Fifth German-Austrian IBPSA Conference

RWTH Aachen University

DAYLIGHTING DRIVEN DESIGN: OPTIMIZING KALEIDOCYCLE

FACADE FOR HOT ARID CLIMATE

Y. Elghazi1, A. Wagdy2, S. Mohamed3 and A. Hassan4

1
Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
2
The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
3
Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
4
Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt

ABSTRACT reduced artificial lighting consumption (Reinhart,

2001). Significant energy savings can be gained if the
Facade design has significant impact on daylight. This design process encompasses thoughtful daylighting
paper presents a facade based on origami: strategies incorporated into the design process on the
kaleidocycle rings that can be morphed enhancing early design phases (Jason & El Sheikh, 2011).
daylight performance in residential spaces, which
complies with both LEED V4 and Daylight Daylight Autonomy
availability. Daylighting analysis was integrated using Daylighting design is a key aspect of building rating
Grasshopper, Diva and Genetic optimization for a systems such as Leadership in Energy and
south-oriented living room facade in Cairo, Egypt, Environmental Design system (LEED). It uses
through two phases. First phase dealt with base cases metrics such as Daylight autonomy (DA), which is the
of specific typology. Second phase was conducted percentage of annual work hours during which all or
using parametric optimization process. Results part of a building’s lighting needs can be met through
demonstrate that Kaleidocycle rings of 30 cm size and daylighting alone (Reinhart et al., 2006).
64 rotation’s angle reached results that exceed LEED
v4 requirements while passing Daylight availability Two metrics in LEED v4 are codified for evaluating
standards. daylight autonomy design, which allow a daylit space
to be evaluated for a one year period using two
INTRODUCTION different performance parameters: sufficiency of
daylight Illuminance and the potential risk of
As the world gives increased focus on energy
excessive sunlight penetration (IES, 2012). These two
efficiency and occupant comfort, there is now an
metrics are: Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) and
emerging need to include sustahnability–related
Annual Sun Exposure (ASE) metrics, which forms
performance aspects within design, most notably
together a clear picture of daylight performance that
energy and daylighting (Lagios et al., 2010). Façade
can help architects to make good design decisions.
openings play an important role in providing daylight,
sDA describes how much of a space receives
which is considered the best source of light that
sufficient daylight, which is for residential spaces
matches human visual response and required colour.
must achieve (sDA 300 lux / 50% of the annual
Thus, they have a substantial positive impact on the
occupied hours) for at least 55% of the floor area as
occupants (Li & Tsang, 2008). More recently, New
shown in Table 1. sDA has no upper limit on
methodologies have been developed to use daylight
luminance levels, therefore, ASE is used to describe
simulation as a driven tool for design, which showed
how much of space receives too much direct sunlight,
the benefits of parametric driven façade to reach
which can cause visual discomfort (glare) or increase
maximum daylight quality.
the cooling loads. In LEED v4 ASE measures the
In this research; daylighting will be the key percentage of floor area that receives at least 1000 lux
performance criteria to design non-simplified double for at least 250 occupied hours per year (C.Sterner,
façades using parametric design and optmization tools 2014), which must not exceed 10% of floor area
for residential spaces.The paper presents initial (USGBC, 2013).
findings of an ongoing research.
Table 1: LEED v4 - Points for daylit floor area:
Daylighting in residential spaces Spatial daylight autonomy

Daylight is an important element for residential spaces sDA (for regularly occupied floor area) Points
that can contribute to maintain the minimum
illuminance level required to improve indoor 55% 2
environmental quality and user comfort. The benefits
of a carefully planned daylighting concept range from 75% 3
an enhanced lighting quality for the inhabitants to a

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Hybrid Double Façade

Egypt’s climate is classified as hot desert arid climate
according to Köppen’s climate classification system
(Peel et al., 2007). It is characterized by high direct
solar radiation and clear sky which demands special
façade treatments to minimize heat gain while
providing appropriate daylighting. Figure 2: Al Bahar Towers in Abu Dhabi by Aedas,
Double-skin façades are one of the building’s The folding shading system, opens and closes
envelope solutions that can improve indoor climate according to sun's position.
while reducing the use of energy if designed properly
(Poirazis, 2006). Traditional double façade types of Gao & Ramani presented initial prototypical
buffer, twin face and extract-air, where the exterior explorations for 3d folding as well as the associated
layer is glazed, have been evolved for hot arid climate transformative design concept called Kaleidogami.
resulted in a hybrid approach which employs a This method is used for developing spatial objects that
shading screen as the exterior face coupled with a high can be flattened, folded and reconfigured. They
performance curtain wall system as the interior layer developed the concept for a tetrahedral basic structural
of the façade (Boake, 2014). Energy savings are unit to enable new forms of 3D folding. By
dependent on the specific configuration of the exterior rearranging, combining and reconfiguring, one can
shading screen. Screen patterns, tessellated layers, obtain different configurations with tetrahedral basic
cellular units or origami crease patterns may present structural unit or shape variation of folding
efficient solution to minimize heat gain while representation, encompassing multi-primitive and
providing appropriate daylighting. reconfigurable foldable units (Figure 3).

Origami-Based Design
Recently building skin explorations are carried out
using inspired new ideas of the ancient art of origami.
Origami offers a finite set of paper-folding techniques
that can be cataloged and tested with parametric Figure 3: Tetrahedral basic structural unit
modeling software. Origami is based on the sequence, exploration (Gao & Ramani).
shape and relationship between surface and points
which can be defined by rules (Figure 1). It can be
viewed as a type of manual algorithm that can be Kaleidocycle Skin: Concept and Approach
translated to parametric models (Gao & Ramani). Rotating rings of tetrahedrons called kaleidocyles are
well known from recreational mathematics. Each
tetrahedron in the cycle is linked to its predecessor and
successor at opposite edges. The mobility criterion
treats each tetrahedron as a rigid object (Fowler &
Guest, 2005).
There is a Lot of different kinds of kaleidocycles but
the most rigid, stable yet interesting is the Hexagonal
Kaleidocycle. Moloney experiments with pattern
showed that increasing the number of edges beyond
six proved counterproductive, as edge differentiation
Figure 1: Origami forms based on geometrical rules became harder. Moreover, the hexagon provided a
and folding morphology. relatively neutral orientation when a large number
were combined in an offset (Moloney, 2011). A closed
Many origami planar explorations of the triangulated- Hexagonal kaleidocycle is tested which is made up of
based skins have been tested rather than volumetric 3d
six irregular tetrahedrons with three symmetry-
folding explorations. Lee & Leounis (2011) presented
distinct configurations (Fowler & Guest, 2005). These
a surface manipulation tool that can transform the must be made so that: the hinge edges are orthogonal,
arrangement of folding planar surfaces, while
and bases of isosceles triangles whose altitudes to the
Crawford (2010) studied a family of folding geometry
vertex angles are the same length as their bases.
to provide ventilation using parametric modeling. On
the practical platform, the 25-story twin office towers The kaleidocycle skin is a mix of triangular and
in the United Arab Emirates feature a computer- hexagon shapes that provide good edge detection and
monitored and sensor-controlled screen as shown in reasonable shading detection. The primary concept of
Figure 2, which responds dynamically to the sun, the proposed skin, shown in Figure 4, is that when it
folding like origami to shade or expose the building. rotates, the hole at the center periodically disappears
(it closes up) to control different levels of daylight

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penetration using parametric modelling tool. The simulation softwares. The Geco plug-in allows the
kaleidocycles are scripted to act as apertures, with a digital model to be analyzed by Autodesk's Ecotect
variable hole opening diameter, which will be program (Frick & Grabner, 2011). Similarly, DIVA ,
optimized to improve daylighting performance. which stands for Design Iterate Validate Adapt, for
Rhinoceros 3D tools, and provides Grasshopper
components to perform daylight analysis on an
existing architectural model via integration with
Radiance and DAYSIM (Reinhart et al., 2011).
Parametric simulations can give an idea of the
variation in daylighting performance related to the
variation of one or more parameters (Torres et al.,
2007).
Genetic optimization algorithms
Figure 4: Shows the Kaleidocycle rotation motions. Optimization in building design is an interesting point
of study because of the integrated nature of both
Parametric modelling potentials environmental and energy performance.It is used to
Parametric tools in architecture have been gaining mo- extensively search the design alternatives looking for
mentum over the past few years. The term refers to high performance solutions in terms of specified
digitally modeling a series of design variants whose goals. The simulation-based optimization can
relationships to each other are defined through overcome the drawbacks of evaluative trial and error
mathematical operations and different parameters. approach. In order to combine parametric modeling
These relationships form a parametric space that could with an optimization technique to support design
generate numerous of related but distinct forms explorations and form finding, Genetic algorithms
(Schumacher, 2009). This new design approach (GAs) have been considered. GAs can perform a series
provides architects with the possibility of making of simulations in a multi-dimensional search space,
modifications on any parameters without the need to increasing the relevance of the cases simulated. They
recreate the entire model (Wagdy, 2013), and offering are used to find the configuration that best matches
a great potential for geometric design explorations. desired performance goals (Monks, Oh, & Dorsey,
Using this approach provides architects with a high 2000; Turrin, Buelow, & Stouffs, 2011; Rakha &
ability to optimize buildings with respect to various Nassar, 2011 ).
performance aspects. The impact of such a trend is yet
to be seen on building forms and envelopes and their Genetic algorithms were shown to be effective in
behavior with respect to different climate. presenting new solutions to optimize light penetration
and shading, taking into account many different
Grasshopper
aspects that influencing the performance of a façade
In recent years, the design professions have begun (Zemella et al., 2011). The prediction of daylight
experimenting with parametric design tools such as levels by model-fitting was addressed by Coley and
Grasshopper which was developed by David Rutten Crabb (Coley D, 1997) using genetic algorithms. Park
at Robert McNeel& Associates in 2007 as a et al. also (Park et al., 2003) maximised daylighting
parametric modelling plug-in for Rhinoceros 3D from a double-skin facade using non-linear
modeling software (McNeel, 2010). Grasshopper is a programming. The principle was then developed into
graphical algorithm editor that allows designers with a real-time optimization program using genetic
no formal scripting experience to quickly generate algorithms (Yoon et al., 2011).
parametric forms from the simple to the awe-inspiring
(Day, 2009) as there are components within The above literature review demonstrates that
Grasshopper that allow custom scripts to be written in previous research did not present any case study which
VB.NET or C# (Lagios et al., 2010). adopts the new LEED V4 daylighting simulation
methodology, especially in hot climate conditions.
Daylight simulation tools Limited publications were concerned with the
Since green building rating systems such as the US exploitation of window size and shading devisces that
Green Building Council’s (USGBC) LEED system control the solar penetration, and thus improvement of
encourage the use of simulations, designers are daylighting performance while diminishing the direct
increasingly reporting that they are using daylight sunlight expusure could pave the way for their
simulations within their designs (Gasiu & Reinhart, deploying better sustinable designs which can be
2008). appropriate LEEDV4 evaluation process.

There have been various plug-ins developed for

Grasshopper that connect the Rhino geometry to

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RWTH Aachen University

OBJECTIVES
The main goal of this research was the enhancement
of the daylighting of living room by employ a non-
simpleficed shading techique formed by kaleidocycle
rings. In order to achive this goal, an objective was
defiend to identify ideal size/rotation of kaleidocycle
rings by fullfilling both LEED V4 daylighting
requirements and the Daylight Availability dynamic
metric. Investigations focused on the use of parametric
optimization approach to determine the “near-
optimum” kaleidocycle configuration that suit living
Figure 5: Standard South-facing living room with
room space located in hot arid climate of cairo, Egypt.
kaleidocycle skin modelled for daylight analysis.
METHODOLOGY
Table 2: Parameters of the used living room.  

The methodology implemented in this paper was

divided into two successive stages. First stage focused Indoor Space Parameters
on the analysis of daylighting performance for base
Internal Surfaces Materials
cases with specific typology, while second phase is
conducted using parametric optimization for different Walls Reflectance= 50%
facade parameters to achieve the near optimum Ceiling Reflectance= 80%
daylighting adequacy. The two phases used Diva -for- Floor Reflectance= 20%
Rhino (a plug-in for Rhinoceros modelling software).
Kaleidocycle Reflectance= Metal diffuse
DIVA uses RADIANCE and DAYSIM as its basic
daylight simulation engines. Radiance and DAYSIM Window Parameters
employ a reverse ray-tracing algorithm based on the Glazing VT= 80%
physical behavior of light in a volumetric, three-
dimensional model which should most accurately Kaleidocycle Facade logic
represent reality (Ward, 1994).
RADIANCE/DAYSIM has been validated in many Rhinoceros and Grasshopper have been chosen as a
studies (Reinhart & Walkenhorst, 2001; Reinhart & software platform to generate a parametric folding
Breton, 2009; Reinhart & Wienold, 2011). They model focusing on solids’ motion, particularly, by
represent accurately occupant comfort, behavior and which kaleidocycle transform from one configuration
the distribution of natural light in a space especially to another. The parametric model served as a mean for
when compared to EnergyPlus (Ramos & Ghisi, better understanding of the geometry of the rings.
2010). Each Kaleidocycle ring motion is defined off the
original geometry through a series of commands:
In this research, a sidelit space has been defined and rotate, move and mirror. Analyses of the movement of
constructed a base model on a hypothetical indoor each ring in the system led to a discovery; it is possible
residential space (living room) of 20 m2 at the first to maintain the movement of the system by rotating
floor, facing the south direction , which is located in along their axis of symmetry in order to open and close
Cairo, Egypt. Kaliedocycle rings will be applied to the skin. This allowed us to apply a closed cycle path
this south-oriented façade. of movement from end to end.
The parametric model starts with a hexagon, where
It should be noted that the reliability of the simulation
each side of the hexagon represents the axis of
results is dependent on a number of factors; the most
symmetry for each tetrahedron. While simulating the
notable of these is the modelling of the living room
movement of each ring the tetrahedrons must be kept
details and complex Kaleidocycle skin systems, as
connected edge-to-edge. The edges that are forming
well as the geometrical and photometrical properties
the tetrahedrons were generated from the vertex of the
used. In order to improve the reliability of results, the
hexagon to be perpendicular / parallel to the hexagon
suggested Kaleidocycle skin was modelled in full
plane. Each tetrahedron is drawn as surfaces joining
detail Figure 5. The properties of the living room,
the two opposite edges, rotating these edges from its
Kaleidocycle skin and the window were fully
mid points along an axe joining the midpoint with the
described in Table 2. Radiance renderings and
center of the hexagon, while in the same time moving
visualizations of the tested solar screens were
it towards or away from the center of the hexagon.
examined before simulation runs in order to ensure
that the model geometry was correctly exported to the The concept of the proposed skin depends on the space
Radiance software. created between the tetrahedrons as they rotate to open
and close the Kaleidocycle rings. Different
combinations of Kaleidocycle sizes and angle of

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rotations led to different daylight performance. Those Wienold, 2011). This section is focusing on the
two variables are considered the main parameters of recreation methodology that was used on this research.
the design which were controlled with numeric sliders.
Figure 6 shows various Kaleidocycle size Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA)
configurations ranging from 20cm to 65cm for each
The simulation parameters was set to measure daylight
unit with a step size of 5 cm, while Kaleidocycles with
Illuminance sufficiency for the living room, DIVA
different rotation angels ranging from 0 to 90 degrees
parameters were set to calculate the percentage of
wit a step size of 10 degrees are illustrated in Figure 7.
analysis points that exceeds a specified Illuminance
level (300 lux) for at least 50% of the total occupied
hours from 8am-6pm over the year (IES, 2012), while
the percentage of sDA should be at least 55% or 75%
to achieve 2 to 3 LEED points. However, the authors
used an optimization approach to maximize the
percentage of sDA more than 75%. For sDA and
Daylight availability metric Radiance parameters were
set as shown in Table 3.
Figure 6: shows the Kaleidocycle size configuration
Table 3: The Radiance parameters set for sDA and
ranging from 20cm to 65cm (step size= 5 cm).
Daylight Availability metric.
Ambient Ambient Direct
bounces Divisions threshold
6 1000 0

Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE)

Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE) is the second metric
used by LEED, which searches for any potential
source of visual discomfort, particularly the presence
Figure 7 shows the Kaleidocycle rotation angels of direct sunlight. This metric calculates the
ranging from 0 to 90 degrees (step size= 10 degrees). percentage of the analysis points that exceeds a
specified illuminance level, 1000 lux, for at least 250
Simulation logic hours of the occupied hours without any contribution
The simulation process that was conducted on this from the sky (IES, 2012). Grasshopper was used to
research can be considered as one of first application collect and filter the Illuminance values of each
of LEED v4 daylighting methodology; the available analysis point over 3650 hours, and present the final
graphical interface tools such as DIVA or Ladybug do ASE percentage along with the total number of hours
not provide a straightforward procedure which can be for each analysis points which is exposed to direct
used to evaluate the second criterion of Annual sunlight. Grasshopper facilitates the process for all
Sunlight Exposure (ASE), therefore the methodology analysis points in order to make it feasible for
which is presented in this research is original and optimization. Table 4 shows the Radiance parameters
follows precisely the Approved Method IES Spatial that were used to calculate the ASE.
Daylight Autonomy (sDA) and Annual Sunlight
Exposure (ASE) descripted in Illuminating
Table 4: The Radiance parameters set for the ASE.
Engineering Society report number LM-83-12.
Ambient Ambient Direct
The simulation process conducted in this Bounces Divisions threshold
paper complied with both LEED V4 daylighting 0 1000 0
requirements and Daylight availability (DA). LEEDv4
concentrates on (sDA) and (ASE) which were PHASE ONE: BASE CASE SIMULATION
described before in the literature review. Three First simulation phase dealt with base cases for
Daylight Availability evaluation levels were used: Kaleidocycle rings of 20 cm size but with different
“daylit”, “partially daylit” and “over lit” areas. The rotation angles ranging from 30 to 90 degrees with a
“daylit” areas are those that received sufficient step of 15 degrees as a part of Daylight Availability
daylight at least half of the year-round occupied time.
(DA) simulation as shown in Figure 8.
The “partially daylit” areas are those that did not
receive sufficient daylight at least half of the year-
round occupied time. The “over lit” areas are those
areas that received an oversupply of daylight, where
10 times the target Illuminance was reached for at least
5% of the year-round occupied time (Reinhart &

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100% Illuminance levels did not exceed 3000 lux at any

point except the same three points which were
80%
declared by ASE metric. A comparison evaluation was
60% made to verify the reliability of the optimization
40% results, the comparison results are illustrated in Table
20% 5. All configurations was tested at 70% WWR which
0% represent the same ratio of the optimized solution.
o o o o o
30 45 60 75 90 Table 5: Shows the Daylight Availability (DA)
Performance of the comparing cases.
Partially lit Day lit Over lit Day lit
Case Partially Lit Over lit
A 0 55 45
Figure 8 : Shows the Daylight Availability (DA) B 0 60 40
Performance of the Base case C 50 30 20
The results showed good potentials for the D 0 75 25
Kaleidocycle rings in enhancing daylighting E 0 90 5
performance that could be optimized to comply with A:Simple window without shading.
LEED V4 daylighting requirements as well as B:Simple window with electrochromic 60% VT.
Daylight availability (DA) standards. C:Simple window with electrochromic 30% VT.
D:Double Façade with Kaleidocycle rings, Size =20
PHASE TWO: PARAMETRIC cm, Angle=75 degrees.
OPTIMIZATION E:Optimized Double Façade with Kaleidocycle rings,
This stage aims to optimize the Kaleidocycle Size =30 cm, Angle=64 degrees.
configurations by conducting a parametric
optimization process.
Optimization Parameters CONCLUSION
All model parameters were fixed except two variables This paper presents a hybrid double façade design
which are used for the optimization as show in Table driven by daylight performance through incorporating
5. daylighting simulation tools and genetic optimization
Table 5: The Optimization Parameters. with a parametric facade model of an origami-based;
Optimization Parameters kaleidocycle rings. The simulations were conducted
Opening Size 20 cm to 65cm (step 1cm) for a south oriented façade of a standard living room
for hot arid climate of Cairo, Egypt. Several
Rotation Angle 0⁰ to 90⁰ (step 1⁰)
Kaleidocycle parameters were modelled but all of
them were fixed except two variables; opening sizes
and rotation angles which were used for the
Optimization results
optimization process. A two stage methodology was
The optimization stopped after 73 generations, the adopted, while the first phase showed potentials in
best results of each generation is presented in the enhancing daylighting performance by changing
graphs Figure 9, while each generation contained 30 façade typology, the second phase proved that
trials. The graphs show that the daylighting Kaleidocycle rings of 30 cm size and 64 rotation’s
performance results are gradually enhanced till the angle reached better daylighting distribution that
optimized ones. The optimization objective was set to exceed LEED v4 requirements and passing Daylight
maximize the daylit area and to minimize the over lit Availability standards (Figure 10). The paper
and ASE areas. The last generation of the optimization demonstrate that integrating daylighting simulation
process reached the optimum solution which tools and genetic algorithm to drive parametric façade
eventually gives a better performance than the one typology contribute in reaching better daylighting
required by LEED v4. The optimum solution in shows performance. In the future, this study will be extended
the Kaleidocycle size became small to have Figure 10 to consider thermal loads in façade design.
more openings with large angle which allows for
better daylighting distribution. On other hand, the
daylighting performance of this solution can easily get
3 LEED points because sDA = 100% which is more
than the required 75%, and the ASE is equal to 5%
which is less two times than the required (10%).
Furthermore the daylight availability metric shows a
comparable performance, even with 6 bounces the

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Optimum Soultions
Daylight Autonomy LEED v4 Accepted
100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

DA
Annual Sunlight Exposure
100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

ASE
Daylight Availability
100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

Partially-Daylit Daylit Overlit

Figure 9: Shows DA, ASE and Daylight Availability performance through each generation of the optimization
Daylighting Performance

Partially – daylit = 0%
Rotation Angle = 64 Degree Daylight Autonomy = 100% ASE = 5%
Daylit = 95% Overlit = 5%
Opening Size = 30 cm

Figure

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