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    Paramagnetic Ions: Brillouin Function and Curie Law

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    Gohar Farooq Vance
    This document discusses paramagnetic ions and their magnetic properties. It describes: 1) The Brillouin function which relates the magnetic moment (M) of an atom or ion to an applied magnetic field (B) and temperature (T), with the magnetic moment depending on factors like the spin (S) and angular momentum (J). 2) At large B and low T, the Curie law applies where the susceptibility (χ) is proportional to 1/T. 3) The effective number of Bohr magnetons (p) for ions, which depends on their spin and angular momentum values. 4) How crystal fields can quench the orbital moments of 3d ions

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Paramagnetic Ions: Brillouin Function and Curie Law

    Uploaded by

    Gohar Farooq Vance
    23 views3 pages
    This document discusses paramagnetic ions and their magnetic properties. It describes: 1) The Brillouin function which relates the magnetic moment (M) of an atom or ion to an applied magnetic field (B) and temperature (T), with the magnetic moment depending on factors like the spin (S) and angular momentum (J). 2) At large B and low T, the Curie law applies where the susceptibility (χ) is proportional to 1/T. 3) The effective number of Bohr magnetons (p) for ions, which depends on their spin and angular momentum values. 4) How crystal fields can quench the orbital moments of 3d ions

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    Physics school

    Original Title

    Magnetism 3 4

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    This document discusses paramagnetic ions and their magnetic properties. It describes: 1) The Brillouin function which relates the magnetic moment (M) of an atom or ion to an applied magnetic field (B) and temperature (T), with the magnetic moment depending on factors like the spin (S) and angular momentum (J). 2) At large B and low T, the Curie law applies where the susceptibility (χ) is proportional to 1/T. 3) The effective number of Bohr magnetons (p) for ions, which depends on their spin and angular momentum values. 4) How crystal fields can quench the orbital moments of 3d ions

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views3 pages

    Paramagnetic Ions: Brillouin Function and Curie Law

    Uploaded by

    Gohar Farooq Vance
    This document discusses paramagnetic ions and their magnetic properties. It describes: 1) The Brillouin function which relates the magnetic moment (M) of an atom or ion to an applied magnetic field (B) and temperature (T), with the magnetic moment depending on factors like the spin (S) and angular momentum (J). 2) At large B and low T, the Curie law applies where the susceptibility (χ) is proportional to 1/T. 3) The effective number of Bohr magnetons (p) for ions, which depends on their spin and angular momentum values. 4) How crystal fields can quench the orbital moments of 3d ions

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    Paramagnetic Ions: Brillouin function and Curie law

    Gd3+, S=7/2
    M 1/χ
    (µB)
    Fe3+, S=5/2 atom or ion with angular
    momentum J:

    M(B,T)=NgJµBBJ(x),
    Cr3+, S=3/2
    with BJ the Brillouin function

    2J + 1 ( 2J + 1)x ⎞ 1
    BJ ( x ) = ctnh ⎜⎛ ⎛x⎞
    ⎟ − ctnh ⎜ ⎟
    2J ⎝ 2J ⎠ 2 J ⎝ 2J ⎠
    Gd(C2H5SO4)3·9H2O
    µB gJµ B B
    x= =
    k BT k BT
    T (K)
    B (kG)

    1 x M NJ ( J + 1)g 2µ2B Np 2µ2B C


    large B and low T (x<<1): ctnh ( x ) = + + ... ⇒ χ = ≈ = = (Curie law)
    x 3 B 3k BT 3k BT T
    p=g[J(J+1)]1/2: the effective number of Bohr magnetons and C the Curie constant.

    Introduction to solid state physics WS 2005/06


    M. Wolf sheet 9.3
    Paramagnetic Ions: effective magnetons
    magnetic moments of 4f group ions:
    effective
    Hund Rules: electrons in a given atomic shell occupy orbitals magnetons
    in the ground state to acchieve
    4f ions
    1. max. total spin S allowed by Pauli principle
    2. maxi. orbital momentum L consistent with S
    3. J=|L+S| if shell is less than half full, J=|L-S| if shell is more
    than half full. For a half filled shell L=0, J=S;
    ⇒ p = 2 J (J + 1)

    magnetic moments of 3d group ions:


    nonfilled shells are outermost,
    ⇒ affected by crystal fields of
    neighboring ions
    quenching of orbital moments in
    crystals with cubic symmetry.

    ⇒ p = 2 S(S + 1)

    Introduction to solid state physics WS 2005/06


    M.Wolf sheet 9.4
    Pauli paramagnetism of conduction electrons
    spin dependent electron density in an applied magnetic field
    (kBT<<εF):
    1 ε F
    1 1ε F

    N↑ = ∫ dε D( ε + µ B B) ≈ µ B B D( ε F ) + ∫ dε D( ε) ;
    2 −µ B B
    2 20
    1 ε F
    1 1ε F

    N↓ = ∫ dε D( ε − µ B B) ≈ − µ B B D( ε F ) + ∫ dε D( ε)
    2 +µ B 2 20
    χ(T)
    B

    3Nµ2B Pauli spin


    M = µB(N↑-N↓) = µB2 D(εF)B = B,
    2 k BTF magnetization
    of conduction
    electrons

    T (K)
    Introduction to solid state physics SS 2003
    Wolf/Bovensiepen sheet 9.5

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