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    Thermodynamics: Lectures Notes (6) Dr. Mohamed Elhelw

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    AhmedTaha
    1. A heat reservoir is a large system that can absorb or release heat without changing temperature, while heat engines transfer heat to do work in a cycle. 2. The Kelvin-Plank statement of the second law says no engine can have 100% efficiency because it cannot draw heat from a single reservoir. The Clausius statement says it is impossible to move heat from a cold to hot body without other effects. 3. The Carnot cycle consists of reversible isothermal and adiabatic processes between a hot and cold reservoir, and has the maximum possible efficiency for any heat engine between those temperatures.

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    Thermodynamics: Lectures Notes (6) Dr. Mohamed Elhelw

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    AhmedTaha
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    1. A heat reservoir is a large system that can absorb or release heat without changing temperature, while heat engines transfer heat to do work in a cycle. 2. The Kelvin-Plank statement of the second law says no engine can have 100% efficiency because it cannot draw heat from a single reservoir. The Clausius statement says it is impossible to move heat from a cold to hot body without other effects. 3. The Carnot cycle consists of reversible isothermal and adiabatic processes between a hot and cold reservoir, and has the maximum possible efficiency for any heat engine between those temperatures.

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    1. A heat reservoir is a large system that can absorb or release heat without changing temperature, while heat engines transfer heat to do work in a cycle. 2. The Kelvin-Plank statement of the second law says no engine can have 100% efficiency because it cannot draw heat from a single reservoir. The Clausius statement says it is impossible to move heat from a cold to hot body without other effects. 3. The Carnot cycle consists of reversible isothermal and adiabatic processes between a hot and cold reservoir, and has the maximum possible efficiency for any heat engine between those temperatures.

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    41 views18 pages

    Thermodynamics: Lectures Notes (6) Dr. Mohamed Elhelw

    Uploaded by

    AhmedTaha
    1. A heat reservoir is a large system that can absorb or release heat without changing temperature, while heat engines transfer heat to do work in a cycle. 2. The Kelvin-Plank statement of the second law says no engine can have 100% efficiency because it cannot draw heat from a single reservoir. The Clausius statement says it is impossible to move heat from a cold to hot body without other effects. 3. The Carnot cycle consists of reversible isothermal and adiabatic processes between a hot and cold reservoir, and has the maximum possible efficiency for any heat engine between those temperatures.

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    THERMODYNAMICS

    Lectures Notes
    (6)
    Dr. Mohamed Elhelw
    THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

    THERMAL ENERGY RESERVOIRS


    A heat reservoir is a sufficiently large system in stable equilibrium to which
    and from which finite amounts of heat can be transferred without any
    change in its temperature.

    Heat source is a high


    temperature heat reservoir from
    which heat is transferred.

    Heat sink is a low temperature


    heat reservoir to which heat is
    transferred.
    HEAT ENGINES

    A heat engine is a thermodynamic cycle


    operating in a thermodynamic cycle to
    which net heat is transferred and from
    which net work is delivered.

    Thermal Efficiency
    Sinc Wnet = Qin - Qout
    REVERSED HEAT ENGINES

    The performance of a reversed engine is given by


    the Coefficient of Performance (C.O.P).
    THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

    Kelvin–Planck Statement

    It is impossible for any device that operates on


    a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir
    and produce a net amount of work.

    The Kelvin-Planck statement of the second


    law of thermodynamics states that no heat
    engine can produce a net amount of work
    while exchanging heat with a single reservoir
    only. In other words, the maximum possible
    efficiency is less than 100 percent.
    Clausius Statement
    The Clausius statement of the second law states
    that it is impossible to construct a device that
    operates in a cycle and produces no effect other
    than the transfer of heat from a lower-
    temperature body to a higher-temperature body.

    COP  
    EQUIVALENT OF THE TWO STATMENTS
    REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES

    A reversible process is defined as a process that can be reversed without


    leaving any trace on the surroundings. Processes that are not reversible
    are called irreversible processes.

    Irreversibilities
    The factors that cause a process to be irreversible are called
    irrevesibilities.
    Common Sources of Irreversibility:
    • Friction
    • Sudden Expansion and compression
    • Heat Transfer between bodies with a finite temperature
    difference.
    THE CARNOT CYCLE

    The four reversible processes that make up the Carnot cycle


    are as follows:
    •Reversible Isothermal Expansion
    (process 1-2,TH=constant).

    •Reversible Adiabatic Expansion


    (process 2-3)
    •Reversible Isothermal Compression
    (process 3-4,TL =constant).

    •Reversible Adiabatic Compression


    (process 4-1)
    The Reversed Carnot Cycle
    Carnot Cycle Efficiency (Maximum efficiency for a heat engine)

    W Qh  Qc Q
       1 c
    Qh Qh Qh
    Isothermal processes
    V2 V2
    Qh  Wby gas   P dV  m R Th ln
    V1 V1
    V4 V
    Qc  Won gas    P dV  m R Tc ln 3
    V3 V4
    Adiabatic processes
    Th V2 1  Tc V3 1 V2 1 V3 1 V2 V3
      
    Th V1 1  Tc V4 1 V1 1 V4 1 V1 V4
    V2
    Tc ln
    Qc

    V1 Tc
     W Qh  Qc Q T
    V
    Qh T ln 3 Th
       1 c  1 c
    h
    Qh Qh Qh Th
    V4
    Reversed Carnot Device Coefficient of Performance

    If the Carnot device is caused to operate in the reversed cycle, the reversible heat pump
    is created. The COP of reversible refrigerators and heat pumps are given in a similar
    manner to that of the Carnot heat engine as

    QH
    QL 1 QH QL
    COPR   COPHP  
    QH  QL QH  1 QH  QL QH  1
    QL QL
    TH
    TL 1
      TH TL
    TH  TL TH  1  
    TH  TL TH  1
    TL TL

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