Sweet and Savoury

Biscuits
Context: Special Dietary Needs
 Functions of Ingredients in Biscuits
The main ingredients used in making sweet
biscuits are fat, sugar and flour.
Savoury biscuits will not have the sugar in them.

All ingredients need to be measured accurately.

Each ingredient has a specific function in the

recipe.

Additional ingredients e.g. flavourings, essences,

chocolate, coffee, spices, dried fruit and
vegetables, nuts, seeds, cheese etc may be
added.
 FLOUR
FUNCTION OF FLOUR IN BISCUITS
•Main bulk to the biscuits.
•The gluten in the flour forms the main structure by trapping
air and setting when heated.
PLAIN FLOUR
Soft plain flour with a lower gluten content produces a soft,
crumbly and even texture to the biscuits. The grains are
processed then treated with chlorine to make the flour
whiter.
SELF RAISING FLOUR
This flour contains raising agents that make biscuits spread
and rise so resulting in a lighter texture. You can substitute
plain flour and add baking powder.
WHOLEMEAL FLOUR

Also known as whole-wheat flour.

• This is milled from the entire wheat kernel and contains all
the nutrients and flavour of the wheat.
• It is courser than white flour giving a heavier result.
• It absorbs more liquid than white flour so recipes should
be adjusted if this type of flour is used.
• Brown flour (wheat-meal) contains only 80-90% of the
bran and wheat germ and has a finer texture and milder
taste.
 NON-WHEAT FLOUR
These can be used for biscuit making, although some
should be combined with wheat flour.
Potato flour:
This fine powder is made from potato starch and can
be mixed with wheat flour to give a lighter texture to
cookies.
Chestnut flour:
This light brown, nutty flavoured flour is made from ground
chestnuts and is often sold in Italian delicatessens.
Cornmeal:
This is also known as polenta or maize-meal. This is bright
yellow and coarse or medium ground.
Cornflour/cornstarch
This fine white powder is made from the middle of the
maize kernel. It is often used in piped cookie mixtures
to give a smooth texture. It is virtually gluten free.
Soya flour;
This flour is made from soya beans. It has a distinctive
nutty flavour. It has a high protein content. Medium-
and low-fat varieties are available.

Rice flour:
This is made by finely grinding polished white rice and is
used in many cookie recipes, to give a short, slightly
crumbly texture.

GLUTEN-FREE BAKING

Some people are allergic or intolerant to the protein gluten,

which is found in both wheat and rye. Specially produced
gluten-free and wheat-free flour mixtures can be used for
baking, as can any of the naturally gluten-free flours such
as cornmeal, potato flour, rice flour and soya flour.
 RAISING AGENTS

• Although biscuits are usually made with plain flour;

raising agents may be added to give them a lighter
texture.
• Raising agents make biscuits spread more, so
they will need to be spaced well apart for baking.
• Raising agents react when they come in contact with
water and produce carbon dioxide bubbles that make
the cookie rise during baking.
• Biscuit dough containing raising agents must therefore
be shaped and baked as soon as liquid is added.
• Store raising agents In a dry place and use within their
use- by date because they deteriorate with age,
becoming less effective.
Baking Powder
This is a mixture of alkaline bicarbonate of soda and
an acid such as Cream of Tartar

Bicarbonate of Soda
This can be added to a biscuit recipe that contains an
acidic ingredient.
 FAT - usually butter or margarine

FUNCTIONS OF FAT IN BISCUITS

•Gives biscuits their golden colour.
•Gives biscuits their rich flavour. Butter gives a richer
flavour
•Butter and soft margarine creams easily with the sugar.
•Entangles and holds air bubbles in the mixture as
creamed with sugar.
•Adds shortness to a biscuit dough in the rubbing in
method
•Gives a soft even texture with the creaming method.
•Helps keep food products moist and extend the biscuits
shelf life.
 BUTTER

•Unsalted (sweet) butter is best for making biscuits; it

has a sweet, slightly nutty taste and a firm texture,
which is particularly good for biscuits made using the
rubbing-in method.
•The temperature of butter is important. For rubbed-In
biscuits butter should be cold and firm but not too hard;
take it out of the refrigerator 5 minutes before using.
•To cream butter. it should be at room temperature.
This is very important if you are creaming by hand.
 OTHER FATS
Margarine:
This won't produce the same flavour as butter but it is
usually less expensive and can be used in the same
way. Block margarines are better for biscuit making,
although soft tub margarine may be used for
creaming.

White cooking fats:

These are made from blended vegetable oils or a
mixture of vegetable and animal or fish oils.
White fats are flavourless and create light, short-
textured cookies. They work well in highly flavoured
cookies, in which you wouldn't taste the butter.
Lard is an opaque white fat made from rendered pork
fat and features in some traditional biscuit recipes.
Oil:
This may sometimes be used instead of solid fat.
Sunflower and safflower oils are preferable as they are
light in colour with a mild taste. Olive oil has a distinctive
flavour but may be added to savoury biscuits like
crackers.
 EGGS
FUNCTIONS OF EGGS IN BISCUITS

• Eggs are used to enrich biscuit dough and bind dry

ingredients together.
• They are often included in a rolled dough because
they prevent the mixture from spreading too much
during baking.
• If a recipe does not specify the size of an egg, use a
medium one.
• When used in baking eggs should be at room
temperature; cold egg yolks may curdle and cold egg
whites will produce less volume when whisked.
• Add eggs to a creamed mixture a little at a time,
beating after each addition.
• Whisk egg whites In a very clean bowl and use
straight away.
BUYING AND STORING EGGS
• Always check the use-by date on eggs and never
buy cracked, damaged or dirty eggs.
• A fresh egg will have a round, plump yolk and a thick
white that clings closely to the yolk.
• Store eggs In the refrigerator pointed-end down.
• Do not store near strong-smelling foods or possible
contaminants such as raw meat; their shells are
porous and can absorb odours and bacteria.
 SUGAR
FUNCTIONS OF SUGAR IN BISCUITS:

•Sweetens flavour of biscuit mixture

•Caster sugar’s smaller granules dissolve quicker
•Helps brown the outside layer as it caramelises
•Increases bulk of mixture.
•When creamed with fat, sugar helps to hold air, acts as a
raising agent which is useful more in cake making than
biscuit making

There are many different types of Sugar all of which add

their own distinctive character to cookies.
REFINED SUGARS
This is produced from sugar cane and sugar beet. Refined
white sugar is 99% pure sucrose.
Granulated sugar:
This has large granules and can be used in rubbed-In
mixtures or to make a crunchier biscuit topping.

Caster sugar:
This is the most frequently used sugar for biscuit
making. It has a fine grain so Ideal for creaming with the
butter.
It is also used for melted mixtures, and sprinkling over
freshly baked cookies. 



Icing sugar:
The fine, powdery sugar is used to make smooth icings
and fillings and for dusting biscuits. It may also be added to
some piped mixtures

Soft brown sugar:

This is refined white sugar that has been tossed in

molasses or syrup to colour and flavour it. The darker the
colour the more intense the flavour. 
It makes moister
biscuits than white sugar. so one type should not be
substituted for the other.
UNREFINED SUGARS

Derived from raw sugar cane, these retain some

molasses. They often have a more intense flavour but
tend to be less sweet than refined sugars. 

Golden caster sugar and granulated sugar
These are pale gold and are used in the same way as
Demerara sugar
This rich golden sugar has a slight toffee flavour. The
grains are large so It is only used in biscuit dough if 
a
crunchy texture is required. It is good for sprinkling over
biscuits before they are baked.

Muscovado sugar 
This fine-textured, moist soft brown

sugar may has a treacle flavour
OTHER TYPES OF SWEENTENING FOR BISCUITS
There are many other ingredients that can be used as
sweeteners. 

Golden syrup:
Slightly less sweet than sugar. this produces moist, sticky
biscuits and is often used in no-bake recipes.
Maple syrup:
Thinner than golden syrup, this has a distinctive
flavour.
Honey:
Use blended honey in biscuit dough as the flavour of milder
honeys will be lost.
Malt extract:
This concentrated extract made from barley has a

distinctive flavour. It has a thick consistency and dark,
almost black colour. 

Molasses:
A by-product of sugar refining, molasses looks like malt
extract but has a slightly bitter taste.
LOW / NO CALORIE SWEETENERS

•Using products like SPLENDA® No Calorie

Sweetener instead of sugar is a good option
when calories need to be reduced e.g. in
slimming diets, or for people with diabetes
where sugar intake is very restricted.
•Sweeteners like this have the sweet taste,
without all of the calories and carbohydrates of
sugar.
•Sucralose, the sweetening ingredient in
sweeteners like this is not recognised by the
body or broken down for energy, so it has no
effect on insulin or blood glucose levels.
•People with diabetes can therefore use a
certain amount of this form of sweetener
without putting their health at risk.
 CHOCOLATE CHIP BISCUITS USING SWEETENER INSTEAD OF SUGAR
Serves: 12-14
Preparation Time: 15 mins
Cooking Time: 18 mins

Ingredients:
100g olive spread
6tbsp SPLENDA® (or similar granulated sweetener)
1 large egg
1 tsp vanilla extract
100g self raising flour
50g plain flour
25g oats
30g dark chocolate, chopped
5 tbsp skimmed milk
Method
1.Preheat the oven to 180°C
2.Line 2 large baking sheets with parchment paper.
3.Cream together the margarine and SPLENDA® until smooth.
4.Beat in the egg and vanilla.
5.Add the plain and self raising flour to the bowl along with the oats and press the mixture
together until it starts to clump. Tip in the chocolate and add the milk and mix everything well
to form a thick paste like batter.
6.Spoon heaped dessert spoonfuls on to the parchment then spread carefully to about 9cm
diameter.
7.Bake for 17 - 18 minutes until golden.
Methods of Making Biscuits
There are many different ways of making biscuit dough.
Depending on the type of biscuit, the method will vary, so it is
useful to know all the techniques.
These methods are the ways of combining and mixing
ingredients just like in cakes but the proportions and
ratio of ingredients are different
1. Melting Method
2. Rubbing in Method
3. Creaming Method.
4. Whisking Method
5. All-in-one Method
Biscuits need to be shaped. This is usually done before
baking by:
Using cutters, piping the mixture, putting spoonfuls on the
baking tray
THE CREAMING METHOD
• A wide variety of biscuits are made using the
creaming method. The fat and sugar are creamed
together, until they are well aerated and have a light,
fluffy texture.
• Eggs and dry ingredients are then added a little bit at
a time. The flour is folded in.
• The fat should be soft enough to beat easily, so
remove it from the refrigerator at least 30 minutes
before you start mixing.
• Unsalted (sweet) butter is the best choice, but if you
are ongoing to use margarine, use the firm block
type rather than softer margarine that is sold In tubs.
• The mixture can be rolled or dropped in spoonfuls
onto a baking tray.
• These biscuits have a longer shelf life due to the
ratio of fat
• The eggs should also be at room temperature or
they may curdle the creamed mixture when they are
added. It is not essential to use an electric mixer or
food processor for the creaming method - a wooden
spoon works well but it definitely makes the process
easier and quicker.

Top Tip:
Creamed mixtures have a tendency to curdle when the
eggs are added. To avoid this, add the eggs a little
at a time and beat well after each addition. If the
mixture does curdle, beat in I5ml / 1tbsp of the flour
before adding more egg.
Examples of biscuits made by the
CREAMING METHOD
 Biscuits using the
CREAMING METHOD.
Ingredients
100g butter
100g soft dark sugar
1 tbsp golden syrup
150g Self raising flour
I tube of smarties

27
Method
Pre-heat oven to 180°C
Beat butter and sugar together in a bowl until creamy.
Beat in the syrup.
Work in half the flour, stir in the Smarties, add remaining flour
and bring the dough together with your fingers. Divide into 14
balls.
Place well apart on a baking sheet, do not flatten them.
Bake for 12 minutes until pale golden on the edges. Cool on
a wire rack.
THE RUBBING-IN METHOD
• With this method the fat is rubbed into the flour.
• The fat has a shortening effect like in pastry. The
fat coats the flour particles and this prevents the
absorption of water, giving a waterproof coating.
• This prevents the gluten from developing which
can give mixture an elastic and stretchy texture.
If gluten cannot form, the mixture is shortened
giving a characteristic short, melt in the mouth
and crumbly texture
• Many traditional biscuits such as shortbread are
made with this method.
• The fat which can be butter, margarine, white
vegetable fat or lard, should be firm and cool but
not straight from the refrigerator.
• Beaten eggs, milk or water may be added to bind
the mixture.
Examples of biscuits made by the
RUBBING IN METHOD

Biscuits made by the rubbing

in mixture are usually rolled
and cut into shapes
MELTING METHOD

• This method involves the fat being melted

and then the dry ingredients added.
• Examples are gingerbread shapes / ginger
nuts, flapjacks, brandy snaps and florentines.
• These biscuits require the butter and sugar or
syrup to be melted together first to start the
caramelization process prior to baking.
• These biscuits have a longer shelf life and
the flavour develops during keeping.
• They are often thin crisp biscuits.
• These biscuits usually contain little flour
which helps spread on the baking sheet.
They need plenty of room on the baking tray.
Examples of biscuits made by the
MELTING METHOD
THE WHISKING METHOD

• This method usually begins with the eggs and

sugar being whisked together then the dry
ingredients being folded in. This usually results in
a delicate crispy wafer like biscuit.
• Airy cookies or crisp, delicate biscuits, such as
tuiles, fortune cookies, macaroons and langue de
chat are made by folding the dry ingredients into
a whisked mixture of eggs and sugar; or into a
meringue (whisked egg whites and sugar)
mixture.
Examples of biscuits made by the
MELTING METHOD
THE ALL-IN-ONE METHOD
• Some cookies are made by simply placing all the
ingredients in a bowl and beating them together.
• This easy method can be made even faster by
using a food processor, although chunky
Ingredients such as dried fruit and nuts may have
to be stirred In after mixing the biscuit dough.
• It is essential that the fat is soft enough to blend
easily.
DECORATING COOKIES BEFORE BAKING

Techniques for decorating unbaked cookies can range

from the most simple sprinkling of sugar or nuts 
to
brushing with a glossy glaze or painting intricate
designs with edible food colouring.

SUGAR
•A crunchy sugar topping is one of the easiest and most
effective ways to decorate unbaked cookies.
•It is also one of the most popular decorations for baked
biscuits. Many different sugars can be used.
•Caster sugar can be sprinkled straight over uncooked
biscuitsto give a subtle, crunchy texture.
•Coarse sugars such as demerara sugar give a
crunchier result.
NUTS
•Chopped and flaked nuts can be sprinkled over biscuits
in the same way as sugar. Nuts brown during baking, so
avoid using on biscuits that are baked at a high

temperature or on biscuits that are baked for a long time
as the nuts may overcook.
•A whole nut can be pressed into the top of each
individual biscuit.
•The nuts may be decorative, or they can be used to
indicate the type of cookie. For example, you might want
to press a whole hazelnut into a hazelnut biscuit, or an
almond into an almond flavoured biscuit.
GLAZES

• Brushing a glaze over biscuits can provide a sticky

surface that nuts or sugar can stick to, or simply to
give an attractive finish.
• To give biscuits a rich, glossy finish, use a whole
beaten egg or yolk. Brush the glaze lightly and
evenly on the top.
• The glaze can be diluted by adding I tbsp cold
water or milk and adding a pinch of caster sugar
for sweet biscuits; salt for savoury ones.
• Lightly beaten egg white produces a clear, shiny
finish. Brush over the biscuits halfway through the
baking time, so that it soaks into the cookies
slightly and does not set to a crackled glaze. It
looks effective sprinkled with a little sugar.
CANDY CENTRES
This technique is very simple to do and is very effective.
Cut out the centre of each cookie and fill it with crushed
boiled sweets. The sweets will melt during baking, then
harden when cooled to make a colourful centre.

SIMPLE WAYS TO DECORATE COOKIES BEFORE BAKING

• Chopped fudge, toffee and chocolate chunks and
chips add a decorative finish to biscuits.
• Candy coated chocolate buttons like smarties retain
their bright colours when baked in cookies and are
especially popular with young children. Mix into the
dough or gently press them into the surface of the
cookies.
• Halved or sliced glace cherries and candied fruit are
effective and colourful decorations.
DECORATIONS FOR BAKED BISCUITS
As with unbaked biscuits, you can make biscuits
more interesting with simple decorating techniques.
Decorating biscuits with sugar
Different types of sugar can be used to give a
range of effects on various baked biscuits.
Icing sugar
• A light dusting of icing sugar gives plain biscuits
a professional finish and is a useful way of
disguising any imperfections.
• Use a fine sieve or sugar dredger to give an
even coating. Stencils can also be used.
Caster sugar
• Simply sprinkling freshly baked biscuits with a
little caster sugar is perhaps one of the quickest
and easiest decorations to use.
• Sprinkle sugar over the cookies while they are
still warm so that the sugar sticks to them.
Coarse-grained sugars 
Granulated and demerara
sugar look pretty sprinkled over biscuits but, because
the grains are so large, they will not stick to the
biscuits on their own. The easiest 
way to overcome
this problem is to use a glaze such as beaten egg
white to stick the sugar to the biscuits then return the
biscuits to the oven for 2-3 minutes.
FOOD-COLOURING PENS
• These pens look like felt-tipped pens but they are
filled with edible food colouring. They come in a
range of colours from primary to pastels and
some are flavoured.
• They can be used directly on to biscuits or on to
icing. They are most effective used on rolled and
cut cookies that have been baked only until light
golden rather than well browned; Icing must be
dry and firm.
• Use the decorating pens in the same way as an
ordinary pen. Draw designs, write messages, or
use to colour in shapes.
DECORATING BISCUITS WITH ICING
Biscuits can look attractive when decorated with
coloured icing.
There are many different types of icing that can be used
to decorate biscuits 
Glace icing give a smooth, glossy
finish and can be used to create simple finishing touches
to the biscuits, while royal icing can be swirled to give a
textured pattern or piped into delicate and intricate
designs. 

Glace Icing
This is the simplest type of icing to make and use. It is
perfect for the tops of biscuits, or for drizzling and piping
simple designs.
Feathered glace icing
Spoon a little icing over a cookie to cover it completely,
then pipe several thin, straight parallel lines of icing in a
contrasting colour across the top of the biscuit. Starting at
the middle of the cookie, draw a wooden cocktail stick
or fine skewer through the lines in the opposite direction,
gently dragging the colour through the icing and creating a
feathered effect on the biscuit.

Cobweb icing
Cover a biscuit in icing, then pipe on fine, concentric
circles of icing in a contrasting colour. starting from the
centre and working outwards.
Draw a cocktail stick from the centre of the cookie to
the outside edge, dividing the biscuit into quarters, then
repeat to divide it into eighths.
ROYAL ICING
This icing sets hard to give a good finish so is perfect for
piping designs and messages on cookies such as
gingerbread. It can be coloured with a few drops of food
colouring but is better left unflavoured.
To cover 30 biscuits:
I egg white, at room temperature
225g sieved icing sugar

Method
Beat the egg white for a few seconds with a fork. Mix in
the icing sugar a little at a time until the mixture stands
in soft peaks and is thick enough to spread. If the icing
is for piping, beat in a little more icing sugar until the
icing will stand In stiff peaks. Spread or pipe the icing
over the biscuits. Leave to set
DECORATING BISCUITS WITH CHOCOLATE
The taste, texture and versatility of chocolate makes it
one of the most popular ingredients for decorating
biscuits. It can be used to coat biscuits, pipe or drizzle
patterns, or even write short messages,

MELTING CHOCOLATE
For most decorating techniques, chocolate needs to be
melted. Take care doing this as overheating will spoil
both the texture and flavour of the chocolate.
When melting chocolate, choose a variety with a high
proportion of cocoa butter as this will melt much more
easily and smoothly.
USING MELTED CHOCOLATE
•When you are decorating biscuits with melted chocolate,
handle the chocolate as little as possible and use a
palette knife or metal spatula to lift and move the
decorated biscuits around; the warmth of your fingers will
leave prints on the chocolate and make the surface dull.
•Always leave chocolate-coated biscuits to set at room
temperature and do not store in the refrigerator unless it
is exceptionally warm. Chilling will cause the chocolate to
lose its glossy appearance.
 BISCUIT FILLINGS
From smooth custard creams to sticky jam sweethearts, two
biscuits sandwiched together are better than one. The key to a
good cookie filling is to make the mixture soft enough to
spread or pipe but not too moist because this can make the
biscuits soft and crumbly.
BUTTERCREAM
This simple cookie filling is very easy to make. Once filled,
the biscuits should be eaten within 3 days.
• To make enough filling for about 12 pairs of average-size
cookies, put 5Og softened unsalted butter in a bowl and
beat with a wooden spoon until very soft, smooth and
creamy.
• Gradually stir in 90g of icing sugar and 1 tsp of vanilla
essence. Beat the Ingredients well an electric mixer until
they are very light and smooth.
Other filling suggestions include:
Flavoured buttercreams, chocolate ganache ,crème au
beurre, jam, chocolate and whipped thick cream.
 Savoury Biscuits
Savoury biscuits can be decorated with ingredients such as:

• Grated cheese.
• Poppy seeds
• Pumpkin seeds
• Sesame seeds
• Glazed with beaten egg
• Grains
• Vegetable slices etc
 WHAT WENT WRONG AND WHY
Sometimes biscuits don't turn out quite as you had hoped. If you have a problem when
baking, try to work out why so that you can either remedy it at the time, or at least avoid it
next time you bake biscuits.

Problem Cause Remedy

The dough is very Too much liquid or fat or too Always measure ingredients carefully Chill the
soft and won’t little flour or the dough has dough for 30 minutes before baking. If it is
hold its shape become too warm. still too soft, work in a little extra flour:

The dough is dry Not enough liquid or fat or Always measure ingredients carefully . Chill
and crumbly and too much flour, or the dough the dough for 30 minutes before baking. If it is
won’t hold may not have been kneaded still too soft, work in a little extra flour:
together. sufficiently.

The biscuits are The cookies are either of Make sure that all the biscuits on a baking
not evenly uneven sizes on the baking tray are an even size. Leave at least a 2. 5cm
cooked. sheet: or some cookies were gap around the edge of the baking sheet and
placed too near the edge of turn the trays around half way through baking,
the sheet.
The biscuits Cookies that have a very high Leave fragile cookies to cool on the baking
crumble when butter content are often more sheet for at least 3 minutes before transferring
removed from the fragile than less rich ones. to a wire rack.
baking tray.
 Problem Cause Remedy
The biscuits stick The baking sheet was not Use melted, unsalted (sweet) butter or oil for
to the baking tray greased or greased unevenly. greasing or line the sheet with baking
Alternatively, it may have been parchment.
greased with salted butter.

The biscuits are The oven was too hot or the If you have concerns about the
dry and too crisp biscuits were baked too long temperature of your oven, use an oven
on top thermometer; Check biscuits a few
minutes before end of cooking time

The biscuit has The biscuits were not chilled Most biscuits benefit from chilling
spread out too before baking or the baking before baking. Grease baking sheets
much on the sheet was over-greased when only lightly. Always use cold baking trays.
baking tray the biscuits were added. Measure all ingredients with care.
Too much fat has been used.
Too much sugar or liquid has
been used. Oven too cool.
The biscuits are There are a number of Check the oven temperature and
burnt on the base possible causes: baking too bake biscuits on the middle shelf.
but not cooked on low down in the oven, or at Avoid thin or very dark baking sheets.
the top too low a temperature; the Butter burns at a lower temperature.
baking trays may be poor so use oil for cookies baked at high
quality or you may have used temperatures or for a long time.
salted butter for greasing.