Thermodynamic cycle

Power turbine
′ ′
𝑇05 = 𝑇04 − ∆𝑇𝑃𝑇
Constants
𝛾𝑔
𝛾𝑎 = 1.4 ′ 𝛾𝑔 −1
𝑇05
𝑃05 = 𝑃04 ( ′ )
𝛾𝑔 = 1.333 𝑇04

𝐶𝑝𝑎 = 1005 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝐾 Propulsion nozzle

𝑃05
𝐶𝑝𝑔 = 1148 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑃𝑎
𝑅𝑔 = 𝑅𝑎 = 287 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑃05 1
= 𝛾𝑔
TURBOPROP 𝑃𝑐
1 𝛾𝑔 − 1 𝛾𝑔−1
𝑃𝑎 = 101 325 𝑃𝑎 𝑇𝑎 = 288 𝑘 [1 − 𝜂 (𝛾 + 1)]
𝑃𝑁 𝑔

𝐶𝑎 = 𝑀𝐴𝐶𝐻√𝛾𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑎 𝑃05 𝑃05

< (𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑)
𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑐
Admission duct
𝐶𝑎2 Exit velocity
𝑇01 = 𝑇𝑎 + 𝛾𝑔
2𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝛾𝑔 −1
𝛾𝑎 ′ ′
1
𝜂𝐴𝐷 𝐶𝑎2 𝛾𝑎−1 𝑇05 − 𝑇6 = 𝜂𝑃𝑁 𝑇05 1−( )
𝑃05
𝑃01 = 𝑃𝑎 (1 + )
2𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑇𝑎 𝑃𝑎
[ ]
Compressor ′
𝑎 𝛾 −1 𝐶6 = √2𝐶𝑝𝑔 (𝑇05 − 𝑇6 )
𝑇01 𝛾
𝑇02 = 𝑇01 + (𝜋𝐶 𝑎 − 1)
𝜂𝐶
Residual Thrust
𝑃02 = 𝜂𝐶 𝑃01 𝐸𝑅 = 𝑚̇𝑎 (𝐶6 − 𝐶𝑎 )

Combustion Chamber Specific Thrust

𝐸𝑅
𝑇03 = 𝑇𝑀𝐴𝑋 𝐸𝑆 =
𝑚̇𝑎
𝑃03 = 𝑃02 (1 − ∆𝑃𝐶𝐶 )
Specific fuel consumption
Gasogenous Turbine (high pressure) 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 Result in
𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑆𝐹𝐶 =
𝑇04 = 𝑇03 − (𝑇 − 𝑇01 ) 𝐸𝑆 𝑘𝑔𝐹⁄
𝜂𝑚 𝐶𝑝𝑔 02 𝑁 − ℎ𝑟
𝐹𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
′
(𝑇03 − 𝑇04 ) 𝜂𝐵
𝑇04 = 𝑇03 −
𝜂𝑇
Propulsive efficiency
𝛾𝑔
′ 2
𝑇04 𝛾𝑔 −1 𝜂𝑃 =
𝑃04 = 𝑃03 ( ) 𝐶6
𝑇03 1+
𝐶𝑎

1
Energy conversion efficiency
𝐶62 − 𝐶𝑎2
𝜂𝐸 = Equivalent of effective power
2𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑐 𝑇𝐻𝑃
𝐸𝐻𝑃 =
Thrust power 𝜂𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝
𝐸𝑅 𝐶𝑎
𝑇𝐻𝑃 = 𝑆𝐻𝑃 𝜂𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝 + ( )
745.69𝑊

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TURBOFAN 𝑃02 𝑃02

> (𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑)
𝑃𝑎 = 101 325 𝑃𝑎 𝑇𝑎 = 288 𝐾 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑐

𝐶𝑎 = 𝑀𝐴𝐶𝐻√𝛾𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑎 2
𝑇8 = 𝑇02 ( )
𝛾𝑔 + 1
Admission duct
𝐶𝑎2
𝑇01 = 𝑇𝑎 + 1
2𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑃8 = 𝑃02 ( )
𝑃02
𝛾𝑎 𝑃𝑐
𝜂𝐴𝐷 𝐶𝑎2 𝛾𝑎−1
𝑃01 = 𝑃𝑎 (1 + )
2𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝑇𝑎 𝐶8 = √𝛾𝑔 𝑅𝑎 𝑇02

Low pressure compressor (Fan)

If nozzle is not chocked then
Compressor exponent
𝑛−1 1 𝛾𝑎 − 1 𝑃8 = 𝑃𝑎
= ( )( )
𝑛 𝜂𝐶 𝛾𝑎 𝛾𝑎 −1
𝛾𝑎
𝑛−1
𝑇02 = 𝑇01 (𝜋𝐹 ) 𝑛
1
(𝑇02 − 𝑇8 ) = 𝜂𝑃𝑁 𝑇02 1 − ( )
𝑃
( 𝑃02 )
𝑃02 = 𝑃01 𝜋𝐹 𝑎
[ ]
High pressure compressor 𝐶8 = √2𝐶𝑝𝑎 (𝑇02 − 𝑇8 )
𝜋𝑇
𝜋𝐶 =
𝜋𝐹 Combustión chamber
𝑛−1 𝑇4 = 𝑇𝑀𝐴𝑋
𝑇03 = 𝑇02 𝜋𝐶 𝑛
𝑃04 = 𝑃03 (1 − ∆𝑃𝐶𝐶 )
𝑃03 = 𝑃02 𝜋𝐶
High pressure turbine (gasogenous)
Cold nozzle 𝑛−1 𝛾𝑔 − 1
𝑃02 = 𝜂𝑇 ( )
𝑛 𝛾𝑔
𝑃𝑎
𝐶𝑝𝑎
𝑃02 1 𝑇05 = 𝑇4 − (𝑇 − 𝑇02 )
= 𝜂𝑚 𝐶𝑝𝑔 03
𝛾𝑎
𝑃𝑐 1 𝛾 − 1 𝛾𝑎−1
[1 − 𝜂 (𝛾𝑎 + 1)] 𝑃04
𝑃𝑁 𝑎 𝑃05 = 𝑛
𝑇 𝑛−1
(𝑇 4 )
05

2
Low pressure turbine
𝐶𝑝𝑎
𝑇06 = 𝑇05 − (𝐵 + 1) ( ) (𝑇02 − 𝑇01 ) If nozzle is not chocked then
𝜂𝑚 𝐶𝑝𝑔
𝑃7 = 𝑃𝑎
𝑃05
𝑃06 = 𝑛 𝛾𝑔 −1
𝑇 𝑛−1 𝛾𝑔
( 05 ) 1
𝑇06
(𝑇06 − 𝑇7 ) = 𝜂𝑃𝑁 𝑇06 1 − ( )
𝑃
Hot nozzle ( 𝑃06 )
𝑎
𝑃06 [ ]
𝑃𝑎
𝐶7 = √2𝐶𝑝𝑔 (𝑇06 − 𝑇7 )
𝑃06 1
= 𝛾𝑔
𝑃𝑐
1 𝛾𝑔 − 1 𝛾𝑔−1
[1 − 𝜂 (𝛾 + 1)]
𝑃𝑁 𝑔 Total air mass flow rate
𝑃06 𝑃06 𝐵
> (𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑) 𝑚̇𝐶 = 𝑚̇ 𝑇 ( )
𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑐 𝐵+1
𝑚̇
𝑇
2 𝑚̇𝐻 = 𝐵+1
𝑇7 = 𝑇06 ( )
𝛾𝑔 + 1
𝐸𝑇 = 𝐸𝐶 + 𝐸𝐻

1 𝐸𝐶 = 𝑚̇𝐶 (𝐶8 − 𝐶𝑎 ) + 𝐴8 (𝑃8 − 𝑃𝑎 )

𝑃7 = 𝑃06 ( )
𝑃06 𝐸𝐻 = 𝑚̇𝐻 (𝐶7 − 𝐶𝑎 ) + 𝐴7 (𝑃7 − 𝑃𝑎 )
𝑃𝑐
𝑚̇ 𝑇 = 𝑚̇𝐶 + 𝑚̇𝐻
𝐶7 = √𝛾𝑔 𝑅𝑔 𝑇7
𝑚̇𝐶
𝐵=
𝑚̇𝐻
𝑅𝑎 𝑚̇ 𝑇 𝑇7
𝐴7 = 𝑚̇ 𝑃
𝑃7 𝐶7 (𝐵 + 1) 𝐴= 𝜌=
𝜌 𝑅𝑇

𝑚̇
𝐴=
𝑃
𝑅𝑇

𝐸𝑇 (𝐵 + 1)
𝑚̇ 𝑇 =
𝑅 𝑇 𝑅 𝑇
𝐵(𝐶8 − 𝐶𝑎 ) + 𝑃𝑎𝐶8 (𝑃8 − 𝑃𝑎 ) + (𝐶7 − 𝐶𝑎 ) + 𝑃𝑎𝐶7 (𝑃7 − 𝑃𝑎 )
8 8 7 7

Cold mass flow Hot mass flow

𝐵 𝑚̇ 𝑇
𝑚̇𝐶 = 𝑚̇ 𝑇 ( ) 𝑚̇𝐻 =
𝐵+1 𝐵+1

3
Cold thrust
𝐸𝐶 = 𝑚̇𝐶 (𝐶8 − 𝐶𝑎 ) + 𝐴8 (𝑃8 − 𝑃𝑎 )
𝑅𝑎 𝑚̇ 𝑇 𝑇8 𝐵
𝐴8 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑃8 𝐶8 (𝐵 + 1) 𝑆𝐹𝐶 =
𝐸𝑆
Hot thrust 𝐹𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙
𝐸𝐻 = 𝑚̇𝐻 (𝐶7 − 𝐶𝑎 ) + 𝐴7 (𝑃7 − 𝑃𝑎 ) 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
𝜂𝐵
Total specific thrust Cold pressure efficiency
𝐸𝑇 2
𝐸𝑆𝑇 = 𝜂𝑃𝑐 =
𝑚̇ 𝑇 𝐶8
1+
𝐶𝑎
Cold specific thrust
𝐸𝐶 Hot pressure efficiency
𝐸𝑆𝐶 =
𝑚̇𝐶 2
𝜂𝑃𝐻 =
𝐶
Hot specific thrust 1 + 𝐶7
𝑎
𝐸𝐻
𝐸𝑆𝐻 = Energy conversion efficiency
𝑚̇𝐻
𝐶72 − 𝐶𝑎2
Specific fuel consumption 𝜂𝐸 =
2𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑐
∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑇03 = 𝑇04 − 𝑇𝐻𝑃𝐶
𝐹𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (∆𝑇 𝑣𝑠 𝑇03)

Power and Gasogenous Turbine (Axial)

Constants Gasogenous Power

Turbine Turbine
𝛾𝑎 = 1.4 Turbofan Tin= To4(Tmax) Tin= To5
Tout=To5 Tout= To6
𝛾𝑔 = 1.333
Turboprop Tin=T’o3(Tmax) Tin=To4
𝐶𝑝𝑎 = 1005 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝐾 Tout=To4 Tout=To5

𝐶𝑝𝑔 = 1148 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝐾

Determination of number stages
∆𝑇𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑅𝑔 = 287 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑛𝑠 = =
∆𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ∆𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Gasogenous Power ∆𝑇𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
Turbine Turbine ∆𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
𝑛𝑠
Turbofan ʌ =0.35 – 0.45
ʌ =0.5
Turboprop ʌ =0.55 – 0.65

4
 𝐶𝑎2
𝐶2 =
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼2

Temperature prop coefficient 𝑇02 = 𝑇01

CHECKPOINT 𝐶22
𝑇2 = 𝑇02 −
𝐶𝑎 2𝐶𝑝𝑔
𝑈=
𝜙 𝐶22
𝑇2 − 𝑇2′ = 𝜆𝑁 ( )
2𝐶𝑝𝑔 ∆𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 2𝐶𝑝𝑔
𝜓= 𝐴𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑡 3 − 5
𝑈2
𝑇2′ = 𝑇2 − (𝑇2 − 𝑇2′ )
Gas angles 𝛾𝑔
1 𝜓 𝑃01 𝑇01 𝛾𝑔 −1
𝛽3 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ ( + 2ʌ)] =( ′)
2𝛷 2 𝑃2 𝑇2
1 𝜓 𝑃01
𝛽2 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ ( − 2ʌ)] 𝑃2 =
2𝛷 2 𝑃
( 01 )
1 𝑃2
𝛼3 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 [𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽3 − ]
𝛷 𝛾𝑔
𝑃01 𝛾𝑔 + 1 𝛾𝑔−1
1 =( )
𝛼2 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 [𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 + ] 𝑃𝐶 2
𝛷
Checkpoint
Mean radius
𝑈 𝑃01 𝑃01
𝑟𝑚 = <
2𝜋𝑁 𝑃2 𝑃𝐶
N =Rotor Speed in seconds 𝑃2
𝜌2 =
𝑅𝑔 𝑇2
Temperatures and pressures by stage
Stage T01 (K) T03 (K) P01 (kPa) P03 (kPa) Annulus area
1 𝑚̇ℎ
… 𝐴2 =
𝜌2 𝐶𝑎2
….
Mach plane 2
𝐶2
𝑇01 = 𝑇𝐼𝑁 𝑀2 = 𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ ≤ 0.8
√𝛾𝑔 𝑅𝑔 𝑇2
𝑇03 = 𝑇01 − ∆𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
Plane 1
𝑃01 = 𝑃𝐼𝑁 𝐶𝑎3
𝐶1 = 𝐶3 =
𝛾𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼3
∆𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝛾𝑔−1
𝑃03 = 𝑃01 [1 − ] 𝐶12
𝜂 𝑇 𝑇01 𝑇1 = 𝑇01 −
2𝐶𝑝𝑔
Stage 1
𝛾𝑔
Plane 2 𝑇1 𝛾𝑔−1
𝑃1 = 𝑃01 ( )
𝐶𝑎1 = 𝐶𝑎2 = 𝐶𝑎3 = 𝐶𝑎 𝑇01

5
 𝑃1 ℎ3
𝜌1 = 𝑟𝑟3 = 𝑟𝑚 −
𝑅𝑇1 2
𝑚ℎ Tip radius
𝐴1 =
𝜌1 𝐶𝑎1 ℎ1
𝑟𝑡1 = 𝑟𝑚 +
2
Plane 3
𝐶32 ℎ2
𝑇3 = 𝑇03 − 𝑟𝑡2 = 𝑟𝑚 +
2𝐶𝑝𝑔 2

𝛾𝑔
ℎ3
𝑟𝑡3 = 𝑟𝑚 +
𝑇3 𝛾𝑔 −1 2
𝑃3 = 𝑃03 ( )
𝑇03 Plane A h rr rt rt / r r
𝑃3 (m2) (m) (m) (m)
𝜌3 = 1 ≥ 1.2
𝑅𝑇3 2
𝑚̇ℎ 3 ≤ 1.4
𝐴3 =
𝜌3 𝐶𝑎3

Mach plane 3 Variation of angles graphic

𝐶3 Root
𝑀3 = 𝑟𝑚
√𝛾𝑔 𝑅𝑔 𝑇3 𝛼2𝑟 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼2 ]
𝑟𝑟 2
Rotor efficiency
𝑇2 𝑟𝑚
𝑇3′ = 𝛼3𝑟 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼3 ]
𝛾𝑔 −1 𝑟𝑟 3
𝑃 𝛾𝑔
( 2)
𝑃3 𝑟𝑚 𝑟𝑟2 𝑈
𝛽2𝑟 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼2 − ]
𝐶𝑎3 𝑟𝑟 2 𝑟𝑚 𝐶𝑎2
𝑉3 =
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽3 𝑟𝑚 𝑟𝑟3 𝑈
𝛽3𝑟 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼3 + ]
𝑇3 − 𝑇3′ 𝑟𝑟 3 𝑟𝑚 𝐶𝑎3
𝜆𝑅 = 𝜆𝑅 > 𝜆𝑁
𝑉32
Tip
2𝐶𝑝𝑔
𝑟𝑚
𝛼2𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼2 ]
Planes height 𝑟𝑡 2
𝐴1 𝑁
ℎ1 = 𝑟𝑚
𝑈 𝛼3𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼3 ]
𝑟𝑡 3
𝐴2 𝑁
ℎ2 = 𝑟𝑚 𝑟𝑡2 𝑈
𝑈
𝛽2𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼2 − ]
𝐴3 𝑁 𝑟𝑡 2 𝑟𝑚 𝐶𝑎2
ℎ3 =
𝑈 𝑟𝑚 𝑟𝑡3 𝑈
𝛽3𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼3 + ]
Root radius 𝑟𝑡 3 𝑟𝑚 𝐶𝑎3
ℎ1
𝑟𝑟1 = 𝑟𝑚 − Grafico con 𝛼2𝑟 -𝛼2𝑡 , 𝛼3𝑟 -𝛼3𝑡 , 𝛽2𝑟 -𝛽2𝑡 ,
2
𝛽3𝑟 -𝛽3𝑡
ℎ2
𝑟𝑟2 = 𝑟𝑚 −
2

6
Plane 2 root mach number Chord
𝑉2𝑟 = 𝐶𝑎 𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝛽2𝑟 ℎ𝑅
𝐶𝑅 =
ℎ
𝐶2𝑟 = 𝐶𝑎2 𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝛼2𝑟 ( 𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜)
2
𝐶2𝑟 Pitch
𝑇2𝑟 = 𝑇02 −
2𝐶𝑝𝑔 𝑆𝑅 = 𝐶𝑅 (𝑠⁄𝑐)𝑜𝑝𝑡 <grafico>[𝛽2 vs 𝛽3 ]

𝑉2𝑟 Number of vanes and blades

(𝑀𝑉2 )𝑟 = ≤ 0.8
√𝛾𝑔 𝑅𝑔 𝑇2𝑟 2𝜋 𝑟𝑚
𝑛𝑆 =
𝑆𝑆
Vanes and blades number
2𝜋 𝑟𝑚
determination 𝑛𝑅 =
𝑆𝑅
Stator
Corrected values
Height
2𝜋 𝑟𝑚
ℎ1 + ℎ2 𝑆𝑆 =
ℎ𝑆 = 𝑛𝑆
2
2𝜋 𝑟𝑚
Chord 𝑆𝑅 =
ℎ𝑆 𝑛𝑅
𝐶𝑆 =
ℎ 𝑆𝑆
( 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜) 𝐶𝑆 = 𝑠
𝑐 ( ⁄𝑐)𝑜𝑝𝑡
Pitch
𝑆𝑅
𝑆𝑆 = 𝐶𝑆 (𝑠⁄𝑐)𝑜𝑝𝑡 <grafico>[𝛼3 vs 𝛼2 ] 𝐶𝑅 = 𝑠
( ⁄𝑐 )𝑜𝑝𝑡
ℎ ℎ𝑆
( ) =
Rotor 𝑐 𝑆 𝐶𝑆
Height ℎ ℎ𝑅
ℎ2 + ℎ3 ( ) =
ℎ𝑅 = 𝑐 𝑅 𝐶𝑅
2

7
Axial compressor
Constants

𝛾𝑎 = 1.4
𝛾𝑔 = 1.333

𝐶𝑝𝑎 = 1005 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝐾

𝐶𝑝𝑔 = 1148 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝐾

𝑅𝑔 = 287 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝐾

Low pressure compressor (FAN)

Number of stages
∆𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛
𝑛𝑠 = =
∆𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ∆𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
∆𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝
∆𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
𝑛𝑠

Gas angles
𝜆𝑈𝐶𝑎
∆𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = (tan 𝛽1 − tan 𝛽2 )
𝐶𝑝𝑎
𝐶𝑎
ʌ= (tan 𝛽1 + tan 𝛽2 )
2𝑈
Sistema de ecuaciones:
∆𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
= tan 𝛽1 − tan 𝛽2
𝜆𝑈𝐶𝑎
𝐶𝑝𝑎
ʌ
= tan 𝛽1 + tan 𝛽2
𝐶𝑎
2𝑈
𝐶𝑝𝑎 ∆𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 + (2 𝜆 ʌ 𝑈 2 )
tan 𝛽1 =
2 𝜆 𝑈 𝐶𝑎
2ʌ𝑈
tan 𝛽2 = − tan 𝛽1
𝐶𝑎
𝛼1 = 𝛽2
𝛼2 = 𝛽1
𝜀 = 𝛽1 − 𝛽2
De la gráfica (𝛼1 𝑣𝑠 𝜀)

(𝑆⁄𝐶 )
𝑜𝑝𝑡

8
Mean radius
𝑈
𝑟𝑚 =
2𝜋𝑁
Blade height
𝐶𝑎
𝐶1 =
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1

𝐶1 2
𝑇1 = 𝑇01 −
2𝐶𝑝𝑎
𝑃01
𝑃1 = ϒ𝑎
𝑇 ϒ −1
(𝑇 1 ) 𝑎
01

𝑃1
𝜌1 =
𝑅𝑇1
𝑚̇ 𝑇
ℎ1 =
2𝜋 𝑟𝑚 𝜌1 𝐶𝑎

Root radius
ℎ1
𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟𝑚 −
2
Tip radius
ℎ1
𝑟𝑡 = 𝑟𝑚 +
2
FREE VORTEX ANGLES GRAPHIC
𝑘1 = 𝐶𝑎
𝑘2 = 𝑈 𝐶𝑎 (tan 𝛼2 − tan 𝛼1 )
Root
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟 =
𝑟𝑚
𝑈 2 − 𝑘2
𝛼1𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
2𝑈𝑟𝑟 𝑘1

𝑈 2 + 𝑘2
𝛼2𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
2𝑈𝑟𝑟 𝑘1

𝑈 2 (2𝑟𝑟 2 − 1) + 𝑘2
𝛽1𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ ]
2𝑈𝑟𝑟 𝑘1

𝑈 2 (2𝑟𝑟 2 − 1) − 𝑘2
𝛽2𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ ]
2𝑈𝑟𝑟 𝑘1

9
Tip
𝑟𝑡
𝑟𝑡 =
𝑟𝑚
𝑈 2 − 𝑘2
𝛼1𝑡 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
2𝑈𝑟𝑡 𝑘1

𝑈 2 + 𝑘2
𝛼2𝑡 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
2𝑈𝑟𝑡 𝑘1

𝑈 2 (2𝑟𝑡 2 − 1) + 𝑘2
𝛽1𝑡 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ ]
2𝑈𝑟𝑡 𝑘1

𝑈 2 (2𝑟𝑡 2 − 1) − 𝑘2
𝛽2𝑡 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ ]
2𝑈𝑟𝑡 𝑘1

Constant reaction angles graphic

Root
𝑟𝑟 2 𝑈2 − 𝑘2
𝛼1𝑟 = 𝛽2𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ ]
2𝑈𝑟𝑟 𝑘1

𝑟𝑟 2 𝑈2 + 𝑘2
𝛼2𝑟 = 𝛽1𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ ]
2𝑈𝑟𝑟 𝑘1

Tip
𝑟𝑡 2 𝑈 2 − 𝑘2
𝛼1𝑡 = 𝛽2𝑡 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ ]
2𝑈𝑟𝑡 𝑘1

𝑟𝑡 2 𝑈 2 + 𝑘2
𝛼2𝑡 = 𝛽1𝑡 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ ]
2𝑈𝑟𝑡 𝑘1

Tip mach number

𝑈1𝑡 = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑡 𝑁

𝑉1𝑡 = √𝑈1𝑡 2 + 𝐶𝑎 2

𝑉1𝑡
𝑀1𝑡 = < 1.5
√𝛾𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑇1

Determination of vanes and blades number,

Cord
ℎ1
𝐶=
ℎ
(𝑐 )

Pitch
𝑠
𝑆 = 𝐶( )
𝑐 𝑜𝑝𝑡

10
Number of vanes and blades
2𝜋𝑟𝑚
𝑛=
𝑆
Stator
𝑛𝑆 = (𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
Corrected values
2𝜋 𝑟𝑚
𝑆𝑆 =
𝑛𝑆
𝑆𝑆
𝐶𝑆 = 𝑠
(𝑐)
𝑜𝑝𝑡

ℎ ℎ1
( ) =
𝑐 𝑠 𝐶𝑆
Rotor
𝑛𝑅 = (𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
Corrected values
2𝜋 𝑟𝑚
𝑆𝑅 =
𝑛𝑅
𝑆𝑅
𝐶𝑅 = 𝑠
(𝑐)
𝑜𝑝𝑡

ℎ ℎ1
( ) =
𝑐 𝑠 𝐶𝑅

Construction of blade shape

We must invert values

𝛽2 ⇒ 𝛽1 = 𝛼2
𝛽1 ⇒ 𝛽2 = 𝛼1
2𝑎
=1
𝑐
Derivation angle empirical
𝑠
𝛿 = 𝑚 Ɵ √( )
𝑐 𝑜𝑝𝑡

2𝑎 2 𝛼2
𝑚 = 0.23 ( ) + 0.1 ( )
𝑐 50
Ɵ = 𝛼 ′1 − 𝛼 ′ 2
𝛼 ′1 = 𝛼1

11
 𝛼 ′ 2 = 𝛼2 − 𝛿
𝛼2 − 𝛼1
Ɵ=
𝑠
1 − 𝑚 √(𝑐)
𝑜𝑝𝑡

𝛼 ′ 2 = 𝛼1 − Ɵ
Stagger angle
Ɵ
𝜉 = 𝛼1 −
2

High pressure compressor

∆𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛
𝑛𝑠 = =
∆𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ∆𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
∆𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝
∆𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
𝑛𝑠

Temperatures and pressures by stage

Stage T01 (K) T02 (K) P01 (kPa) P02 (kPa)
1
…
….

𝑇03 = 𝑇01 + ∆𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙

𝛾𝑎
𝜂𝐶 ∆𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝛾𝑎−1
𝑃03 = 𝑃02 [1 + ]
𝑇01

Gas angles
Los ángulos para cada etapa cambian debido al factor de trabajo realizado, valor que varía por
etapa según la gráfica.
𝜆𝑈𝐶𝑎
∆𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = (tan 𝛽1 − tan 𝛽2 )
𝐶𝑝𝑎
𝐶𝑎
ʌ= (tan 𝛽1 + tan 𝛽2 )
2𝑈
Sistema de ecuaciones:
∆𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
= tan 𝛽1 − tan 𝛽2
𝜆𝑈𝐶𝑎
𝐶𝑝𝑎

12
 ʌ
= tan 𝛽1 + tan 𝛽2
𝐶𝑎
2𝑈
𝐶𝑝𝑎 ∆𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 + (2 𝜆 ʌ 𝑈 2 )
tan 𝛽1 =
2 𝜆 𝑈 𝐶𝑎
2ʌ𝑈
tan 𝛽2 = − tan 𝛽1
𝐶𝑎
𝛼1 = 𝛽2
𝛼2 = 𝛽1
𝜀 = 𝛽1 − 𝛽2
De la gráfica (𝛼1 𝑣𝑠 𝜀)

(𝑆⁄𝐶 )
𝑜𝑝𝑡

Centrifugal compressor
𝑃1
IMPELLER 𝜌1 =
𝑅𝑇1
Slip factor
0.63 𝜋 𝑚̇
𝜎 =1− 𝐴1 =
𝑛𝑖 𝜌1 𝐶𝑎

Temperature rising Exterior diameter

ϒ𝑎−1
𝑇01 (𝜋𝑐 ϒ𝑎 − 1) 4𝐴1
𝑑𝑖𝑥 = √ + 𝑑𝑖𝑛 2
(𝑇03 − 𝑇01 ) = 𝜋
𝑛𝑐
Blades height at leading edge
Specific velocity
𝑑𝑖𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖𝑛
(𝑇03 − 𝑇01 )𝐶𝑝𝑎 ℎ1 =
2
𝑈=√
𝜎𝜓
Blades angle of attack
Impeller diameter 𝑈𝑖𝑛 = 𝜋 𝑁𝑑𝑖𝑛
𝑈 𝑈𝑖𝑥 = 𝜋 𝑁𝑑𝑖𝑥
𝐷𝑖 =
𝜋𝑁
𝐶𝑎
Induction section (Plane 1) 𝛼𝑖𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
𝑈𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑎2
𝑇1 = 𝑇01 − 𝐶𝑎
2𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝛼𝑖𝑥 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
𝑈𝑖𝑥
𝑃01
𝑃1 = ϒ𝑎 Impeller Exit (Plane 2)
𝑇 ϒ𝑎−1 𝐶𝑟2 = 𝐶𝑎
( 𝑇01 )
1
𝐶𝑤2 = 𝜎 𝑈

13
 𝐶2 2 𝐶𝑟2 2 + 𝐶𝑤2 2 𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋 𝐷𝐴 ℎ𝐷
=
2𝐶𝑝𝑎 2𝐶𝑝𝑎
DIFFUSER
Compressor effective efficiency 𝑐𝑅𝐴
𝜂𝑒 = 1 − [%𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 (1 − 𝜂𝑐 )] =⋯ 𝑆𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐶𝑎

𝑇03 = 𝑇01 + (𝑇03 − 𝑇01 ) 𝐷𝑖

𝐶𝑊𝐴 = 𝐶𝑊2 ( )
𝐷𝐴
𝑇02 = 𝑇03
𝐶𝐴 2 𝐶𝑅𝐴 2 + 𝐶𝑊𝐴 2
2 =
𝐶2 2𝐶𝑝𝑎 2𝐶𝑝𝑎
𝑇2 = 𝑇02 −
2𝐶𝑝𝑎
𝐶𝐴 2
ϒ𝑎 𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇02 −
𝑃02 𝜂𝑒 (𝑇02 − 𝑇01 ) ϒ𝑎 −1 2𝐶𝑝𝑎
= [1 + ]
𝑃01 𝑇01 ϒ𝑎
𝑃𝐴 𝑇𝐴 ϒ𝑎 −1
ϒ𝑎 =( )
𝑃2 𝑇2 ϒ𝑎−1 𝑃02 𝑇02
=( )
𝑃02 𝑇02 𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐴 𝑃02
= ( )( )
𝑃2 𝑃2 𝑃02 𝑃01 𝑃02 𝑃01
= ( )( )
𝑃01 𝑃02 𝑃01 𝑃𝐴
𝑃𝐴 = ( )𝑃
𝑃2 𝑃01 01
𝑃2 = ( )𝑃
𝑃01 01 𝑃𝐴
𝜌𝐴 =
𝑃2 𝑅𝑇𝐴
𝜌2 =
𝑅𝑇2 𝑚̇
𝐶𝑅𝐴 =
Exit height of impeller blade 𝐴𝐴 𝜌𝐴
𝐷𝐴 = (1.1 𝑡𝑜 1.2 )𝐷𝑖 ′
Se itera hasta que el error entre 𝐶𝑅𝐴 𝑠 sea del
𝐷𝑇𝐻 = (1.2 𝑡𝑜 1.3)𝐷𝑖 menor al 2%

𝐷𝑇 = (1.3 𝑡𝑜 2)𝐷𝑖 𝐶𝑅𝐴

𝛼𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
𝐶𝑊𝐴
𝑚̇
𝐴2 = El valor de 𝐶𝑅𝐴 para la ecuación anterior será
𝜌2 𝐶𝑟2
el propuesto.
𝐴2
ℎ2 =
𝜋𝐷𝑖
𝐶𝐴 = √𝐶𝑅𝐴 2 + 𝐶𝑊𝐴 2
Impeller radius
𝐷𝑖 At throat of ducts
𝑅𝑖 =
2 𝐴 𝑇𝐻 = 𝜋 𝐷𝑇𝐻 ℎ𝐷
Impeller height Proponer valor para 𝐶𝑅𝑇𝐻 < 𝐶𝑅𝐴
7
𝐿𝑖 ≈ 𝑅𝑖 𝐷𝑖
9 𝐶𝑊𝑇𝐻 = 𝐶𝑊2 ( )
𝐷𝑇𝐻
Duct height
ℎ0 = ℎ2 + 𝑒𝑖 𝐶𝑇𝐻 2 𝐶𝑅𝑇𝐻 2 + 𝐶𝑊𝑇𝐻 2
=
2𝐶𝑝𝑎 2𝐶𝑝𝑎

14
 𝐶𝑇𝐻 2 Compressibility effects
𝑇𝑇𝐻 = 𝑇02 −
2𝐶𝑝𝑎
𝑉𝑅 = √𝐶𝑎 2 + 𝑈𝑖𝑥 2
ϒ𝑎
𝑃𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝑇𝐻 ϒ𝑎−1 𝑉𝑅
=( ) 𝑀1 =
𝑃02 𝑇02
√𝛾𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑇1
𝑃𝑇𝐻 𝑃𝑇𝐻 𝑃02 < 0.8 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑡 ′ 𝑠 𝑏𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟, 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑙
=( )( )
𝑃01 𝑃02 𝑃01
Prewhirl angle (Ɵ =1° to 40°)
𝑃𝑇𝐻 Se prone un valor de Ɵ, debe ser el menor
𝑃𝑇𝐻 =( )𝑃
𝑃01 01 posible.
𝑃𝑇𝐻 Se pronone un valor para 𝐶𝑎1 > 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎1
𝜌𝑇𝐻 =
𝑅𝑇𝑇𝐻
𝐶𝑎1
𝑚̇ 𝐶1 =
𝐶𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 Ɵ
𝐴 𝑇𝐻 𝜌𝑇𝐻
𝐶1 2
Se itera hasta que el error entre ′
𝐶𝑅𝑇𝐻 𝑠 sea del 𝑇1 = 𝑇01 −
2𝐶𝑝𝑎
menor al 2%
ϒ𝑎
𝐶𝑅𝑇𝐻 𝑇1 ϒ𝑎−1
𝛼 𝑇𝐻 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) 𝑃1 = 𝑃01 ( )
𝐶𝑊𝑇𝐻 𝑇01

El valor de 𝑐𝑅𝐴 para la ecuación anterior será 𝑃1

𝜌1 =
el propuesto. 𝑅𝑇1
𝑚̇
2 2 𝐶𝑎1 =
𝐶𝑇𝐻 = √𝐶𝑅𝑇𝐻 + 𝐶𝑊𝑇𝐻 𝐴1 𝜌1
′
Se itera hasta que el error entre 𝐶𝑎1 𝑠 sea del
Station 3 (Compressor exit)
menor al 2%
𝐶3 2
𝑇3 = 𝑇03 −
2𝐶𝑝𝑎 𝐶𝑊1 = 𝐶𝑎1 𝑡𝑎𝑛Ɵ
𝑃03 El valor de 𝐶𝑎1 para la ecuación anterior será
𝑃3 = ϒ𝑎 el propuesto.
𝑇03 ϒ𝑎−1
(𝑇 )
3
𝑉𝑅1 = √𝐶𝑎1 2 + (𝑈𝑖𝑥 − 𝐶𝑊1 )2
𝑃3
𝜌3 =
𝑅𝑇3 𝑉𝑅1
𝑀1 = < 0.8
𝑚̇ √𝛾𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑇1
𝐴3 =
𝜌3 𝐶3
Average impeller speed
Exit area for one duct 𝑈𝑖𝑛 + 𝑈𝑖𝑥
𝑈𝑒 =
𝐴3 2
𝐴3𝐷 =
𝑛𝐷 Actual temperature rise
Ducts width 𝜓
∆𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = [𝜎𝑈 2 − 𝐶𝑤1 𝑈𝑒 ]
𝐴3𝐷 𝐶𝑝𝑎
Ƌ3𝐷 =
𝑛𝐷

15
Actual pressure ratio Overlap diameter
ϒ𝑎 𝐷𝐴 + 𝐷𝑇
𝜂𝑐 ∆𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ϒ𝑎−1 𝐷𝑆 =
𝜋𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = [1 + ] 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼𝐴
𝑇01

Pressure percentage drop

𝜋𝑐 − 𝜋𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
%𝜋𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = < 10%
𝜋𝑐

Combustion chamber (TF)

𝑚̇𝑓
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
𝑚𝐻̇
𝑚𝑓̇ = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ∗ 𝑚𝐻
̇

Total Volume Combustion Chamber

For the substitution in this formula, it is necessary to make the conversion values.

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 1 𝑘𝐶𝑎𝑙
𝐻𝐶 = [ ⁄𝑘𝑔 ] → ( ) = [𝑘𝐶𝑎𝑙⁄𝑘𝑔 ]
𝑓 𝑘𝑔𝑓 4.1858 𝑘𝐽 𝑓

𝑘𝑔𝑎⁄ 𝑘𝑔𝑎 3600 𝑠 𝑘𝑔𝑎⁄

𝑚𝐻
̇ =[ 𝑠] → 𝑠 ( 1 ℎ𝑟 ) = [ ℎ𝑟]

𝑘𝑔𝑓⁄ 𝑘𝑔𝑓 3600 𝑠 𝑘𝑔𝑓

𝑚𝑓̇ = [ 𝑠] → 𝑠 ( 1 ℎ𝑟 ) = [ ⁄ ]
ℎ𝑟

𝑁 1 𝑘𝑔𝑓 1 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = [𝑃𝑎] → 2 ( ) ( 3 2 ) = [ ⁄𝑐𝑚2 ]
𝑚 9.81 𝑁 10 𝑐𝑚

𝜂𝐵 𝐻𝐶 𝑚𝑓̇
𝑉𝑇 =
𝑞𝑐𝑐 𝑃𝑖𝑛
Maximum cross section area

(𝑚̇𝑓 + 𝑚𝐻
̇ ) 𝑅 𝑇𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐶𝑎 𝑃𝑖𝑛
Iterations

𝐷𝑖𝑛 < 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

4 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷𝑒𝑥 = √𝐷𝑖𝑛 2 +
𝜋

16
 𝐷𝑖𝑛
𝑋1 = 𝑟𝑟 (𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟) −
2
𝐷𝑒𝑥
𝑋2 = − 𝑟𝑡(𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒)
2
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑋2 −𝑋1
Partial Volumes

𝑉1 = 0.1 𝑉𝑇
𝑉2 = 0.7 𝑉𝑇
𝑉3 = 0.2 𝑉𝑇
Cylindrical section
𝑉2
𝐿2 =
𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷𝑒𝑥 𝐷𝑖𝑛
ℎ2 = −
2 2
Divergent section
𝐷𝑒𝑥
𝑅𝑀1 =
2
ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝐷𝑖𝑛
𝑟𝑀1 = + ℎ1 +
2 2
ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝐷𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑚1 = +
2 2
𝐷𝑖𝑛
𝑟𝑚1 =
2
3 𝑉1
𝐿1 =
𝜋[(𝑅𝑀1 + 𝑟𝑀1 2 + 𝑅𝑀1 ∗ 𝑟𝑀1 ) − (𝑅𝑚1 2 + 𝑟𝑚1 2 + 𝑅𝑚1 ∗ 𝑟𝑚1 )]
2

Convergent section
𝐷𝑒𝑥
𝑅𝑀3 =
2
ℎ2 − ℎ3 𝐷𝑖𝑛
𝑟𝑀3 = + ℎ3 +
2 2
ℎ2 − ℎ3 𝐷𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑚3 = +
2 2
𝐷𝑖𝑛
𝑟𝑚3 =
2

17
 3 𝑉3
𝐿3 =
𝜋[(𝑅𝑀3 + 𝑟𝑀3 2 + 𝑅𝑀3 ∗ 𝑟𝑀3 ) − (𝑅𝑚3 2 + 𝑟𝑚3 2 + 𝑅𝑚3 ∗ 𝑟𝑚3 )]
2

𝐿3 + 𝐿2 ≥ 1𝑓𝑡

18