Design of RCC Retaining Wall

Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3

Use Grade of concrete = M 25
Steel grade = Fe 500
Angle of repose of earth = 30 °
Density of back fill γ = 20 kN/m3
Safe bearing capacity of foundation soil = 280 kN/m2
δ = 45 °
Fck = 25 N/mm2
Fy = 500 N/mm2

Dia of rod = 32 mm
Clear cover = 40 mm
Consider rod dia = 32 + 40 / 2
Effiective cover = 52 mm
Stem/Wall
Overall depth of wall " D " = 1200 mm
Effiective deprh " d " = 1148 mm
Toe/Heel slab
Overall depth of slab " D " = 900 mm
Effiective deprh " d " = 848 mm

451.113

0.3 3.55 m
447.563 45 ⁰

h1 7.321 w1
H 12.071
Stem
h 8.521 440.242 w2
0.3
Toe 0.9 1.2 2.4 439.942
Heel
h2 1.2 w3
0.9
w4 0.5 439.042
d c
4.5
i. Stability Analysis
Weight of wall w1 = 0.3 x 7.621 x 1 x 25
= 53.03 kN
Leaverarm from point c = 2.55 m

Weight of wall w2 = 0.5 x 0.9 x 7.621 x 1 x 25

= 114.32 kN
Leaverarm from point c = 3m

Weight of foundation w3 = 4.5 + 1.2 x 0.5 x 0.4 x 1 x 25

= 28.5 kN
Leaverarm from point c = 2.25 m

Weight of foundation w4 = 4.5 x 0.5 x 1 x 25

= 56.25 kN
Leaverarm from point c = 2.25 m

Preassure behind the wall

Pa = 1/2 Ca γ H2
Earth pressure coefficent Ca = 0.232
H = 12.071 m
Pa = 338.04 kN/m

Horizontal component Ph = Pa cos δ

= 292.75 kN

Vertical component Pv = Pa sin δ

= 239.03 kN

Moment about c
S.no Loads Magnitude of the load in kN Distance fro c in m
kN.m
1 w1 53.03 2.55 135.23
2 w2 114.32 3 342.96
3 w3 28.5 2.25 64.13
4 w4 56.25 2.25 126.56
5 Pv 239.03
6 Moment of Ph 292.75 4.02 1176.86
Total 783.88 1845.74

Resultant force on the wall meet the base at distance z from the heel end a
z = 1845.74 / 783.88
= 2.35 m
Eccentracity e = z - b/2
= 0.1 m
But e < b/6
0.1 m < 0.75 m
i. Check for bearing pressure
Pressure at the toe and at the heel are given by
P = W/bl(1±6e/l)
Pmax = 197.42 Kn/m2
Pmin = 150.97 Kn/m2

15.097 t/m2
19.742 t/m2

ii. Factor of safety against overturning

z = 2.35 m
Resisting moment about d = 1842.118 kN.m

Overturning moment about d = 1176.86 kN.m

Factor of safety against overturning = 1842.118

1176.86
= 1.57 > 1.5 O.K

iii. Factor of safety against sliding

Forces causing sliding = 544.85 kN
Frictional force (µ W) µ = 0.55 = 299.67 kN

Factor of safety against sliding = 299.67

292.75
= 1.02 > 1 O.K
This is lessthan 1.5. Hence a Key shoild be provided

iv. Design of the stem/wall

Bending moment for the stem per metre run

M = Ca γ h3/6
= 0.232 x 20 x 7.621 x 7.621 x 7.621 / 6
= 1026.89 kN.m

Factroed B.M "M" = 1.5 x 1026.89

= 1540.335 kN.m
= 1540335000 N.mm
Effective depth required " d² " = M
0.133 x Fck x b
1540335000
=
0.133 x 25 x 1000

d² = 463258.647
d = 680 mm
Hence provide effective depth = 1148 mm
Main reinforcement
Consider dia of bar = 32 mm
1.5 x M
Ast Req = 0.87 x Fy x d ( 1 - 0.42 x 0.46)

1.5 x 1026.89 x 1000000

= 0.87 x 500 x 1148 x 0.8068
Ast Req = 3823.12 mm²

For 32 mm dia bars "As" = 803.84 mm²

Spacing of bars " S " = 1000 As/Ast Req = 1000 x 803.84 / 3823.12
= 210.26 mm say 210 mm
Provided steel reinforcement Ast Pro = 1000 As/S
= 1000 x 803.84 / 210
= 3827.81 mm²
HENCE SAFE
Provided steel reinforcement 32 mm @210 mm c/c

Distribution reinforcement
Consider dia of bar = 16 mm
Ast Req = 0.12 % BD
(As per clause 40.1 of IS 456-2000)
= 0.0012 x 1000 x 1200
Ast Req = 1440 mm²

For 16 mm dia bars "As" = 200.96 mm²

Spacing of bars " S " = 1000 As/Ast Req = 1000 x 200.96 / 1440
= 139.56 mm say 135 mm
Provided steel reinforcement Ast Pro = 1000 As/S
= 1000 x 200.96 / 135
= 1488.59 mm²
HENCE SAFE
Provided steel reinforcement 16 mm @135 mm c/c
v. Design of the toe and Heel slab

0.9 m 1.2 2.4 m

Toe Heel
a
d c b
15.097 Kn/m2
j h
197.42 Kn/m2
i 112.34 Kn/m2
g
f
e 160.96 Kn/m2
 e

4.5 m

Bending Moment Calculation of the toe slab

Moment about c
S.no Loads Magnitude of the load in kN Distance fro c in m
kN.m
Upward pressure
1 cdif 144.86 0.45 65.19
Upward pressure
2 efi 16.41 0.60 9.84

Deduct dead load

3 of the slab 17.00 0.45 7.65
B.M for toe slab 178.27 82.68

Factroed B.M "M" = 1.5 x 82.68

= 124.02 kN.m
= 124020000 N.mm
Effective depth required " d² " = M
0.133 x Fck x b
124020000
=
0.133 x 25 x 1000

d² = 37299.248
d = 193 mm
Hence provide effective depth = 848 mm

Main reinforcement
Consider dia of bar = 12 mm
1.5 x M
Ast Req = 0.87 x Fy x d ( 1 - 0.42 x 0.46)

1.5 x 82.68 x 1000000

= 0.87 x 500 x 848 x 0.8068
Ast Req = 416.72 mm²

For 12 mm dia bars "As" = 113.04 mm²

Spacing of bars " S " = 1000 As/Ast Req = 1000 x 113.04 / 416.72
= 271.26 mm say 245 mm
Provided steel reinforcement Ast Pro = 1000 As/S
= 1000 x 113.04 / 245
= 461.39 mm²
HENCE SAFE
Provided steel reinforcement 12 mm @245 mm c/c
Bending Moment Calculation of the heel slab

Moment about c
S.no Loads Magnitude of the load in kN Distance fro c in m
kN.m

1 Weight of backing 457.26 1.2 548.71

2 Surcharge 85.20 1.6 136.32

3 Weight of heel
slab 42.00 1.2 50.40
Total load 584.46 735.43

4 Deduct for upward

pressure abjh 36.23 1.2 43.48

5 Deduct for upward

pressure gih 116.69 0.8 93.35
Total deduction 152.92 136.83
B.M for heel slab 598.60

Factroed B.M "M" = 1.5 x 598.59936

= 897.89904 kN.m
= 897899040 N.mm
Effective depth required " d² " = M
0.133 x Fck x b
897899040
=
0.133 x 25 x 1000
d² = 270044.824
d = 519 mm
Hence provide effective depth = 848 mm

Main reinforcement
Consider dia of bar = 25 mm
1.5 x M
Ast Req = 0.87 x Fy x d ( 1 - 0.42 x 0.46)

1.5 x 598.59936 x 1000000

= 0.87 x 500 x 848 x 0.8068
Ast Req = 3017.01 mm²

For 25 mm dia bars "As" = 490.625 mm²

Spacing of bars " S " = 1000 As/Ast Req = 1000 x 490.625 / 3017.01
= 162.62 mm say 160 mm
Provided steel reinforcement Ast Pro = 1000 As/S
= 1000 x 490.625 / 160
= 3066.41 mm²
HENCE SAFE
Provided steel reinforcement 25 mm @160 mm c/c
Distribution reinforcement
Consider dia of bar = 12 mm
Ast Req = 0.12 % BD
(As per clause 40.1 of IS 456-2000)
= 0.0012 x 1000 x 900
Ast Req = 1080 mm²

For 12 mm dia bars "As" = 113.04 mm²

Spacing of bars " S " = 1000 As/Ast Req = 1000 x 113.04 / 1080
= 104.67 mm say 100 mm
Provided steel reinforcement Ast Pro = 1000 As/S
= 1000 x 113.04 / 100
= 1130.4 mm²
HENCE SAFE
Provided steel reinforcement 12 mm @100 mm c/c

vi. Design of the key

To provide a FOS of 1.5, the wall should be designed to remain in limiting equilibrium when the
horizontal force on the wall is increased to 1.5 Ph
1.5 Ph = 1.5 x 292.75
= 439.125 kN
Limiting friction force F = 299.67 kN
Unbalanced force = 439.125 - 299.67
= 139.455 kN
Safe horizontal soil pressure = 0.7 x SBC
= 0.7 x 280
= 196 Kn/m2
Let the height of the key
196 x y = 139.455
y = 0.71 m
Say = 0.75 m

Maximum bending moment for the key

M = Wl / 2
= 139.455 x 0.75 / 2
= 52.3 Kn.m

Thickness of shear key proposed = 300 mm

Dia of rod = 32 mm
Clear cover = 40 mm
Consider rod dia = 32 + 40 / 2
Effiective cover = 52 mm
Shear key
Overall width " D " = 300 mm
Effiective deprh " d " = 248 mm
 Factroed B.M "M" = 1.5 x 52.3
= 78.45 kN.m
= 78450000 N.mm
Effective depth required " d² " = M
0.133 x Fck x b
78450000
=
0.133 x 25 x 1000

d² = 23593.985
d = 153 mm
Hence provide effective depth = 248 mm

Main reinforcement
Consider dia of bar = 16 mm
1.5 x M
Ast Req = 0.87 x Fy x d ( 1 - 0.42 x 0.46)

1.5 x 52.3 x 1000000

= 0.87 x 500 x 248 x 0.8068
Ast Req = 901.33 mm²

For 16 mm dia bars "As" = 200.96 mm²

Spacing of bars " S " = 1000 As/Ast Req = 1000 x 200.96 / 901.33
= 222.96 mm say 220 mm
Provided steel reinforcement Ast Pro = 1000 As/S
= 1000 x 200.96 / 220
= 913.45 mm²
HENCE SAFE
Provided steel reinforcement 16 mm @220 mm c/c

Distribution reinforcement
Consider dia of bar = 10 mm
Ast Req = 0.12 % BD
(As per clause 40.1 of IS 456-2000)
= 0.0012 x 1000 x 300
Ast Req = 360 mm²

For 10 mm dia bars "As" = 78.5 mm²

Spacing of bars " S " = 1000 As/Ast Req = 1000 x 78.5 / 360
= 218.06 mm say 215 mm
Provided steel reinforcement Ast Pro = 1000 As/S
= 1000 x 78.5 / 215
= 365.12 mm²
HENCE SAFE
Provided steel reinforcement 10 mm @215 mm c/c
 0

Toe

Density of concrete
Use Grade of concrete
Steel grade
Angle of repose of earth
Density of back fill
Safe bearing capacity of foundation so

i. Stability Analysis
Weight of wall

Leaverarm from point c

Weight of wall

Leaverarm from point c

Weight of foundation

Leaverarm from point c

Weight of foundation

Leaverarm from point c

Earth surcharge weight

Leaverarm from point c

Earth pressure P1 due tosurcharge

Leaverarm from point c

Earth pressure P2

Leaverarm from point c

Let x be the distance from c of the poin

Eccentracity

ii. Factor of safety against overturnin

Resultant of vertical forces from c lies

Resisting moment about d

Overturning moment about d

Factor of safety against overturning

iii. Factor of safety against sliding

Forces causing sliding
Frictional force

Factor of safety against sliding

iv. Check for bearing pressure
Pressure at the toe and at the heel are g

11.886

v. Design of stem
Preassure behind the wall

Earth pressure coefficent

Horizontal component of pressure

Bending moment at base of the vertica

Considering 1 m width of the vertical s

Using partial factor of 1.5 on the horizo

Effective depth required

Depth of stem at base
Assume dia of bar
Clear cover
Effective depth provided
Area of tension steel is given by

Main Reinforcement
Use 32
 32

Provided steel reinforcement

Distribution Reinforcement
Use 10

Check for shear

The shear strength of M
The critical section for shear strength i

Factored shear force

Nominal Shear stress

vi. Design of toe

Dead load of foundation
Overall depth
Clear cover
Assume dia of bar
Effective depth
 118.86

Using partial factor of 1.5 on

Effective depth required

Effective depth provided

For 16
Spacing of bars " S " = 1000 As/Ast R

Provided steel reinforcement

Check for shear

The shear strength of M
Factored shear force

Nominal Shear stress

vii. Design of heel

Dead load of foundation
Earth surcharge load
 Using partial factor of 1.5 on

Effective depth required

Effective depth provided

For 32
Spacing of bars " S " = 1000 As/Ast R

Provided steel reinforcement

Check for shear

The shear strength of M
Factored shear force

Nominal Shear stress

 0.3
10 °

w1

Stem
w2
0.4
1.5 0.45 2.2
Heel
w3
0.6
w4 0.3
c
4.15

of concrete = 25 kN/m3
ade of concrete = M 30
= Fe 500
f repose of earth = 22 °
of back fill γ = 20 kN/m3
aring capacity of foundation soil = 300 kN/m2
δ = 10 °
lity Analysis
w1 = 0.3 x 3.4 x 1 x 25
= 25.5 kN
rm from point c = 2.5 m

w2 = 0.5 x 0.15 x 3.4 x 1 x 25

= 6.375 kN
rm from point c = 2.3 m

of foundation w3 = 4.15 + 0.45 x 0.5 x 0.3 x 1 x 25

= 17.25 kN
rm from point c = 2.425 m
of foundation w4 = 4.15 x 0.3 x 1 x 25
= 31.125 kN
rm from point c = 2.075 m

urcharge weight = 3.4 x 2.2 x 1 x 25

= 187 kN
rm from point c = 1.1 m
ressure P1 due tosurcharge = Ca γ h1 h2
= 0.488 x 20 x 4.15 x 4
= 162.02 kN
rm from point c = 1.33 m
= 1/2 Ca γ h22
= 0.5 x 0.488 x 20 x 4 x 4
= 78.08 kN
rm from point c = 1.33 m
e the distance from c of the point where the resultant force strikes the base
x = 2.660 m

e = x - b/2
= 0.585 m
6e = 6 x 0.585
base length 4.15
= 0.85 m < 1
Hence ok

or of safety against overturning

nt of vertical forces from c lies at a distance
= 390.5281
267.25
= 1.46 m
g moment about d = 718.9025 kN.m

ning moment about d = 319.333 kN.m

of safety against overturning = 718.9025

319.333
= 2.25

tor of safety against sliding

causing sliding = 80.25 kN
(µ W) µ = 0.45 = 120.2625 kN

of safety against sliding = 120.2625

80.25
 = 1.5

ck for bearing pressure

e at the toe and at the heel are given by
P = W/bl(1±6e/l)
Pmax = 118.86 Kn/m2
Pmin = 9.93 Kn/m2

0.993 t/m2
t/m2

re behind the wall

Pa = 1/2 Ca γ h2
ressure coefficent Ca = 0.488
h = 3.4 m
Pa = 56.41 kN/m

ntal component of pressure Ph = Pa cos δ

= 55.55 kN/m

g moment at base of the vertical wall = Ph h/3

= 62.96 kN.m/m

ering 1 m width of the vertical slab, its thickness is given by,

B.M = 0.138 Fck bd2
artial factor of 1.5 on the horizontal earth pressure
1.5 x 62.96 x 1000000 = 0.138 x 30 x 1000 d2
d2 = 22811.59
e depth required d = 151 mm
f stem at base D = 450 mm
ɸ = 32 mm
= 25 mm
e depth provided d = 409 mm
tension steel is given by AtReq = 0.36 fck b Xm
0.87 Fy
= 0.36 x 30 x 1000 x 0.48 x 409
0.87 x 500
= 4874 mm2/m
Reinforcement
mm dia steel at 160 mm c/c
 mm dia bar area As = 803.84 mm2
AtPro = 1000 As/Ast Req
= 1000 x 803.84 / 4874
= 164.92 mm
Say 160 mm
Provided steel reinforcement
Ast Pro = 1000 As/S
= 1000 x 803.84 / 160
= 5024 mm2/m
HENCE SAFE
ution Reinforcement
mm dia steel at 160 mm c/c
At = 0.785 x 10 x 10 / 160 / 409 x 100
At = 0.12 %
0.12 % > 0.12 %

shear strength of M 30 τc = 0.54 N/mm2

ical section for shear strength is taken at a distance d from the bottom stem
Shear force V = 1/2 Ca γ h2 cosδ
h = 3.4 - 0.409
= 2.991 m
V = 42.99 kN
Factored shear force Vu = 1.5 x 42.99
= 64.485 kN
l Shear stress τv = Vu/bd
= 0.16 N/mm2
τc > τv
HENCE OK

ad of foundation = 11.66 kN/m

D = 600 mm
= 75 mm
ɸ = 32 mm
d = 600 - 75 - 16
= 509 mm

0.991 Critical Shear 2.459

509 509

1500 450 2200

 9.93 Kn/m2
Kn/m2
92.848 54.316

Vu = 93.35 kN
Mu = 105.84 kN.m

B.M = 0.138 Fck bd2

Using partial factor of 1.5 on the horizontal earth pressure
1.5 x 105.84 x 1000000 = 0.138 x 30 x 1000 d2
d2 = 38347.83
Effective depth required d = 196 mm
Effective depth provided d = 509 mm
Ast Req = Mu
0.87 x Fy x d ( 1 - 0.42 x 0.46)

= 158.76 x 1000000
0.87 x 500 x 509 x 0.8068
Ast Req = 888.73 mm²
mm dia bars "As" = 200.96 mm²
of bars " S " = 1000 As/Ast Req = 1000 x 200.96 / 888.73
= 226.12 mm say 225 mm
d steel reinforcement Ast Pro = 1000 As/S
= 1000 x 200.96 / 225
= 893.16 mm²
HENCE SAFE
Provided steel reinforcement 196 mm @225 mm c/c

shear strength of M 30 τc = 0.54 N/mm2

Factored shear force Vu = 1.5 x 93.35
= 140.025 kN
l Shear stress τv = Vu/bd
= 0.28 N/mm2
τc > τv
HENCE OK

ad of foundation = 11.66 kN/m

urcharge load = 187 kN/m
 Vu = 351.69 kN
Mu = 410.14 kN.m

B.M = 0.138 Fck bd2

Using partial factor of 1.5 on the horizontal earth pressure
1.5 x 410.14 x 1000000 = 0.138 x 30 x 1000 d2
d2 = 148601
Effective depth required d = 385 mm
Effective depth provided d = 509 mm
Ast Req = Mu
0.87 x Fy x d ( 1 - 0.42 x 0.46)

= 615.21 x 1000000
0.87 x 500 x 509 x 0.8068
Ast Req = 3443.9 mm²
mm dia bars "As" = 803.84 mm²
of bars " S " = 1000 As/Ast Req = 1000 x 803.84 / 3443.9
= 233.41 mm say 230 mm
d steel reinforcement Ast Pro = 1000 As/S
= 1000 x 803.84 / 230
= 3494.96 mm²
HENCE SAFE
Provided steel reinforcement 385 mm @230 mm c/c

shear strength of M 30 τc = 0.54 N/mm2

Factored shear force Vu = 1.5 x 351.69
= 527.535 kN
l Shear stress τv = Vu/bd
= 1.04 N/mm2
τc > τv
UNSAFE
cos 10 0.984808
cos 22 0.927184
 0 118.86
0.991 92.848
1.5 79.488
1.95 67.676
2.459 54.316
4.15 9.93