A

Mini Project Report

On

“MOBILE DETECTOR USING LM358”

Submitted to

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

HYDERABAD
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By
P.Sankeerthana (15TK1A0414)
K. Saritha (16TK5A0412)
R.Snigdha (15TK1A0416)
M. Vanitha (15TK1A0444)
M. Nagendra Babu (15TK1A0412)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. G.RAMESH, M. Tech

Asst. Professor
Dept of E.C.E

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SVS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NBA, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad & ISO 9001:2008 certified)
BHEEMARAM (V), HASANPARTHY (M), WARANGAL (Dt). T.S. India – 506015
Ph: 0870-2453900, 6560833www.svsit.ac.in

2015-2019
 SVS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NBA, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad & ISO 9001:2008 certified)
BHEEMARAM (V), HASANPARTHY (M), WARANGAL (Dt). T.S. India – 506015
Ph: 0870-2453900, 6560833www.svsit.ac.in

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the mini project entitled “MOBILE DETECTOR USING LM358”
done by P.Sankeerthana (15TK1A0414), K. Saritha (16TK5A0412), R.Snigdha (15TK1A0416),
M. Vanitha (15TK1A0444), M. Nagendra Babu(15TK1A0412) students of IV B. Tech in the
department of Electronics & Communication Engineering during the period 2015 to 2019 in
partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronic &communication Engineering from JNTU, Hyderabad.

Mr. G. RAMESH Dr. N. SELVARASU Dr. B. RAGHU

Asst. Prof. Assoc. Prof. & HOD Principal
Dept. of ECE Dept. of ECE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is certainly not be completed without due acknowledgements paid toall those who
have helped me in doing my project work.
We express our sincere thanks to our guide Mr. G. RAMESH, Asst. Professor for
giving us moral support, kindattention and valuable guidance to throughout this project work.
It is our privilege to thank Mr. G. RAMESH, Asst. Professor, mini project coordinator
ECE for his encouragement during the progress of this project work.
It is our privilege to thank Dr. N. SELVARASU, Assoc. Professor, Head f the
Department of ECE for his encouragement during the progress of this project work.
We take immense pleasure in thanking Dr. B. RAGHU, Principal, SVSIT for having
permitted us to carry out this project.
We would like to express gratitude to our college SVS INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY for providing required facilities during our project work.
We would like to thank both Teaching and Non-Teaching staff, ECE department for
their kind cooperation and all sorts of help to bring out this project work successfully.
We would like to thank our parents and my friends for being supportive all the time and
we are very much obliged to them.

SUBMITTED BY
P.Sankeerthana (15TK1A0414)
K. Saritha (16TK5A0412)
R.Snigdha (15TK1A0416)
M. Vanitha (15TK1A0444)
M. Nagendra Babu (15TK1A0412)

ABSTRACT
 MOBILE DETECTOR USING LM358
Now a days as the technology is improved, people are addicted to mobiles . They are at that
stage where they are using and at what situation they are. There are some restricted places like
hospitals , examination halls etc . To avoid that situations we have designed a mobile detector
circuit.
This detector can sense the presence of and activated mobile phone from a distance of one
and a half meter. So it can be used to prevent use of mobile phone in examination halls ,
confidential rooms etc.It is also useful for detecting the use of mobile phone for spying and
unauthorized video transmission. The circuit can detect the incoming and outgoing calls,SMS
and video transmission even if the mobile is kept in silent mode.

CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER I: LITERATURE SURVEY
1.1.Cell Phone Detector Circuit using op-amp 3130
1.2.Cell Phone Detector using Schottky Diode
 1.3.Mobile incoming call indicator using 555 timer

1.4.Drawbacks
CHAPTER II: INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT
2.1 Concept
2.2 Block diagram
2.2.1. Antenna
2.2.2. Detector unit and LED
2.2.3. Transistor Relay Switching unit
CHAPTER III: PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1.Circuit diagram
3.2.Resistor
3.3.IC-LM358
3.3.1.Block diagram of LM358
3.3.2. PIN diagram of LM358
3.3.3. Features of LM358
3.4.Transistor BC548
3.4.1. Introduction to BC548
3.4.2. PIN diagram of BC548
3.5.LED
3.6.Capacitor
3.7.Potentiometer
3.8. Working
3.9. Construction and testing
CHAPTER IV:RESULTS AND OUTPUT

CHAPTER V:CONCLUSION AND APPLICATIONS

5.1.Conclusion
5.2.Future scope
5.3. Applications
5.4. Limitations of mobile detector circuit
CHAPTER VI: BIBLIOGRAPHY
References and Websites
 Chapter-I
LITERATURE SURVEY
INTRODUCTION:

The most common electronic equipment used nowadays is Cell Phone or Mobile Phone.
With advancement in communication technology, the requirement of cell phones has increased
dramatically. A cell phone typically transmits and receives signals in the frequency range of 0.9
to 3GHz. This article provides a simple circuit to detect the presence of an activated cell phone
by detecting these signals.
1.1 Cell Phone Detector Circuit using op amp 3130:

I have designed two circuits that act as Cell Phone Detector Circuit, one using a
combination of Schottky Diode and a Voltage Comparator and the other using a BiCMOS Op-
Amp.

The basic principle behind the Cell Phone Detector circuits is to detect the RF Signals. In
the Schottky diode circuit, the Schottky Diode is used to detect the cell phone signal as they have
a unique property of being able to rectify low frequency signals, with low noise rate. When an
inductor is placed near the RF signal source, it receives the signal through mutual induction. This
signal is rectified by the Schottky diode. This low power signal can be amplified and used to
power any indicator like an LED in this case.

Fig1.1: Cell Phone Detector Circuit using opamp 3130

The first circuit of the cell phone detector is a simple implementation using an Op-amp
and a few other passive components.

Working:
 The Op-amp part of the circuit acts as the RF Signal Detector while Transistor part of the
circuit act as the indicator. The capacitors collection along with the antenna are used to detect RF
Signals when a cell phone makes (or receives) a phone call or sends (or receives) a text message.

Op-Amp reads the signals by converting the rise in current at input to voltage at output
and the LED will be activated.

1.2 Cell Phone Detector using Schottky Diode:

Detector Circuit Design:

The detector circuit consists of an inductor, diode, a capacitor and a resistor. Here an
inductor value of 10uH is chosen. A Schottky diode BAT54 is chosen as the detector diode,
which can rectify low frequency AC signal. The filter capacitor chosen in a 100nF ceramic
capacitor, used to filter out AC ripples. A load resistor of 100 Ohms is used.

Fig1.2:Cell Phone Detector using Schottky Diode

Comparator circuit Design:

Here LM339 is used as comparator. The reference voltage is set at the inverting terminal
using a potential divider arrangement. Since output voltage from the amplifier is quite low, the
reference voltage is set low of the order of 4V. This is achieved by selecting a resistor of 200
Ohms and a potentiometer of 330 Ohms. An output resistor of value 10 Ohms is used as a
current limiting resistor.
1.3.Mobile incoming call indicator using 555 timer:

Description:
 This circuit can be used to escape from the nuisance of mobile phone rings when you are
at home. This circuit will give a visual indication if placed near a mobile phone even if the ringer
is deactivated.

When a call is coming to the mobile phone, the transmitter inside it becomes activated. The
frequency of the transmitter is around 900MHz.The coil L1 picks up these oscillations by
induction and feds it to the base of Q1. This makes the transistor Q1 activated.Since the
Collector of Q1 is connected to the pin 2 of IC1 (NE555) , the IC1 is triggered to make the LED
connected at its output pin (pin 3) to blink. The blinking of the LED is the indication of
incoming call.

Circuit diagram :

Fig1.3:Cell Phone Detector using 555 timer

1.4 DRAWBACKS:

1.Silicon transistors do not operate at voltages higher than about 1,000 volts (SiC devices can be
operated as high as 3,000 volts). In contrast, electron tubes have been developed that can be
operated at tens of thousands of volts.

2. High power, high frequency operation, such as used in over-the-air television broadcasting, is
better achieved in electron tubes due to improved electron mobility in a vacuum
3.On average, a higher degree of amplification linearity can be achieved in electron tubes as
compared to equivalent solid state devices, a characteristic that may be important in high fidelity
audio reproduction.

4.Silicon transistors are much more sensitive than electron tubes to an electromagnetic pulse,
such as generated by an atmospheric nuclear explosion

So to avoid those drawbaks we have designed mobile phone detector using LM-358

in this project.

CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
2.1.CONCEPT:

Mobile phone uses RF with a wavelength of 30cm at 872 to 2170 MHz. That is the signal
is high frequency with huge energy. When the mobile phone is active, it transmits the signal in
the form of sine wave which passes through the space. The encoded audio/video signal contains
electromagnetic radiation which is picked up by the receiver in the base station. Mobile phone
system is referred to as “Cellular Telephone system” because the coverage area is divided into
“cells” each of which has a base station. The transmitter power of the modern 2G antenna in the
base station is 20-100 watts.

When a GSM (Global System of Mobile communication) digital phone is transmitting,

the signal is time shared with 7 other users. That is at any one second, each of the 8 users on the
same frequency is allotted 1/8 of the time and the signal is reconstituted by the receiver to form
the speech. Peak power output of a mobile phone corresponds to 2 watts with an average of 250
milli watts of continuous power. Each handset with in a „cell‟ is allotted a particular frequency
for its use. The mobile phone transmits short signals at regular intervals to register its availability
to the nearest base station. The network data base stores the information transmitted by the
mobile phone. If the mobile phone moves from one cell to another, it will keep the connection
with the base station having strongest transmission. Mobile phone always tries to make
connection with the available base station.
 That is why, the back light of the phone turns on intermittently while traveling. This will
cause severe battery drain. So in long journeys, battery will flat within a few hours.

AM Radio uses frequencies between 180 kHz and 1.6 MHz, FM radio uses 88 to 180
MHz, TV uses 470 to 854 MHz. Waves at higher frequencies but within the RF region is called
Micro waves. Mobile phone uses high frequency RF wave in the micro wave region carrying
huge amount of electromagnetic energy. That is why burning sensation develops in the ear if the
mobile is used for a long period. Just like a micro wave oven, mobile phone is „cooking‟ the
tissues in the ear. RF radiation from the phone causes oscillation of polar molecules like water in
the tissues.

This generates heat through friction just like the principle of microwave oven. The
strongest radiation from the mobile phone is about 2 watts which can make connection with a
base station located 2 to 3 km away.

2.2BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig2.2. Block diagram of the circuit

2.2.1 Antenna:

A 15cm stranded wired antenna is used to detect the presence of RF signals in the specified
area.The reach and area of this antenna is very much limited which is upto 1 to 2 meters.
2.2.2.Detector unit and LED:

This circuit consist an IC and op-amp with some active passive components. A LED is used for
indication of presence of cellphone. Op-amp is configured as Frequency Detector or Current to
Voltage Converter and its output is connected to a LED NPN transistors.

Working of Mobile Detector is simple. Two 100uF capacitors (C2 and C3), in parallel, are used
for detecting RF signal from Mobile Phone. These capacitors are working as loop antenna for the
system.

2.2.3.Transistor Relay switching:

When there is any call or SMS then capacitors in parallel detect the data transmission
frequencies or RF signal and output of op-amp goes high or low (fluctuating) due to generated
current at the input side of op-amp. Due to these fluctuations, LED turns on and off through NPN
transistor according to the signal’s frequency.
 CHAPTER III
PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.3.1: Circuit diagram of the mobile detector using IC LM358

3.2RESISTOR:
Resistors "Resist" the flow of electrical current. The higher the value of resistance the
lower the current will be. Resistance is the property of a component which restricts theflow of
electric current. Energy is used up as the voltage across the component drives the current through
it and this energy appears as heat in the component.
 Fig3.2.1: Three resistors

Fig3.2.2 Symol of resistor

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its

terminals that is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR
Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in
most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as
well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).The
primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working voltage
and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and
inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation
limits the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical
resistance depends upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions;
it's determined by design. Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as
integrated circuits. Size and position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers;
resistors must be physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power

3.3.LM358:
The LM358 datasheet specifies that it consists of two independent, high gain, internally
frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from
a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also
possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power
supply voltage. The LM358 and LM2904 are available in a chip sized package (8-Bump micro
SMD) using National’s micro SMD package technology.

Fig3.3.1: LM358

3.3.1 Block diagram of LM358:

Fig3.3.2:Block diagram of LM358

3.2.3.LM358 PIN configuration:

 Fig3.3.3: PIN diagram of LM358

The pin diagram of LM358 IC comprises of 8 pins, where

• Pin-1 and pin-8 are o/p of the comparator
• Pin-2 and pin-6 are inverting i/ps
• Pin-3 and pin-5 are non inverting i/ps
• Pin-4 is GND terminal
• Pin-8 is VCC+
3.3.3 Features of LM358

• Available in 8-Bump micro SMD chip sized package, (See AN-1112)

• Internally frequency compensated for unity gain
• Large dc voltage gain: 100 dB
• Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature compensated)
• Wide power supply range:
• single supply: 3V to 32V
• dual supplies: ±1.5V to ±16V
• Very low supply current drain (500 μA)—essentially independent of supply voltage
• Low input offset voltage: 2 mV
• Input common-mode voltage range includes ground
• Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage
• Large output voltage swing

3.4.Transistor BC548:
BC548 is general purpose silicon, NPN, bipolar junction transistor. It is used for
amplification and switching purposes. The current gain may vary between 110 and 800. The
maximum DC current gain is 800.
 Its equivalent transistors are 2N3904 and 2SC1815. These equivalent transistors however
have different lead assignments. The variants of BC548 are 548A, 548B and 548C which vary in
range of current gain and other characteristics.
The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its
characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor
is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and
taken at the emitter. BC548 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage
divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so
that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets
completely off.

Fig3.4: Transistor BC548

3.5.LED:
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor light sources. The light emitted from
LEDs varies from visible to infrared and ultraviolet regions. They operate on low voltage and
power. LEDs are one of the most common electronic components and are mostly used as
indicators in circuits. They are also used for luminance and optoelectronic applications.
 Based on semiconductor diode, LEDs emit photons when electrons recombine with holes
on forward biasing. The two terminals of LEDs are anode (+) and cathode (-) and can be
identified by their size. The longer leg is the positive terminal or anode and shorter one is
negative terminal.
The forward voltage of LED (1.7V-2.2V) is lower than the voltage supplied (5V) to drive
it in a circuit. Using an LED as such would burn it because a high current would destroy its p-n
gate. Therefore a current limiting resistor is used in series with LED. Without this resistor, either
low input voltage (equal to forward voltage) or PWM (pulse width modulation) is used to drive
the LED.

Fig3.5: LED

3.6.CAPACITOR:
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of
conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the
conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a
mechanical force between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly
separated conductors.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is
measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of
leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the
dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power
supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency
equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies

Fig3.6.Electrolytic capacitor

An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an ionic conducting liquid as one
of its plates with a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types. They are valuable in
relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits. This is especially the case in power-
supply filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current
fluctuations in rectifier output. They are also widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits where
AC should be conducted but DC should not.
Electrolytic capacitors can have a very high capacitance, allowing filters made with them
to have very low corner frequencies
3.7.Potentiometer:
A potentiometer is a three terminal resistor in which the resistance is manually varied to
control the flow of electric current.
The potentiometer consists of three terminals among which two are fixed and one is
variable. The two fixed terminals of the potentiometer are connected to both ends of the resistive
element called track and third terminal is connected to the sliding wiper. The wiper that moves
along the resistive element varies the resistance of the potentiometer. The resistance of the
potentiometer is changed when the wiper is moved over the resistive path.
The American standard and the international standard symbol of potentiometer is shown
in the below figure.

Fig3.7:Potentiometer

3.8.WORKING:

This mobile phone detector can sense the presence of an activated mobile phone from a
distance of four to five metres. So it can come handy in an examination hall or meetings where
mobile phones are not permitted.

The circuit can detect incoming and outgoing calls, SMSes, Internet and video
transmissions even if a mobile phone is kept in silent mode. When it detects an RF signal from
an activated mobile phone, its LED starts blinking and continues to blink until the signal stops.
 When a mobile phone is active, it radiates RF signal that passes through nearby space.
The signal contains electromagnetic RF radiation from the phone.apacitor C1 is used in the
circuit to detect the RF signal from the mobile phone. When the mobile phone radiates energy in
the form of RF signal, C1 absorbs it and passes on to the inputs of IC1. This is indicated by the
flashing of LED1. Preset VR1 (2.2M) is used to vary the range of the circuit. Transistor T1 is
used to amplify the signal obtained at pin 1 of IC1.

The circuit is applicable for 2G networks, GPRS and network search (manual/automatic).
It does not detect 3G, WCDMA and HSDPA network signals so well.

3.9 Construction and testing:

Components should be assembled on the Peripheral circuit board carefully with the help of the
circuit diagram and the arrangement of components in the circuit diagram.

Fig3.9.1: single side PCB layout for Mobile detector circuit

 Fig.3.9.2 : Component layout of the PCB

After assembling the circuit on the PCB, enclose it in a suitable plastic box.

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND OUTPUT

The moment the Antenna detects RF transmission signal from an activated mobile phone, it
starts blinking the LED . Blinking continues until the signal transmission ceases . We can also
use buzzer along with the LED by using a PNP transistor parallel with the NPN transistor.

CHAPTER V
5.1 CONCLUSION :

This pocket-size mobile transmission detector or sniffer can sense the presence of an activated
mobile cell phone from a distance of one and-a-half meters. So it can be used to prevent use of
mobile phones in examination halls, confidential rooms, etc. It is also useful for detecting the use
of mobile phone for spying and unauthorized video transmission.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

Trying to increase the detecting range of cell phone detector to few more meters for observing
wide range of area.

5.3 APPLICATIONS:

• It can be used to prevent use of mobile phones in examination halls, confidential rooms,
etc.

• It is also useful for detecting the use of mobile phone for spying and unauthorized video
transmission.

• It is useful where the use of mobile phone is prohibited like petrol pumps and gas
stations, historical places, religious places and court of laws.

• It can be used to detect stolen mobile phones.

• This circuit is intended to detect unauthorized use of mobile phones in examination halls,
confidential rooms etc.

• It also helps to detect unauthorized video and audio recordings.

• It detects the signal from mobile phones even if it is kept in the silent mode. It also
detects SMS.

5.4Limitations of Mobile Phone Detector Circuit:

• It is a low range detector, of the order of centimetres.

• The Schottky diode with higher barrier height is less sensitive to small signals

Chapter VI
BIBLIOGRAPHY

References and websites

1. www.google.com

2. www.wikipedia.org

3. www.pdfmachine.com

4. www.slideshare.com
5. www.datasheets4u.com