Cairo university Fluid Mechanics

Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering

Irrigation and Hydraulics Dept.
Midterm November 2007 Model Answer

Question 1:

A uniform block of steel (SG=7.85) will “float” at a mercury-water interface as in the

shown figure .What is the ratio of the distance a and b for this condition?

Water

a
Steel block

b
Mercury:SG=13.56

Solution:

FB2
a

W
b

FB1

$ W = F B1 + F B2
* 3
W = γ s B 8 s , γ s = 7.85 t m
Where:A = cross @ sectional area of the block
F B1 = γ hg B8 disp1 = 13.56 B b B A
` a

F B2 = γ w B8 disp2 = 1 B a B A
` a
B` C b c b c
# 7.85 B a + b B +A = 13.56 B b B +A + a B A
a
+

7.85 Ba + 7.85 B b = a + 13.56 Bb

` a ` a ` a

6.85 Ba = 5.71 Bb
` a ` a

# f
af
ff 5.71
= ff
f
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff
= 0.834
b 6.85
# The ratio between a&b = 0.834

1
Question 2:

a. Derive the expression for the piezometric head variation along the direction of
movement (direction S) in a fluid that is accelerated at a rate as.

Solution:
Z
Y
∂p
ff
f
ff
f
ff ∂p ∂p
= @ ρas , ff
f
ff
f
ff
= @ ρa z , ff
f
ff
f
ff
=0
∂s ∂z ∂y S
∂p ∂p ∂p
f g f g f g
ff
f
ff
f
ff ff
f
ff
f
ff ff
f
ff
f
ff
dp = Bds + Bdz + B dy
∂s ∂z ∂y
dp = @ ρas ds @ ρa z dz
p = @ ρas s @ ρa z z + c , @ s = 0&z = 0 [ P = P 0
P = @ ρas @ ρa z z + P 0

b.The tank of water in the figure is full and open to the atmosphere at appoint A [The
tank opening exists only at A].For what acceleration ax in m/s2 will the pressure at
point B be (a) atmospheric and (b) absolute? .Note that the atmospheric pressure is
given as Pa=103421.4 N/m2.

Solution:
A

a. The acceleration ax that makes the pressure atmospheric @B is

tan (θ) =ax/g , from geometry ,θ=45 ax

water
tan 45 = ax/9.81 → ax=9.81(m/s2).
B

b. Take pressure @B will be zero absolute when ax= 0.6m

Patm=103421.4 (N/m2), h water equiv. =103421.4/9810=10.54 (m) A
θ = 86.92 o
Tan θ = ax/9.81, ax= 182.18 (m/s2)
0.6m

water ax
B
0.3m

10.24m
2
Question 3:

For the conditions shown in the opposite figure ,find the force F required to lift the
concrete-block gate if the specific gravity of concrete is 2.4.

Solution: d e

γ conc = 2.4 B9810 = 23544 N*m 3

2
8 conc = Π B f f
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff
0.6 b c
B0.3 = 0.085 m 3
4
W= f ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
23544
B 0.085 = 1.997 KN
` a

Fresh water 1000

Using general law:
2
F1 = γ w B A B-1 ,A = Π B f f
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff
0.6 b c
Sea water = 0.283 m 2
4`
F1 = 9.81 B0.283 B3 = 8.32 KN S
a

F 2 = γ sea B A B- 2 ,- 2 = 1.8 m
` a

F 2 = 10.057 B0.283 B 1.8 = 5.118 KN R

` a

$ ΣF y = zero,
# F + F 2 = F1 + w [ F = F1 + W @ F 2
# F = 8.321 + 1.997 @ 5.118 = 5.2 KN R
` a

F1

F2

3
 Question 4:

a. Derive the general three-dimensional continuity equation and state its assumptions.

Solution:
∂ρv
ρv + ff
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
fdy
f
f
ff
f
ff
f
ρ w +
∂fffρ
f
fff
f
wff
fff
fdf
ff
Zf
fff
ff
∂y 2 ∂ Z 2
Y

∂ρu
ρu @ f
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
fdx
f
f
ff
f
ff
f
∂x 2
∂ ρu dx
ρ u + ffffffffffff ffffffff
∂x 2

Z
∂ρw
ρw + ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ffdz
ff
f
ff
ff
∂z 2 ∂ρv
ρv @ f
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
fdy
f
f
ff
f
ff
f
b c b c ∂y 2
mass flux @ mass flux = rate of change of mass Q 1
in out
f
f
f
inf
ff
f
f
Xf
f
ff
f
ff
f
f
@f
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
f
directionf
f
f:
∂ρu ∂ρu
f g f g
ff
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
f dx
f
f
ff
ff
f
f ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f dx
ff
f
ff
f
ff
ΣFlux X = ρu @ B d z d y @ ρu + B dz dy
∂x 2 ∂x 2
∂ρu
f
f
ff
ff
f
ff
f
ff
=@ Bd x d z d y Q 2
∂x
f
inf
f
ff
f
ff
f
Yf
f
ff
f
@f
f
ff
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff
ff
f
f
directionf
f
ff
ff:
∂ρv
ff
ff
f
ff
f
fff
f
ΣFlux Y = @ Bd x d z d y Q 3
∂y
f
inf
f
ff
f
f
Zf
ff
f
ff
f
@f
f
ff
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff
f
f
direction:f
fff
∂ρw
f
f
ff
f
ff
fff
f
ff
f
ΣFlux Z = @ B dx d z d y Q 4
∂z
∂ρ
f
f
ff
fff
f
rate of change of mass = B d x B d y Bd z Q 5
∂t
from 2,3,4 and 5 in 1
∂ρu
f
f
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff ∂ρv
f
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff ∂ρw
f f
ff
fff
f
ff
ff
f
ff ∂ρ
f
ff
f
fff
f
+ + =
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
For steady incompressible flow
∂u
ff
f
ff
f
ff ∂vff
f
ff
f
ff ∂wf
f
ff
ff
f
ff
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z

4
Question 4:

b.In the figure, the diameter of the vertical pipe is 10 cm ,and that of the stream
discharging into the air at E is 7 cm.Neglecting all losses of energy, what are the pressure
heads at B,C and D?

Solution:

Apply B.E between A&E

Za = f
vf
f
f
ef
f
ff
b c
Q v e = 22.15 m + s A
2g 5m
3*
2
Q = Av = Q B f f
ff
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
0.07
B 22.15 = 0.085 m s
4
Q
f
ff
ff
f
f B
0.085 = v d B B0.1 Q v d = 10.82 m + s
2

4 10m
Apply BA E between A&B
2
Vf f Pf f Pf
Za = f f
f
bf
f
f
+ f f
f
bf
f
ff
+ Z b [ 25 = 20 + f f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
fff
f
ff
f
+ f
ff
bf
f
ff
10.8
2g γ 2 B 9.81 γ C
Pf
f
ff
bf
f
ff
= @ 0.945 m
γ 10m
BΕbetween C&A 10cm 25cm
2
25 = 10 + f f
ff
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff
f
ff
fff
f
ff
f
f Pf
+ f
ff
cf
f
ff Pf
[ fff
cf
f
ff
10.8
= 9.055m 7cm
2 B9.81 γ γ
D E
BA E btween A&D
2
f Pf f Pf
25 = 0.25 + ff
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
fff
f
ff
f
+ f
ff
df
f
f
[ fff
df
f
ff
10.8
= 18.8m
2 B9.81 γ γ

5
Question 5:
1
Referring to the opposite figure, the diameter of the
tube at B is 2.5cm.and the diameter of the water jet
discharging into the air at C is 3.75cm.
(a) If h=1.8m what are the values of the velocity h
and the pressure head at B? Assume the tube
flows full.
(b)What is the rate of discharge in m3/s?
What would be if the tube were cut off at B? B C
d=2.5cm
d=3.75cm

Solution:

a A Apply BΕ between points 1&C

Pf
ff
1f
ff Vf
+ Z1 + ff
f1f
f
ff Pf
= ff
cf
f
f
+ Zc + f
Vfff
f
cf
f
f
+ hlosses , where hlosses is neglected
γ 2g γ 2g
2
0 + 1.8 + 0 = 0 + 0 + f ff
f
ff
f
fvf
f
ff
cf
ff
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
f
2 B 9.81
w
ww
w
w
ww
w
w
w
ww
w
ww
# vc = q2gh = 5.943 m+ s
b c
$ v b B A b = Vc B Ac continuity equation
2 2
# vb = Π B f f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
f
= 5.934 BΠ B f
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
ff
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
0.025 0.0375
4 4
# v b = 13.71 m+ s

Apply BA E between points B&C:

2 2
Pf
ff
f
bf
f
f f
ff
f
fbf
ff
f Pf
= + Zc + cf
f
f
cf
f
f
V Vf
f
ff
fff
+ Zb + + hlosses , where hlosses is neglected
γ 2g γ 2g
2 2
Pf
ff
f
bf
f
f
+0+ f f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
ff
f
=0+0+ f ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
fff
f
ff
12.371 5.943
γ 2 B 9.81 2 B9.81
Pf
# f f
f
bf
f
f
= @ 7.312 m = pressure head at B
γ
. 2
3*
b A Q = A c B vc = Π B f f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
ff
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
0.0375
B5.934 = 6.564 B10 m s
@3

4
if the tube cut at B
w
ww
w
w
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
# V b = q2gh = 5.934 m+ s

6
 Pg
Question 6:
G as
Find the magnitude and location of the resultant force on
the circular arc shown in the figure in each of the following
W a te r
two cases:
a. Pg=120.11 KPa abs h=7m
b. Pg=90.68 KPa abs
The arc is 25m long (normal to the paper)

Solution: R =4m

a A Pg = 120.11Kpa abs
Pg = 120110 @ 1.013 B10 = 18810 Pa
5
Fy
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
f
18810f
f
ff
f
ff
f
f
h= = 1.917 R
9810
a b ac
F x = 0.5 B 9810 B 4 B 4 + 9801 B 7 + 1.917 B4
` `

= 428383.1 N + m Q F x total = 10709577 N Fx

f 2 g
4f
ff
ff
f
f
F y = 9810 B25 B 12.917 B 4 @ Π B
4
= 9589674.6 N R
F r = 14375566 N
passes at center of circle @an angleθ = 41.84
0

b A Pg = 90.68 Kpa abs

Pg = @ 4500Pa Q h = @ 0.46m
F x = 0.5 B 9810 B 4 B 4 B 25
+ 7 @ 0.46 B 9810 B 4 B 25
` a ` a

= 8377740 N
f 2g
4f
ff
ff
f
f
F y = 9810 B 25 10.54 B4 @ Π B = 7257837.6 N
4
` a
it willpasses by the center of the circle o but with an angle
θ = 40.9 ,,F r = 11084346 N