Pon Topology

1. INTRODUCTION TO PON TOPOLOGY

Early work on efficient fiber to the home architectures was done in the 1990s.
There are two generalizations of PON. The older one ITU-T G.983 standard is based on
asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), and has therefore been referred to as APON (ATM
PON). Gradual falling out of favor of ATM as a protocol led to the full, final version of
ITU-T G.983. It’s referred to more often as broadband PON, or BPON. The IEEE 802.3
Ethernet PON (EPON or GEPON) standard was completed in 2004. EPON uses standard
802.3 Ethernet frames with symmetric 1 gigabit per second upstream and downstream
rates. PON is applicable for data-centric networks, as well as full-service voice, data and
video networks. Recently, starting in early 2006, work began on a very high-speed 10
Gbit/s EPON (XEPON or 10-GEPON) standard.

Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) gives the value measurement in the ease of network

testing, measuring and monitoring. FTTH technology also offers an attractive solution for
providing high bandwidth from the central office to residences and to small- and
medium-sized businesses. FTTH is cost-effective because it uses a passive optical
network (PON).[1] FTTH is a network infrastructure that is capable of supporting not
only the services the cable operators can offer today, but also the services that will be
offered in the future. We can classify FTTH technologies into two groups. One is AON
(Active Optical Network) which is a cheap solution, but it includes Active devices in the
field causing high maintenance and operation cost [2].

In this study we present a new protocol called Interleaved Polling with Adaptive
Cycle Time (IPACT, pronounced eye-pact). The PON based network under consideration
uses a polling scheme to deliver data encapsulated in Ethernet packets from a collection
of optical network units (ONUs) to a central optical line terminal (OLT) over the PON
access network. The OLT, in turn, is connected to the rest of the Internet.

1
 Pon Topology

What is Passive Optical Network (PON)?

PON uses Fiber Optic cables (Optical Fiber).

Passive Optical Network is the leading technology being used in FTTx (like
FTTH) deployments. It has a different topology from other network technologies; It uses
a Point to Multi-Point (P2MP) topology. A single strand of fiber goes out to a passive
optical splitter where its signal is multiplied to 32 different lines. It’s up to the customer’s
system to determine what packets are for that customer, all other packets are discarded. It
has downstream data rates up to 2.5Gbps. A Passive Optical Network (PON) is a network
with no active elements in the signals’ path from source (OLT) to destination (ONU).

2
 Pon Topology

2. TYPES OF PON :

There are four types of pon.

2.1 APON:

Also known as ATM PON because it’s based on based on asynchronous transfer
mode (ATM). It’s the first Passive Optical Network It was used primarily for business
applications It has ITU-T G.983 standard. APON is a point-to-multipoint technology.
Compared to point-to-point system, the point-to-multi-point system is comparatively
cheap.

Advantages of APON:
APON, the fiber system is less expensive than copper cable based systems in
providing the same bandwidth. So carriers will be able to increase profit margins, reduce
investment, and increase competitive capability, while users will reduce the service cost
by sharing the resource of the fiber and bandwidth. Longer range for data transfer.
Immune electrical noise.

2.2 BPON:
İts names is Broadband PON.It is a standard based on APON. It adds support for
WDM, dynamic and higher upstream bandwidth allocation, and survivability. It also
created a standard management interface, called OMCI, between the OLT and
ONU/ONT, enabling mixed-vendor networks.

Advantages of BPON:
Since data for content services and VoIP are transmitted with higher priority than
Internet access (Web access), real-time live broadcasting can be viewed with high
quality. Everyone can receive network services equally, without being disturbed by heavy
users. However, it is also possible to give a higher priority to specific users.

3
 Pon Topology

2.3 EPON :

Ethernet for subscriber access networks, also referred to as “Ethernet in the First
Mile” (EFM), combines a minimal set of extensions to the IEEE 802.3 Media Access
Control (MAC) and MAC Control sub-layers with a family of Physical (PHY) layers.
EFM also introduces the concept of Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONs), in
which a point to multipoint (P2MP) network topology is implemented with passive
optical splitters, and optical fiber PMDs, that support this topology. In addition, a
mechanism for network Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) is included
to facilitate network operation and troubleshooting. EPON vendors are focusing initially
on developing fiber-to-the-business (FTTB) and fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC) solutions, with
the long-term objective of realizing a full-service fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) solution for
delivering data, video, and voice over a single platform.

Advantages of EPON:
Higher bandwidth: up to 1.25 Gbps symmetric Ethernet
bandwidth. Lower costs: lower up-front capital equipment and ongoing
operational costs. More revenue: broad range of flexible service offerings
means higher revenues.

2.4 GPON :

In 2001, the FSAN group initiated a effort for standardizing PON networks
operating at bitrates above 1 Gbps. Apart from the need to support higher bit rates, the
overall protocol had to be opened for reconsideration so that the solution would be most
optimal and efficient to support multiple services and operation, administration,
maintenance and provisioning (OAM&P) functionality and scalability. As a result of
FSAN efforts, a new solution emerged in the optical access market place – Gigabit PON
(GPON), offering unprecedented high bit rate support (up to 2.488 Gbps) while enabling
the transport of multiple services, specifically data and TDM, in native formats and with

4
 Pon Topology

extremely high efficiency. In January 2003, the GPON standards were ratified by ITU-T
and are known as ITU-T.Recommendations G.984.1, G.984.2 and G.984.3.

Advantages of GPON:
To design a PON that operates at Gigabit and higher data rates . To craft
the physical layer specifications to suit these higher speeds . To define the most
bandwidth efficient protocol that reflects the data-centric trends in customer
traffic.

2.5 PON Variants:

5
 Pon Topology

3. STANDARDS FOR PON:

There are two generalizations of PON

The older one ITU-T G.983 standard is based on asynchronous transfer
mod e (ATM), and has therefore been referred to as APON (ATM PON) Gradual
falling out of favor of ATM as a protocol led to the full, final version of ITU-T
G.983 It’s referred to more often as broadband PON, or BPON. A typical
APON/BPON provides 622 megabits per second (Mbit/s) of downstream
bandwidth and 155 Mbit/s of upstream traffic The ITU-T G.984 (GPON)
standard represents a boost in both the total bandwidth and bandwidth
efficiency through the use of larger, variable-length packets GPON
Encapsulation Method (GEM) allows very efficient packaging of user traffic,
with frame segmentation to allow for higher Quality of Service (QoS) for
delay-sensitive traffic such as voice and Communications
The IEEE 802.3 Ethernet PON (EPON or GEPON) standard was completed in
2004
EPON uses standard 802.3 Ethernet frames with symmetric 1 gigabit per
second upstream and downstream rates PON is applicable for data-centric
networks, as well as full-service voice, data and video networks. Recently,
starting in early 2006, work began on a very high-speed 10 Gbit/s EPON
(XEPON or 10-GEPON) standard

● ITU-T G.983 standard

● ITU-T G.984 (GPON) standard

● IEEE 802.3 Ethernet PON (EPON or GEPON) standard

● ITU-T G.652 standard for WDM fibers

6
 Pon Topology

3.1 ITU-T G.983 standard

(ATM Passive Optical Network). This was the first Passive optical
network standard. It was used primarily for business applications, and was
based on ATM. (Broadband PON) is a standard based on APON. It adds
support for WDM, dynamic and higher upstream bandwidth allocation, and
survivability. It also created a standard management interface, called OMCI,
between the OLT and ONU/ONT.

3.2 ITU-T G.984 (GPON) standard

(Gigabit PON) is an evolution of the BPON standard. It supports higher

rates, enhanced security, and choice of Layer 2 protocol (ATM, GEM,
Ethernet). By mid-2008, Verizon had installed over 800 thousand lines. British
Telecom, Mobily-SaudiArabia, Etisalat-UAE, and AT&T are in advanced trials.
It is the successor to G.983

3.3 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet PON (EPON or GEPON) standard

EPON or GEPON (Ethernet PON) is an IEEE/EFM standard for using

Ethernet for packet data. 802.3ah is now part of the IEEE 802.3 standard.
There are currently over 25 million installed EPON subscribers. Commercial
upgrade capability to 10G EPON will become available in 2010 (see IEEE
802.3av, 10G-EPON

3.4 ITU-T G.652 standard for WDM fibers

10G-EPON (10 Gigabit Ethernet PON) is an IEEE Task Force for

10Gbit/s, backward compatible with 802.3ah EPON. 10GEPON will use
separate wavelengths for 10G and 1G downstream. 802.3av will continue to
use a single wavelength for both 10G and 1G upstream with TDMA separation.

7
 Pon Topology

4. PON ARCHITECTURE :

ONU1

ONU2
ONU1
ONU2 ONU3
OLT
ONU3
ONU4
OLT ONU4
ONU5
ONU5

(a) Tree topology (using 1:N splitter) (c) Ring topology (using 2x2 tap couplers)

ONU1
ONU1 ONU2 ONU2

ONU3
OLT OLT ONU4

ONU5 ONU3 ONU4 ONU5

(b) Bus topology (using 1:2 tap couplers) (d) Tree with redundant trunk (using 2:N splitter)

Figure 4.1: PON topology

All transmissions are performed between an optical linterminal (OLT) and optical
network units (ONUs). There are several multipoint topologies suitable for the access
network, including tree, tree-and-branch, ring and bus (Fig ..). A PtMP network with a
CO serving multiple subscribers

8
 Pon Topology

The Optical Line Terminal is the main element of the network and is
usually placed in the Local Exchange. It is a network element with PON line
card, basically a aggregation switch. It works as an interface between core
network and PON network. Optical Splitter is a passive device with single
input and multiple output. Optical power at input is split evenly between
outputs. Not only signal travels from input to the outputs, signal can also travel
from theoutput to the input. Splitters can be placed anywhere in between CO
and Subscriber premises.
It is used to connect an optical port of OLT with multiple
subscribers. Optical Network units(ONUs) serve as an interface to the network
and are deployed at customer premises. It provides several interfaces for
accessing triple play services and in the upper side it connects with the OLT
via optical splitter Optical Line Termination (OLT) at the Central Office side
to all Optical Network Terminations (ONTs) on a single wavelength, where the
ONTs filter the data, based on packet/cell identifiers. Note that Time division
multiple access (TDMA) is a technology for shared medium (usually radio)
networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency by dividing it
into different timeslots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the
other, each using hisown timeslot. This allows multiple users to share the same
transmission medium (e.g. radio frequency) while using only the part of its
bandwidth they require.

9
 Pon Topology

5. FIBER ACCESS NETWORK TOPOLOGIES :

5.1FTTH: Fiber To The Homes

5.2FTTB: Fiber To The Building

5.3FTTC: Fiber To The Curb

5.4FTTCab: Fiber To The Cabinet

5.5FTTM: Fiber To The Node

In so-called point-to-point (P2P) topologies, a separate singlemode fiber runs

from the local exchange to each home (or cabinet at the curbside). While this requires the
installation of much fiber in the field and of many line terminations in the local exchange,
it can deploy simple low-cost (e.g. fast Ethernet) opto-electronic transceivers and it eases
the individual upgrading of services per customer. For wiring relatively small city areas,
such as in the installations made thus far in Europe, this is therefore the most common
topology.

In point-to-multipoint (P2MP) topologies, a single fiber emerging from a single

line termination at the local exchange runs to a splitting point in the field, from where
short separate fibers connect to the homes (or curbside cabinets). This splitting point may
contain an active router to distribute the appropriate traffic destined for each user; such
active functions require however remote powering and maintenance. Hence the use of a
passive optical power splitter is mostly preferred, which yields the well-known Passive
Optical Network (PON) topology. For larger areas to be served with a larger number of
users, the PON topology can be economically more attractive than the point-to-point
topology. Also the repair of breaks in the feeder part of the network is easier in the PON
case, as it involves the repair of one fiber only. Various protection schemes have been
roposed for this topology, providing redundancy of the feeder (and drop) part.

10
 Pon Topology

FTTx

11
 Pon Topology

12
 Pon Topology

Fig 5.1: Fiber access network

6. MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES :

The PON feeder line is shared by a number of users, and hence a multiple access
protocol is needed to give everyone his fair share of the available upstream capacity.
Basically,
there are three protocols being considered:
2.6 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
in which each user gets a designated time slot to send his data; this yields
the so-called TDM-PON. The upstream data of the various users have to be carefully
interleaved at the splitter in order to avoid collisions. Hence the data channels are
mutually dependent, and need to be synchronized under command of the local exchange.
The TDMA protocol can be largely implemented in digital low-cost electronics, features
some statistical multiplexing gain, and hence is currently the most popular. It is used in
BPON (ATM-based, up to 622 Mbit/s symmetrically), GPON (Gigabit PON, for speeds
up to 2.5 Gbit/s, and featuring encapsulation of not only ATM cells but also Ethernet
packets and native TDM [ 2 ]), and EPON (Ethernet PON, with variable length Ethernet
packets, also offering dynamic bandwidth allocation [3]).

6.2 Subcarrier Multiple Access (SCMA)

in which each user gets a designated frequency slot. As long as the users deploy
non-overlapping frequency bands to send their data upstream, their data channels are
independent. This solution entails carefully tuned analog RF circuitry per user, may
require very high frequency circuitry when bitrates grow, and hence is
usually considered not economically attractive.

13
 Pon Topology

6.3 Wavelength Division Multiple Access (WDMA)

in which each user gets a dedicated wavelength channel by means of a
wavelength-routing splitter (e.g. an arrayed waveguide router, AWGR). This WDM-PON
routes the data in a powerefficient way, and is logically equivalent with a P2P topology.
It thus offers not only the P2P advantages, but also saves on

7. PONS COMPONENTS :

7.1Optical line terminal (OLT)

It is a Central office node. Service provider endpoint of a PON and is placed at

the central office or head end in systems. An optical line terminal which sends and
receives messages or data to/from optical network units (ONUs) connected.

7.2 Optical network units (ONUs)

It is a User nodes. ONUs is provided in the subscriber neighborhood for

terminating the optical fiber transmission line and for providing electrical signals over
metallic lines to the subscribers. So ONUs receives data from OLT by PONS and
converts the optical signal into electrical.

7.3 Optical distribution network (ODN).

fibers and splitters between OLT and ONUs

14
 Pon Topology

Fig 7.1: pon components

15
 Pon Topology

8. DOWNSTREAM & UPSTREAM :

8.1 Downstream traffic in EPON

In the downstream direction, Ethernet frames transmitted by the OLT pass

through a 1:N (typically 4-64) passive Splitter and reach ONUs. It can broadcast
by nature. Packets are broadcast by the OLT and extracted by their Destination
ONU based on the media-access control (MAC) address. All ONUs are in time
synchronigection.Time slots can carry multiple Ethernet Frames. Permission to
send in a time slot done by the OLT using a Multipoint control protocol (MPCP).

Fig 8.1: Downstream traffic in EPON

16
 Pon Topology

8.2 Upstream traffic in EPON

All ONUs are synchronized to a common time reference and each ONU is
allocated a time slot capable of carrying Ethernet frames. An ONU buffers frames
eceived from a subscriber until itstimeslot arrives. Time slots can carry multiple Ethernet
Frames. All ONUs are in time sync. Permission to send in a time slot done by the OLT
using a Multipoint control protocol (MPCP).

Fig 8.2 : Upstream traffic in EPON

17
 Pon Topology

9.IPACT(INTERLEAVED POLLING WITH ADAPTIVE

CYCLE TIME) :

In this section we give a high-level overview of the proposed algorithm. For

simplicity of illustration, we will consider a system with three ONUs:

1. Assume that at some time t0 the OLT knows exactly how many bytes are waiting
in each ONU’s buffer and the round-trip time (RTT) to each ONU. OLT keeps
this data in a polling table, shown in Fig. 2a. At time t0 the OLT sends a control
message to ONU1, allowing it to send 6000 bytes (Fig.2a). We call such a
message a Grant. Since, in the downstream direction, the OLT broadcasts data to
all ONUs, a Grant should contain the ID of the destination ONU, as well as the
size of the granted window (in bytes).

2. Upon receiving the Grant from the OLT, ONU1 starts sending its data up to the
size of the granted window (Fig. 2b), in our example up to 6000 bytes. At the
same time the ONU keeps receiving new data packets from users. At the end of its
transmission window, ONU1 will generate its own control message (Request).
The Request sent by ONU1 tells the OLT how many bytes were in ONU1’s buffer
at the moment the Request was generated.In our case there were 550 bytes.

3. Even before the OLT receives a reply from ONU1, it knows when the last bit of
ONU1’s transmission will arrive. This is how OLT knows it:

18
 Pon Topology

(a) The first bit will arrive exactly after the RTT time.The RTT in our
calculation includes the actual RTT, Grant processing time, and a preamble
for the OLT to perform bit and byte alignment on received data, that is,
exactly the time interval between sending a Grant to an ONU and receiving
data from the same ONU.
(b) Since the OLT knows how many bytes (bits) it has authorized ONU1 to send,
It knows when the last bit from ONU1 will arrive. Then, knowing RTT for
ONU2, the OLT can schedule a Grant to ONU2 such that the first bit from
ONU2 will arrive soon after the last bit from ONU1, with only a small guard
interval in between (Fig. 2b). The guard intervals provide protection for
luctuations of RTT and control message processing time of various ONUs.
Additionally, the OLT receiver needs some time to readjust its sensitivity due
to the fact that every ONU is located at a different
Distance from the OLT (far-near problem).

4. After some time, the data from ONU1 arrives. At the end of the transmission from
ONU1, there is a new Request that contains information on how many bytes
remained in ONU1’s buffer when the Request transmission began. The OLT will
use this information to update its polling table (Fig. 2c). By keeping track of times
when Grants are sent out and data is received, the OLT constantly updates the
RTT entries for the corresponding ONUs.
5. Similarly to the above step, the OLT can calculate the time when the last bit from
ONU2 will arrive. Hence, it will know when to send the Grant to ONU3 so that its
data is tailed to the end of ONU2’s data. After some more time, the data from
NU2 will arrive. The OLT will again update its table, this time the entry for
ONU2 (Fig. 2d).

19
 Pon Topology

Note that if an ONU emptied its buffer completely,it will report 0 bytes back to
the OLT.Correspondingly, in the next cycle, the ONU will be granted 0 bytes, that is, it
will be allowed to send a new Request, but no data.

It should be clear from the above description that there is no need to synchronize
the ONUs, nor is there a need to perform a ranging (making ONUs to appear equidistant
from the OLT by delaying the response from ONUs by a specific amount of time)
traditionally employed in TDMA schemes. Every ONU executes the same procedure
driven by the Grant messages received

from the OLT. The entire scheduling and bandwidth allocation algorithm is located in the
OLT. Thus, it is easy to adaptively change the scheduling at run-time based on some
network conditions; the ONUs don’t need to negotiate or acknowledge new parameters,
nor do they need to switch to new settings synchronously.

In the above algorithm, we started with the OLT already having its table
populated. During system initialization, since round-trip times are unknown, OLT should
poll each ONU one at a time. The reader is referred to [6] for a detailed description of
cold start and ONU initialization
procedures.

20
 Pon Topology

Fig 9.1 : Steps of the Polling Algorithm.

21
 Pon Topology

10.SMART DROP PROTECTION SCHEMES:

the mechanisms of protection in FTTH-PON access network in breakdown

condition. Purple arrow represents the mechanism of dedicatedprotection in FTTH access
network when there is breakdown occurs at working line. When the failure is detected in
working line, protection mechanism will be activated and convert the optic signal
direction to the protection line. The purple arrow shows the protection mechanism as
dedicated protection. In linear protection
PON-FTTH scheme, each ONU is connected to splitter output terminal by two
fibers; working line and protection line through two optical switches that is controlled by
Access Control System (ACS). So, this research was proposed to implement the
protection scheme by using the 2x1 and 2x2 optical switch which is used to switch the
signal to the protection line when failure occurs in the working line.

The route depends on the restoration mechanism that is activated according to the
types of failure. The two optical switches are allocated in the transmission line in which
both ONU and splitter are located. A first optical switch is used to switch the signal to
protection line at local transmission or switch to protection line at transmission line
nearby. The second optical switches will switch the signal in protection line back to the
original path before sending it to the local ONU. For dedicated path protection, a working
path and an end to- end backup path is established, and resources are assigned to it at
connection set up time.

22
 Pon Topology

10.1 Condition 1 :

Figure 10.1 shows the failure is detected in working line, protection mechanism
will be activated and convert the optic signal direction to the protection line. The purple
arrow shows the protection mechanism as dedicated protection.

Figure 10.1: Breakdown at working line and signal diverted to the

protection line.

23
 Pon Topology

10.2 Condition 2 :

Figure 10.3 shows the shared protection scheme when breakdown occurs in both
line in working line and protection line. Shared protection scheme will be activated and
optic signal will convert the route to neighbor line protection as depicted in blue arrow.

Figure 10.2: Breakdown at working line and protection line.Signal

diverted to the neighbor protection line.

24
 Pon Topology

11. IMPORTANCE OF PON

• By the help of PON the bandwith will be much more higher then copper
line connection so we will have access to internet much more faster

• PON provides a faster connection to internet because of this large firms

profits more because time is money
• PONs rely on light waves for data transfer.
• Only passive optical components are used such as optical fiber , splices
and splitters.

• PONs minimizes the fiber deployment in both the local exchange office
and the local loop.

• PONs provides higher bandwidth due to deeper fiber penetration,

offering gigabit per second solutions.

• The PON market in North America is just starting to emerge but in

Japan, the PON market, thanks to government subsidies, is well establish and
growing at a rate of 300% year to year
• By comparison DSL is growing 150% year to year in the U.S.
• Top companies like Verizon, SBC and Bell South have all announced
some type of PON deployment
• Industry analysts expect an equally large take rate by North American
consumes

25
 Pon Topology

12. ADVANTAGES OF PON :

• point-to-multipoint fiber-lean architecture Instead of running a separate strand of

fiber from the CO to every customer. uses a single strand of fiber to serve up to 32
subscribers.

• It uses Optical Fibers so that the bandwith is high, can reach longer distances

• Low cost of equipment per subscriber

• Passive components require little maintenance and have a high MTBF (Mean
Time Between Failure)

• Additional buildings can be added to the network easily and inexpensively

Supports a broad range of applications including triple play (voice, data, video)
over a single fiber and FTTB, FTTC, FTTM, FTTH

• Offers a large amount of high speed bandwidth providing greater flexibility for
adding future services

• Flexible and scalable bandwidth assignment

• Central Office (instead of multiple ports) There is only one optical port at the

26
 Pon Topology

13. DISADVANTAGES OF PON:

●Installing an Optical Fiber requires special equipment

●If a fiber breaks inside the plastic jacket finding the location of
the problem is difficult
●Repairing a broken Fiber is difficult
●Cost
●Need to deploy new infrastructure replace copper with fiber.

27
 Pon Topology

14. CONCLUSION :

Operations and control for EPON as a subscriber access Network. Slotted

transmissions on EPON with OLT and ONUs. Multipoint control protocol - gate and
report messages. Polling algorithm for bandwidth allocation Point-to-point emulation
and shared medium emulation. Evaluate various dynamic bandwidth allocation schemes.
Market for EPON.
We presented the smart drop protection scheme used in passive optical network
for FTTH protection application and the simulation result that was achieved. Employing
the optical switch for 1x2 and 2x2 type will ensure the network to restoration scheme
since it cover for dedicated and shared protection.
We present a simple algorithm for dynamic bandwidth allocation based on an
interleaved polling scheme with an adaptive cycle time. We suggest a novel approach for
an in-band signaling that allows use of a single wavelength for both downstream data and
Grant transmission. Also, we showed this approach to be scalable with the number of
ONUs in the system.

28
 Pon Topology

15. REFERENCES :-

[1] “FTTx PON Guide Testing Passive Optical Networks”.

www.exfo.com.

[2] B. Lung, “PON Architecture ‘Futureproofs’ FTTH,” Lightwave,

vol. 16, no. 10, Sept. 1999, pp. 104–7.

[3] Y. Luo et al., IEEE Comm. Mag., 2 (2005), pp. S16-S21

[4] S. Clavenna, “Metro Optical Ethernet,” Lightreading

(www.lightreading.com), Nov. 2000.
[5] K. N. Skalman, H. E. Sandstrom, and M. Gidlund: Techno-economical study for open
horizontal IPTV in the access and home networks – from a Swedish perspective, in
Proc. NOC, Krems, Austria, July 2008, 218-229.

[6] G.984.2: Gigabit-capable passive optical networks (G-PON): Physical Media

Dependent (PMD) layer specification (ITU-T, 2003).

[7] Jani Saheb Shaik. “FTTH Deployment Options for TelecomOperators”.[Available on:
http://images.ejeepss.multiply.com/attachment/0/ReZehw
CqEAAG9@PIk1/FTTH_India.pdf?nmid=21043306.

[8] S. Clavenna, “Metro Optical Ethernet,” Lightreading

(www.lightreading.com),
Nov. 2000.

29