIs

TZDs
Lifestyle

Insulin
SU
TZDs

SU
0

-0.5
-0.4
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -0.8 -0.8 -0.89
-0.9 -1 -1.1
-1.5
-1.4 -1.5
-2
-2 -2 -2
-2.5

-3
ADA/EASD 2012
-3.5
Diabetes Algorithm -3.5
-4

*Colesevelam has not been studied as monotherapy. **SGLT2 inhibitors are not FDA approved.

Nathan DM, et al. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):193-203. Welchol [package insert]. Parsippany, New Jersey: Daiichi Sankyo, Inc.; 2011. Cycloset [package
insert]. Tiverton, Rhode Island: VeroScience, LLC; 2010. Victoza [package insert]. Bagsvaerd, Denmark: Novo Nordisk A/S; 2012. Byetta [package insert].
Inzucchi SE, et al. Diabetes Care. 2012;supplementary data. Copyright © 2012 American Diabetes Association. San Diego, CA: Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2011. Jennings A, et al. Presented at: Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting.
Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca. July 19, 2011.

EP1 EP2

T2DM: Therapeutic Landscape T2DM: Therapeutic Landscape

(Non-insulin) 2012 (Non-insulin) 2012 (cont.)
Agent (examples) Advantages Disadvantages Cost Agent (examples) Advantages Disadvantages Cost
SUs Extensive experience, well Hypo, wt gain, $ GLP-1 receptor agonists No hypo, wt loss, GI, injections, $$$
tolerated, ? -cell preserv, training requirements,
(glyburide, glipizide, CV events/mortality, -cell exhaust/ (exenatide, liraglutide)
glimepiride)  microvascular risk low durability ? CV benefits ? acute pancreatitis,
thyroid tumors* (animals)
Glinides PPG, dosing flexibility Hypo, wt gain, -cell exhaust, $$$
dose frequency Amylinomimetics Wt loss, PPG GI, injections, $$$
(repaglinide, nateglinide) dose frequency,
(pramlintide)
Biguanides Extensive experience, wt loss, GI, lactic acidosis (rare) $ hypo (unless  insulin), modest
no hypo, A1C efficacy
(metformin) B12 deficiency
 CV events/mortality DPP-4 inhibitors Well tolerated, Modest A1C efficacy, $$$
Contraindications: CKD,
acidosis, hypoxia, dehydration
no hypo, wt neutral Urticaria/angioedema,
(sitagliptin, linagliptin,
saxagliptin) ? pancreatitis
TZDs No hypo, -cell preserv/ Wt gain, edema/HF $$$
(pioglitazone, rosiglitazone*) durability, TG (pio), bone fxs, ?  bladder cancer Bile acid sequestrants No hypo; Modest A1C efficacy, TG, $$$
HDL-C, BP ?, (pio), LDL-C (rosi), ? LDL-C constipation, interference w/
(colesevelam)
CVD events (pio) CVD/MI (rosi) absorption of other meds
-GIs No hypo, PPG, nonsystemic, ? Modest A1C efficacy, GI, dose $$ D2 agonists No hypo, ? CVD Nausea, dizziness, fatigue, $$
CVD frequency events rhinitis, modest A1C efficacy
(acarbose, miglitol) (bromocriptine)

*Prescribing highly restricted in US *C-cell hyperplasia/medullary thyroid tumors

Diabetes Care. 2012;35(Suppl 1):S11-S63. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(Suppl 1):S11-S63.
Rodbard HW, et al. Endocr Pract. 2009;15(6):540-559. Rodbard HW, et al. Endocr Pract. 2009;15(6):540-559.
Inzucchi SE, et al. Diabetes Care. 2012. Inzucchi SE, et al. Diabetes Care. 2012.

8
Slide 45

JF7 Faculty - added in new slide based on the new ADA/EASD recommendations.
Jennifer Frederick, 4/24/2012

Slide 47

EP1 Faculty: minor updates to tables based on Table 1 of the ADA/EASD 2012 Diabetes Care reference.
Emily Pahl, 5/2/2012

Slide 48

EP2 Faculty: minor updates to tables based on Table 1 of the ADA/EASD 2012 Diabetes Care reference.
Emily Pahl, 5/2/2012
 6/10/2012

Risks and Benefits of Current Case Study James:

Medications Current Therapy Metformin 1000 mg po Twice/Day

• What treatment change would you recommend

next for this patient?
1. Do nothing
2. Add SU
3. Add TZD
4. Add GLP-1 agonist
5. Add DPP-4 inhibitor
6. Add α-glucosidase inhibitor

Rodbard HW, et al. Endocr Pract. 2009;15(6):540-559. Copyright © 2009 AACE.

7. Add basal insulin

Case Study James Clinical Evidence for SGLT2

Inhibition in Diabetes
• If SGLT2 inhibitors were available, would it • SGLT2 inhibition:
be a good therapeutic option in this patient? – Novel mechanism of action independent of insulin
– Results in glucosuria and a decrease in A1C, FPG,1,2 and PPG3
– Decreases FPG, evident within 1 week1,2
– Is effective as monotherapy and as add-on to other oral agents
and insulin
Review of Emerging Data on SGLT2 – Is associated with weight loss and a decrease in BP

Inhibitors • Hypoglycemia generally is not different from placebo

1. Ferrannini E, et al. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(10):2217-2224.

2. Bailey CJ, et al. Lancet. 2010;375(9733):2223-2233.
3. Wilding JP, et al. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(9):1656-6162.

SGLT2 Inhibitors in Development Canagliflozin: A1C and Weight

Changes at Week 12
• NDA submitted Canagliflozin 100 Canagliflozin 300 Sitagliptin 100 mg
Placebo mg QD mg QD QD
– Dapagliflozin (BMS-512148) 0
Change From Baseline (%) 

‐0.5 ‐0.22
• FDA response letter January 12, 2012 ‐0.6 **
‐1 ‐0.76 * ‐0.74*
‐0.92 *
• Additional clinical data to assess benefit-risk profile requested ‐1.5 ‐1.1

• Phase III ‐2
A1C
‐2.5 Weight
– Canagliflozin (JNJ-28431754) ‐3 ‐2.6 **

– Empagliflozin (BI 10773) ‐3.5

‐3.4 **
‐4
– Ipragliflozin (ASP-1941) Baseline
Weight (kg):
85.5 87.7 87.8 87.0
Mean Baseline 7.71 7.81 7.70 7.62
• Several other agents in phase II A1C (%)

*P ≤ 0.001 vs. placebo. ** P ≤ 0.01. Phase IIb study. Patients on background metformin. Canagliflozin is not FDA
Bristol-Myers Squibb. http://www.bms.com/news/press_releases/pages/default.aspx. Published January 19, 2012. Accessed March 29, 2012. approved
Chao EC, Henry RR. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010. Rosenstock J, et al. Presented at: 46th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes; September 20-24, 2010;
Stockholm, Sweden. Abstract 873.

9
 6/10/2012

Dapagliflozin*: Reductions in A1C and Durability in Glycemic Efficacy

Weight Changes Seen in 2-Year Trial vs. SU
Phase III Studies (10 mg dose) Weight Changes
24 Wk Add-on to Add-on to 0.2 DAPA + MET (n = 400) GLIP + MET (n = 401)
Add-on to Add-on to Insulin Insulin Placebo + Dapa +
Adjustment Mean Change From Basline in A1C 

Mono-
therapy Metformin SU (24 Wks) (48 Wks) Metformin Metformin Week 104 A1C
(7.92%) (8.11%) (8.53%) (8.5%) (n = 79) (n = 82)
0
(7.92%) 0.0 -0.14% (-0.25, -0.03)

Change in A1C* (%)

‐0.5 ‐0.74 -0.2
‐1 ‐0.84 ** ‐0.82 ** ‐0.9 **
‐0.89 ** ‐0.93 ** -0.6
-0.4
‐1.5
(%)

-0.32% (-0.42, -0.21)

‐2 ‐2.22 *** -0.6
‐2.5
-0.8
‐3 -1.1
Short-term DB Tx period Long-term DB extension period 1
‐3.5 Titration Maintenance
Fat -1.0
Lean Mass 0 6 12 18 26 34 42 52 65 78 91 104
‐4
Study Week
Dapagliflozin is not FDA approved; **P ≤ 0.0001; ***P < 0.0001 vs placebo
DAPA=Dapagliflozin; Dapagliflozin is not FDA approved.
Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca. Background document dapagliflozin: US Food & Drug Administration endocrinologic & metabolic
Nauck M, et al. Presented at: 71st Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association; June 24-28, 2011; San Diego, California.
advisory committee. Published June 13, 2011. Jennings A, et al. Presented at: Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee
Abstract 40-LB.
Meeting. Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca. July 19, 2011.
Bolinder J, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(3):1020-1031.

Potential Safety Considerations With

SGLT2 Inhibitors Perspectives on SGLT2 Inhibition
• Evidence reveals
Potential Advantages Concerns
– Urinary track infections
• Once-daily administration • Polyuria
– Genital infections
• Decreases both FPG and PPG • Diuretic effect
• Questions ‒ Hypotension
• Weight loss (50 g urine glucose = 200
– Breast and bladder cancer? kcal/day) ‒ Dehydration

– Intravascular volume depletion due to osmotic diuresis? • Low risk of hypoglycemia ‒ Hypovolemia

– Drug-drug interactions? • Blood pressure lowering • Electrolyte disturbances

– Nephrotoxicity? • Effect independent of insulin secretion • Bacterial urinary tract infections

or insulin resistance
• Fungal genital infections
• Evidence does not demonstrate • Use with any other Rx-T1D, T2D, ?
pre-diabetes • Unexpected effects-not yet known
– Electrolyte imbalance
– Increased risk for hypoglycemia
– Nocturia

Summary
• Diabetes rates continue to increase
• Treat patients early and aggressive
– Achieving A1C goals with intensive therapy has benefit Post-Test
– Glycemic goals should be individualized
– Lifestyle changes + metformin
– Monitor and titrate pharmacological therapy

• New therapeutic target

– Kidney makes an important contribution to normal glucose homeostasis
– SGLT2 plays a critical role in glucose reabsorption and could be an
important treatment target in diabetes

10
 6/10/2012

For T2DM patients with no The primary mechanism of lowering

cardiovascular disease, what is your glucose by SGLT2 drugs is:
maximum target A1C?
1. < 6% 1. Increasing insulin secretion

2. ≤ 6.5% 2. Decreasing hepatic glucose production

3. < 7% 3. Preventing renal glucose reabsorption

4. ≤ 7.5% 4. Improving insulin sensitivity

5. < 8% 5. Increasing glucose update

Potential benefits of the SGLT2 inhibitors

in addition to glucose lowering include:
1. Blood pressure lowering

2. Reduction in LDL-C

3. Weight loss

4. Blood pressure lowering + weight loss

5. All of the above

11
 6/5/12

!
Autism Update

San Diego
Academy of
Family Practice!
June 23, 2012!

Stephen Camarata, PhD,

Investigator,

John F. Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development

Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Professor,

Psychiatry, Hearing & Speech Sciences





stephen.camarata@vanderbilt.edu

615-936-5111

Collaborators: Mark Wolery, PhD, Ann Kaiser, PhD, Sasha Key, PhD

Mark Wallace, PhD, John Gore, PhD, Paul Yoder, PhD, Michelle

Robinson, OTL, Mary Camarata, CCC-SLP, Joi Mitchell, CCC-SLP,

Terrie Gibson, PhD, Jessica Ambrose, CCC-SLP, Amy Warren, Heather

Gillum, PhD



Robert Koegel, PhD & Lynn Koegel, PhD

UCSB Koegel Autism Insititute



Support: NIDCD, Institute for Educational Sciences (IES), Scottish

Rite of Nashville, TN

1

 6/5/12

Presentation Outline

•  What is Autism today?

•  What is ASD today?

•  The Problem of Spontaneous Recovery in
ASD

•  Treatment Perspectives: Questionable
Practices

•  Treatment Perspectives: Evidence Based
Practices

Diagnostic Challenge:
Identifying Children with Autism
and Autism Spectrum Disorders

ASD is NOT Autism

•  “About 1 in 88 children has been identified

with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
according to estimates from CDC's Autism
and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring
(ADDM) Network.”

•  “ASDs are almost 5 times more common
among boys (1 in 54) than among girls (1 in
252).”

CDC Press Release April 19, 2012

2

 6/5/12

Does this Mean that 1 in 55 Boys

will Grow up as “Rainmen?”

Does this Mean that 1 in 55 Boys

will Grow up as “Rainmen?”

From CDC Report

“The proposed revised diagnostic criteria for
Autism Spectrum Disorder would combine
three subgroups currently under the DSM-IV-
TR heading of Pervasive Developmental
Disorders into one category and might require
a child to display more pronounced symptoms
to receive a diagnosis.”

3

 6/5/12

And…

•  “The pooled Relative Risk was
1.95(p \
0.001) showing that AD diagnostic stability
was [significantly] higher than PDD-NOS.
When diagnosed before 36 months PDD-
NOS bore a 3-year stability rate of 35%.”
Rondeau et al 2010 (JADD)

•  Note: The stability of AS was greater than
90%!

So…

•  ASD stability: less than 35%

•  Autism stability: greater than 90%

Finally…

•  prevalence estimates are13 per 10,000 for
AD and 20.8 per 10,000 for PDD-NOS
(Fombonne 2005).

•  But, all of these were pooled into “ASD”
for the CDC estimates

.

4

 6/5/12

Bottom Line

•  Autism and Autism Spectrum are on the
rise!

•  Rate is likely to “decrease” under new
criteria, but that won’t mean society is
“curing” ASD

•  ASD that is not “classic autism” has a
relatively high recovery rate, in some cases
WITHOUT intervention

For Intervention

•  Untreated recovery creates culture of
“superstitious” cures

•  If a 24 month old isn’t using words, but has
typical comprehension and no speech
disorders

•  The untreated “recovery” rate ranges from
50% to 70%

Kanner

He opposed "habit to dilute the original
concept of infantile autism by diagnosing it
in many disparate conditions which show
one or another isolated symptom" of
autism.

5

 6/5/12

"Almost overnight, the country seemed to

be populated by a multitude of autistic
children," he said.


Kanner, L. (1965). Infantile Autism and the
Schizophrenias. Behavioral Science, Vol. 10,
p. 413

ASD (PDD-NOS, ASPERGER)

versus PDD-Autism

•  Treatment Challenge: Clinical Trials With a
Heterogeneous Condition, and in the case of
some ASD, LOW STABILITY

•  Clinicians want to help!

•  Need for fair comparison groups

The Lancet, June 2010

•  “At the same time, today’s study
exemplifies the complexity of attempting to
detect change in samples of young children
with such a heterogeneous condition. There
are very few positive published trials in
autism, for behavioural interventions,
traditional pharmaco- therapy, or
complementary/alternative therapies.”

6

 6/5/12

What Is Autism?

Why Does this Matter?

The domains of ASD (Folstein)

PDD-Autism

Asperger s

PDD-NOS

Pragmatic/Social

Impairment

Language Disorder

Routine-preferring/

Rigid

The Role of Speech and

Language in Differential
Diagnosis of Developmental
Disabilities

7

 6/5/12

DSM Diagnostic Process

Language Related

Conditions in Toddlers

Delayed Onset of Language

•  Nonclinical
•  Phonological Disorder

•  Speech Disorder
•  Pervasive
•  Language Disorder
Developmental
–  Expressive
Disorder (Includes
–  Mixed Expressive- Autism, PDD-NOS,
Receptive
Asperger)

•  Cognitive Impairment
(Mental Retardation)

PDD-AUTISM

•  Qualitative Impairment in Social
Interaction

•  Qualitative Impairment in Communication

•  Restrictive/Repetitive and Stereotyped
Behavior

•  Delays or Abnormal Functioning (onset
prior to 3) in: Social Interaction, Language,
Symbolic Play

8

 6/5/12

PDD-NOS

•  Meets basic PDD criteria

•  Does NOT fit into another PDD category OR into another
DSM-IV category (e.g. mixed expressive-receptive
language disorder)

•  Displays some of the characteristics of Autism, but not all

•  Example: Language Disorder PLUS stereotopy, but is
social verabally and nonverbally

•  A Broad, not well defined category

•  Slated for Removal in DSM-V

Note: Mixed Expressive/

Receptive Language Disorder

•  Lack of Verbal Social Interaction

•  Lack of Verbal Communication

•  Use of Routines to Compensate for
Reduced Comprehension

•  Will often Receive “ASD” score on
ADOS and CARS-2

Nonclinical Late Talking

•  Language Growth without Intervention
(Whitehurst et al. 1992; Paul, 1996; Law, 2002)

•  Early Strength in Analytical Abilities

•  Dominance of Spatial-Analytical Skills

•  Nonverbal Cognitive Abilities in typical range

•  No Other Conditions (e.g. phonological disorder,
receptive language disorder)

9

 6/5/12

Asperger Syndrome

•  Meets the broad PDD classification

•  Normal Grammar

•  Not late talking

•  Normal Broad Cognitive Abilities

•  Displays behavioral and some social
characteristics of Autism

•  Slated for Removal in DSM-V

Vaccines, Autism and Treatment

CNN January 5, 2011

•  Retracted autism study an 'elaborate
fraud,' British journal finds

10

 6/5/12

“I do believe sadly it's going to take some diseases

coming back to realize that we need to change and
develop vaccines that are safe. If the vaccine
companies are not listening to us, it's their f___ing
fault that the diseases are coming back.”
http://www.time.com/time/health/article/
0,8599,1888718,00.html#ixzz1qFAZnfv9.

Into this void: Autism

“Treatments”

•  Example: Secretin

•  Example: Defeat Autism Now (DAN)

•  Example: Facilitated Communication

Secretin

•  Digestive Hormone

•  Promoted as “Cure” for Autism

•  Clinical Trial Discontinued Early

11

 6/5/12

DAN

DAN

•  Chelation as “detox” for mercury in
vaccines (thimerisol removed from vaccines
more than decade ago)

•  Vitamins (B12 and EFA)

•  Gluten Free Diet

•  Patient Resource: Defeating Autism: a
Damaging Delusion (Fitzpatrick, 2008)

Facilitated Communication

•  Augmentative Communication with
Facilitator

•  Hailed as “Breakthrough”

•  False Charges of Abuse

•  Scientific Studies Showed Hoax/Facilitator
Source of Message

12

 6/5/12

Still Practiced
Autism National Committee 


•  The benefit of FCT in leading to FC as an
acceptable and valid form of AAC has been
established…

•  www.autcom.org/articles/PPFC.pdf (2008)

Interactive Metronome

•  Marketed as a treatment for autism

•  Focuses on “tapping” and “rhythm” as
treatment

•  Use beats and hand or foot sensor

•  Does not address core autism symptoms

13

 6/5/12

Hyperbaric Therapy

•  Hyperbaric Chamber

•  Infuse oxygen into neural system

•  Claim: Increases “myelin”

•  No Evidence

What Does Work?

•  No Magic Bullets

•  No Autism Drug, but medication can target
specific symptoms such as anxiety,
hyperactivity (individualized)

•  Behavioral Intervention (individualized)

•  Hard work in a supportive, positive setting
(such as Glenwood!)

Matching Children to Treatments

No one treatment will apply to all

children

14

 6/5/12

The domains of ASD (Folstein)

PDD-Autism

Asperger s

PDD-NOS

Pragmatic/Social

Impairment

Language Disorder

Routine-preferring/

Rigid

Pivotal Response Training

•  Koegel and Koegel

•  Approach rather than didactic “package”

•  See Koegel, Koegel & Camarata, JADD
2011

15

 6/5/12

Diagnostic Process:
What is Interfering with
Transactions?

Potential Breakdowns

•  Attention

•  Memory

•  Rate of Learning

•  Social Interaction

•  Hyperactivity

•  Motor Skills

•  Sensory Skills (e.g. Hearing)

Research Goal: Discovering

Which Treatments Are Needed to
Gain Access to Learning
Transactions

16

 6/5/12

Treatment Process:
What Should be Taught for a
Child to Access Transactions?

What Level of Support is Needed for
a Child to Learn?

17

 6/5/12

Sensory Integration Study

•  Weighted Vests

•  Deep Pressure

•  Swinging

•  Trampoline

•  Brushing

•  Auditory Integration

Note

•  Weighted Vest Discontinued

•  Meta Analysis in Literature Showed No
Benefit for Weighted Vest

•  Weighted Vest Proponents Now Need to
Provide Evidence to Support
Implementation

18

 6/5/12

Important Considerations

Exercise increases learning (jogging, swimming)

Many Sensory Activities are FUN and motivating



Is it engagement or sensory processing?

19

 6/5/12

Why is Receptive Language

Important in Autism?

Implications

•  Social Skills

•  Overselectivity (Camarata et al 2009)

•  Behavior Regulation

•  Impact on “Stores of Acquired Knowledge”

•  Lack of Intervention Studies (Focus on
Expressive Skills with assumption of Cross-
Modal Generalization)

20

6/5/12

21

 6/5/12

Preliminary Conclusions

•  Teaching Words results in Word Learning

•  Limited Cross Modal Generalization

•  Expressive Does NOT Automatically
Generalize to Receptive and Vice Versa

Neuro-Imaging

•  Does Auditory Processing Efficiency
Predict Response to Language Intervention?

•  Interactive

•  Didactic

•  Hypothesis: Relatively better APE will be
associated with higher growth in Interactive

Factor 3
4
loadings > .40

2
microvolts

1
hi b-g
lo b-g
0
28
92
156
220
284
348
412
476
540
604
668
732
796
860
924
988
-36
-100

-1

-2
200 360 700

-3
ms post-stimulus

22

 6/5/12

Genetics

•  Are there genes or combinations of genes
that predict:

•  1. Assignment to ASD severity categories
(current studies collapse all into ASD )

•  2. Response to Treatments (e.g., as in
pharmacological studies)

23

 6/5/12

Multisensory Processing

•  Not Sensory Integration

•  Not “Sensory Processing Disorder”

Why is this important?

24

 6/5/12

Ventriloquism

The McGurk Effect

One flash…

…or two flashes?

25

 6/5/12

Vestibular influences on vision

Multisensory facilitation (i.e., speeding )

of target (object) identification

26

 6/5/12

Implications

•  Asynchronous Auditory and Visual Inputs

•  Impact of APE?

•  Impact on Comprehension?

•  Does SIT impact this asynchrony?

27

 6/10/2012

IUD Insertion Workshop IUD Insertion Techniques

Marianne McKennett, MD Paragard – Copper

San Diego Academy Mirena - Progestin
June 24, 2012

IUD Insertion Copper IUD Insertion

• At any time during menstrual cycle
• Patient Selection • Bimanual exam to determine position of
• Documentation uterus
– Negative pregnancy test on day of insertion • Fold arms of IUD into
– Pelvic exam
– Negative test for gonorrhea and chlamydia insertion tube
• Routine antibiotics unnecessary, including for • Place speculum
endocarditis prophylaxis
• Cleanse cervix with
• Risks, benefits, alternatives discussion
• NSAID one hour prior antiseptic
• Place tenaculum

Copper IUD Insertion Copper IUD Insertion

• Sound uterus- 6 to 9 cm adequate
• Align flange with IUD arms and set • Advance inserter tube
distance slowly
• Place white inserter rod into insertion
tube
• Insert IUD until flange is • Remove inserter rod,
against cervical os tube and tenaculum
• Pull inserter tube back,
keeping rod stable • Cut string to 3cm

1
 6/10/2012

Mirena IUD Insertion Mirena IUD Insertion

• Bimanual exam to determine position of • With sterile gloves, release
uterus threads from slider
• Insert speculum • Position slider at top
• Cleanse cervix with • Ensure arms are
antiseptic horizontal
• Place tenaculum
• Sound uterus

Mirena IUD Insertion Mirena IUD Insertion

• Pull on threads to • Fix threads tightly
draw IUD into in the cleft at the
insertion tube end of the handle

Mirena IUD Insertion Mirena IUD Insertion

• Set flange to depth • To release arms of IUD,
measured by the sound pull slider back to
• Insert IUD, holding slider raised horizontal line
firmly at top of handle on the handle
• Advance until flange is • Advance inserter until
1.5 to 2 cm from os flange against cervix

2
 6/10/2012

Mirena IUD Insertion IUD: Patient Education

• Release IUD by pulling • Additional non-hormonal contraception if IUD
placed during luteal phase – after Day 5 LMP
slider all the way down, (condoms x one week)
holding inserter in place • Verify position of IUD after each menstruation
• Threads will release • Call MD if unable to locate strings
• Follow-up appointment after next
• Remove inserter menstruation
• Cut threads to 2-3cm • Cramping common – relief with nsaid’s

IUD Troubleshooting IUD Removal

• IUD threads missing? • Grasp threads at cervical os with ring
– Pregnancy test
forceps and apply traction
– Cytobrush
– Radiography or ultrasonography • Can’t see strings?
• Positive pregnancy test? – Try cytobrush
– Must rule out ectopic (1/1000 person years) – Try colposcope for magnification
– Increased risk of SAB and preterm delivery
– Try special IUD hook to find strings
– Remove IUD if strings visible and pregnancy early
• Cervical dysplasia • If resistance is met, abandon removal
– Colposcopy ok, remove for excisional procedure

3
 Knee Exam, Injection
and Common Problems
David E.J. Bazzo, M.D., FAAFP
Clinical Professor of Family Medicine
University of California, San Diego

Lee P. Ralph, M.D.

Physician and Partner
San Diego Sports Medicine
and Family Health Center

Brad Stiles, M.D., FAAFP

Staff Physician
Smart Center, MCAS Miramar

Introduction Anatomy
z Functional evaluation of the knee z External anatomy
– Skin
z Functional anatomy
– Deformities
z Examination
z Injection techniques
z Common Problems

– Muscles – Ligaments
z MCL
– Bones
External anatomy z -Patella
z

z
LCL
-ACL Anatomy
z -PCL
z -Tibia
z Muscles z -Fibula
– Meniscus
– Quadriceps z -Medial
z -Femur
z -Lateral
z Q
Quad tendon,,
Patellar tendon
– Hamstring
– Lateral band

1
 z Inspection
Nerves and Vessels Exam
– Gait
– Deformity
z Skin
z Vessels
z Muscles
– Popliteal
z Bones
z Nerves
z Effusion
– Tibial
– Peroneal
– Sural

z Range of motion
z Palpation (Sitting) Exam (prone)
– Tibia / Patella – Extension (heel
height difference)
– Joint Line
– Flexion (distance
– Ligaments / Tendons o buttoc
from buttocks)
s)

ACL
z Ligaments (tested in 30o flexion)
– ACL
z Lachman’s

– vs. Anterior Drawer 900

z Pivot shift

2
 Drawer Test / Sag Sign
PCL - Quad Active test

MCL LCL

z Ligaments
– MCL
z (Valgus
stress)
– LCL
z (Varus
Stress)

zMeniscus
– Apley’s
zcompression /

distraction

z Meniscus
– Joint line ttp
– McMurray’s

3
Meniscus Forces
z Patella
– Mobility / tracking
– Crepitus
– Apprehension
– Grind
– Inhibition

Injection
Patellar Motion
z Approaches
– Medial (Inferior, Superior)
– Lateral (Inferior, Superior)
– Suprapatellar
S t ll

4
z X-ray
– AP, Lateral, Notch
– Patellar (Merchant)
z CT
– Good for bone
z MRI
– Good for soft tissue

5
 Shoulder Exam, Injection
and Common Problems

David E.J. Bazzo, M.D., FAAFP Lee P. Ralph, M.D.

Clinical Professor Physician and Partner
of Family Medicine San Diego Sports Medicine
University of California, San Diego and Family Health Center

Introduction Anatomy
z Functionally evaluate the shoulder z Bones
z Functional Anatomy z Joints, Articulation
z Examination
z Injection Techniques

American Family Physician

Volume 68 • Number 2 • July 15, 2003 z Capsule
– Anterior displacement Anatomy
– Inferior displacement
– Posterior displacement

6
Anatomy
Anatomy
z Rotator cuff z Subacromial space is bordered by the coracoid process, acromion
– Supraspinatus and coracoacromial ligament
-elevation
– Infraspinatus
-external rotation
– Teres minor

– Subscapularis
-internal rotation

z Contents:
– Subacromial bursa
– Supraspinatus tendon
http://www.orthogastonia.com
– Tendon of the long head of the biceps

Anatomy Examination
z Nerves z Observation
z Vasculature – Deformity
– Musculature
– Skin

Examination Examination
z Palpation z Range of Motion / Muscle testing
– “Know your anatomy” – Cervical
z Bony z Atlantoaxial compression - Spurling’s test
z R t t Cuff
Rotator C ff
z Joint
z Pulses

7
 Examination
ROM
z Strength
z Shoulder – Empty can (drop arm
– Passive / Active test)
z Elevation Supraspinatus
p p
(drop arm test)
– External Rotation
z E.R. (90o ABD) Infraspinatus /
teres minor – Gerber liftoff
z I.R. (Spinal Level) Subscapularis

Examination Examination
z Stability z Stability
– Glenohumeral – AC Joint
z Anterior z Inferior humeral
– L
Loadd Shift displacement
– Apprehension / z Distal clavicle motion
relocation
– Sternoclavicular
z Posterior
z Medial clavicle motion
– Load Shift
– Apprehension – Scapulothoracic
z normal rhythm 2:1 ratio
z Inferior
– Sulcus sign

Examination Examination
z Impingement Signs z Labrum tests
– Forward flexion, – Clunk test (akin to
pronated forearm McMurray’s test for
– 90o forward
f d flexion,
fl i knee)
internal rotation – Crank test (160o, bent,
z Scarf Test loaded elbow; IR,ER)

8
Examination Examination
z Biceps notch z Neurologic: Reflexes
– Speed’s test (straight – Biceps C5
arm, sup., 60o resist
flex) – Brachioradialis C6
– Yergeson’s (flex – Triceps C7
elbow, sup. wrist
z Sensation
against reistance, arm
to side & elbow at 90o) – Dermatomes C4, C5, T2
– Axillary nerve dislocations

Radiograph Radiograph

z X-ray z Arthrograms
– Internal / External Rotation – Good for full thickness RC tear
– True Anterior / Posterior – Capsular volume (laxity)

– Transcapular “Y” view - dislocation – Some labral tears

– Axillary Lateral - dislocation z CT

– Good for bone
– Outlet view - acromium type
z MRI
– West Point view - instability - glenoid
– Good for tissue (rotator cuff)
– Stryker Notch view - instability - Hill-Sachs

Shoulder Injections Indications

Injection z Subacromial bursa:
z Subacromial bursitis
z Subacromial z Rotator cuff impingement
– Posterolateral approach z Rotator cuff tendinosis
vs others z Adhesive capsulitis
z Acromioclavicular z Glenohumeral Joint:
z Glenohumeral z Osteoarthritis
z Adhesive capsulitis
z Rheumatoid arthritis
z Acromioclavicular joint:
z OA
z Osteolysis of the distal clavicle

9
 Subacromial Bursa Injection
Subacromial Bursa Injection
z Three approaches
– Anterior - not recommended
– Lateral
– Posterolateral

Subacromial Bursa Injection Subacromial Bursa Injection

z Lateral approach Lateral approach
– The lateral edge of the acromion is palpated.
The needle is inserted at the mid-point
p of the
acromion and angled slightly upwards under
the acromion to full length

Lateral subacromial injection

Subacromial Bursa Injection

z Posterolateral approach
– The distal, lateral, and posterior edges of the
acromion are ppalpated.
p The needle is inserted Lateral edge
g of the
just inferior to the posterolateral edge of the Posterolateral corner of the acromion
acromion
acromion. The needle is directed toward the
opposite nipple. (coracoid) The material should
flow freely into the space without any
resistance or significant discomfort to the The needle is inserted at the mid
mid--point of the acromion and
patient. angled slightly upwards under the acromion to full length

10
 Posterolateral subacromial injection

GH Joint Injection
z Anterior Approach
Posterolateral corner – The needle should be placed just medial to the head of
of the acromion the humerus and 1 cm lateral to the coracoid process.
The needle is directed posteriorly and slightly
superiorly and laterally. If the needle hits against bone,
it should be pulled back and redirected at a slightly
different angle.

The needle is inserted 1 cm inferior to the

posterolateral edge of the acromion and
directed toward the coracoid process

GH Joint Injections GH Joint Injection

z Posterior Approach. The needle should be inserted z Anterior Approach
1 to 2 cm inferior to the posterolateral corner of the – The needle should be placed just medial to the head of
acromion and directed anteriorly. An assistant pulling the humerus and 1 cm lateral to the coracoid process.
down on the arm and externally rotating the shoulder helps The needle is directed posteriorly and slightly
to open up the joint space. superiorly and laterally. If the needle hits against bone,
it should be pulled back and redirected at a slightly
different angle.
** Only attempt a
GH joint injection if
you have seen it
done and feel very
comfortable

Acromioclavicular Joint
GH Joint Injections
Injection
Posterior Approach z The AC joint lies about one thumb’s width
medial to the lateral edge of the acromion
z The joint line runs obliquely medially at
approximately a 20 degree angle

Saunders, S. Injection Techniques in Orthopaedic

and Sports Medicine. 2nd edition. WB Saunders.
2002.

11
 Acromioclavicular Joint Acromioclavicular Joint
Injection Injection
z The AC joint lies about one thumb’s width
medial to the lateral edge of the acromion
z The joint line runs obliquely medially at
approximately a 20 degree angle

Saunders, S. Injection Techniques in Orthopaedic

and Sports Medicine. 2nd edition. WB Saunders.
2002.

AC joint injection
20°

Acromioclavicular Joint
Distal clavicle Acromion
Injection

Th needle
The dl iis iinserted
t d att a 10
10-20
20
degree angle from vertical into the AC
joint

http://www.fpnotebook.com/OrthoS
houlderInjectAC.jpg http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030315/1271.html

References
•http://www.orthogastonia.com
•Saunders, Stephanie. Injection Techniques in Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine. 2nd edition.
WB Saunders. 2002.
•Tallia AF, Cardone DA. Diagnostic and therapeutic injection of the wrist and hand region. Am
Fam Physician. 2003 Nov 15;68(10):1912.
•Tallia AF, Cardone DA. Diagnostic and therapeutic injection of the shoulder region. Am Fam
Physician. 2003 Mar 15;67(6):1271-8.
•Cardone DA, Tallia AF. Diagnostic and therapeutic injection of the elbow region. Am Fam
Physician. 2002 Dec 1;66(11):2097-100.
•Stephens, MB, Beutler AI, O’Connor, FG. Musculoskeletal Injections: A Review of the
Evidence. American Family Physician. 2008;Vol 78(8):971-976.
•McNabb, JW. A Practical Guide to Joint and Soft Tissue Injection and Aspiration.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2005
•Saunders, Stephanie. Injection Techniques in Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine. 2nd edition.
WB Saunders. 2002

12
Depression SAM Preparation
San Diego Academy of Family Physicians
Annual Scientific Assembly
Timothy Munzing, MD - 2012

Learning Objectives
 Review the MC-Family Medicine SAM process
 List risk factors for depression
 Discuss various depression screening tools
 Explain depression management strategies
 Family Medicine & Primary Care:

The Cost to Society

 Major health problem in the U.S.
 18 million office visits/yr
 100 million prescriptions/yr
 “Clinical paradox” -- only 1 of 3 patients accurately diagnosed
 Economic costs: $44 billion/yr

Incidence/Prevalence
 Lifetime prevalence: 17 % (10 – 20%)
 8 million cases of major depressive disorder per year
 Antidepressants are among the most commonly prescribed medications in the U.S.

Risk Factors
 Age: peak age of onset 20-40 yrs
 Gender: female 2 X
 Family history: 1.5 to 3 X
 Stressful life events
 Marital status: divorced, separated, widowed, married vs unmarried?
 Personal history of depression
 1 episode - 50% relapse
 2 episodes - 75%
 3 episodes - 90%
 Postpartum: up to 1 in 10
 Chronic medical illness

Recognition
 Depression: DSM-IV
5 of 9 Required
 Depressed mood*
 Loss of interest or pleasure*
 Change in sleep
 Change in appetite/ weight

Page 1
 Low energy/ fatigue
 Psychomotor agitation/ slowing
 Low self-esteem or guilt
 Poor concentration
 Thoughts of suicide or death

Presenting Complaints in Patients with Depression

 “I think I need hormones”
 “My husband thinks I need hormones.”
 My wife made the appointment for me”
 “I need a ‘check up’” (in a younger male)
 “I need something for stress.”

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

(Screen only when support available to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment and
follow-up)

Screening instruments:
 Beck Depression Inventory
 Zung Self-Depression Scale
 Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
 Simultaneous assessment of both DSM-IV depression criteria and symptom
severity, and is useful for follow-up
 Lowest rate of false-positives (highest positive predictive value) in primary care
use of instruments for depression
 Center for Epidemiologic Study Depression Screen (CES-D)

2 questions to ask:
 Over the past 2 weeks have you ever felt down, depressed, or hopeless?
 Over the past 2 weeks, have you felt little pleasure or interest in doing things?
 Sensitivity 96% Specificity 57%

Depression: Differential Dx
 Adjustment disorder
 Grief and bereavement
 Substance abuse
 Mood disorder due to medications or medical illness
 Dementia/ dementia syndrome
 Other co-morbid psychiatric disorders

Depression: Diagnostic Considerations Once the diagnosis is made:

 Suicide assessment: 4-6 % MDD
 Bipolar depression
 Psychotic depression
 Substance abuse

Page 2
 Seasonal depression
 Concomitant medical illness
 Concomitant psychiatric illness
 Concomitant medications

Perimenapausal Depression
 Life stress is a stronger predictor of depression during midlife than is menopause
 The loss of ovarian function during menopause is not a major risk factor for the
development of depression
 Hormone therapy has not been shown to be an effective treatment for depression in
perimenopausal women

Depression and the Elderly

 Patients who are elderly when their first episode of depression occurs have a
relatively high likelihood of developing chronic or recurring depression
 Physicians are less likely to correctly diagnose depression in elderly patients than in
younger patients
 Treatment of depression in the elderly is more important than in younger patients
because the depression is generally more severe
 Strongest risk factor in elderly – death of a spouse

Depression and High Medical Care Utilization

 In patients classified as high utilizers, the incidence of current or past major
depressive disorder is twice that of other patients
 High utilizers often have ill defined medical conditions
 Depressed patients classified as high utilizers have worse rates of medical resource
utilization compared to those of non-depressed high utilizers

Suicide Risk Factors

 Hopelessness
 Caucasian Race
 Male
 Advanced Age
 Living Alone
 Family History
 Prior Suicide Attempts
 Substance Abuse
 General Medical Illness
 Psychosis
 Ways and Means

Depression and Suicide Attempts

 Men successfully commit suicide at a higher rate than women
 Patients hospitalized for suicidality have a markedly increased lifetime risk of suicide
compared to patients managed in an outpatient setting

Page 3
 Patients with depressive disorders have suicide prevalence rates higher to those of the
general population
 Depressed cigarette smokers attempt suicide more frequently than depressed
nonsmokers
 Increased subjective assessment of depression by the patient is associated with an
increased risk for a suicide attempt

Depression: R/O Bipolar

 “Have you ever had 4 continuous days when you were feeling so good, high, or
“hyper” that other people thought you were not your normal self or you got into
trouble?”
 “Have you experienced 4 continuous days that you were so irritable that you found
yourself shouting at people or starting fights or arguments?”
 The mean age of onset for major depressive disorder is between the ages of 25 and 35
 The age of onset of bipolar disorder is 6 years earlier on average than the onset of
major depressive disorder

Dysthymic disorder
 Dysthymic disorder is less prevalent than major depressive disorder in primary care
settings
 Psychiatric comorbidity is common in patients with dysthymic disorder
 Dysthymic disorder is no less likely than major depressive disorder to lead to
significant functional impairment

Depression and General Medical Conditions

 Chronic medical illness is a risk factor for major depressive disorder
 Depression is a significant side effect of a wide range of medications used to treat
medical illnesses
 Depression can adversely affect the doctor-patient relationship
 Patients with aversive symptoms such as pain are at increased risk for developing
depressive disorders
 Patients with depression may exhibit an increase in maladaptive interpersonal
behaviors, making collaboration with the physician more difficult
 Patients with depression have higher rates of adverse health-risk behaviors when
compared to non-depressed patients
 The medical cost of a chronic medical illness is increased by comorbid depression

Depression and Myocardial Infarction

 Depression has not been shown to be an etiologic factor in the development of
ischemic heart disease
 The depression will most likely not resolve as the patient recovers from the
myocardial infarction
 Major depression is a significant predictor of short-term mortality from ischemic
heart disease

Page 4
 Major depression is a significant predictor of long-term mortality from ischemic heart
disease
 Psychosocial interventions have been shown to be effective in improving depression
in myocardial infarction survivors

Comorbid depression and coronary artery disease (CAD)

 Patients with CAD and comorbid depression have a twofold to threefold increased
risk of future cardiac events when compared to non-depressed controls
 Comorbid depression is associated with greater platelet activation
 Possible Mechanisms
 abnormalities in platelet aggregation
 cardiac rhythm disturbances
 reduced compliance with medical recommendations

Depression and Diabetes

 The presence of type 1 or type 2 diabetes doubles the likelihood of comorbid
depression in adults
 In patients with comorbid depression and diabetes mellitus, the level of dietary
compliance is inversely related to the severity of depressive symptoms
 Health care costs for patients with diabetes mellitus and comorbid depression are
higher than the health care costs of non-depressed diabetic patients

Depression with Alcohol and Drug Abuse

 Symptoms that resemble primary mood and anxiety disorders can result from alcohol
and substance intoxication and withdrawal
 Treatment for mood and anxiety disorders in patients with substance use disorders
should not be withheld pending a period of sobriety

Screening Pregnant and Post-Partum Patients

 The onset of postpartum depression frequently occurs before the patient is seen for a
routine 6-week postpartum visit
 Screening for depression in post-partum patients is effective
 Significant dysphoria that arises more than 2 weeks after delivery should raise a
strong suspicion for depression

General Management Issues

Components of practice redesign that have been shown in studies to contribute to
improved outcomes in patients with depression include:
 Patient self-management support
 A functioning interface to mental health specialists that ensures access for
consultation, shared management, and referral
 Case management that functions to ensure that patients are monitored regularly for
treatment adherence, status of their illness, and needed changes in treatment

Page 5
Depression Management
 Pharmacotherapy
 Talk Therapy
 Exercise
 Psychotherapy and antidepressant medication are equally effective in patients with
mild depression
 Combining psychotherapy with antidepressant medication is likely to be more
beneficial than either treatment alone in patients with severe depression

Components of successful depression disease management programs

 A system to track patients with depression
 Patient education strategies
 The use of nurses or other care coordinators to help maintain contact with and educate
patients
 Collaboration with mental health professionals

Depression Management
 Pharmacotherapy:- 50 – 70% effective
 Proven effectiveness in patients with Major Depressive Disorder
 Dysthymia

Antidepressant Therapy Equally Effective

 SSRI’s
 Cyclics: tricyclics and tetracyclics (maprotiline, amoxapine)
 MAOI: phenelzine (Nardil), tranylcypromine (Parnate), isocarboxacid (Marplan)
 Dopamine antagonists (Bupropion)
 SNRI’s (Venlafaxine)

Specific Medication Selection Factors:

 prior response to agent
 anticipated side effects
 concomitant illness
 potential for drug interactions
 family history of response
 patient desire
 cost

SSRIs
 1st line therapy -- ease in prescribing and superior side effect profile
 Fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram, escitalopram
 Side effects: nausea*, H/A, insomnia*, anxiety/agitation*, sedation, sexual
dysfunction (desire, arousal, orgasm) * May resolve themselves after 10-14 days

Page 6
TCAs
 2nd line therapy
 Side effects: anticholinergic (dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, blurred
vision, confusion & hallucination risk in elderly); orthostatic hypotension;
antihistamine (sedation, weight gain); less a problem with desipramine &
nortriptyline
 Low therapeutic index

Depression: Guide to Use of Antidepressants

 Start at low initial dose, titrate up to target dose over 5 to 10 days
 At 4 weeks, if no or partial response and side effects tolerable, increase dose; if side
effects intolerable or no response, switch AD or add adjunctive Rx
 Full therapeutic effect may not be evident for 4 to 6 weeks

Depression: Treatment Strategy

 Treat a minimum of 6 to 8 months after recovery
 Follow-up visits every 1 to 3 months
 When stopping, taper over 2-3 months; if relapse, treat 3 to 6 more months

Depression: Long-Term Treatment

 Multiple episodes – more than 3
 Recurrence within one yr of Rx
 Double depression (MDD+ dysthymia)
 Onset after 60 yrs
 Co-morbid anxiety or substance abuse
 Co-morbid medical disorders worsened by depression

Post-Partum Depression Treatment

 Tricyclic antidepressants can cause anticholinergic effects in the breastfed newborn
 The risk-benefit decision regarding whether to use an antidepressant in a
breastfeeding woman rests almost entirely on the severity of the depression and the
need for medication, rather than on any known risks to the infant

Early 3rd Trimester Major Depression Treatment

 If she takes an SSRI, her baby might develop a syndrome consisting of irritability,
abnormal crying, tachypnea, thermal instability, and poor muscle tone
 There is a small but significant risk of a withdrawal syndrome in newborns if
serotonergic antidepressants are taken during the third trimester of pregnancy
 SSRI use in the third trimester has been linked to the development of persistent
pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

Paroxetine (Paxil) and pregnancy

 Paroxetine use during pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk of congenital
heart malformations
 Paroxetine use in pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk for cleft palate

Page 7
 Euthymic women who discontinue antidepressant therapy during pregnancy have a
fivefold higher risk of relapse over the course of pregnancy compared with women
who continue their antidepressant

Perimenopausal female - moderate to severe major depressive disorder

 First line treatment options
 Fluoxetine (Prozac)
 Nortriptyline (Pamelor)
 Venlafaxine (Effexor)
 Desipramine (Norpramin)

Treatment in Elderly
 In mild to moderate depression, the effectiveness of antidepressant medication is
roughly equal to that of short-term, focused psychologic therapies
 In general, tricyclic antidepressants have a higher dropout rate than serotonergic
agents
 Tricyclic antidepressants should generally not be used in elderly patients because of
the higher side-effect related dropout rate compared to serotonergic agents
 Suicide risk is higher in elderly patients when depression is untreated, compared to
the risk in untreated younger patients with depression

MAO Treatment of Major Depression

 MAOIs may be more effective than tricyclic antidepressants in patients with atypical
symptoms of major depression (hypersomnia, increased appetite)
 MAOIs may precipitate hypertensive crisis when combined with certain foods or
medications
 MAOIs are not safe to use in combination with SSRIs
 Partial remission after 8 weeks of treatment – options include:

SSRI Discontinuation Syndrome

 Dysphoria
 Fatigue
 Difficulty concentrating
 Anxiety
 Insomnia
 “Electric shock” sensation in his legs
 “Rushing sensations” in one’s head
 Fluoxetine (Prozac) can be stopped without risk of discontinuation syndrome

St Johns Wort
 May be effective in milder forms of major depression
 No more effective than placebo in patients with severe major depression
 Better tolerated than prescription antidepressants
 May reduce the efficacy of combined oral contraceptives

Page 8
Bipolar II Characteristics with Depression
 Lability of mood
 A tendency to engage in intense fantasy or daydreaming
 Social anxiety
 A high energy level

Bipolar Treatment
 Lithium
 Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
 Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
 Aripiprazole (Abilify)

Obstacles to Attaining Remission

 Patients and clinicians are satisfied with partial improvement in symptoms
(ie, response but not remission)
 Treatments may not be well tolerated
 Under-dosing
 Failure to recognize residual symptoms
 Continued psychosocial stressors

Depression Rx: ECT

 Effective, safe, life-saving
 Consider if:
 Profound vegetative symptoms
 Psychosis
 Rapid physical decline
 Resistance to multiple. medications
 History of prior response to ECT

Page 9
 American Board of Family Medicine

Knowledge Assessment Questions: Depression

Note: The order in which these questions are listed is the order in which they will be presented
the first tim e through the Knowledge Assessm ent. On subsequent visits to the assessm ent, the
questions will be presented in groups organized by com petency (content area).

1. A 36-year-old female consults you because of a depressed mood, trouble

sleeping, and decreased appetite for 3 weeks. She has no previous
history of depression, but her mother is being treated successfully for
depression, and urged her to see you. The patient is in a supportive
marriage and is functioning well at work. She denies anhedonia, guilt,
psychomotor retardation or agitation, trouble concentrating, decreased
energy, and suicidal thoughts.

Appropriate management options at this time include which of the

following? (Mark all that are true.)

F Sertraline (Zoloft)

F Paroxetine (Paxil)

F Cognitive-behavioral therapy

F Observation only

Ackerm ann RT, W illiam s JW Jr: Rational treatment choices for non-m ajor depressions in prim ary
care: An evidence-based review. J Gen Intern Med 2002;17(4):293-301. 2) Katon W , Robinson
P, Von Korff M, et al: A m ultifaceted intervention to im prove treatm ent of depression in prim ary
care. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53(10):924-932.

Last Modified 02/06

2. A 55-year-old male is showing signs of major depressive disorder after

a myocardial infarction. True statements regarding this situation include
which of the following? (Mark all that are true.)

F Depression has been shown to be an etiologic factor in the

development of ischemic heart disease

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 F The depression will most likely resolve as the patient recovers from
the myocardial infarction

F Major depression is a significant predictor of short-term mortality

from ischemic heart disease

F Major depression is a significant predictor of long-term mortality

from ischemic heart disease

F Psychosocial interventions have been shown to be effective in

improving depression in myocardial infarction survivors

Berkm an LF, Blum enthal J, Burg M, et al: Effects of treating depression and low perceived social
support on clinical events after m yocardial infarction: The Enhancing Recovery in Coronary
Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Random ized Trial. JAMA 2003;289(23):3106-3116. 2) Guck
TP, Kavan MG, Elsasser GN, et al: Assessm ent and treatm ent of depression following m yocardial
infarction. Am Fam Physician 2001;64(4):641-648. 3) Bush DE, Ziegelstein RC, Patel UV, et
al: Post-m yocardial infarction depression. Evidence Report/Technology Assessm ent no 123,
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, AHRQ pub no 05-E018-2, 2005. 4) Lichtm an JH,
Bigger JT Jr, Blum enthal JA, et al: Depression and coronary heart disease: Recom m endations
for screening, referral, and treatm ent: A science advisory from the Am erican Heart Association
Prevention Com m ittee of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology,
Council on Epidem iology and Prevention, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and
Outcom es Research: Endorsed by the Am erican Psychiatric Association. Circulation
2008;118(17):1768-1775. 5) W hooley MA: Depression and cardiovascular disease: Healing
the broken-hearted. JAMA 2006;295(24):2874-2881.

Last Modified 02/07

3. In a patient diagnosed with major depression, which of the following

would support the use of long-term maintenance antidepressant
medication? (Mark all that are true.)

F A positive family history for depression in a first degree relative

F Three lifetime recurrences

F Occurrence of the first episode during adolescence

F Occurrence of the first episode during young adulthood

F Occurrence of the first episode at age 70 years or greater

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
Reynolds CF III, Dew MA, Pollock BG, et al: Maintenance treatm ent of m ajor depression in old
age. N Engl J Med 2006;354(11):1130-1138. 2) Glick ID, Suppes T, DeBattista C, et al:
Psychopharm acologic treatm ent strategies for depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.
Ann Intern Med 2001;134(1):47-60.

Last Modified 02/07

4. Which one of the following is true regarding perimenopausal depression?

A) The loss of ovarian function during menopause is a major risk factor

for the development of depression

B) Hormone therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment for

depression in perimenopausal women

C) Life stress is a stronger predictor of depression during midlife than

is menopause

D) The incidence of depression in women peaks during the

perimenopausal years

National Institutes of Health: National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference

statem ent: Managem ent of m enopause-related sym ptom s. Ann Intern Med 2005;142(12 Pt
1):1003-1013. 2) Depression in Prim ary Care: Detection and Diagnosis. Volum e 1. Detection
and Diagnosis. Clinical Guideline No. 5, AHCPR Publication No. 93-0550. April 1993.

Last Modified 02/07

5. A 32-year-old female informs you that she and her husband have decided
to have a child. She was diagnosed with major depression 3 months ago,
but it has been well controlled with paroxetine (Paxil). She had a
previous episode of major depression 10 years ago that also responded
to paroxetine. She asks what effect antidepressant use would have on her
pregnancy.

Accurate advice would include which of the following? (Mark all that are
true.)

F Pregnancy has been shown to have a salutary effect on major

depressive disorder

F Paroxetine use during pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 of congenital heart malformations

F Paroxetine use in pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk for

cleft palate

F SSRI use during the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with

a higher risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn

F Euthymic women who discontinue antidepressant therapy during

pregnancy have a fivefold higher risk of relapse over the course of
pregnancy compared with women who continue their antidepressant

Cohen LS, Altshuler LL, Harlow BL, et al: Relapse of m ajor depression during pregnancy in
wom en who m aintain or discontinue treatm ent. JAMA 2006;295(5):499-507. 2) Louik C, Lin
AE, W erler MM, et al: First-trim ester use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and the risk
of birth defects. N Engl J Med 2007;356(26):2675-2683. 3) Alwan S, Reefhuis J, Rasm ussen
SA, et al: Use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy and the risk of birth
defects. N Engl J Med 2007;356(26):2684-2692. 4) Cham bers CD, Hernandez-Diaz S, Van
Marter LJ, et al: Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulm onary
hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med 2006;354(6):579-587.

Last Modified 04/08

6. True statements regarding the prevalence and nature of depression in the

elderly include which of the following? (Mark all that are true.)

F Depression is roughly two to three times more common in the elderly

than in younger patients

F Physicians are more likely to correctly diagnose depression in elderly

patients than in younger patients

F Treatment of depression in the elderly is less important than in

younger patients because the depression is generally less severe

F Patients who are elderly when their first episode of depression occurs
have a relatively high likelihood of developing chronic or recurring
depression

Birrer RB, Vem uri SP: Depression in later life: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Am Fam
Physician 2004;69(10):2375-2382.

Last Modified 02/06

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 7. Agents approved by the FDA for maintenance therapy in patients with
bipolar disorder include which of the following? (Mark all that are true.)

F Lithium

F Divalproex (Depakote)

F Olanzapine (Zyprexa)

F Lamotrigine (Lamictal)

F Aripiprazole (Abilify)

F Bupropion (Wellbutrin)

Practice guideline for the treatm ent of patients with bipolar disorder (revision). Am J Psychiatry
2002;159(4 suppl):1-50.

Last Modified 02/06

8. A 33-year-old male presents with signs and symptoms of depression and

a history of daily heavy alcohol and polysubstance abuse for the past 5
years. Which one of the following is true in this situation?

A) Symptoms that resemble primary mood and anxiety disorders can

result from alcohol and substance intoxication and withdrawal

B) This patient has an organic mood disorder secondary to alcohol

dependence

C) Carbamazepine is the appropriate first-line medication to treat

withdrawal symptoms in this patient

D) Treatment for mood and anxiety disorders in patients with substance

use disorders should be withheld pending a period of sobriety

Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, et al: Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use
disorders and independent m ood and anxiety disorders: Results from the National Epidem iologic
Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61(8):807-816.

Last Modified 02/06

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 9. You are considering starting a program in which you screen all pregnant
women for depression during their pregnancy and then immediately after
delivery. Which of the following should be taken into account in such a
program? (Mark all that are true.)

F The onset of postpartum depression frequently occurs before the

patient is seen for a routine 6-week postpartum visit

F Screening questionnaires for depression during pregnancy have low

sensitivity and high specificity

F The “baby blues” are so common during the first few weeks after
delivery that screening for postpartum depression during that time
would not be effective

F Significant dysphoria that arises more than 2 weeks after delivery

should raise a strong suspicion for depression

F “Baby blues” commonly persist for several weeks after delivery

Austin MP, Lum ley J: Antenatal screening for postnatal depression: A system atic review. Acta
Psychiatr Scand 2003;107(1):10-17. Internet access is not available for this reference. The
publisher has granted perm ission to post the article in a downloadable form at, but posting the
docum ent in a m anageable size significantly reduced the quality of the reproduction. W e have
provided a brief sum m ary of the article for your use in com pleting the knowledge assessm ent,
and have also provided a low-resolution downloadable version of the article. If a better version
becom es available, we will replace the current versions. 2) Epperson CN: Postpartum m ajor
depression: Detection and treatm ent. Am Fam Physician 1999;59(8):2247-2256.

Last Modified 02/06

10. True statements regarding the relationship between depression and high
utilization of medical care include which of the following? (Mark all that
are true.)

F Depressed patients classified as high utilizers commonly present with

defined medical conditions

F In patients classified as high utilizers, the incidence of current or

past major depressive disorder is twice that of other patients

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 F The prevalence of defined medical conditions is higher among high
utilizers who are classified as being depressed, compared to those
who are classified as non depressed

F Depressed patients classified as high utilizers have rates of medical

resource utilization similar to those of nondepressed high utilizers

Savageau JA, McLoughlin M, Ursan A, et al: Characteristics of frequent attenders at a

com m unity health center. J Am Board Fam Med 2006;19(3):265-275.

Last Modified 02/06

11. A 32-year-old male who was successfully treated for major depressive
disorder with paroxetine (Paxil) for the past 10 months chooses to stop
his medication. Within a week he develops symptoms of dysphoria,
fatigue, difficulty concentrating, anxiety, and insomnia. In addition, he
also complains of an “electric shock” sensation in his legs and “rushing
sensations” in his head.

Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A) Recurrence of major depressive disorder

B) Dysthymic disorder

C) SSRI discontinuation syndrome

D) Bipolar disorder

W arner CH, Bobo GW , W arner C, et al: Antidepressant discontinuation syndrom e. Am Fam

Physician 2006;74(3):449-456.

Last Modified 02/07

12. A 28-year-old female with severe major depression has achieved partial
symptom remission with SSRIs but complains of persistent diarrhea and
loss of libido. She asks you about using St. John’s wort to treat her
depression.

Appropriate advice would include which of the following? (Mark all that
are true.)

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 F St. John’s wort may be effective in milder forms of major depression

F St. John’s wort is more effective than placebo in patients with severe
major depression

F St. John’s wort is better tolerated than prescription antidepressants

F The combination of St. John’s wort and SSRIs is safe and effective
for major depression

F St. John’s wort may reduce the efficacy of combined oral

contraceptives

Linde K, Mulrow CD, Berner M, et al: St. John’s wort for depression. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev 2005;(2):CD000448. 2) Shelton RC, Keller MB, Gelenberg A, et al: Effectiveness of St.
John's wort in major depression: A random ized controlled trial. JAMA 2001(15);285:1978-1986.
3) Szegedi A, Kohnen R , Dienel A, et al: Acute treatm ent of m oderate to severe depression
with hypericum extract W S 5570 (St John’s wort): Random ised controlled double blind
non-inferiority trial versus paroxetine. BMJ 2005;330(7490):503-507. 4) Markowitz JS,
Donovan JL, DeVane CL, et al: Effect of St. John’s wort on drug m etabolism by induction of
cytochrom e P450 3A4 enzym e. JAMA 2003;290(11):1500-1504.

Last Modified 02/07

13. Patients in primary care settings may present with depressive symptoms
that do not meet the full criteria for a DSM-IV Axis I depressive disorder.
These symptom clusters are referred to as subsyndromal depressive
symptoms.

Which of the following are true regarding these symptoms? (Mark all that
are true.)

F In primary-care settings, patients with subsyndromal depressive

symptoms are less prevalent than those who meet the full criteria for
DSM-IV Axis I mood and anxiety disorders

F The disability scale scores of patients with subsyndromal depressive

symptoms are equivalent to scores of patients with no psychiatric
symptoms

F Psychotherapy is the most appropriate treatment modality for

patients with subsyndromal depressive disorders

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 F Many patients with subsyndromal depressive symptoms also meet
the criteria for other DSM-IV Axis I psychiatric disorders

Olfson A, Broadhead W E, W eissm an MM, et al: Subthreshold psychiatric sym ptom s in a prim ary
care group practice. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53(10):880-886. 2) Judd LL, Paulus MP, W ells
KB, et al: Socioeconom ic burden of subsyndrom al depressive sym ptom s and m ajor depression
in a sam ple of the general population. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153(11):1411-1417. Internet
access is not available for this reference. The publisher has granted perm ission to post the
article in a downloadable form at, but posting the docum ent in a m anageable size significantly
reduced the quality of the reproduction. W e have provided a brief sum m ary of the article for
your use in com pleting the knowledge assessm ent, and have also provided a low-resolution
downloadable version of the article. If a better version becom es available, we will replace the
current versions.

Last Modified 02/06

14. You diagnose postpartum depression in a 28-year-old woman 3 weeks

after delivery. She is breastfeeding.

When making decisions about her treatment, which of the following

statements would be true? (Mark all that are true.)

F SSRIs can be used safely, but only at a lower dosage and for a
shorter length of time than is typical in women who are not
breastfeeding

F Tricyclic antidepressants can cause anticholinergic effects in the

breastfed newborn

F The greatest risk for behavioral or clinical side effects in the

breastfed newborn whose mother is taking an antidepressant is at
3-4 months of age

F The risk-benefit decision regarding whether to use an antidepressant

in a breastfeeding woman rests almost entirely on the severity of the
depression and the need for medication, rather than on any known
risks to the infant

W isner KL, Perel JM, Findling RL: Antidepressant treatm ent during breast-feeding. Am J
Psychiatry 1996;153(9):1132-1137. Internet access is not available for this reference. The
publisher has granted perm ission to post the article in a downloadable form at, but posting the
docum ent in a m anageable size significantly reduced the quality of the reproduction. W e have
provided a brief sum m ary of the article for your use in com pleting the knowledge assessm ent,
and have also provided a low-resolution downloadable version of the article. If a better version

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
becom es available, we will replace the current versions. 2) Wisner KL, Gelenberg AJ, Leonard
H, et al: Pharm acologic treatm ent of depression during pregnancy. JAM A
1999;282(13):1264-1269.

Last Modified 02/07

15. Which one of the following is true regarding the effectiveness of

antidepressants for treating major depression?

A) SSRIs are the most effective class of antidepressants

B) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are the most effective class of

antidepressants

C) Serotonin-noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as

venlafaxine are the most effective class of antidepressants

D) Dopamine antagonists (DAs) such as bupropion (Wellbutrin) are the

most effective class of antidepressants

E) SSRIs, SNRIs, and DAs are more effective than TCAs

F) All classes of antidepressants are equally effective

Treatm ent of Depression— Newer Pharm acotherapies. Evidence Report/Technology Assessm ent
no 7, USDHHS, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, AHCPR pub no 99-E014, 1999. 2)
MacGillivray S, Arroll B, Hatcher S, et al: Efficacy and tolerability of selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors com pared with tricyclic antidepressants in depression treated in prim ary care:
System atic review and m eta-analysis. BMJ 2003;327(7409):289. 3) Gartlehner G, Gaynes BN,
Hansen RA, et al: Com parative benefits and harm s of second-generation antidepressants:
Background paper for the Am erican College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med
2008;149(10):734-750.

Last Modified 02/06

16. The lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder in the general

population is

A) 2%–5%

B) 5%–10%

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 C) 10%–20%

D) 20%–30%

Kessler RC, Berglund P, Dem ler O, et al: The epidem iology of m ajor depressive disorder:
R esu lts from th e Nation al C om orbidity Su rvey Replication (N C S -R ). JA M A
2003;289(23):3095-3105.

Last Modified 02/06

17. You are treating a 53-year-old female for her first episode of major
depression. After 6 weeks of treatment with antidepressants, all
depressive symptoms have resolved.

Evidence suggests that the TOTAL length of treatment with

antidepressants for this patient should be AT LEAST

A) 3 months

B) 6 months

C) 12 months

D) 18 months

Geddes JR, Carney SM, Davies C, et al: Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatm ent
in depressive disorders: A system atic review. Lancet 2003;361(9358):653-661.

Last Modified 02/07

18. True statements regarding dysthymic disorder include which of the

following? (Mark all that are true.)

F Dysthymic disorder is less prevalent than major depressive disorder

in primary care settings

F Psychiatric comorbidity is uncommon in patients with dysthymic

disorder

F Dysthymic disorder is less likely than major depressive disorder to

lead to significant functional impairment

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 F Dysthymic disorder usually results from the stress of chronic medical
conditions

Steiner M, Bell B, Browne G, et al: Prevalence of dysthym ic disorder in prim ary care. J Affect
Dis 1999;54(3):303-308. 2) Spitzer RL, W illiam s JB, Kroenke K, et al: Utility of a new
procedure for diagnosing m ental disorders in prim ary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study. JAMA
1994;272(22):1749-1756.

Last Modified 02/07

19. Which one of the following is true regarding the relationship between
stressful life events and the onset of major depressive disorder?

A) The genetically influenced traits that predispose patients to major

depressive disorder have a protective effect on the response to
stressful events

B) Stressful life events are associated with the onset of major

depressive disorder

C) Stressful life events play a minimal role in the onset of major

depressive disorder

Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA: Causal relationship between stressful life events and
the onset of m ajor depression. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156(6):837-841.

Last Modified 02/06

20. Which one of the following does the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
currently recommend with regard to depression screening in adults?

A) No recommendation either for or against routine screening for

depression in primary care

B) Screening only for adults with risk factors for depression, such as a
positive family history, or when there is clinical suspicion

C) Screening only when staff-assisted depression care supports are in

place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and
follow-up

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 D) Screening in all primary care practices because it is highly effective

US Preventive Services Task Force: Screening for depression in adults. Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality, 2009. 2) US Preventive Services Task Force: Major depressive disorder
in children and adolescents. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2009. 3) O’Connor
EA, W hitlock EP, Beil TL, et al: Screening for depression in adult patients in prim ary care
settings: A system atic evidence review. Ann Intern Med 2009;151(11):793-803.

Last Modified 09/11

21. A 54-year-old female has multiple complaints that she attributes to

“getting old,” including insomnia, weight gain, irritability, trouble
concentrating, and “memory loss.” She has had these symptoms for 3
months. Her past history includes a 10-year history of hypertension,
which is well controlled with atenolol (Tenormin), 25 mg daily. Her vital
signs are unremarkable, and a physical examination is remarkable only
for mild obesity and a midline hysterectomy scar. Her TSH level is
normal. After an appropriate diagnostic interview, you diagnose major
depressive disorder of mild intensity. She is not suicidal and is not
abusing alcohol.

Appropriate treatment options at this point include which of the following?

(Mark all that are true.)

F Stopping the atenolol and rechecking the patient’s symptoms in 2–4

weeks

F Psychotherapy alone

F Antidepressant medication alone

F Benzodiazepines

Gerstm an BB, Jolson HM, Bauer M, et al: The incidence of depression in new users of â-blockers
and selected antihypertensives. J Clin Epidem iol 1996;49(7):809-815. 2) Ko DT, Hebert PR,
Coffey CS, et al: Beta-blocker therapy and sym ptom s of depression, fatigue, and sexual
dysfunction. JAMA 2002;288(3):351-357. 3) Casacalenda N, Perry JC, Looper K: Rem ission in
m ajor depressive disorder: A com parison of pharm acotherapy, psychotherapy, and control
conditions. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159(8):1354-1360.

Last Modified 02/06

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
22. True statements regarding comorbid depression and coronary artery
disease (CAD) include which of the following? (Mark all that are true.)

F Patients with CAD have a prevalence of major depressive disorder in

the range of 40%–50%

F Patients with CAD and comorbid depression have a twofold to

threefold increased risk of future cardiac events when compared to
nondepressed controls

F Independent of other risk factors in patients initially free of CAD, the

relative risk for the development of CAD conferred by depression is
3.5–4.0

F The prevalence of major depressive disorder is inversely related to

elevations in LDL-cholesterol

F Comorbid depression is associated with greater platelet activation

Rudisch B, Nem eroff CB: Epidem iology of com orbid coronary artery disease and depression. Biol
Psychiatry 2003;54(3):227-240. 2) W hooley MA: Depression and cardiovascular disease:
Healing the broken-hearted. JAMA 2006;295(24):2874-2881. 3) Lichtm an JH, Bigger JT Jr,
Blum enthal JA, et al: Depression and coronary heart disease: Recom m endations for screening,
referral, and treatm ent: A science advisory from the Am erican Heart Association Prevention
Com m ittee of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on
Epidem iology and Prevention, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcom es
R e s e a rc h : En d orsed by th e A m e ric a n P sy c h ia tric A s so c ia tio n . C irc u la tio n
2008;118(17):1768-1775.

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23. You are considering starting a depression disease management program

in your practice. According to the literature, components of successful
depression disease management programs include which of the following?
(Mark all that are true.)

F A system to track patients with depression

F Patient education strategies

F The use of nurses or other care coordinators to help maintain contact

with and educate patients

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 F Collaboration with mental health professionals

F Screening all adult patients in the practice for major depression at

least once every 5 years

Gilbody S, W hitty P, Grim shaw J, et al: Educational and organizational interventions to im prove
the m anagem ent of depression in prim ary care: A system atic review. JAMA
2003;289(23):3145-3151. 2) Dietrich AJ, Oxm an TE, William s JW Jr, et al: Going to scale:
Re-engineering system s for prim ary care treatm ent of depression. Ann Fam Med
2004;2(4):301-304. 3) Pignone MP, Gaynes BN, Rushton JL, et al: Screening for Depression.
System atic Evidence Review, no 6. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2002, pub no
AHRQ02-S002. 4) O’Connor EA, W hitlock EP, Beil TL, et al: Screening for depression in adult
patients in prim ary care settings: A system atic evidence review . Ann Intern Med
2009;151(11):793-803. 5) Oxm an TE, Dietrich AJ, W illiam s JW Jr, et al: A three-com ponent
m odel for reengineering system s for the treatm ent of depression in prim ary care.
Psychosom atics 2002;43(6):441-450.

Last Modified 02/07

24. True statements regarding the relationship between diabetes mellitus and
depression include which of the following? (Mark all that are true.)

F The presence of type 1 or type 2 diabetes doubles the likelihood of

comorbid depression in adults

F In patients with comorbid depression and diabetes mellitus, the level

of dietary compliance is inversely related to the severity of
depressive symptoms

F Depression is associated with hyperglycemia in patients with type 1

diabetes, but not in those with type 2 diabetes

F Health care costs for patients with diabetes mellitus and comorbid
depression are similar to the health care costs of nondepressed
diabetic patients

Lustm an PJ, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, et al: Depression and poor glycem ic control: A
m eta-analytic review of the literature. Diabetes Care 2000;23(7):934-942. 2) Anderson RJ,
Freedland KE, Clouse RE, et al: The prevalence of com orbid depression in adults with diabetes:
A m eta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2001;24(6):1069-1078. 3) Ciechanowski PS, Katon W J, Russo
JE: Depression and diabetes: Im pact of depressive sym ptom s on adherence, function, and
costs. Arch Intern Med 2000;160(21):3278-3285.

Last Modified 02/06

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
25. Both physical and psychological stress are related to the pathophysiology
of mood disorders. True statements regarding this process include which
of the following? (Mark all that are true.)

F The response to both physical and psychologic stress is mediated in

part by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system

F Acute psychologic stress leads to a decrease in

corticotropin-releasing factor, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),
and cortisol levels

F Successful treatment of depression leads to a reversal of

abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system

F The dexamethasone suppression test is a useful clinical test for the

presence of major depressive disorder

Holsboer F: Stress, hypercortisolism and corticosteroid receptors in depression: Im plications

for therapy. J Affect Dis 2001;62(1-2):77-91. Internet access is not available for this reference.
The publisher has granted perm ission to post the article in a downloadable form at, but posting
the docum ent in a m anageable size significantly reduced the quality of the reproduction. W e
have provided a brief sum m ary of the article for your use in com pleting the knowledge
assessm ent, and have also provided a low-resolution downloadable version of the article. If a
better version becom es available, we will replace the current versions.

Last Modified 02/06

26. After a complete evaluation of a 76-year-old woman with depression, you

decide she needs to be treated. Her depression is moderately severe, and
she has no other significant medical problems.

True statements regarding her treatment include which of the following?

(Mark all that are true.)

F In mild to moderate depression, the effectiveness of antidepressant

medication is roughly equal to that of short-term, focused
psychologic therapies

F Serotonergic antidepressants are significantly more effective than

tricyclic antidepressants for moderate to severe major depression

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 F In general, tricyclic antidepressants have a higher dropout rate than
serotonergic agents

F Tricyclic antidepressants should generally not be used in elderly

patients because of the higher side-effect related dropout rate
compared to serotonergic agents

F Newer serotonergic agents should generally be avoided in the elderly

because of the risk of drug interactions with the many medications
usually taken by elderly patients

McCusker J, Cole M, Keller E, et al: Effectiveness of treatm ents of depression in older

am bulatory patients. Arch Intern Med 1998;158(7):705-712. 2) Anderson IM, Tom enson BM:
Treatm ent discontinuation with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors com pared with tricyclic
antidepressants: A m eta-analysis. BMJ 1995;310(6992): 1433-1438. 3) Birrer RB, Vem uri SP:
Depression in later life: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Am Fam Physician
2004;69(10):2375-2382.

Last Modified 09/11

27. Depression may affect the management of general medical illness for
which of the following reasons? (Mark all that are true.)

F Patients with aversive symptoms such as pain are at increased risk

for developing depressive disorders

F Patients with depression may exhibit an increase in maladaptive

interpersonal behaviors, making collaboration with the physician
more difficult

F Patients with depression have higher rates of adverse health-risk

behaviors when compared to nondepressed patients

F The medical cost of a chronic medical illness is reduced by comorbid

depression

Katon W J: Clinical and health services relationships between m ajor depression, depressive
sym ptom s, and general m edical illness. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54(3);216-226.

Last Modified 02/07

28. When used at full therapeutic doses, which one of the following

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 antidepressant medications can be discontinued without tapering in
adults, with a low risk of side effects?

A) Nortriptyline (Pamelor)

B) Desipramine (Norpramin)

C) Paroxetine (Paxil)

D) Fluoxetine (Prozac)

E) Sertraline (Zoloft)

Depression clinical practice guidelines. Kaiser Perm anente Care Managem ent Institute, 2006.
2) Judge R, Parry MG, Quail D, et al: Discontinuation sym ptom s: Com parison of brief
interruption in fluoxetine and paroxetine treatm ent. Int Clin Psychopharm acol
2002;17(5):217-225. 3) Zajecka J, Fawcett J, Am sterdam J, et al: Safety of abrupt
discontinuation of fluoxetine: A random ized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharm acol
1998;18(3):193-197. 4) Rosenbaum JF, Fava M, Hoog SL: Selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor discontinuation syndrom e: A random ized clinical trial. Biol Psychiatry
1998;44(2):77-87.

Last Modified 02/06

29. A 68-year-old male with diabetes mellitus and hypertension has a past
history of major depressive disorder but has not been depressed recently.
He and his wife ask you about the possibility that his depression may
return and become a significant problem.

Which of the following would be accurate advice when discussing their

concerns? (Mark all that are true.)

F Depression is a normal part of the aging process and does not

require treatment at this man’s age

F Depression that occurred more than 20 years ago does not increase
the patient’s risk for a recurrence now

F Suicide risk is higher in elderly patients when depression is

untreated, compared to the risk in untreated younger patients with
depression

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 F Depression secondary to a chronic medical illness, such as
myocardial infarction or diabetes mellitus, rarely requires treatment
with an antidepressant and will remit as the chronic medical disease
improves

Birrer RB, Vem uri SP: Depression in later life: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Am Fam
Physician 2004;69(10):2375-2382. 2) Fiske A, W etherell JL, Gatz M: Depression in older adults.
Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2009;5:363-89.

Last Modified 02/07

30. A trial of antidepressant discontinuation would be appropriate for which

of the following? (Mark all that are true.)

F A 42-year-old male with a first lifetime episode of major depression

who has taken medication for 4 months and is now asymptomatic

F A 35-year-old female with a first lifetime episode of major depression

who has taken medication for 12 months and is now asymptomatic

F A 28-year-old female with generalized anxiety disorder and her third

lifetime episode of major depression who has taken medication for
6 months and is now asymptomatic

F A 64-year-old female with her third lifetime episode of major

depression who has taken medication for 12 months and is now
asymptomatic

Trivedi MH, Kleiber BA: Algorithm for the treatm ent of chronic depression. J Clin Psychiatry
2001;62(suppl 6):22-29.

Last Modified 02/06

31. True statements regarding epidemiologic factors related to bipolar

disorder and major depressive disorder include which of the following?
(Mark all that are true.)

F The lifetime prevalence rate for major depressive disorder is

approximately twice that of bipolar disorder

F The mean age of onset for major depressive disorder is between the

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 ages of 25 and 35

F The age of onset of bipolar disorder is 6 years earlier on average

than the onset of major depressive disorder

F Bipolar disorder is approximately twice as common in females as in

males

Hirschfeld RM, Cass AR, Holt DC, et al: Screening for bipolar disorder in patients treated for
depression in a fam ily m edicine clinic. J Am Board Fam Pract 2005;18(4):233-239. 2) Das AK,
Olfson M, Gam eroff MJ, et al: Screening for bipolar disorder in a prim ary care practice. JAMA
2005;293(8):956-963. 3) W eissm an MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ, et al: Cross-national
epidem iology of m ajor depression and bipolar disorder. JAMA 1996;276(4):293-299.

Last Modified 02/06

32. Which one of the following instruments allows simultaneous assessment

of both DSM-IV depression criteria and symptom severity, and is useful
for follow-up?

A) The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)

B) The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

C) The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Screen (CES-D)

D) The Zung Depression Scale (ZDS)

E) The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD)

W illiam s JW Jr, Noel PH, Cordes JA, et al: Is this patient clinically depressed? JAMA
2002;287(9):1160-1170. 2) Nease DE Jr, Maloin JM: Depression screening: A practical
strategy. J Fam Pract 2003;52(2):118-124. 3) Ebell MH: Screening instrum ents for depression.
Am Fam Physician 2008;78(2):244-246. 4) Dejesus RS, Vickers KS, Melin GJ, W illiam s MD:
A system -based approach to depression m anagem ent in prim ary care using the Patient Health
Questionnaire-9. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82(11):1395-1402.

Last Modified 02/07

33. True statements regarding the treatment of major depression in adults

include which of the following? (Mark all that are true.)

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 F Psychotherapy and antidepressant medication are equally effective
in patients with mild depression

F Psychotherapy is more effective than antidepressant medication for

severe depression

F Combining psychotherapy and antidepressant medication in patients

with mild to moderate depression is significantly more cost-effective
than either treatment alone

F Interpersonal therapy (IPT) is the most effective form of

psychotherapy

F Combining psychotherapy with antidepressant medication is likely to

be more beneficial than either treatment alone in patients with
severe depression

Casacalenda N, Perry JC, Looper K: Rem ission in m ajor depressive disorder: A com parison of
p h arm acoth erapy, psych oth erapy, and con trol con d ition s. Am J P sy ch ia try
2002;159(8):1354-1360. 2) Thase ME, Greenhouse JB, Frank E, et al: Treatm ent of m ajor
depression with psychotherapy or psychotherapy-pharm acotherapy com binations. Arch Gen
Psychiatry 1997;54(11):1009-1015. Internet access is not available for this reference. The
publisher has granted perm ission to post the article in a downloadable form at, but posting the
docum ent in a m anageable size significantly reduced the quality of the reproduction. W e have
provided a brief sum m ary of the article for your use in com pleting the knowledge assessm ent,
and have also provided a low-resolution downloadable version of the article. If a better version
becom es available, we will replace the current versions. 3) Keller MB, McCullough JP, Klein DN,
et al: A com parison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy,
and their com bination for the treatm ent of chronic depression. N Engl J Med
2000;342(20):1462-1470. 4) De Jonghe F, Kool S, van Aalst G, et al: Com bining
psychotherapy and antidepressants in the treatm ent of depression. J Affect Disord
2001;64(2-3):217-229.

Last Modified 02/06

34. Indications for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for major depression

include which of the following? (Mark all that are true.)

F Bipolar depression

F Profound vegetative symptoms

F Suicidal ideation

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 F Psychosis

F Resistance to multiple trials of pharmacotherapy

UK ECT Review Group: The efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive
disorders: A system atic review and m eta-analysis. Lancet 2003;361(9360):799-808.

Last Modified 02/06

35. A 38-year-old male presents with panic attacks, and asks for refills of
alprazolam (Xanax) prescribed by another physician. Previous treatment
attempts with SSRIs approved for panic disorder have not been helpful,
often triggering severe agitation and insomnia. Additional history taking
reveals that he began to have problems with anxiety in late childhood. He
has had a number of impairing depressive episodes and these
demonstrate a marked seasonal pattern with increased severity during
the winter months. His mother was hospitalized on at least one occasion
for a psychotic mania.

You continue to explore the patient’s history. If found, which one of the
following would be most specific for confirming your suspicions of bipolar
disorder?

A) Symptomatic improvement on divalproex (Depakote)

B) A full sibling with a confirmed diagnosis of bipolar I disorder

C) A first degree relative with mania responsive to lithium

D) A hypomanic episode

Akiskal HS, Maser JD, Zeller PJ, et al: Switching from 'unipolar' to bipolar II. An 11-year
prospective study of clinical and tem peram ental predictors in 559 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry
1995;52(2):114-123. 2) Piver A, Yatham LN, Lam RW : Bipolar spectrum disorders. New
perspectives. Can Fam Physician 2002;48:896-904.

Last Modified 02/06

36. True statements regarding antidepressants and suicide include which of

the following? (Mark all that are true.)

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 F Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are more lethal in overdose than
SSRIs

F Suicide rates are higher with TCAs than with SSRIs

F Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are less likely

than SSRIs to be associated with suicidal thoughts in adolescents

F SSRIs have been shown to lead to more suicide attempts in

adolescents than placebo

Depression clinical practice guidelines. Kaiser Perm anente Care Managem ent Institute, 2006.
2) Buckley NA, McManus PR: Fatal toxicity of serotoninergic and other antidepressant drugs:
Analysis of United Kingdom m ortality data. BMJ 2002;325(7376):1332-1333. 3) Jick SS, Dean
AD, Jick H: Antidepressants and suicide. BMJ 1995;310(6974):215-218.

Last Modified 02/06

37. Which of the following disorders will respond to a medication that has its
primary action on the serotonin and/or norepinephrine neurotransmitter
systems? (Mark all that are true.)

F Dysthymic disorder

F Fibromyalgia

F Schizophrenia

F Irritable bowel syndrome

F Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Hudson JI, Mangweth B, Pope HG Jr, et al: Fam ily study of affective spectrum disorder. Arch
Gen Psychiatry 2003;60(2):170-177.

Last Modified 02/06

38. Appropriate advice for patients when first prescribing antidepressants for
major depression includes which of the following? (Mark all that are true.)

F Antidepressants should be stopped as soon as any side effects are

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 noted

F Antidepressant side effects such as nausea, anxiety, and dry mouth

are likely to persist for 6–12 weeks

F Antidepressants should be continued even after symptoms of

depression have resolved

F If the full effect of medication has not been reached after 4 weeks,
a medication change will be necessary

Lin EHB, Von Korff M, Katon W , et al: The role of the prim ary care physician in patients’
adherence to antidepressant therapy. Med Care 1995;33(1):67-74. 2) Bull SA, Hu XH,
Hunkeler EM, et al: Discontinuation of use and switching of antidepressants: Influence of
patient-physician com m unication. JAMA 2002;288(11):1403-1409. 3) Trivedi MH, Rush AJ,
W isniewski SR, et al: Evaluation of outcom es with citalopram for depression using
m easurem ent-based care in STAR*D: Im plications for clinical practice. Am J Psychiatry
2006;163(1):28–40.

Last Modified 02/07

39. You have made a diagnosis of severe depression in a 30-year-old woman

who is early in the third trimester of her first pregnancy. Which of the
following would be accurate advice regarding the risk of taking
antidepressants during the remainder of her pregnancy? (Mark all that
are true.)

F If she takes an SSRI, her baby might develop a syndrome consisting

of irritability, abnormal crying, tachypnea, thermal instability, and
poor muscle tone

F If she takes an SSRI her baby is likely to be slightly larger than

babies born to mothers who did not take antidepressants

F She should stop any antidepressant a few weeks before her

anticipated due date to prevent a neonatal withdrawal syndrome

F There is a small but significant risk of a withdrawal syndrome in

newborns if serotonergic antidepressants are taken during the third
trimester of pregnancy

F SSRI use in the third trimester has been linked to the development

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

Moses-Kolko EL, Bogen D, Perel J, et al: Neonatal signs after late in utero exposure to serotonin
reuptake inhibitors: Literature review and im plications for clinical applications. JAMA
2005;293(19):2372-2383. 2) Huntington J, Zantop V: Antidepressant m edications in
pregnancy. Am Fam Physician 2004;70(11):2195-2196. 3) Cham bers CD, Hernandez-Diaz S,
Van Marter LJ, et al: Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulm onary
hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med 2006;354(6):579-587.

Last Modified 02/07

40. Which one of the following is true regarding the Beck Depression
Inventory (BDI), the Zung Depression Scale (ZDS), the Center for
Epidemiologic Studies Depression screen (CES-D), and the nine-item
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)?

A) They can be performed by the patient alone, and take 5 minutes or

less

B) They can be performed by the patient alone, and take 10 minutes or

more

C) They must be administered by a trained or lay interviewer, and take

5 minutes or less

D) They must be administered by a trained or lay interviewer, and take

10 minutes or more

W illiam s JW Jr, Noel PH, Cordes JA, et al: Is this patient clinically depressed? JAMA
2002;287(9):1160-1170. 2) Nease DE Jr, Maloin JM: Depression screening: A practical
strategy. J Fam Pract 2003;52(2):118-124. 3) Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, William s JB: The PHQ-9:
Validity of a brief depression severity m easure. J Gen Intern Med 2001;16(9):606-613.

Last Modified 02/07

41. Atypical antipsychotics include drugs such as clozapine (Clozaril),

risperidone (Risperdal), and olanzapine (Zyprexa). True statements
regarding the association between the atypical antipsychotics and
treatment-emergent hyperglycemia or diabetes mellitus include which of
the following? (Mark all that are true.)

F Preexisting risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus are thought to be

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 a risk factor for this phenomenon

F Weight gain is always an associated phenomenon

F Patients on atypical antipsychotics should be monitored at 6, 12, and

18 months for evidence of worsening glycemic control

F Based on available data, olanzapine and clozapine are associated

with the highest risk for treatment-associated hyperglycemia

F Preexisting diabetes mellitus is a contraindication to the use of

atypical antipsychotics

Am erican Diabetes Association, Am erican Psychiatric Association, Am erican Association of

Clinical Endocrinologists, North Am erican Association for the Study of Obesity: Consensus
developm ent conference on antipsychotic agents and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care
2004;27(2):596-601.

Last Modified 02/06

42. A 43-year-old perimenopausal female has moderate to severe major

depressive disorder. Appropriate first-line medications include which of
the following? (Mark all that are true.)

F Fluoxetine (Prozac)

F Nortriptyline (Pamelor)

F Venlafaxine (Effexor)

F Desipramine (Norpramin)

F St. John’s wort

Linde K, Mulrow CD, Berner M, et al: St. John’s wort for depression. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev 2005;(2):CD000448. 2) Shelton RC, Keller MB, Gelenberg A, et al: Effectiveness of St.
John's wort in m ajor depression: A random ized controlled trial. JAMA 2001(15);285:1978-1986.

Last Modified 02/07

43. Temperament characteristics associated with a bipolar II outcome in

patients initially presenting with an episode of major depression include

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 which of the following? (Mark all that are true.)

F Lability of mood

F Excessive use of denial as an ego defense

F A tendency to engage in intense fantasy or daydreaming

F Social anxiety

F A high energy level

Akiskal HS, Maser JD, Zeller PJ, et al: Switching from 'unipolar' to bipolar II. An 11-year
prospective study of clinical and tem peram ental predictors in 559 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry
1995;52(2):114-123.

Last Modified 02/06

44. A 45-year-old female presents during the month of May with a severe
major depression. She is tearful and expresses thoughts of hopelessness.
She admits to thinking about suicide from time to time, but agrees to a
“no-harm” contract. There are adequate psychosocial supports in place
to allow outpatient treatment to proceed.

True statements regarding this situation include which of the following?

(Mark all that are true.)

F Her risk of suicide will likely decrease during the first week of
antidepressant treatment

F Her suicide risk is lowered by her presentation in the spring

F The “no-harm” contract allows the next follow-up visit to be

scheduled in 3–4 weeks

F A family history of suicide would increase her risk for a suicide

attempt

Kessler RC, Borges G, W alters EE: Prevalence of and risk factors for lifetim e suicide attem pts
in the National Com orbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56(7):617-626.

Last Modified 02/06

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
45. You prescribe antidepressants for a 37-year-old female for major
depression of moderate severity. When you see her 8 weeks later for a
follow-up visit she is sleeping better, concentrating better at work, and
not overeating as much as she was. However, she is still fatigued and has
poor self-esteem, has not resumed her social activities, and feels “a little”
depressed. You administer a standardized depression questionnaire, and
conclude the patient has achieved partial remission. Laboratory findings
are normal.

At this point, appropriate treatment options include which of the

following? (Mark all that are true.)

F Maintain the current medication dosage and see her back in 4 weeks

F Increase the dosage of her medication

F Change medications

F Stop treatment and refer to specialty behavioral health care

F Recommend adjunct psychotherapy

F Augment with another medication

Hirschfeld RM, Dunner DL, Keitner G, et al: Does psychosocial functioning im prove independent
of depressive sym ptom s? A com parison of nefazodone, psychotherapy, and their com bination.
Biol Psychiatry 2002;51(2):123-133. 2) Keller MB, McCullough JP, Klein DN, et al: A
comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, and their
com bination for the treatm ent of chronic depression. N Engl J Med 2000;342(20):1462-1470.
3) Depression clinical practice guidelines. Kaiser Perm anente Care Management Institute, 2006.
4) Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, W isniewski SR, et al: Evaluation of outcom es w ith citalopram for
depression using m easurem ent-based care in STAR*D: Im plications for clinical practice. Am J
Psychiatry 2006;163(1):28–40. 5) Trivedi MH, Fava M, W isniewski SR, et al: Medication
augm entation after the failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med 2006;354(12):1243-1252.
6) Nierenberg AA, Fava M, Trivedi M H, et al: A com parison of lithium and T3 augm entation
following two failed m edication treatm ents for depression: A STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry
2006;163(9):1519–1530.

Last Modified 02/07

46. Deficiencies in which of the following neurotransmitters have been linked

to the development of depression? (Mark all that are true.)

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 F Dopamine

F Norepinephrine

F Acetylcholine

F Serotonin

F Histamine

Mann JJ: The m edical m anagem ent of depression. N Engl J Med 2005;353(17):1819-1834.

Last Modified 02/07

47. True statements regarding the relationship of depression to general

medical illness include which of the following? (Mark all that are true.)

F Chronic medical illness is a risk factor for major depressive disorder

F Depression is a significant side effect of a wide range of medications

used to treat medical illnesses

F Patients with neurologic illnesses have a low baseline prevalence of

major depressive disorder

F Rheumatoid factor has been found to have a major direct

pathophysiologic effect on the brain, which can lead to secondary
depression

F Depression can adversely affect the doctor-patient relationship

Katon W J: Clinical and health services relationships between m ajor depression, depressive
sym ptom s, and general m edical illness. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54(3);216-226.

Last Modified 02/07

48. True statements regarding monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) include

which of the following? (Mark all that are true.)

F MAOIs are more effective than SSRIs for patients with typical
symptoms of major depression (insomnia, decreased appetite)

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 F MAOIs may be more effective than tricyclic antidepressants in
patients with atypical symptoms of major depression (hypersomnia,
increased appetite)

F MAOIs may precipitate hypertensive crisis when combined with

certain foods or medications

F MAOIs are safe to use in combination with SSRIs

W illiam s JW Jr, Mulrow CD, Chiquette E, et al: A system atic review of newer pharm acotherapies
for depression in adults: Evidence report sum m ary. Ann Intern Med 2000;132(9):743-756. 2)
Thase ME, Trivedi MH, Rush AJ: MAOIs in the contem porary treatm ent of depression.
Neuropsychopharm acology 1995;12(3):185-219.

Last Modified 02/06

49. Primary care patients with medical disorders may suffer from comorbid
subsyndromal depressive disorders, as well as comorbid full-criteria
DSM-IV Axis I depressive disorders. True statements regarding these
patients include which of the following? (Mark all that are true.)

F Patients with comorbid depressive disorders have significantly higher

baseline health care costs than patients without depressive disorders

F Patients with comorbid depressive disorders have health care costs

similar to those of patients without these comorbidities when
severity of medical illness is factored in

F Both major depressive disorder and subsyndromal depression are

associated with significant functional impairment in primary care
settings

F Subsyndromal depression is less prevalent than full-criteria major

depressive disorder in primary care settings

W illiam s JW, Kerber CA, Mulrow CD, et al: Depressive disorders in prim ary care: Prevalence,
functional disability, and identification. J Gen Intern Med 1995;10(1):7-12. 2) Sim on G, Orm el
J, VonKorff M, et al: Health care costs associated with depressive and anxiety disorders in
prim ary care. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152(3):352-357. Internet access is not available for this
reference. The publisher has granted perm ission to post the article in a downloadable form at,
but posting the docum ent in a m anageable size significantly reduced the quality of the
reproduction. W e have provided a brief sum m ary of the article for your use in com pleting the
knowledge assessm ent, and have also provided a low-resolution downloadable version of the

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
article. If a better version becom es available, we will replace the current versions.

Last Modified 02/06

50. Components of practice redesign that have been shown in studies to

contribute to improved outcomes in patients with depression include
which of the following? (Mark all that are true.)

F Patient self-management support

F Dissemination of guideline binders

F A functioning interface to mental health specialists that ensures

access for consultation, shared management, and referral

F Physician attendance at CME programs

F Case management that functions to ensure that patients are

monitored regularly for treatment adherence, status of their illness,
and needed changes in treatment

Oxm an TE, Dietrich AJ, W illiam s JW Jr, et al: A three-com ponent m odel for reengineering
system s for the treatm ent of depression in prim ary care. Psychosom atics 2002;43(6):441-450.
2) Dietrich AJ, Oxm an TE, Burns MR, et al: Application of a depression m anagem ent office
system in com m unity practice: A dem onstration. J Am Board Fam Pract 2003;16(2):107-114.
3) Gilbody S, W hitty P, Grim shaw J, et al: Educational and organizational interventions to
im prove the m anagem ent of depression in prim ary care: A system atic review. JAMA
2003;289(23):3145-3151. 4) O’Connor EA, W hitlock EP, Beil TL, et al: Screening for
depression in adult patients in prim ary care settings: A system atic evidence review. Ann Intern
Med 2009;151(11):793-803. 5) Lee PW , Dietrich AJ, Oxm an TE, et al: Sustainable im pact of
a prim ary care depression intervention. J Am Board Fam Med 2007;20(5):427-433.

Last Modified 02/07

51. A 24-year-old female presents to your office complaining of symptoms of

depression and generalized anxiety. During an episode of severe
depression as a teenager, she attempted suicide by acetaminophen
overdose. In the past, another physician made a diagnosis of social
phobia and prescribed paroxetine (Paxil). After taking the paroxetine for
3 days, she experienced an episode of elation, decreased need for sleep,
racing thoughts, and increased activity, including a spending spree
totaling several thousand dollars.

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 Which one of the following would be the most appropriate medication
choice for her current depression?

A) Olanzapine/fluoxetine (Symbyax)

B) Venlafaxine extended release (Effexor XR)

C) Sertraline (Zoloft)

D) Clomipramine (Anafranil)

E) Divalproex (Depakote)

Practice guideline for the treatm ent of patients with bipolar disorder (revision). Am J Psychiatry
2002;159(4 suppl):1-50. 2) Tohen M, Vieta E, Calabrese J, et al: Efficacy of olanzapine and
olanzapine-fluoxetine com bination in the treatm ent of bipolar I depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry
2003;60(11):1079-1088.

Last Modified 02/06

52. A 27-year-old female presents to your office as a new patient. She has
a history of major depressive disorder and irritable bowel syndrome. At
present she is not under treatment and her depression is moderately
severe. She has a family history of obsessive-compulsive disorder, major
depressive disorder, migraine headaches, and fibromyalgia.

Which of the following would apply to this patient? (Mark all that are
true.)

F The clustering of diagnoses in the patient’s family probably has an

underlying biologic basis mediated by serotonin

F Abnormalities in the cholinergic neurotransmitter system have been

implicated in the primary pathophysiology of both of the patient’s
diagnoses

F The primary cause of this patient’s major depressive disorder is

learned or modeled behavior

F In this patient, a course of interpersonal psychotherapy is indicated

prior to starting a trial of antidepressant medication

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
Hudson JI, M angw eth B, Pope HG Jr, et al: Fam ily study of affective spectrum disorder. Arch
Gen Psychiatry 2003;60(2):170-177.

Last Modified 02/06

53. True statements regarding major depressive disorder include which of the
following? (Mark all that are true.)

F Patients with major depressive disorder have high levels of

psychiatric comorbidity

F The mean duration of an episode of untreated major depression is 8

weeks

F Over 50% of non-institutionalized patients with major depressive

disorder receive appropriate evidence-based treatment

F The risk of developing major depressive disorder is highest in the

preteen years

Kessler RC, Berglund P, Dem ler O, et al: The epidem iology of m ajor depressive disorder:
R esu lts from th e Nation al C om orbidity Su rvey R eplication (NCS -R ). JA M A
2003;289(23):3095-3105.

Last Modified 02/06

54. A 21-year-old female is diagnosed with common migraine headaches. She

has a history of recurrent major depression well controlled with
citalopram (Celexa).

Which one of the following medications used for the treatment of

migraine would increase her risk of developing serotonin syndrome?

A) Propranolol (Inderal)

B) Topiramate (Topamax)

C) Naproxen

D) Sumatriptan (Imitrex)

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
FDA Alert [7/2006]: Potentially life-threatening serotonin syndrome with combined use of SSRIs
or SNRIs and triptan m edications. 2) Boyer EW , Shannon M: The serotonin syndrom e. N Engl
J Med 2005;352(11):1112-1120.

Last Modified 09/11

55. Which one of the following is the strongest risk factor for the
development of major depression in the elderly?

A) A personal history of major depression

B) The onset of a new chronic disease

C) The death of a spouse

D) A marked decrease in the independent activities of daily living (IADL)

score

Schoevers RA, Beekm an ATF, Deeg DJ, et al: Risk factors for depression in later life; Results
of a prospective com m unity based study (AMSTEL). J Affect Disord 2000;59(2):127-137.

Last Modified 02/06

56. A 28-year-old female presents with the onset of sadness and tearfulness
over the past month. Questioning reveals that her husband is annoyed
with her for not wanting to go out like she used to. She is also having
difficulty sleeping despite feeling tired almost constantly, has almost
stopped eating due to lack of interest, and is feeling guilty over letting
her family down because of her tiredness. You diagnose acute major
depressive disorder and begin medication after discussing treatment
options with the patient.

Which one of the following would be most appropriate for monitoring the
patient’s condition during the acute phase of the depression?

A) Scheduling office visits with you at all monitoring points to ensure

adequate assessment of response

B) A visit or phone call by your staff at 1 week to ask general questions

about adherence and side effects

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 C) Phone calls by a staff member that include assessment of the
patient’s progress with a standardized depression assessment
instrument

D) Required referral to a central case management service to assess the

patient’s progress

E) An agreement with the patient that she should call in at intervals of

2, 4, and 6 weeks to let your nurse know how she is doing

Oxm an TE, Dietrich AJ, W illiam s JW Jr, et al: A three-com ponent m odel for reengineering
system s for the treatm ent of depression in prim ary care. Psychosom atics 2002;43(6):441-450.

Last Modified 02/07

57. Possible mechanisms implicated in the relationship between depression

and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality include

F increased heart rate variability

F increased ratio of parasympathetic to sympathetic tone

F abnormalities in platelet aggregation

F cardiac rhythm disturbances

F reduced compliance with medical recommendations

Joynt KE, W hellan DJ, O’Connor CM: Depression and cardiovascular disease: Mechanism s of
interaction. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54(3):248-261. 2) O’Connor CM, Gurbel PA, Serebruany VL:
Depression and ischem ic heart disease. Am Heart J 2000;140(4 suppl):S63-S69. Internet
access is not available for this reference. The publisher has granted perm ission to post the
article in a downloadable form at, but posting the docum ent in a m anageable size significantly
reduced the quality of the reproduction. W e have provided a brief sum m ary of the article for
your use in com pleting the know ledge assessm ent, and have also provided a low-resolution
downloadable version of the article. If a better version becom es available, we will replace the
current versions. 3) Ziegelstein RC: Depression in patients recovering from m yocardial
infarction. JAMA 2001;286(13):1621-1627.

Last Modified 02/07

58. Which one of the following best describes bipolar II disorder?

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 A) A history of one or more periods of impairing manic symptoms
lasting at least 4 days

B) Recurrent periods of hypomania with at least one episode of major

depression

C) Alternating periods of hypomania and minor depression

D) A history of at least one episode of acute mania

E) Recurrent major depression refractory to adequate trials of at least

3 antidepressants from different pharmacologic classes

Parker G: Bipolar disorder: Assessm ent and m anagem ent. Aust Fam Physician
2007;36(4):240-243.

Last Modified 02/06

59. True statements regarding suicide attempts among patients with a major
depressive episode include which of the following? (Mark all that are
true.)

F Women successfully commit suicide at a higher rate than men

F Patients hospitalized for suicidality have a markedly increased

lifetime risk of suicide compared to patients managed in an
outpatient setting

F Patients with depressive disorders have suicide prevalence rates

similar to those of the general population

F Depressed cigarette smokers attempt suicide more frequently than

depressed nonsmokers

F Increased subjective assessment of depression by the patient is

associated with an increased risk for a suicide attempt

Bostwick JM, Pankratz VS: Affective disorders and suicide risk: A reexam ination. Am J
Psychiatry 2000;157(12):1925-1932. 2) Oquendo MA, Galfalvy H, Russo S, et al: Prospective
study of clinical predictors of suicidal acts after a m ajor depressive episode in patients with
m ajor depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161(8):1433-1441.

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 Last Modified 02/06

60. Which one of the following screening instruments for depression has the
lowest rate of false-positives (highest positive predictive value) in primary
care use?

A) The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)

B) The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

C) The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Screen (CES-D)

D) The Zung Depression Scale (ZDS)

E) The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD)

W illiam s JW Jr, Noel PH, Cordes JA, et al: Is this patient clinically depressed? JAMA
2002;287(9):1160-1170. 2) Nease DE Jr, Maloin JM: Depression screening: A practical
strategy. J Fam Pract 2003;52(2):118-124. 3) Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, William s JB: The PHQ-9:
Validity of a brief depression severity m easure. J Gen Intern Med 2001;16(9):606-613.

Last Modified 02/07

Copyright © 2011 Am erican Board of Fam ily Medicine, Inc.

Docum ent Last Modified: 09/2011
 • Why focus on Preconception Care?
• Obstacles to Preconception Care
• Available Evidence
• Preconception Care
• Actively planning pregnancy
• Unsure
Karen Muchowski MD, FAAFP • Do not desire pregnancy
Family Medicine Residency
Naval Hospital Camp Pendleton
Assistant Professor
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Preconception health
care is actually • Benefits for women who choose to
Periconception health participate
• Family Physicians have many
care opportunities for preconception care

 Patient:  Provider:
• Lack of knowledge/understanding of goals of • Lack of evidence – what works?
preconception care
• Even before planned pregnancies, most have • Poor reimbursement (?)
not had discussions about preconception health • - is this care cost-effective?
care
• Most discussions are started by the patient • Limited time in primary care visits
• Unplanned pregnancy (up to 50% in the US) • Lack of training
• Lack of access: women at highest risk often
have less access to care
• Cultural differences

1
• Rubella immunization Case #1 – 28 y/o G0, here for her annual
• Alcohol use exam. She has no chronic medical issues.
• Reduction of congenital anomalies (folic She is currently taking oral contraceptives
acid) but is planning on trying to get pregnant in
• Smoking a few months. Is there anything that she
needs to do?
• Obesity
• Diabetic women
• Medications/Teratogens
• Hypothyroidism

• Congenital rubella syndrome still occurs • Prospective cohort study 992 women, 2012
• Most of these women had missed • Fetal alcohol syndrome seen with alcohol
opportunities for screening/vaccination exposures in all trimesters
• Women with equivocal or negative tests • Strongest association second half of first
should be revaccinated after pregnancy trimester
• Special attention to women born in other • No evidence of a “safe” threshold
countries
• Recommend waiting one month after
vaccination before attempting pregnancy

• Cochrane review 2009 • The USPSTF recommends screening and

• Pre-pregnancy health promotion was behavioral counseling interventions to
associated with lower rates of binge reduce alcohol misuse by adults,
drinking (RR 1.24) including pregnant women, in primary
care settings
• Brief behavioral counseling associated
with small to moderate reductions in
alcohol consumption (Level B)

2
 • GU malformations
• Periconceptional folic acid decreases • Women using multivitamins (with folic
occurrent NTD, RR 0.28 (95% CI 0.13-0.58) acid) during first trimester had 85%
• Number needed to treat 847 decreased risk of having a child with GU
• Not associated with increased rate of malformation (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.05-
conception 0.43)
• Does not affect rates of miscarriage, ectopic, • Cleft lip/palate
stillbirth • Women taking at least 0.4 mg folic acid
• Increase in multiple births – most likely from day had OR 0.61 (0.39-0.96) for child
confounding from IVF with cleft lip +/- cleft palate

Folic Acid Knowledge

• Dose for primary prevention is 0.4 to 0.8 mg Taking

Age Aware Knowledge supplement
one month before conception through first 2-
3 months of pregnancy 18-24 61 6 30
• Current fortification levels are 0.14 mg per
100 grams whole grain 25-34 87 12 47
• has decreased prevalence of NTDs by 26%
35-45 89 16 40

MMWR, 2008

 Canfield, 2002  Maternal folic acid intake decreases

 Women with a history of a child with incidence of neural tube defects in their
NTD were more likely to use folic acid infants (LOE A)
prior to subsequent pregnancies if
 Maternal folic acid intake decreases
counseled about its benefits
genitourinary and cleft-lip
 deWeerd, 2002
malformations in their infants (LOE B)
 In women who planned a pregnancy and
 Education about folic acid increases
had preconception care, counseling
about folic acid increased folic acid vitamin use in motivated women (LOE A)
intake

3
M.A. is a 22yo woman who comes in to
establish care. She smokes 10 cigarettes
per day and would like to quit, but is
Accounts for 5% of
concerned about weight gain. Her BMI is perinatal deaths, 20-30%
31. She is sexually active with her
boyfriend. They use condoms for
of low birth weights and
contraception. What is your advice? 15% of preterm births

• Twice as likely to experience delay to • Pregnancy Risk

conception Assessment
• OR at 12 months of failing to achieve a Monitoring System
(PRAMS) 2008
pregnancy in a smoker 1.54 (1.19-2.01)
• 23.0% smoking 3
• 30% higher odds of having infertility months prior to
pregnancy
• 12.8% smoking
during last 3 months
of pregnancy
• 17.6% smoking
postpartum

• Spontaneous abortion OR 1.8 (1.3-2.6) • Infant Mortality all causes OR 1.8 (1.3-
• Abruption OR 1.65 (1.44-1.91) 2.6)
• Previa OR 1.58 (1.04-2.9)
• Infant Mortality from respiratory causes
• Stillbirth OR 2.0 (1.4-2.9)
(excluding conditions of prematurity) OR
• PPROM – 2 times more likely
3.8
• Prematurity – 30% higher risk
• Low birth weight - on average weigh 200 • Decreased weight, length and HC at birth
grams less • at 5 years of age, full catch up in weight,
• 5% decreased body weight per pack per day partial in length, no catch up in HC
smoked

4
• Anal atresia OR 1.4 SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
• Congenital urinary tract anomalies OR 2.3 • Tushar 2006
• Oral Cleft RR 1.34 (1.16-1.54) • OR 3.5 (1.4-8.7)
• Omphalocele/gastroschisis Prevalence • 20.7% of SIDS cases from 1997-2000 could
Ratio (PR) 1.37 have been prevented if all women had
• Clubfoot PR 1.62 stopped smoking
• Polydactyly/syndactyly PR 1.33 • 61.3% of SIDS cases in children born to

• Septal congenital heart defects (ASD, women who smoked during pregnancy
VSD) OR 1.44 (light smoker) to 2.06 were the result of smoking
(heavy smoker)

• Increased rates of ODD and conduct  Pregnancy Specific

disorder
Self-Help Material
• ADHD – OR 2.39
• Meta-analysis 2008
• Studies evaluating cognition, speech delay
and school achievement show negative • OR 1.9 (1.2-2.9)
trends but are not as robust • Abstinence rates
• Asthma – OR 1.8 (controlled for second usual care 8.6%
hand smoke) increased to
15.0% with
materials

• Psychosocial Interventions – Fiore 2008

100
• Meta-analysis of routine care/brief 90
intervention versus more intense 80
70
psychosocial interventions 60
• OR quitting smoking 1.8 (1.4-2.3) 50 Cost per life-year
saved (thousands of
40
• abstinence rates 13.3% intervention 30
dollars)

groups versus 7.6% 20

10
0
Smoking Mammogram Treat High Chol
Cessation
Intervention

Information from Marks JS. A cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analysis of smoking cessation for

Pregnant women. Am J Prev Med. Vol 6:282-289, 1990.

5
  Brief physician counseling is effective in  29% of women age 20-39 are obese
reducing smoking in non-pregnant
patients (LOE A)
 Minimal pregnancy specific
interventions improve quit rates in
women who smoke during pregnancy
(LOE A)

2.5
5
4.5
2
4
3.5
Adjusted 1.5
Odds 3 Adjusted BMI 29-35
Ratio BMI 29-35 Odds
2.5 BMI 35-40
BMI 35-40 Ratio 1
2 BMI >40
BMI >40
1.5 0.5
1
0.5 0
0 Delivery Delivery Delivery at
Pre- Stillbirth Gestational <32 weeks <37 weeks 42 weeks
eclampsia >28 wks Diabetes
Cedergren, Obstet Gyn 2004 Cedergren, Obstet Gyn 2004
Baeten, Am J Public Health 2001

3.5 4
3.5
3
3
2.5
Adjusted Adjusted 2.5
Odds 2 BMI 29-35 Odds 2 BMI 29-35
Ratio Ratio
1.5 BMI 35-40 1.5 BMI 35-40
BMI >40 1 BMI >40
1
0.5
0.5
0
LGA Fetal Early
0 Distress Neonatal
Cesearean Instrumental Shoulder Postpartum
Delivery Delivery Dystocia Hemorrhage Death

Cedergren, Obstet Gyn 2004

Cedergren, Obstet Gyn 2004

6
 3
• USPTFS - intensive counseling and
behavioral interventions in obese adults
2.5 results in weight loss (up to 6% body
2 weight) (LOE B)
Odds
BMI 25-29.9 • ACOG recommends preconception
1.5
Ratio
BMI >30 counseling for obese women, including
1 information about maternal and fetal
0.5
risks in pregnancy (LOE C)

0
NTD Heart Multiple
Defect Defects

Watkins ML, Peds 2003

T.M. is a new patient who comes in for a • Decreased fertility

well-woman exam. She is 33 and has • Increased risk of SAB
had type 2 diabetes for the past 4 years. • Increased risk of fetal malformations
She has a 10yo and 8yo from a previous
 Common anomalies: heart defects,
marriage. She is on glyburide and
sacral agenesis, GU malformations
metformin. She is newly remarried and
 Anomalies occur before 8 weeks
trying to get pregnant. Her hemoglobin
A1c is 8.2. gestation
 Risk is decreased with better glycemic
control

DARE (Database of Abstracts of Reviews of • Discuss risks of congenital anomalies,

Effectiveness) meta-analysis of 14 cohort SAB, other pregnancy complications
studies, compared 1192 diabetic women • Use contraception until blood glucose is
with pre-conception care vs. 1439 women optimized
usual care • Diabetic education, dietary education
• Pooled data showed 2.1% rate of • Generally switch to insulin, but can
congenital anomalies in pre-conception continue metformin/glyburide until
care group vs. 6.5% pregnant
 NNT 23
• Stop ACE-I, statins
• Goal Hga1c <7.0

7
 Discuss reproductive health plans with  30 y/o G2P0 who comes in for regular
women who have diabetes (LOE C) medication check. She takes valproic acid
 intensive pre-conception interventions
(Depakote) for a seizure disorder and has
been well controlled on that medication.
in women with diabetes reduces the risk
She is single but partnered and using OCPs
of congenital anomalies (LOE A) for birth control, but she admits not taking
pills consistently.

• Lower fertility in women with epilepsy • Being seizure free for 9 months prior to
• BUT, combination hormone contraceptives pregnancy associated with high likelihood
of remaining seizure free during
are less effective pregnancy (84-92%)
• Higher rates of fetal malformations and • Very well-controlled patients may be able
lower cognitive function due to meds (not to go off meds, discuss with neurologist
epilepsy itself) • Aim for monotherapy
• Some evidence that pre-conception care • Avoid carbamazepine, valproate,
decreases fetal anomalies, but more phenytoin
studies needed • newer meds are probably less
teratogenic
• Supplement with 4 mg folic acid

• Isotretinoin (Accutane)  Women who are seizure free prior to

• Paroxetine (Paxil) pregnancy are more likely to be seizure
• ACE Inhibitors free during pregnancy (LOE B)
• Statins  Certain medications should be “red
• Methotrexate flags” in women of reproductive age
• Warfarin - up to 25% will have fetal (LOE C)
warfarin syndrome if taken from weeks 6-  Consider changing medications vs.
9 of pregnancy recommending more effective methods
of contraception (LOE C)

8
 27 y/o G1P1 who is here for her annual • Overt hypothyroidism
exam. She is planning on becoming • elevated TSH, low free T4
pregnant again. Her previous pregnancy
resulted in a preterm delivery at 34 weeks,
• Subclinical hypothyroidism
and she wants to know what she can do to • elevated TSH, normal free T4
prevent this in a future pregnancy. Her • Hypothyroxinemia
only medication is levothyroxine. • normal TSH, low free T4

• Prevalence 1.4%, 2004 • Most of the increased need is in early first

• Untreated hypothyroidism trimester (as early as 4 weeks)
• Higher rates of SAB, abruption, PET, • Recommend that women take 2 extra
IUGR, low birth weight, PTL and fetal doses per week as soon as they find out
they’re pregnant, and check TSH ASAP
death
• Most studies show that average increased
• Associated with poor cognitive dose is 50-100 ug/day
development in offspring

• Subclinical hypothyroidism (high TSH,  significantly lower Neonatal Behavioral

normal free T4) Scores ate 3 weeks of age
• 2 large studies - no changes in  significantly lower scores on Bayley
pregnancy outcomes Neurodevelopmental Scale at 10 months of
• Hypothyroxinemia (normal TSH, low free age
T4)
• one large study – no changes
• another large study – increased rates of
preterm labor, macrosomia, gestational
diabetes

9
 15% women with subclinical hypothyroidism  In women with established
versus 5% controls had children with IQ<85 at hypothyroidism, maintaining euthyroid
7-9 years old levels during pregnancy improves
pregnancy outcomes and decreases
neurodevelopmental delays in offspring
(LOE B)
 ACOG does not recommend routine
screening for thyroid abnormalities in
pregnant women (LOE I)

1. Actively planning pregnancy  Schedule for

2. Unsure comprehensive
3. Do not desire pregnancy preconception
evaluation

• same as a first prenatal visit – including • Genetic counseling if needed

history, physical, and labs • Screen for cystic fibrosis, sickle cell
• Prenatal labs: HIV, hepatitis B, syphilis, trait, thalassemia
rubella, hematocrit, Pap test, PPD (if
• Update immunizations
indicated), gonorrhea/chlamydia testing,
blood type and antibodies • Rubella, varicella, Tdap
• Prescribe multivitamins with folic acid

10
 Discuss conditions/exposures that are • Using less effective contraception or
supported by evidence unreliable contraception users
• Rubella immunization • Clarify reasons for ambivalence
• Alcohol use • Use Five Minute Intervention
• Reduction of congenital anomalies (folic
acid)
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Medications/Teratogens
• Hypothyroidism

 How to Screen:  When to use:

 “What are you using for birth control?”  Negative pregnancy test
 “Are you thinking about having a baby in  Health maintenance visit
the future?”  Postpartum visit
 Screen the mother at well child visit
 Special attention (red flags): diabetes,
medications, previous poor pregnancy
outcome

 Brief discussion • Emphasize effective contraception and

 Vitamins with folic acid planned pregnancy
 Smoking cessation • Emergency contraception
 Review meds and chronic medical • Discuss and make available
conditions for red flags
 Routine immunizations: rubella,
varicella, hepatitis B, Tdap
 www.familydoctor.org
 “Things to Think About Before You’re
Pregnant”

11
• Comprehensive preconception care visit  Prescribe folic acid for all women of child-
• can bill as gyn prev med exam bearing age
 Assist women with smoking cessation and
• Preconception care for specific issues
weight loss
• bill under the disease (i.e. diabetes)
 Pay special attention to women with medical
• Pure preconception care health issues or medications that can impact
• use procreative management V26.89 pregnancy
• bill based on counseling time  Best strategy may be to decrease unintended
pregnancy

 karen.muchowski@med.navy.mil

12
 6/13/2012

Learning Objectives
 Be able to collaborate with patient to select the
Contraception Update best option for her and partner
 Know benefits and risks of current
contraceptives
 Understand options and benefits of Long-Acting
Reversible Contraception (LARC)
 Be able to use the “Quick Start” method
Marianne McKennett, M.D.
San Diego Academy
June 24, 2012

Case #1 Case #2

 17 y/o G1 P0 never sexually active here  24 y/o G1P1 female at 6 weeks

with boyfriend to begin birth control. postpartum, breastfeeding.
 Issues:
 Does she need a pap smear?
 Issues:
 Any concerns specific to adolescent
 Hormonal contraception and breastfeeding
 When to start?
 Emergency Contraception?

Case #3 Epidemiology

 35 y/o G2 P2 female not sure whether  49% of pregnancies in U.S. are

she wants to be pregnant again, not unintended (3 million preg/year)
ready for permanent method.  1.2 million abortions per year
 10 million U.S. women use OCP’s
 Issues:  100 million women worldwide
 Smoking  5/100 women get pregnant with typical
 Cardiovascular risks use
 1/100 women with perfect use

1
 6/13/2012

Combination Hormonal Combination Estrogen-

Contraceptives Progesterone
 Estrogen content
 20-50 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol
 Now 20-35 micrograms
 Progestational Agents
 Norgestrel – First Generation
 Levonorgestrel – Second Generation
 Desogestrel – Third Generation
 Drospirenone – Fourth Generation

Types of Progestin in Combination Estrogen-Progestin Oral Contraceptives Marketed in the

United States or Mentioned in Studies of Types of Progestin and Cardiovascular Disease
Combination OCPs: Third
generation progestins
 Desogestrel and norgestimate: Desogen,
Ortho-Cept, Ortho-Cyclen, Ortho Tri-Cyclen
 Developed in 1990s
 Reduce androgenic and metabolic side effects
 Decreased effect on blood glucose, insulin
concentrations and lipid profile
 Reduce acne and hirsutism, do not adversely
affect weight or BP
 Better tolerated because of lack of cycle control
(i.e., breakthrough bleeding, spotting and
amenorrhea)
Petitti, D. B. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1443-1450

Non-Contraceptive Benefits Risk Considerations

 Ovarian Cancer  Arterial Risks

 50% decrease in OCP users  Estrogen consideration
 Endometrial Cancer  MI
 Progestin suppresses proliferation  Stroke
 Acne  Venous Thromboembolic Disease
 Decrease free testosterone  Progesterone
 Menstrual Disorders  VTE
 Decrease severity of DUB  Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

2
 6/13/2012

Age-Specific Estimates of the Excess Rates of Myocardial Infarction, Ischemic Stroke, and
Venous Thromboembolism Attributable to the Use of Low-Estrogen Oral Contraceptives and
Pregnancy-Related Mortality
Myocardial Infarction/CVA

 Initial concern with older formulations

 RR 1-1.1 in pooled analysis of case-
control studies in U.S.
 MICA study reported RR 1.4
 Differences due to increased # smokers
and undiagnosed htn in later study
 Risk increased in women who SMOKE
or have HTN
Petitti, D. B. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1443-1450

Venous Thromboembolism Patient Concerns

 Risk increased 3-4 x in OCP users  Weight Gain

 Risk increased 1.5-1.8 x with  EBM shows no causal relationship
desogestrel or gestodene compared to  Both groups gain weight!
levonorgestrel  <1#/6months related to OCP’s
 Alesse, Triphasil, Nordette, Mirena  Breastfeeding
 Increased risk Thrombophilia  Concern re: decreased milk supply
 Need to wait until at least 6 wks pp
 3 weeks pp re: risk of VTE

Summary of Guidelines for the Use of Combination Estrogen-Progestin Oral Contraceptives in

Women with Characteristics That Might Increase the Risk of Adverse Effects

Yasmin and Yaz

 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol

 3 mg drospirenone
 Spironolactone analog with
antimineralocorticoid activity
 No androgen effect
 Theoretical concern re: elevated K
 Theoretical decrease in bloating, wt gain,
bp reduction
Petitti D. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1443-1450

3
 6/13/2012

Extended Oral Contraceptive Contraceptive Patch

 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol  0.75 mg of ethinyl estradiol

 150 mcg levonorgestrel  Norelgestromin (norgestimate)
 84 consecutive days  Pharmacokinetics
 7 days non-hormone pills  Design 20 microgms/150 microgms
 Dispensed as 3 month supply  Systemic exposure 60% higher than OCP
users taking a 35 microgram pill
 “Seasonale”, “Seasonique”
 90 kg weight limit
 Now LO-formulation

Combination Hormonal Patch: Vaginal Contraceptive Ring:

Ortho Evra NuvaRing
 Perfect use failure rate 0.3%. Typical use rate  99% effective
unknown
 Mechanism of action
 Avoids first-pass
 Appropriate use
metabolism and GI
 Applied weekly for 3 weeks
interference
 One patch-free week for withdrawal bleed
 Lower hormonal
 Recommended application sites: upper arm,
buttocks, lower abdomen, upper torso dose
(excluding the breasts)  Uniform hormone
concentration

Vaginal Ring - NuvaRing EBM: Patch vs Ring vs OCP’s

 Ethinyl estradiol at rate  Cochrane Review-moderate quality

of 15 mcgms/day
 Is there a difference in effectiveness or
 Etonogestrel 120
mcgms per day safety?
 Three weeks in/ one  Contraceptive effectiveness similar
week out
 Vaginal ring users are more satisfied
 Can be out of vagina
only 3 hours before  Is there more risk of VTE with patch?
back-up contraception  VTE events in study were too low to reach
needed
a definite conclusion about safety profiles
Back-up x 7 days

4
 6/13/2012

Combined Contraception Shot Progestin - Only Methods

 25 mg medroxyprogesterone
 5 mg estradiol cypionate
 Monthly
 Approved by FDA but not available in US
 Available in Mexico

Progestin Only Implanon / Nexplanon

 OCP’s  Differs from Norplant

 1 rod instead of 6
 Implants  Less androgenic progesterone
 3-keto desogestrel instead of levonorgestrel
 Depo-Provera  Higher rate of amenorrhea - unscheduled bleeding

 150 mg medroxyprogesterone  Designed for 3 years of use

 Initial hormone release 67μg/day, decreases to 30
 Mirena
μg/day after 2 years
 Releases 20 mcg levonorgestrel per day  Concentrations that inhibit ovulation within 8 hours of
 5 years of efficacy insert, steady state at 4 months
 Oligomenorrhea  Rapidly reversible, prompt return to fertility
 Unscheduled bleeding, headache, weight change
 Maintains estradiol levels
are common complaints

Depo-Provera – Bone Density Intrauterine Devices

 25% of users have estrogen in  History

menopausal range  World-wide is most popular nonpermanent
 2-10% of US women
 Some users decrease bone density 7%
 Decreased use in 1980’s –Dalkon Shield
 Regain lost bone within 2 yrs
 Copper-releasing Mirena
 2 year use threshold
 Progestin-releasing ParaGard
 Women > 40 y/o -? Time to regain  Mechanism of action
 Younger women - ? Affect peak density  Contraceptive effects reversible after
removal

5
 6/13/2012

IUD Patient Selection Hormone-releasing IUD

 Ideal candidate: parous woman in  99.9% effective (5)

mutually monogamous relationship  $300 to $400 every 5 years
without hx of PID  Mechanism of action
52mg levonorgestrel released at rate of 20mcg/day
 Nulliparous women 

 Thickens cervical mucus

 Yes  May stop ovulation
 More challenging insertion  Thins uterine lining
 Higher risk expulsion  Good for 5 years
 Higher failure rates

Hormone-releasing IUD
Copper IUD
 Advantages  99.2% effective (5)
 Typically reduces menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea
 20 % amenorrhea at 1 year (5)  $250 to $300 every 10 years
 Estradiol levels maintained so no increased risk of  Mechanism of action
osteopenia (5)  Copper ions interfere with sperm mobility
 Lower risk of PID than with copper IUD
 Incites foreign body reaction that creates spermicidal
 Disadvantages/Adverse events environment
 Possible spotting/irregular bleeding during first 6 months
 Barium sulfate makes it radiopaque
post-insertion
 Cramping  Good for 10 years
 Amenorrhea, acne, depression, weight gain, decreased
libido, headache
 Perforation
 Expulsion

Copper IUD: Pros and Cons

 Advantages
 No hormone-related side effects

 May provide protection against endometrial cancer (5)

 Emergency contraception

 Disadvantages/Adverse events
 Increase in menstrual blood loss, dysmenorrhea, anemia

 Cramping

 Perforation

 Expulsion

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Emergency Contraception Emergency Contraception

 1970’s Yuzpe Method-OCP’s 100 mcg  Plan B can be given as single dose
ethinyl estradiol and 1 mg norgestrel (1.5mg)
 2 tablets Q 12 hrs x 2 doses (Ovral)  Copper IUD within 5 days of intercourse
 Progestin-only “Plan B”
 Mifepristone 10 mg po (not in US)
 Levonorgestrel 0.75 mg Q12 hrs x 2 or
 Mechanism of Action hormonal EC
1.5 mg x 1
 May delay ovulation
 Reduces risk of pregnancy to 1% if given
within 72 hrs unprotected intercourse  May interfere with fertilization
 Advanced provision recommended  Does NOT interfere with implanted preg

Types of Emergency Contraception

Timing of emergency
contraception

Westhoff C. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1830-1835

Quick Start Method Same-Day Contraception Start

 EBM- Cochrane Review 2008

 5 RCT of immediate start vs conventional
start for hormonal contraception (n = 2,427)
 Medroxyprogesterone injection decreases
unintended pregnancies
 Exposure to OCP’s in early pregnancy is NOT
harmful to growing fetus

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Principles of Same Day Start

Non-implantable Hormonal
 Negative pregnancy test in office
 Method can be started any day of
menstrual cycle
 Barrier method x 7 days for women who
are not in the first 5 days of cycle
 Emergency contraception offered if
>5days LMP and unprotected sex
 F/U for urine pregnancy test in 2 weeks

“Quick Start” IUD or Implant Adolescent Services

 Minor consent for services – Age 12 y/o

 “Quick Start” regimen
 Initiate method right away
 If starts OCP’s, Nuvaring, Patch after Day
6, use condoms x 7 days and consider EC
 Pregnancy test if 10 days post ovulation

 IUC’s – can be considered

 GC/CT screening-annually, use urine

Long Acting Reversible

Adolescent Concerns
Contraception (LARC)
 DMPA
 Concern re: decreased bone mineral
density
 Lowest dose Combo OCP’s
 20 mcg ethinyl estradiol (Alesse)
 Prevention of Bone Loss
 Wt bearing exercise, adequate intake of
calcium and Vit D, no Tobacco or ETOH

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LARC Methods Prospective Study PROTECT

 Intrauterine Devices  7486 participants

 Progesterone-containing Mirena  IUD, Implant, DMPA, Pill, Patch or Ring
 Copper -containing Paragard  334 unintended pregnancies
 Subdermal Implants  Failure rate 4.55/100 user years PPR
 Implanon  Failure rate 0.27/100 user years LARC
 Nexplanon
 PPR users - age <21 yrs had 2x failure
 etonorgestrel
rate compared to those >21 years

Cumulative Percentage of Participants Who Had a Contraceptive Failure at 1, 2, or 3 Years,

According to Contraceptive Method.

Patient Cases

 Adolescent
 Post Partum
 35 y/o female

Winner B et al. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1998-2007

Case #1 Case #2

 17 y/o G1 P0 never sexually active here  24 y/o G1P1 female at 6 weeks

with boyfriend to begin birth control. postpartum, breastfeeding.
 Issues:
 Does she need a pap smear?
 Issues:
 Any concerns specific to adolescent
 Hormonal contraception and breastfeeding
 When to start?
 Emergency Contraception?

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Case #3 19 y/o G1P1 requests Mirena

 35 y/o G2 P2 female not sure whether  LMP 3 days ago

she wants to be pregnant again, not  Used Micronor (progesterone-only ocp’s)
ready for permanent method. but stopped weeks ago
 3 months post partum
 Issues:  How would you proceed?
 Smoking
 Cardiovascular risks

23 y/o G1P1 requests

References
Paragard
 4 months post partum  Winner, B et al. Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible
Contraception. NEJM 2012; 366: 1998-2007.
 7 days LMP  Westhoff, C. Emergency Contraception. NEJM 2003;
349: 1830-5.
 Sexual intercourse yesterday
 Petitti, D. Combination Estrogen-Progestin Oral
 GC/Chlam neg 2 months pp Contraceptives. NEJM 2003; 349: 1443-50.
 Lesnewski, R., Prine, L. Initiating Hormonal
 How would you proceed?
Contraception. Am Fam Physician 2006; 74: 105-12.
 MMWR July 2011. Update to CDC’s U.S. Medical
Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use 2010

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Dr. M. K. Batra, M.D., F.A.C.S.

Dr. Alfonso Camberos, M.D., F.A.C.S.
12264 El Camino Real, Suite 101
San Diego, California 92130
(858) 847- 0800
www.coastalplasticsurgeons.com

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• Part one
Suspicious Breast Mass
– Who develops breast cancer
Objectives
1. Understand the significance of breast cancer in the U.S.

2. Have improved knowledge of the diagnostic approach to suspicious breast masses

3. Gain insights into the surgical approach to diagnosis and management of breast 
masses

Elizabeth Revesz, MD
Breast Surgeon
www.reveszmd.com

ALL RACES
1975 TO 1984 TO  1999 TO 
1977 1986 2006
All sites 50  54 68†
Trends in 5‐Year  Brain 24 29 36†

the significance of breast cancer in the  Relative Survival 
Breast (female)
Colon
75
52
79
59
90†
66†

U.S. Rates* (%) Esophagus

Hodgkin lymphoma
5
74
10 
80
19†
87†
Melanoma of the 83 87 93†

by Year of  Non‐Hodgkin 
lymphoma
48 53 69†

Diagnosis,  Prostate
Pancreas
69
3
76
3
100†
6†
Ovary 37 40 45†
Testis 83 93 96†
United States,  Rectum 49 57 69†

1975 to 2006 Lung & bronchus 13 13 16†

Thyroid 93 94 97†

†The difference in rates between 1975‐1977 and 1999‐2006 is statistically significant (p<0.05).

Breast Cancer
• 2008 Estimates based on SEERs data
– Estimated 182,460 new cases of breast cancer • One person is diagnosed with breast cancer every 3 minutes
– Currently there are over 2 million women living in the 
US who have been diagnosed with and treated for  • One person dies of breast cancer every 14 minutes
breast cancer. 
– Estimated 40,480 would die of breast cancer • People over the age of 50 account for 75% of breast cancer 
cases 
– From 2004‐2008, the median age at diagnosis for 
cancer of the breast was 61 years of age 

http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts

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H&P
the diagnostic approach to suspicious 
• History:
breast masses – When‐ was it discovered
– Who‐ was this found by patient or by another 
physician
– How‐ self exam, accidentally, trauma
– Any previous history

(Medical and surgical history should be obtained as 
well it can play a role)

Female gender
Risk Factors Physical exam
Caucasian
Age 50 or older
• Breast exam:
Having personal history of breast or ovarian cancer
Abnormal breast biopsies – Visual inspection:
First degree relatives (mother, father, sister, child) with breast cancer
• Sitting up – arms resting in lap
A mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene
Early menstrual periods (before age 12) • Sitting up‐ arms raised above head
Late menopause (after age 55)
Never pregnant or first pregnancy after age 30 – Palpation:
Radiation exposure of the chest • Full breast exam sitting up
Alcohol consumption • Axillary exam sitting up
Obesity and lack of exercise • Full breast exam supine with arm raised above the head 
Hormone replacement therapy

• Symmetry Physical exam • Diagnostic mammogram Imaging

• Describing the mass: • Ultrasound
– Side 
– Size
– O'clock/ Quadrant – The order should contain the 
– Distance  description and the location of 
– Consistency: firm, rubbery,  the palpable mass
smooth, multi‐lobed,  R                            L
fluctuating – Include a very short history and 
– Skin: dimpling, color change risk factors
– Relationship: fixed, movable,  – The more the radiologist knows 
attached to skin or chest wall
– Nipple: discharge, flaky,  the better their understanding of 
ulcerated, inverted what they are looking at.

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Screening Mammogram Mammogram Diagnostic
•Multiple views
•Spot compression
• Two views •Magnification
• Detects changes in density
• Detects calcifications

Ultrasound
the surgical approach to diagnosis of 
breast masses
•Not a screening test
•Used to further evaluate 
a palpable mass or a 
mammographic finding

• If the mass remains suspicious a core needle 
Biopsy
biopsy is recommended.
• This should be done under image guidance:
– Stereotactic or Ultrasound

• The only times surgical biopsy is acceptable is:
– mass cannot be adequately sampled via core needle
– Non‐concordance
– Patient cannot tolerate the procedure Stereotactic core needle biopsy

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Biopsy
the surgical approach to management 
of breast masses

Ultrasound guided core needle biopsy

Mastectomy BCT
̃
Breast Conserving Therapy  •Lumpectomy, segmental mastectomy, quadrantectomy
(BCT) •Palpation guided or needle localization
•Requires negative margins
•Post operative radiation
NSABP B‐06: Lumpectomy Lumpectomy + XRT Mastectomy
Fisher B, et 
al.  NEJM 
LR 39.2% 14.3% 5%
2002;347(16 DFS 45% 46% 49%
):1233‐1241
OS 46% 46% 47%

Milan Study:
Quadrantectomy + XRT Mastectomy
Veronesi U, et 
al.  NEJM  LR 8.8% 2.3%
2002;347(16):
1227‐1232 Death rate 41.7% 41.2%

Contraindications to BCT Sentinel Lymph Node
– Technechium 99 sulfur colloid and Lymphozuryn
– Not necessary for most DCIS 
•Pregnancy – 1‐3 sentinel nodes are removed
•Previous mantle radiation – If > 2 sentinel nodes are positive, completion axillary dissection is 
•Inflammatory breast cancer recommended.
•Large tumor to breast ratio
•Neoadjuvant therapy
•Multicentric disease
•Pts without access or the ability to have radiation

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Axillary Dissection Mastectomy

– Simple mastectomy
• Surgical removal of the breast and the extra skin 
– removal of additional  • The end result is a flat chest.
lymph nodes  – Skin sparing mastectomy
– risk of lymphedema • Surgical removal of the breast with the nipple and 
approximately 15‐20%,  areolar complex.  Immediate reconstruction is 
compared to sentinel  necessary.
node biopsy which has a  – Nipple sparing mastectomy
1‐2% risk of  • Surgical removal of the breast leaves nipple and 
areola and the skin, immediate reconstruction is 
lymphedema. necessary. Strict requirements need to be met to 
ensure a good outcome.

Elizabeth Revesz, M.D. The Z‐11 trial

• Prospective randomized trial 
Breast Surgeon • T1 and T2 clinically node negative breast cancer, with <3 positive sentinel 
elizabeth.revesz@pph.org nodes, treated with breast conserving surgery, and whole breast 
irradiation. > 3 positive nodes had ALND.
• After a 6.3‐year follow‐up 
• ALND had 0.4% recurrence rates  
15611 Pomerado Road • SLN BX had 0.9% recurrence rates 
1st floor, suite 106 • No significant difference at preventing recurrence or improving survival 
between the two groups. 
Poway, CA 92064
Phone: 858.675.3108 Thank you • These findings hold true only for patients that fit the protocol of the trial.

Fax: 858.613.6186 Giuliano et. al. Locoregional recurrence after sentinel lymph node dissection with or without axillary

dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node metastases: the American College of Surgeons Oncology 
Group Z0011 randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2010 Sep;252(3):426‐32; discussion 432‐3.
www.reveszmd.com

•BCT
•Chance of recurrence without radiation is 40%
•Chance or recurrence with radiation is 5%
•Risk of developing a new cancer in either breast is 15‐20%

•Mastectomy
•Chance of recurrence is 5%
•Risk of developing a new cancer is 2‐5%

•Skin sparing mastectomy
•Nipple sparing mastectomy

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Disclosures
Lipid Management in the
CKD Patient:
All conflicts of interest have been resolved
A Patient-Centered Approach to Care according to the NJAFP Conflict of Interest
Policy

Julie Chuan, M.D.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO,
ASSISTANT CLINICAL FACULTY, FAMILY MEDICINE DEPARTMENT;
NEIGHBORHOOD HEALTHCARE, PALOMAR MEDICAL CENTER,
HOSPITALIST GROUP, SAN DIEGO, CA; PRESIDENT-ELECT,
SAN DIEGO ACADEMY OF FAMILY PHYSICIANS

Overview

• Incidence of CKD is increasing

This program has been made possible
• CVD is very common in patients with CKD and
through an unrestricted educational grant
CKD patients often have major lipid
from Merck & Co.
abnormalities
• Many clinicians, however, are reluctant to treat
CKD patients aggressively

This program will review:

• Staging and epidemiology of CKD
• Epidemiology of CVD in the CKD population
• Characteristics of dyslipidemia found in CKD patients
• Evidence concerning treatment of dyslipidemia
• Results of the SHARP clinical trial

Harper et.al. Managing Dyslipidemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Am Coll Card.

2008;51(25)2375-2384.

Learning Objectives Pop Quiz

At the conclusion of this program the learner
should be able to: Q: What is the leading cause of death for
patients with CKD?
1. Review the role of GFR and urine albumin in screening
for CKD a. Renal failure
2. Discuss risk factors that contribute to CKD b. Cardiovascular disease
3. Explain the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in CKD c. Infection
d. Cerebrovascular disease
4. Discuss the importance of LDL reduction in patients with
CKD
5. Discuss the pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic
options for treating dyslipidemia in patients with CKD
6. Employ a patient-centered approach in treating patients
with dyslipidemia in CKD

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Pop Quiz Definition of Chronic Kidney Disease

Answer: Cardiovascular Disease Either present for at least 3 months:

• GFR <60 mL/min/1.73m2

• Evidence of structural kidney damage, e.g.

microalbuminuria/proteinuria, polycystic
kidney disease, etc.

K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Managing Dyslipidemias in Chronic Kidney Disease. American
Journal of Kidney Diseases, Vol 41, No 4, Suppl 3 (April), 2003: pp S11-S21
K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Managing Dyslipidemias in Chronic Kidney Disease. American
Journal of Kidney Diseases, Vol 41, No 4, Suppl 3 (April), 2003: pp S11-S21

Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease

Prevalence of CKD is rising: Modest racial differences:

•16.8% of US population aged 20 and older (NHANES •White = 16.1%
2004) up from 14.5% (1988-1994) • Black = 19.9%
• Mexican-American = 18.7%
Most CKD is stages 1-3
•97.6% of those with CKD are in stages 1-3, with 2.3% in Prevalence strongly correlated with diabetes,
stages 4-5. CVD, and hypertension:
• Diabetes: 40.2%
Prevalence rises with age: • CVD: 28.2%
•20 – 39 yrs. = 8.5% • Hypertension: 24.6%
•40-59 yrs. = 12.6%
•≥60 yrs. = 39.4% Modest correlation with obesity: 19.8%

No significant gender difference

Saydah S, et al. Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated Risk Factors --- United States,
1999—2004. MMWR March 2, 2007;56(08):161-165.
Saydah S, et al. Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated Risk Factors --- United States,
1999—2004. MMWR March 2, 2007;56(08):161-165.

Case Study Case Study

Mr. Clark: 53-year-old African-American male Lab tests ordered (fasting):

PMH: type-2 diabetes, “borderline” hypertension,
•CBC
hypercholesterolemia
•BMP
No medications •AST/ALT
Social history: non-smoker, moderate alcohol, sedentary, sales •Hgb A1c
job with extensive travel •Lipid Profile
•TSH
Family history: maternal hypertension, paternal hypertension,
•Microalbumin
DM2 ESRD/HD.
•Baseline EKG
Temperature: 98.1
Pulse: 85
BP: 146/88
BMI: 32
Exam: WNL

What tests would you order?

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Assessing Kidney Function Stages of Kidney Disease

• Serum creatinine level alone is an inadequate Stage Description GFR

measure of kidney function/dysfunction 1 Kidney damage with normal or ≥ 90
elevated GFR (indicated
byalbuminuria)
• K/DOQI guidelines recommend:
2 Kidney damage with mild GFR 60-89
 All individuals should be assessed for risk of CKD
reduction
as part of routine health care
 GFR should be calculated (either MDRD or CKD- 3 Moderate reduction in GFR 30-59
EPI equations) 4 Severe reduction in GFR 15-29
 Proteinuria may be assessed with urine dipsticks, 5 Kidney failure (ESRD) < 15 or
but for adults at high risk for CKD, albumin should dialysis
be measured since this is a more sensitive
measure of kidney damage

National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation,
Classification and Stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 39:S1-S266, 2002 (suppl 1). K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Managing Dyslipidemias in Chronic Kidney Disease. American
Journal of Kidney Diseases, Vol 41, No 4, Suppl 3 (April), 2003: pp S11-S21

Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease Lipid Abnormalities Associated with CKD

• Diabetes Dyslipidemia associated with decreased GFR

• Hypertension includes:
• Age 60 years or older
•Profound dysregulation of lipoprotein metabolism
• Racial or ethnic minorities
• Exposure to known nephrotoxins •Development in early stages of CKD
• Low income or education level
• HDL
• Autoimmune disease
• Systemic infection • Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins
• Urinary tract infections
•Significant atherogenic potential
• Nephrolithiasis
• Neoplasia
• Family history of kidney disease
• Recovery from acute kidney injury
• Reduction in kidney mass
• Low birth weight Harper et.al. Managing Dyslipidemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Am Coll Card.
2008;51(25)2375-2384.
National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation,
Classification and Stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 39:S1-S266, 2002 (suppl 1).

Lipid Abnormalities Associated with CKD Case Study

But in CKD a different cardiovascular pathology Mr. Clark’s lab results come back with the
also emerges: following values:
Cr: 2.0 mg/dL

•Vascular stiffness GFR: 47.9 mL/min/1.73m2

Glu: 257 mg/dL
•Vascular calcification
A1c: 9.7%
•Structural heart disease
Urine albumin: 123 mg/g
•Sympathetic overactivity
Total cholesterol: 203 mg/dL
LDL: 134 mg/dL
TG: 190 mg/dL
HDL: 31 mg/dL

What is your assessment of Mr. Clark’s medical

Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Sarnak MJ. Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic
renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998; 32 (suppl 3): S112–19. problems?

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Case Study Statins For CKD Lipid Management

Mr. Clark’s Medical Problems: Statins clearly lower the risk of major coronary
• Stage 3 CKD events in the non-CKD population.
• Uncontrolled DM
• Uncontrolled HTN
• Multiple risk factors for CVD

Prescription:
• Therapeutic lifestyle changes
• ACE or ARB for hypertension
• Tx diabetes, avoiding metformin
• Work up etiology of CKD: rule out SLE, HIV, syphilis,
hepatitis, multiple myleoma
• After hypertension and diabetes are nominally
controlled, initiate statin with target LDL of less than
100

LaRosa JC, He J, Vupputuri S. Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized
controlled trials. JAMA. 1999;282:2340-2346.

Statins For CKD Lipid Management SHARP Trial

Question: Are statins effective for CKD patients Methods:

and, in particular, patients with more severe
(non-atherogenic) CVD? •Randomized, double-blind
•N = 9270 (3023 on dialysis and 6247 not)
First attempts to answer involved sub-group
analysis and meta-analysis of previous statin •Patients assigned to simvastatin 20 mg plus
trials. Results were difficult to interpret: ezetimibe 10 mg daily versus matching
•Some evidence for reduction of CV events, regardless placebo.
of CKD stage, but no reduction in mortality
•Some data suggested benefit of statins only for CKD •Primary endpoint: non-fatal MI, coronary
patients with pre-existing CVD death, non-hemorrhagic stroke, or any arterial
revascularization procedure
SHARP trial designed to clarify these data
Baigent C et.al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with
chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet.
Kanbay M, et a. Statin treatment for dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease and renal transplantation: a Published online June 9, 2011 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60739-3.
review of the evidence. J Nephrology. 2009;22:598-609.

SHARP Trial SHARP Trial

Results:
• No increase in risk of myopathy, liver and
biliary disorders, cancer, or non-vascular
mortality

• No substantial effect on kidney disease

progression

• Similar proportional reductions in all

subgroups (including among dialysis and non-
dialysis patients)

Baigent C et.al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with Baigent C et.al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with
chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet.
Published online June 9, 2011 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60739-3. Published online June 9, 2011 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60739-3.

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Guidelines For Lipid Management in CKD Guidelines For Lipid Management in CKD
Patients Patients

SHARP affirms existing NKF-K/DOQI 3. CKD patients with dyslipidemia should be

guidelines for the management of lipids in evaluated for remediable, secondary causes
patients with CKD  Uncontrolled DM
 Nephrotic-range proteinuria
 Uncontrolled hypothyroidism
1.All adults and teens with CKD should be
evaluated for dyslipidemia 4. Initiate therapeutic lifestyle changes in all
patients with lifestyle-related risk factors
2.Assessment should include a complete regardless of lipid levels:
fasting lipid profile with total cholesterol, LDL,  Modify diet to reduce cholesterol and saturated fats
HDL, and triglycerides  Increase fiber intake
 Weight reduction
 Increase physical activity

K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Managing Dyslipidemias in Chronic Kidney Disease. American K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Managing Dyslipidemias in Chronic Kidney Disease. American
Journal of Kidney Diseases, Vol 41, No 4, Suppl 3 (April), 2003: pp S11-S21 Journal of Kidney Diseases, Vol 41, No 4, Suppl 3 (April), 2003: pp S11-S21

Guidelines For Lipid Management in CKD Statin Dosing

Patients
NCEP suggests more intensive statin therapy:
5. Dyslipidemia treatment varies according to
lipid levels •Treat according to global CVD risk level, not just lipid
values

•Achieve at least a 30% to 40% reduction in LDL-C

•May need combination therapy to achieve goals

Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al, for the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the American
College of Cardiology Foundation, and the American Heart Association. Implications of recent clinical trials
K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Managing Dyslipidemias in Chronic Kidney Disease. American for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation.
Journal of Kidney Diseases, Vol 41, No 4, Suppl 3 (April), 2003: pp S11-S21 2004;110:227-239.

Statin Dosing Clinical Practice Tips Related to Statins

Daily doses of currently-available statins • Statins are relatively safe

required for a 30% - 40% LDL-C reduction • Baseline creatine phosphokinase level
• Re-check lipids 6 – 12 weeks from initiation
•40 mg lovastatin
•40 mg pravastatin • Once target LDL is achieved, test annually
•40-80 mg fluvastatin • Be aware of potential polypharmacy hazards
•20-40 mg simvastatin • Consider different statin or “holiday” period for
•10 mg atorvastatin myalgias without CPK elevation
•5-10 mg rosuvastatin • Side effects vary—don’t give up on statins at
first sign of side effects!
Note: dose adjustments for renal function are not
required because statins are hepatically metabolized
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al, for the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the American Expert Panel Meeting June 6, 2011, Nashville TN.
College of Cardiology Foundation, and the American Heart Association. Implications of recent clinical trials
for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation.
2004;110:227-239.

5
 6/13/2012

Other Pharmacotherapeutic Options Case Study

Ezetimibe Mr. Clark returns in 12 weeks for follow-up
•Used safely with simvastatin in CKD (SHARP trial) tests, which reveal the following:
Fibrates
•Consider for CKD patients if TG levels are persistently GFR: 46.2 mL/min/1.73m2
above 500 mg/dL Glu: 195 mg/dL
Niacin Urine albumin: 125 mg/g
•Recent NHLBI trial stopped early because no benefit Total cholesterol: 186 mg/dL
was seen when added to atorvastatin; small increased LDL: 119 mg/dL
risk of ischemic stroke in the high-dose niacin arm TG: 185 mg/dL
Fish oil HDL: 30 mg/dL
•No trial data showing improved outcomes, but may have
other benefits How would you proceed?

Expert Panel Meeting June 6, 2011, Nashville TN.

NIH News. NIH stops clinical trial on combination cholesterol treatment. Press release. May 26, 2011.

Case Study Case Study

Mr. Clark returns in 12 weeks for follow-up Clinical strategy:

tests, which reveal the following:
• Switch to another statin
GFR: 46.2 mL/min/1.73m2 • Trial off stain then restart
Glu: 195 mg/dL • Support continuing TLC
Urine albumin: 125 mg/g
Total cholesterol: 186 mg/dL
LDL: 119 mg/dL
TG: 185 mg/dL
HDL: 30 mg/dL

Upon questioning, Mr. Clark admits he has not been

taking the statin regularly because he thinks it is causing
muscle soreness and pain—though he also has been
trying to exercise more, so the soreness may be
unrelated to the statin.

Guideline Comparison Patient-Centered Care

The 2 most widely-used guidelines for lipid
management differ in some key ways. Suggestions for improving patient care:
 Ask patients about the non-medical aspects of
their lives
 Provide culturally-specific educational materials
written or produced at an appropriate reading
level (typically 7th grade)
 Explore patient beliefs about their illnesses and
possible treatments
 Consider adopting the “medical home” model of
health care delivery

K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Managing Dyslipidemias in Chronic Kidney Disease. American
Journal of Kidney Diseases, Vol 41, No 4, Suppl 3 (April), 2003: pp S11-S21

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 6/13/2012

Providing culturally competent, patient- Case Study

centered care
Mr. Clark returns in 2 months for A1c and other
• Physicians can improve their own labs with the following results:
communication skills and “cultural
competence” BP: 126/70
GFR: 46.0 mL/min/1.73m2
• Expert Panel suggestion: physicians bring Glu: 182 mg/dL
mindful reflection and creativity to every A1c: 7.1%
encounter with a patient Urine albumin: 110 mg/g
Total cholesterol: 173 mg/dL
• Clinical care should be patient-centered and LDL: 104 mg/dL
tailored to each individual within the context TG: 173 mg/dL
HDL: 34 mg/dL
of his or her family and community.

What is your interpretation?

Case Study Conclusions

Mr. Clark has made significant progress. • Roughly 1 of every 6 US adults has CKD
•HTN: controlled
•DM Type 2: markedly improved • Bulk of CKD is in stages 1-3
•Dyslipidemia: His LDL is nearly at goal, HDL and TG not
yet optimal • Hypertension & diabetes major contributing
•Stage 3 CKD: stable risk factors
• CV disease accounts for roughly half of
Thoughts/Plans:
•Although TG and HDL are not optimal, neither a fibrate
CKD mortality
nor niacin is indicated
•TLC and/or titration of statin to achieve LDL goal
• Family physicians can address this problem
•Blood sugar levels are better, but consider additional
• Assessment must include eGFR and tests
TLC and/or combination therapy to lower A1c further
•Continue patient-centered approach, supporting TLC for proteinuria—preferably urine albumin
with referrals as needed
•Schedule follow-up visit in 3-6 mo.

Conclusions Discussion

• Focus on lowering LDL with TLC and statin

or statin combination therapy
• SHARP demonstrated 17% reduction in CV
events in CKD population
• More intense lipid management in CKD
patients has the potential to significantly
reduce CV morbidity

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 6/20/2012

Disclosures
Pertussis Vaccine Update  I have no relevant financial relationships
What is all the Whoop about? with the manufacturer(s) of any
commercial product(s) and/or provider of
commercial products or services
discussed in this CME activity.
Mark H. Sawyer, MD
 I will discuss the off-label use of Tdap
University of California, San Diego
vaccine for seniors and pregnant women
Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego

Questions you hear about Objectives

pertussis immunization
 List three reasons why pertussis remains so
 Why are we seeing so much pertussis?
prevalent
 Does vaccine immunity wane quickly?
 Describe current pertussis vaccine coverage
 Was DTP a better vaccine than DTaP?
levels
 How are we doing with DTaP and Tdap vaccine
coverage?  Explain the rationale for removing a minimum
 What happened to the interval between prior Td and interval between Td and Tdap
Tdap?  Describe the current CDC recommendations
 Is Tdap vaccine safe in pregnancy? for use of Tdap in pregnant women and
 Can we immunize the elderly? seniors
 Do we need a Tdap booster?

California 2010: Highest number of

pertussis cases in 63 years Annual incidence by State, 2010
2010* incidence 9.0
(n-27,555)

Incidence

1.1-3.6

3.7-6.5

6.6-10.2

10.3-23.2

Incidence is per 100,000 population
Source :  CDC National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, *2010 data accessed July 22, 2011
CDC  Wonder Population Estimates (Vintage 2009) ; Courtesy of Tom Clark, MD

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 6/20/2012

Annual incidence by State, 2011* U.S. Reported Pertussis Cases, 1990-2010*

2011 incidence 5.0
(n=15,216)

Incidence

0.4-2.0

2.1-4.5

4.6-7.7

7.8-15.2
*2010 data are provisional.
CDC, National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System and Supplemental Pertussis Surveillance System
*2011 data are provisional.  Incidence is per 100,000 population and 1922-1949, passive reports to the Public Health Service
Source :  CDC National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, 2011
CDC  Wonder Population Estimates (Vintage 2009) ; Courtesy of Tom Clark, MD

Reported pertussis-related deaths

by age-groups, U.S., 1980-2009 Questions you hear about
Age-group 1980-19891 1990-19991 2000-20092 pertussis immunization
0-1 month 38 68 152
 Why are we seeing so much pertussis?
2-3 month 11 16 23
 Does vaccine immunity wane quickly?
4-5 month 5 5 2
 Was DTP a better vaccine than DTaP?
6-11 month 7 4 1
1-4 years 13 2 2
 How are we doing with DTaP and Tdap vaccine
coverage?
5-10 years 1 6 3
 What happened to the interval between prior Td and
11-18 years 0 0 3
Tdap?
>18 years 1 2 8
 Is Tdap vaccine safe in pregnancy?
Total 77* 103 194
* Includes one case with unknown age
 Can we immunize the elderly?
1 Vitek CR et al. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22(7):628-34.  Do we need a Tdap booster?
2 National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, CDC, 2009

Reasons for outbreaks of

Pertussis
 Pertussis is very contagious
 People who have pertussis can be
contagious for up to 3 weeks
 Pertussis is difficult for doctors to recognize
and diagnose
 Even after someone begins treatment for
pertussis they are contagious for up to 5 days
 Immunity from prior vaccination or disease
wanes over time so people become
susceptible again.

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 6/20/2012

Overall VE & Duration of Protection Estimates Questions you hear about

Model * Case (n) Control (n) VE, % 95% CI pertussis immunization
Overall VE, All
Ages  Why are we seeing so much pertussis?
0 dose 53 19 Ref --  Does vaccine immunity wane quickly?
5 doses 629 1,997 88.7 79.4 – 93.8  Was DTP a better vaccine than DTaP?
Time since 5th dose  How are we doing with DTaP and Tdap vaccine
0 doses 53 19 Ref -- coverage?
< 12 months 19 354 98.1 96.1 – 99.1  What happened to the interval between prior Td and
12 – 23 months 51 391 95.3 91.2 – 97.5 Tdap?
24 – 35 months 79 366 92.3 86.6 – 95.5  Is Tdap vaccine safe in pregnancy?
36 – 47 months 108 304 87.3 76.2 – 93.2
 Can we immunize the elderly?
48 – 59 months 141 294 82.8 68.7 – 90.6
 Do we need a Tdap booster?
60+ months 231 288 71.2 45.8 – 84.8
* Accounting for clustering by county and provider

Have you received a Tdap Pertussis Vaccine Coverage Rate Data

immunization?
Population Coverage Source
 1) Yes Level
DTaP 19-35 84.4±1.0
NIS Infant 2010
 2) No months
Tdap, teens 13- 68.7 (67.5-69.8) NIS Teen 2010
 3) Don’t know 17 years
Tdap, adults 6.6 (6.1-7.2) NHIS 2009
19-64 years
 4) I don’t want to tell you

http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/stats-surv/default.htm , downloaded 9-24-2011

Questions you hear about

pertussis immunization
 Why are we seeing so much pertussis?
 Does vaccine immunity wane quickly?
 Was DTP a better vaccine than DTaP?
 How are we doing with DTaP and Tdap vaccine
coverage?
 What happened to the interval between prior Td
and Tdap?
 Is Tdap vaccine safe in pregnancy?
 Can we immunize the elderly?
 Do we need a Tdap booster?

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 6/20/2012

ACIP Tdap Recommendations Questions you hear about

pertussis immunization
• Adolescents or adults who have not
 Why are we seeing so much pertussis?
received a dose of Tdap or for whom
 Does vaccine immunity wane quickly?
vaccine status is unknown should be  Was DTP a better vaccine than DTaP?
immunized as soon as feasible. Tdap  How are we doing with DTaP and Tdap vaccine
can be administered regardless of coverage?
interval since the last tetanus or  What happened to the interval between prior Td and
Tdap?
diphtheria containing vaccine.
 Is Tdap vaccine safe in pregnancy?
 Can we immunize the elderly?
 Do we need a Tdap booster?
MMWR January 14, 2011/60(01);13-15

Tdap vaccine during Parents are the most common source of

pregnancy pertussis infection in infants

Bisgard, K. PIDJ. 2004;23:985-9. n=264 cases

Tdap during pregnancy

The questions

 Will other strategies work?

 Is the vaccine safe?
 Will maternal immunization blunt the
infants subsequent response to DTaP?

Garret R. Beeler Asay, presentation to ACIP 2011

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 6/20/2012

Pertussis-infected infants by age (in months) and intervention period.

Other vaccination strategies to protect
infants from pertussis
Timing of Pros Cons
Vaccination
Infant birth dose • Protection for newborn • No vaccine in pipeline
(delayed) • Effect on immune response to
primary DTaP series unknown
Before pregnancy • Protection for mother • Duration of protection of Tdap is
• Possible immunity for unknown
newborn through
transplacental transfer
Postpartum • Protection for mother • No active transfer of immunity to
(cocooning) (delayed) newborn
• Herd immunity (if other family • Difficult to vaccinate other family
members vaccinated) members
• Effectively implemented • No data on effectiveness
strategy • Programmatic challenges

Jennifer Liang, CDC Pertussis Workgroup Castagnini L A et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:78-84

© The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases
Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail:
journals.permissions@oup.com.

Tdap safety during pregnancy

Data Source Observations
General experience with inactivated n=millions. No pregnancy related
vaccines including Td adverse events observed
Vaccine manufacturer pregnancy n=hundreds; no signal to suggest
registries pregnancy related adverse events
VAERS data over 6 years n=hundreds/thousands. No signal to
suggest pregnancy related adverse
events
Specific clinical trials n=hundreds. No adverse events

Garret R. Beeler Asay, presentation to ACIP 2011

Garret R. Beeler Asay, presentation to ACIP 2011 Garret R. Beeler Asay, presentation to ACIP 2011

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 6/20/2012

ACIP Tdap Recommendations

Cocooning Recommendation
During Pregnancy
 Women’s health care providers should  Adolescents and adults who have or who
implement a Tdap vaccination program for anticipate having close contact with an infant
pregnant women who previously have not aged less than 12 months (e.g., parents,
received Tdap. Tdap should be administered siblings, grandparents, child-care providers
during pregnancy, preferably during the third and healthcare providers) and who previously
or late second trimester*. Alternatively, if not have not received Tdap should receive a
administered during pregnancy, Tdap should single dose of Tdap.
be administered immediately postpartum.
* After 20 weeks gestation

MMWR October 21, 2011 / 60(41);1424-1426

Questions you hear about Tdap in those >64 years of age

pertussis immunization
 Why are we seeing so much pertussis?
 Does vaccine immunity wane quickly?
 Was DTP a better vaccine than DTaP?
 How are we doing with DTaP and Tdap vaccine
coverage?
 What happened to the interval between prior Td and
Tdap?
 Is Tdap vaccine safe in pregnancy?
 Can we immunize the elderly?
 Do we need a Tdap booster?

GSK presentation to ACIP 2010

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 6/20/2012

Tdap recommendations
>64 years of age
 ACIP recommends that adults aged 65 years
and older who have or who anticipate having
close contact with an infant less than 12
months of age and who previously have not
received Tdap should receive a single dose
of Tdap . Tdap can be administered
regardless of interval since the last Td. Either
Tdap vaccine product may be used.

MMWR January 14, 2011/60(01);13-15; provisionally updated by ACIP February 2012

GSK presentation to ACIP 2010

Questions you hear about

Tdap Booster
pertussis immunization
 Why are we seeing so much pertussis?  Tdap boosters will certainly be needed based
 Does vaccine immunity wane quickly? on waning immunity
 Was DTP a better vaccine than DTaP?  Interval between Tdap vaccines uncertain
 How are we doing with DTaP and Tdap vaccine
 Growing experience in Canada, Australia,
coverage?
and other countries with a 10 year interval
 What happened to the interval between prior Td and
Tdap?  Limited experience with a 5 year interval
 Is Tdap vaccine safe in pregnancy?  Stay tuned….
 Can we immunize the elderly?
 Do we need a Tdap booster?

Tdap Recommendations
CDC/AAP/AAFP/ACOG/ACP
 Routine use at 11-12 years of age
 Replace Td for all ages 11 and above
Do adults with diabetes really
 Special focus on adults in contact with
young infants need a hepatitis B vaccine?
Pregnant women
Health care workers
Parents and siblings
Grandparents (including those >64
years of age)
 No minimum interval from prior Td

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ACIP Recommendation
• Hepatitis B vaccination should be
administered to unvaccinated adults with Pneumococcal conjugate
diabetes mellitus who are aged 19 through
59 years
vaccine-PCV13
• Hepatitis B vaccination may be
Should we be using this vaccine in
administered at the discretion of the treating adults?
clinician to unvaccinated adults with
diabetes mellitus who are aged ≥60 years

MMWR December 23, 2011 / 60(50);1709-1711

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 6/20/2012

PCV13 in adults Summary

 Large outbreaks of pertussis occurred across
 Possible recommendations this year for use the United States in 2010 and 2011
in immunocompromised adults
 Vaccination is the best way to interrupt the
 Probably 1-2 years before ACIP recommends spread of pertussis
broader use in adults with other risk factors
 CDC has expanded the groups of people who
for pneumococcal disease
should receive pertussis vaccine
 We need to all work together to prevent
spread of pertussis to young babies.
 New uses of hepatitis B vaccine and
conjugated pneumococcal vaccine in adults

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Objectives
Measles and Measles  Describe the status of measles outbreaks in the
U.S.
Immunization Update  List the clinical features of measles
 Identify the factors that predispose to an
outbreak of measles
Mark H. Sawyer, MD
 Describe the relationship between rising
Professor of Clinical Pediatrics
UCSD School of Medicine
concerns about vaccine safety and measles
Rady Children’s Hosptal San Diego outbreaks

The Measles
Disclosures
Come
 “On the wagon” for 4 years to San Diego
 No industry support
 No honoraria
 No dinners

 I have thrown away my pharmaceutical company

pens

 No off-label use discussed today

By Ruby Ola

He went on a long, long ride to _____.

Once upon a time a boy went for a ride on an _____.

1
 6/20/2012

In Switzerland there was lots and lots of snow The boy was exposed to someone in the _____.
and the boy got to play with lots of _____.

After a while the boy got back on an _____

and came home to ___ ____.

Soon the boy didn’t feel so good and he had a _____. So he went to the _____.

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 6/20/2012

At the doctor’s he had to wait in the ____ ___. with some other ___ ___.

He also came to _____ _____. After a few days he felt better

so he went back to ____.

10 days later his sister and brother

The test they did at Rady Children’s
also had the _____.
showed he had the _____.

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 6/20/2012

THE END

Now many other children living in ___ ____

have the measles.

San Diego Measles Outbreak Measles Outbreak

Physician San Diego 2008
Office  Sites of known close exposure
 Homes (2 confirmed)
 Doctor’s office (3 confirmed, 1 possible)
 1 Emergency room
Charter School

 2 Elementary schools (4 confirmed, 2 possible)

<12 months

 2 Pre-schools
old

 1 swim class
 Sites of possible exposure
 2 grocery stores
 1 fast food restaurant
 1 pizza restaurant
 1 large entertainment venue
2º
Transmission

Measles Outbreak
San Diego-Impact Price Tag - $197,255
 Over 60 children on home quarantine for up to
21 days (including one in Hawaii)
 Nursery school class and swim class canceled
 Over 300 person-hours expended at San Diego
HHSA
 2 CDC staff and 2 State DHS staff traveling to
San Diego to help

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 6/20/2012

Measles is rare in the U.S.

 San Diego: 25 cases in 15 years before 2008
 No more than 4 in one year since 1992

 United States: an average of 60 cases per year; 222 cases in

2011/17 separate outbreaks

 But not elsewhere…

 France - over 13,957 cases
 Spain - 1,637 cases
 Italy - over 4,300 cases
 Germany - 1,480 cases
 England and Wales - 854 cases
 Quebec, Canada - 742 cases
MMWR 2012; 61(15):253-257
http://www.cdc.gov/measles/

Why is this happening?

 Measles is rare in the U.S. so it is not expected
and may not be recognized

MMWR 2012; 61(15):253-257

This is measles This is measles

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 6/20/2012

This is measles This is measles-Koplik spots

Koplik spots

This is
Measley!

Measles
Typical presentation
WHEN YOU SEE  Prodrome of 2-4 days: high fever followed by the 3 C’s
RASH…. 
(cough, coryza, conjunctivitis)
Rash begins on the face and travels down and out
lasting 5-6 days
 Koplik spots appear on the buccal mucosa 1-2 days
GET A TRAVEL 
before the rash and can last several days
Affected children are usually very irritable with

HISTORY 
decreased oral intake
Fever abates abruptly as rash is beginning to fade

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 6/20/2012

Measles
Measles Diagnosis
The numbers
 Average incubation period from exposure to  IgM and IgG serology
rash is 12-14 days  75% IgM positive by day 3 of rash
 Minimum: 7 days  Almost 100% positive by day 5
 Maximum: 18 days  Virus can be recovered from oropharyngeal
 Contagious for 4 days before the rash to 4 days swab and urine by culture
after (a total of 9 days)
 Quarantine period: 21 days after last exposure

Measles is very contagious

Why is this happening?
Minneapolis Metrodome
 Measles is rare in the U.S.
 Measles is very contagious: >90% attack rate in
households

Measles is very contagious

Healthcare settings
 1991 International Special Olympics Games
 Index case an athlete from Argentina
 16 outbreak-associated cases
 2 cases whose only exposure was sitting in the
upper deck >30 m above the athletes
 Airflow goes from floor to upper deck to
support the dome
Ehresmann KR, J Infect Dis 1995;171:679

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 6/20/2012

Measles is very contagious

Measles is very contagious
Remains in the air for 2 hours

Remington PL, JAMA 1985; 253:1574

Remington PL, JAMA 1985; 253:1574

Isolation of potential patients is

Why is this happening?
crucial to control the outbreak
 Instruct patients to call the office before coming  Measles is rare in the U.S.
if they have been exposed to measles or suspect  Measles is very contagious: >90% attack rate in
measles
households
 Screen patients prior to them sitting in waiting
room  Our society is highly mobile
 Designated exam room for suspect cases-leave
vacant for 2 hours between patients
 Instruct suspect patients to remain at home
throughout the incubation period

Our society is very mobile Why is this happening?

 Measles is rare in the U.S.
 Measles is very contagious: >90% attack rate in
households
 Our society is highly mobile
 Elimination of vaccine-preventable diseases
leads to rising concerns about vaccine safety

Tiger Woods played golf in San Diego on

January 27 and in Dubai on January 29,
2008

8
 6/20/2012

Why is this happening?

 Measles is rare in the U.S.
 Measles is very contagious: >90% attack rate in
households
 Our society is highly mobile
 Elimination of vaccine-preventable diseases
leads to rising concerns about vaccine safety
 In public opinion, emotion trumps science

Factors that have increased concern

 Distrust
Industry
“On the Internet,
Government nobody knows
Doctors you’re a dog.”
 Uncertainty
 Rapid increase in the number of vaccines
 Inaccurate information on the Internet Peter Steiner,
The New Yorker Magazine, vol. 69
 Media/Celebrities (LXIX) no. 20. July 5, 1993, pg. 61

Falsehood flies and the truth

comes limping after so that
when men come to be
undeceived it is too late. The
jest is over and the tale has had
its effect

Jonathan Swift, The Examiner Nov. 9, 1710

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 6/20/2012

The Truth Comes

Limping After…

The Tale Has Had It’s

Effect….

DES2
Increase in Permanent Medical (PME) and Personal Beliefs (PBE)
Exemptions Among Kindergarten Students, California 1977-2009
2.5%
Measles, Varicella
mumps and Measles requirement
2.0%
Percent of Students

rubella outbreak Hepatitis B

requirement requirement
1.5%

1.0%

0.5%

0.0%
1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

PME PBE
Year of Assessment

60

10
Slide 60

DES2 We didn't have the chance to recreate this map with the correct points. Perhaps just make the point on
the previous slide about correlation with income. Also, only for non-charter public schools was the
correlation with higher median income significant. That's probably due to charter and private schools
drawing students from a larger area from where the school is located.
David E Sugerman, 2/1/2009
 6/20/2012

Measles Vaccine Travel Vaccine Recommendations

 Individuals older than 6 months be protected from
 2-5% do not respond to the first dose measles and receive MMR vaccine, if needed, prior to
 99% respond after two doses departure.
 Many people born before 1985 have only had  Infants 6 through 11 months old should receive 1 dose
one dose of MMR vaccine before departure.†
 Children 12 months of age or older should have
 Two doses of vaccine are recommended for
documentation of 2 doses of MMR vaccine (separated
adults who: by at least 28 days).
 Attend college  Teenagers and adults without evidence of measles
 Travel internationally immunity should have documentation of 2
 Are healthcare workers appropriately spaced doses of MMR vaccine.

Summary
 Measles outbreaks continue to occur throughout
the United States
 Almost all cases are related to foreign travel-take
a travel history
 Isolate your patients immediately if you think
measles
 We have to continue to educate families about
the risks measles disease and benefits of
vaccination
63

Resources
NNII (www.immunizationinfo.org)
VEC (www.vaccine.chop.edu)
IAC (www.immunize.org)
CDC/NIP (www.cdc.gov/nip)
AAP (www.aap.org)
AAFP (www.aafp.org/)
IVS (www.vaccinesafety.edu)
Vaccine Page (www.vaccines.org)
Every Child by Two (www.ecbt.org)

11
 Outpatient Management of “It is much more important to
Congestive Heart Failure know what sort of patient has a
For the Primary Physician disease than what sort of disease
a patient has.”
Sir William Osler
David J. Shaw, M.D., M.B.A.

Objectives of Talk Definition of Congestive

• 1. Identify reasons patients with heart failure
decompensate and require hospital readmission
Heart Failure
• 2. Identify strategies for effectively managing
patients in the outpatient environment A syndrome including circulatory
• 3. Identify evidence-based therapies and congestion or inadequate tissue
evidence-based doses of those therapies for perfusion due to abnormal heart
management of heart failure due to systolic function and associated
dysfunction
neurohormonal abnormalities
• 4. Identify strategies for management of heart
failure with normal ejection fraction

Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart

Failure

Pathophysiology of • Myocardial • Remodeling

damage – Catecholamines
Heart Failure – Ischemia, infarction – Renin-
(CAD) Angiotensin-
How it gets that way – Hypertension Aldosterone
System
– Viral
– Cytokines
– Idiopathic
– Endothelin

1
 Causes of Heart Failure
(Italian Registry)
• Ischemic heart disease — 40 percent
• Dilated cardiomyopathy — 32 percent
Classification Systems for
• Primary valvular heart disease — 12
CHF
percent
• Hypertensive heart disease — 11
percent
• Other — 5 percent

Classification of CHF
• May be defined in terms of: Significance of CHF Classification
– Affected ventricle(s) – Right and/or Left
– Primary manifestation – Congestion or • Evidence base only exists for
Hypoperfusion certain forms of congestive heart
– Relative Cardiac output – Low output or High failure
output (e.g. thyrotoxicosis)
• The evidence base is in evolution
– Ventricular function – Low ejection fraction
(“Systolic Dysfunction”) or Preserved ejection • Understanding the
fraction (“HFNEF = Heart Failure with Normal pathophysiology of CHF enables
Ejection Fraction”)
us to understand what forms of
– Acute versus Chronic – ADHF (Acute
Decompensated Heart Failure) vs Chronic Stable
therapy might be effective
Congestive Heart Failure

New York Heart Association Heart failure develops over time in symptomatic and asymptomatic phases. Each phase
can be targeted with specific treatments to reduce morbidity and mortality. The stages of
heart failure development described below are excerpted from Hunt, SA, Baker, DW,
Functional Classifications Chin, MH, ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Heart
Failure in the Adult, ACC/AHA Practice Guidelines, 2001.
• Class I - symptoms of heart failure only Patients at high risk of developing heart failure (HF) because of the presence of
at levels that would limit normal conditions that are strongly associated with the development of HF. Such patients
individuals have no identified structural or functional abnormalities of the pericardium,
myocardium, or cardiac valves and have never shown signs or symptoms of HF. .

• Class II - symptoms of heart failure with Patients who have developed structural heart disease that is strongly associated with
ordinary exertion the development of heart failure (HF) but who have never shown signs or symptoms of
HF.
• Class III - symptoms of heart failure on
less than ordinary exertion Patients who have current or prior symptoms of heart failure associated with
underlying structural heart disease
• Class IV - symptoms of heart failure at
rest Patients with advanced structural heart disease and marked symptoms of heart failure at
rest despite maximal medical therapy and who require the specialized interventions

2
 Why do patients decompensate? Strategies for Management of CHF
• Based on first “decongesting” the patient
• Failure to take medications • Then managing the underlying cardiac
– Fear of or perception of side effects pathophysiologic abnormalities
– Can’t afford • For primary myocardial disease, the abnormalities
– Not on formulary are generally due to damage to the myocardium
– Not motivated to take based on adverse effects of the neurohormonal
response to ventricular failure – the very
• Excess sodium in diet responses which are adaptive short-term become
• Worsening heart disease deleterious long-term
• For valvular, pericardial and endomyocardial
• Worsening renal function disease, the treatment is that of the underlying
anatomical abnormality

Treatment of ADHF
(Acute Decompensated Heart Failure)
• Evidence-base is not robust
• The principles are relieving congestion and
augmenting perfusion
Treatment of Acute
• While one might expect that positive inotropic
Decompensated Heart Failure agents would be beneficial in this condition, a
host of inotropic agents have failed to show
long-term benefit, or have actually resulted in
increased mortality
• Beta Blockers, one of the cornerstones of
therapy for chronic heart failure, are
contraindicated in ADHF

Ultrafiltration for ADHF

Role of Loop Diuretics in ADHF • Ultrafiltration, also called aquapheresis, a form of
Loop diuretics relieve symptoms of dyspnea and edema, hemodialysis which allows removal of fluid that is
but may cause: isotonic with plasma. Simplified veno-venous
1. Electrolyte abnormalities ultrafiltraton device, with very small extracorporeal
2. Activation of RAAS and SNS
blood, minimizes hemodynamic shifts, and
hypotension.
3. Diuretic resistance
• UNLOAD trial published in 2007, showed that early
4. Structural changes in distal tubule ultrafiltration resulted in greater weight loss, greater
5. Worsening renal function. (Furosemide lowers GFR fluid loss, and no difference in renal function.
by ~ 15%) Rehospitalization in UNLOAD was less in UF group
6. ? Increased mortality vs diuretic group. (JACC, 2007; 49;675-683)
DOSE-HF study compared high and low dose loop • UF patients had less activation of RAAS and
diuretic, as continuous infusion or q12h i.v. bolus – Catecholamine systems.
showed no difference in outcome short-term

3
 Treatment of Heart Failure
due to Systolic Dysfunction

Three Evidence-based Therapies for Heart

Failure with Systolic Dysfunction are:
1. Angiotensin receptor blocker
2. Atenolol
Audience Response #1 3. Hydralazine/Isosorbide dinitrate
4. Spironolactone
Choose three correct answers 5. Furosemide
from the following list

Evidence-based Therapies for

Heart Failure due to Systolic Dysfunction
• This is the most robust evidence-based treatment for
heart failure
• ACE-I or ARB for Heart Failure with LVSD ACE-Inhibitor and/or ARB in
• Beta blocker for HF with LVSD (only 3 approved: Heart Failure with Systolic
carvedilol, metoprolol and bisoprolol)
• Aldosterone antagonists for patients with HF in NYHA Dysfunction
Class IV or Class III with Myocardial Infarction
• Add Digoxin for patients who remain symptomatic
• The combination of Isosorbide Dinitrate and
Hydralazine has a survival benefit in African-
Americans

4
 NYHA Class II-III – SOLVD NYHA Class IV - CONSENSUS
Treatment

DIG Study
DIG Study
(1997) n=3403
n=3403

Digoxin in Heart Failure Placebo n=3397

DIG Study

p<0.001
Digoxin

FIGURE 2. Effect of carvedilol versus placebo on mortality (A) and the combined
end point of death or cardiovascular hospitalization (B)for the entire US Carvedilol
Heart Failure Trials Program. Carvedilol therapy was associated with a 65%
reduction in mortality and a 38% reduction in death or cardiovascular
hospitalization. (Adapted from N Engl J Med.

Beta Blockers in Heart Failure

5
 CIBIS II

MERIT HF

A-HeFT All-Cause Mortality

100 43% Decrease in Mortality

Fixed-dose Hydralazine and Fixed Dose ISDN/HDZN

ISDN in Heart Failure

Survival %

95

90
Placebo

P = 0.01

85
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Days Since Baseline Visit

Taylor AL et al. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2049-57.

RALESRALES Study
STUDY P < 0.001 RALES

Aldosterone Antagonists in
Heart Failure

6
 EPHESUS
RESULTS

Treatment of Heart Failure with

Kaplan-Meier
Estimates of the Rate
Normal Ejection Fraction
of Death from Any
Cause (Panel A), the
Rate of Death from
(HFNEF)
Cardiovascular
Causes or
Hospitalization for
Cardiovascular
Events (Panel B), and
the Rate of Sudden
Death from Cardiac
Pitt, B. et al. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1309-1321 Causes (Panel C)

Current Therapies for HFNEF Current Therapies for HFNEF

• Terminology has evolved: Previously: (continued)
Diastolic dysfunction; heart failure with
normal systolic function
• Patients with HFNEF tend to be
• Now recognized to be a condition with both older than those with Systolic
diastolic (compliance) abnormalities and Dysfunction, tend to be female
with abnormalities of conformational change more commonly, and tend to
(twisting abnormalities – left ventricular have more hypertension
deformation) but with normal ejection
• Hypertension is principal target
fraction
for HFNEF
• Present therapies are not “evidence-based”

Treatment of Asymptomatic
Left Ventricular Dysfunction Audience Response #2
(ALVD)
Choose two correct answers from
the following list

7
 Evidence-based Therapies for Asymptomatic
Two evidence-based therapies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (ALVD)
asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction are: • Just as with Heart Failure with Systolic
Dysfunction, an extensive evidence-base exists
1. Metoprolol for ALVD
2. Eplerenone • ACE-I or ARB have a combined death or CHF
3. Lisinopril benefit
4. Digoxin • Among patients with asymptomatic left
5. Amlodipine ventricular dysfunction treated with ACE
inhibitors, beta blockers appear to reduce
mortality and the rate of progression to
symptomatic heart failure

Class I – Asymptomatic LVD (SOLVD Prevention)

Evidence-based doses of Heart

Failure Medications - I
ACE Inhibitors Indicated in Asymptomatic Left Ventricular Dysfunction (ALVD)
Evidence-based Doses and CHF with EF < 40% in NYHA Class I-IV
ACE Inhibitor Goals Initial Dose Target Dose Maximum Dose
of Heart Failure Medications benazepril (Lotensin)
captopril (Capoten)
5-10 mg daily
6.25-25 mg. 3/day
20-40 mg. daily
50-100 mg. tid
80 mg. daily
150 mg. 3/day
enalapril (Vasotec) 2.5-5 mg. 2/day 10 mg. 2/day 20 mg. 2/day
fosinopril (Monopril) 10 mg. daily 20-40 mg. daily 80 mg. daily
lisinopril (Zestril/Prinivil) 2.5-10 mg. daily 20-40 mg. daily 80 mg. daily
moexipril (Univasc) 15-30 mg. daily 60 mg. daily
quinapril (Accupril) 2.5-10 mg. daily 20-40 mg. daily 80 mg. daily
ramipril (Altace) 1.25-2.5 mg. daily 5-10 mg. daily 20 mg. daily
trandolapril (Mavik) 1 mg. daily 4 mg. daily 4 mg. daily
ARB Indicated in ACE-I Intolerant Patients with ALVD and CHF with
EF <40% in NYHA Class I-IV
ARB Goals Initial Dose Target Dose Maximum Dose
Losartan 50 mg. daily 100 mg. daily 200 mg. daily
Valsartan 20 mg. 2/day 80 mg. 2/day 160 mg. 2/day
Candesartan 4 mg. daiily 16 mg. daily 32 mg. daily

8
 Evidence-based doses of Heart
Failure Medications - II
Beta blockers indicated in Patients with ALVD and CHF with EF < 40% in
NYHA Class I-IV
Beta Blocker Goals Initial Dose Target Dose Maximum Dose
Metoprolol 12.5 mg. 2/day 25 mg. 2/day (< 85 50 mg. 2/day
kg) 50 mg. 2/day
(> 85 kg)
Metoprolol LA 12.5 mg. daily 50 mg. daily (< 85 100 mg. daily
kg) 100 mg. daily
(> 85 kg)
Carvedilol 3.125 mg. 2/day 12.5 mg.-25 mg. 25 mg. 2/day
2/day
Bisoprolol 1.25 mg daily 5 mg. daily 10 mg. daily
Aldosterone Angagonists Indicated In Patients with CHF with EF < 40%
in NYHA Classes II-IV
Aldosterone Antagonist Initial Dose Target Dose Maximum Dose
Goals
Spironolactone 12.5 mg. daily 25 mg. daily 50 mg. daily
Eplerenone 25 mg. daily 25 mg. daily 50 mg. daily

Questions?
Device Therapy for CHF

Cardiac Resynchronization
Cardiac Resynchronization
Therapy
Therapy • From MADIT-CRT (N Engl J Med; published at
www.nejm.org on September 1, 2009,
• In Heart Failure, synchronization of 10.1056/NEJMoa0906431) , In Minimally
contraction of the right and left ventricles symptomatic cardiac patients (NYHA I or II) with
can result in substantially improved decreased EF and wide QRS, CRT-D reduced
performance mortality or HF events (which ever comes first)
• This is accomplished by biventricular when compared with ICD-only therapy by 41%.
pacing, coupled to atrial pacing (to optimize • CRT may improve LV twist in some patients with
CHF with Systolic dysfunction who will later
A-V intervals)
improve LV end-systolic volume as well

9
 Left Ventricular Assist Devices Applying this to your patient
• CHF, like diabetes, COPD and
hypertension, is a chronic disorder which
• Implanted devices with external is rarely cured but can be effectively
power source, which can be managed with application of evidence-
worn by patients with advanced based therapies
HF
• Used both as bridge to cardiac • Critical role of education in the
transplantation and as management of patients with CHF
“destination therapy” • Critical role of careful monitoring of
patients and actively engaging them in
their mangement

Conclusions
• Important to understand classification and
Conclusions (continued)
pathophysiology of congestive heart failure • Little data concerning effective
• Treatment of Acute Decompensated Heart
treatment of HFNEF
Failure evolving, but evidence-base not
strong • Good evidence base for treatment of
• Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure due to ASLVD: again ACE-I/ARB and Beta
Systolic Dysfunction has strong evidence Blocker
base, favoring use of ACE-I/ARB, Beta
Blocker, and sometimes digoxin, • Critical role of recognizing causes of
spironolactone, and/or hydralazine/ISDN decompensation and working with
patient to anticipate and prevent them

Questions?

10
Dealing with the new reality
It’s difficult
SDAFP – 22 June 2012 to make predictions -
particularly about the future
Yogi Berra

Outline Four important comments

• Environmental scan • This is not a good news story – my apologies

• Symptoms • I’m politically agnostic
• Diagnosis • Ask questions in real time
• Prognosis • Actionable items are few…
• Palliative treatment plan - no systemic change
• Radical treatment plan – options for systemic
change
• So what can YOU do on Monday?
• Q&A
I heard this is the scariest part of the ride!

A political decision
is one that is made
in the absence of,
The Environmental Scan or contravention of,
the facts

1
 Supremes are warming up backstage! Fall 2012 – DC’s 8 dimensional train wreck

Options
Brutal 2012 Medicare 31.5%
• Disneyland option - Total approval cut for doctors
election
• Armageddon option - Total dismissal (ignore
severability) Sequestration
Federal debt limit
• Neutron bomb option – must be raised begins
– Reject mandate, rest left standing Chaos
– Reject states rights issue, rest left standing @ the
Bush tax cuts 2012 Budget must
Capital
expire be approved

Really mad Supreme Court

lame ducks PPACA ruling

PPACA simplified (impact on doctors)

So what’s next w/ State?
Federal State Local
2011
MICRA MLR (85% or 80%) enforced
Legislative
Scope No Physician owned hospitals
Budget Corp Bar GME changes for more PCPs
2012 Election
Medicare EHR use + quality reporting – carrot
Dual Eligibles
2012 Initiatives Healthy Families and stick
2012
MediCal
Executive ACOs & Bundled Payment pilots
HIEx

Prisons

PPACA simplified (impact on doctors) A little humor

2013 And then

Health Insurance administrative simplification
Increased Medicaid to PCP (2013/2014)
a miracle
2014
happens…
Individual mandate (weak)
Guaranteed issue
Community rating
State based health insurance exchanges
Multiple consumer friendly reforms to HI
IPAB
I think you should be more
explicit in step 2!

2
 We can’t make up our mind And make THEM pay for it!

D
I
R

Health care is big and getting bigger

Healthcare economy - $2.7T

What are the symptoms? Healthcare economy % of GDP - 17+%
Cost of HI for family of 4 - $12.6K (up 39% in 6 yrs)
Cost of HI for single - $4.6K (up 41% in 6 yrs)

We spend more
Huge geographic variations in spending
than we ought to be spending
Medicare spending per person
in Miami $18K
in Minneapolis-St. Paul $7K

3
 Many without health insurance Chronic conditions are killing us

% uninsured >1 yr 15% (20% in California) % w/ 1 chronic condition 45%

% uninsured 1 month or more in last year 30% % w/ multiple chronic conditions 22%

Cost is mis-allocated Government is huge player

60-70% of HC cost from 10% of the population (in % of HC Costs

last 6-9 months of life) Non-Governmental 49%
Insurance 35-%
Out of Pocket 15-%
Governmental 51%
Medicare 15+%
Medicaid (Medi-Cal) 15%
SCHIP 15%

You cannot (simultaneously) improve

quality, cost, AND access

What’s the diagnosis? A

C Q
Value=(QxA)/C
Bad news Dad – you’re brain-dead!!

4
 Someone else should pay for it You cannot have insurance without more
people in the pool
Insurance companies
You have to buy
not allowed to price discriminate
insurance (Mandate)
U based on health conditions
(Community Rating)

G B
You have to right , to buy insurance – anytime,
irrespective of health (Guaranteed Issue)

Who’s in the ER/OR/Exam Room

with you?

What’s the Prognosis

L
G
D P
I
Your prognosis is tied
to the outcome of the election!

Unsustainable! What’s Mass. say about the future?

% of Mean Family Income for Health Insurance for Massachusetts

family of 4 Uninsured to near zero
6 yrs ago 7% Increased demand => longer lines (initially)
now 17% Increased cost => Govt mandated cost cutting &
6 yrs in future 33% revenue increase from providers
Decreased indirect cost (uninsured)

Unsustainable!

$1B $1.8B

5
 What’s New York say about the future? Greater demand

• More underinsured (MediCal ↑ ), but fewer uninsured

New York
• Aging population (Medicare ↑ )
Weak mandate +
• Demanding population (pressure to do more)
guaranteed issue =
unaffordable HI for • More gizmos (pressure to do more)
individuals • More drugs (pressure to do more)

# paying • Everyone trying to make a living (pressure to do more)

DEMAND GOES UP

$/pp

Reduced supply Longer lines

• Fewer docs (per person), plus wrong flavor of docs • PCP – demand driven
– But, lifetime employment • Specialists – reimbursement driven
– And, (theoretically) more economic power • ER – I-now-have-insurance driven
• Scope of practice expansions by non-Physicians LONGER WAITS
• Not nearly enough PCPs
• Urban solo primary care is dead
• Urban specialist solo is on life support
• Not enough hospital capacity - same number of
beds/nurses/etc...
SUPPLY GOES DOWN

Increased macro-economic cost Changing reimbursements

• Demand driven cost increase (see MA, CO, WI) • Increased (willing or unwilling) integration – share
• Fatally flawed insurance model cost increase (see NY) the same or fewer $$$

• Consolidation driven market control cost increase • Reimbursements down to keep total cost down (see
Mass. & Ca.)
INCREASED COST
• Reduce differences between specialty and PCP
• Premium for innovation
• Penalty for re-work/re-admit

6
 Increased quality

• Because it's the right thing to do for the patient

• But, understand macro-issue is to reduce cost
What are we going to do?
• Innovate locally

We’re going to negotiate first!

Patches, patches, and more patches

Current system is unsustainable

We are putting patches on top of patches
The cost will (eventually) bring the system to it’s knees
We will either:
• Keep putting patches on top of patches on top of
patches, or
• Revolutionary change (see 9/11 or FDR - March 1933 or
Paris - 1793)
2016 (or perhaps 2020) election will be about a What’s the second best medicine?

revolutionary approach to health care

What’s next - move to Switzerland !

Universal mandate & guaranteed issue & national

(community) rating
What are you going to do
Citizens pay for insurance up to 8% of income – on …
government subsidy if cost >8%
Insurance:
• Compulsory - standardized national minimum coverage
at one price for all w/ no profit
• Complimentary (additional) insurance – risk based,
competitive
No first dollar coverage – annual minimums
Bad behavior penalized

7
 Medicare & Medi-Cal Run a better business
“they are a’changing”
Medicare Automate (implement EHR), if and only if:
• SGR – Ready to change your workflow
• EHR – Ready to spend more time and money to get there
Medi-Cal – Thoughtfully evaluated all options (ROI)
• Dual Eligibles – Stop thinking about “penalty”, think about ROI
• Healthy Families => Medi-Cal
• Expansion (or contraction) w/ the SCOTUS decision

Run a better business Run a better business

Become more efficient Accept that you are running a business

– Make data based business decisions – Can’t outsource thinking – YOU have to engaged
 Eliminate stupid expenses – Take advantage of your Medical Society
 Get rid of low revenue, high cost customers • Seminars
 Find high revenue, low cost customers • NYCU
– Eliminate NVA steps • Web site
– Evaluate your Medicare & Medi-Cal options – Spend time on the business side
– Learn how to run a business

Tell the story Educate – Pay attention

Document the “consequential stories about the impact Read the paper/twitter/blog/…..
to your patients” – send ’em to SDCMS “Holler” when we need you to
Contact your Congressperson/State Legislators – tell Engage with your patients when we need you to!
them directly

8
 Collaborate Remember why you go it medicine!

Medical Society
• Join/stay joined
It’s not just a job - Remember the
• Listen/stay plugged in
magic!
• NYCU
Aggregate with your peers – legally
Get onboard an HIE

What’s next? Questions?

"Americans can always be

We are almost out of
counted on to do the
right thing...
….after they have
exhausted all other
possibilities”
Churchill

gehring@sdcms.org

619-206-8282

www.sdcms.org

9
Quick Reference Chart for the WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use –
to initiate or continue use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs), depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), progestin-only implants, copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD)
CONDITION COC DMPA Implants Cu-IUD CONDITION COC DMPA Implants Cu-IUD
Pregnancy NA NA NA Gestational Regressing or undetectable β-hCG levels
trophoblastic
Breastfeeding Less than 6 weeks postpartum disease Persistently elevated β-hCG levels or malignant disease
6 weeks to < 6 months postpartum NC Cancers Cervical (awaiting treatment) I C
6 months postpartum or more Endometrial I C
Postpartum Less than 21days, non-breastfeeding NC Ovarian I C
< 48 hours including immediate post-placental Breast disease Undiagnosed mass * * *
≥ 48 hours to less than 4 weeks NC NC NC Current cancer
Puerperal sepsis Past w/ no evidence of current disease for 5 yrs
Postabortion Immediate post-septic Uterine distortion due to fibroids or anatomical abnormalities
Smoking Age ≥ 35 years, < 15 cigarettes/day STIs/PID Current purulent cervicitis, chlamydia, gonorrhea I C

Source: Adapted from Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. Geneva: World Health Organization, updated 2008.
Age ≥ 35 years, ≥ 15 cigarettes/day Vaginitis
Multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease Current pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) I C
Hypertension History of (where BP cannot be evaluated) Other STIs (excluding HIV/hepatitis)
BP is controlled and can be evaluated Increased risk of STIs
Elevated BP (systolic 140 - 159 or diastolic 90 - 99) Very high individual risk of exposure to STIs I C
Elevated BP (systolic ≥ 160 or diastolic ≥ 100) Pelvic tuberculosis I C
Vascular disease Diabetes Non-vascular disease

Available: http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/family_planning/guidelines.htm
Deep venous History of DVT/PE Vascular disease or diabetes for > 20 years
thrombosis Acute DVT/PE Symptomatic gall bladder disease (current or medically treated)
(DVT) and
pulmonary DVT/PE, established on anticoagulant therapy Cholestasis Related to pregnancy
embolism (PE) Major surgery with prolonged immobilization (history of) Related to oral contraceptives
Known thrombogenic mutations Hepatitis Acute or flare I C
Ischemic heart disease (current or history of) or stroke (history of) I C Chronic or client is a carrier
Known hyperlipidemias Cirrhosis Mild
Complicated valvular heart disease Severe
Systemic lupus Positive or unknown antiphospholipid antibodies Liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma and malignant hepatoma)
erythematosus Severe thrombocytopenia I C I C HIV High risk of HIV or HIV-infected
Immunosuppressive treatment I C AIDS No antiretroviral therapy (ARV) I C
Headaches Non-migrainous (mild or severe) I C Clinically well on ARV therapy see drug interactions
Migraine without aura (age < 35 years) I C Not clinically well on ARV therapy see drug interactions I C
Migraine without aura (age ≥ 35 years) I C Drug interac- Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Migraines with aura (at any age) I C I C tions, including Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
use of:
Vaginal Irregular without heavy bleeding Ritonavir, ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors
bleeding Heavy or prolonged, regular and irregular Rifampicin or rifabutin
patterns
Unexplained bleeding (prior to evaluation) I C Anticonvulsant therapy**

Category 1 There are no restrictions for use. Unlike previous versions of the MEC Quick Reference Chart, this version includes a complete list of all conditions classified as Category 3 and 4 by WHO.
Category 2 Generally use; some follow-up may be needed. I/C (Initiation/Continuation): A woman may fall into either one category or another, depending on whether she is initiating or continuing to use a method. For
example, a client with current PID who wants to initiate IUD use would be considered as Category 4, and should not have an IUD inserted. However, if she develops
Category 3 Usually not recommended; clinical judgment and PID while using the IUD, she would be considered as Category 2. This means she could generally continue using the IUD and be treated for PID with the IUD in
continuing access to clinical services are required for use. place. Where I/C is not marked, the category is the same for initiation and continuation.
Category 4 The method should not be used. NA (not applicable): Women who are pregnant do not require contraception.
NC (not classified): The condition is not part of the WHO classification for this method.
* Evaluation of an undiagnosed mass should be pursued as soon as possible.
** Anticonvulsants include: phenytoin, carbamazepine, barbiturates, primidone, topiramate, oxcarbazepine,
and lamotrigine. Lamotrigine is a category 1 for implants. © 2009
Contraception Updates, additional questions and answers

Also - a few clarifications of questions asked after the presentation.

1. OCP’s and Obesity

OBGyn 2010 Aug

“Ovarian Suppression in normal-weight and obese women duringoral contraceptive use: a randomized
controlled trial”

20mcg/100 mcg levonorgestrel

30mcg/150 mcg levonorgestrel

Consistent users of both pills had suppression of folliculardevelopment.

150/226 enrollees

Among consistent users, 2.7% ovulated (3/96 normal wt and1/54 obese women) 2 ovulations occurred
with each formulation. Suggest that higher ocp failure amongobese women is not related to differences
in OCP dosing.

2. MIGRAINES - Clarification for emphasis

Women who have migraine with aura should NOT use combinationhormonal contraceptives

3. OCP’s and depression – worse on Yaz or Yasmin

Change to lowest relative progestational activity:

Norgestimate 0.3 (Ortho Cyclen, Ortho Tri-cyclen)

Levonorgestrel 0.5 (Alesse, triphasil, Nordette)

4. Nuvaring – confirmed – NO weight limit for Nuva-Ring