FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

BFC32501

SECTION 3

GROUP 7

PROPOSAL
NO. NAME MATRIC NO.

1. KOO ER JIE AF160214

2. LOW YONG HUAT AF160207

3. MUHAMAD IZZUL HAKIM MOHD YUSUF CF 170129

4. MUHAMMAD DANIAL BIN ABDUL MUNIR CF 170208

5. NURFADHILAH BT MD SHAH AF 160136

6. NUR AZMINA SHAHRIZAN AF160049

LECTURER’S NAME: DR. NURSHAYLINDA BINTI MOHD ZIN

DATE :04/04/2019
 PROPOSAL LAB ENVIRONMENT GROUP 7

(WATER QUALITY INDEX LAKE NEAR G3 LAKE)

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVE
• To determine the water quality index of the water sample based on national
water quality standards for Malaysia.
• To identify whether the water sample area is suitable for recreation activity or
not.
• To determine the quality of water are suitable for living things such as flora and
fauna.

1.2 SAMPLE LOCATION

• The sample will be taken from the lake in front of G3. It is located near to
the Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering building. The pond is mostly
covered by plant. The lake is located far from drainage system. It also shown
that the water is not flowing well.

Lake in front of G3
1.3 SELECTION PARAMETER

Water quality parameters are used as a vital information to figure out if the
quality of water are good enough to be used in daily life whether for living things or
non-living things. In Malaysia, we are referred Water Quality Index (WQI). This
parameter include are physical, biological and chemical parameters. Physical
parameters are determined by sense which is taste, sight, smell and physical touch with
the water. For the physical properties, the colour will be considered. Physical properties
such Total Solid (TS), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and Dissolved Solid (DS) are
observed. For chemical, the parameters are determined by Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and
pH and nitrates, nitrates and ammonia. As for this proposal, the selected parameters that
will be used are pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), suspended solid (SS), biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen. All those
tests will be referred to National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia.
2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Field Sampling

Procedure:
1. Make sure to wear the gloves for safety purpose.
2. Rinse the bottle three times using the water from the sedimentation pond PPH and make
sure the gloves did not fully submerged when sampling the water.
3. Fill the water from sedimentation pond PPH into the bottles until full and ensure there
is no bubbles in the samples.
4. Label the samples using masking tape and marker pen correctly.
5. Record sufficient information such as date, weather and location.

2.2 On Site Measurement

On site was done to obtain immediate result on the sediment at the lake. Furthermore,
the tool or apparatus to conduct the on-site experiment is portable and easy to conduct
and does not need to bring the sample to the lab. Field analysis is necessary for
temperature, turbidity and pH. Dissolved oxygen may be determined in the field or the
sample may be treated in the field and the remainder of the analysis completed in a
laboratory.

2.2.1 PH (Electrode Method)

Procedure:

1. Allow the temperature of the sample to equilibrate to room temperature.

2. Pour an aliquot of the sample into the disposable cap or beaker. The depth of the
samples should be deep enough to cover the junction spot on the electrode when the
electrode emerged in the sample.
3. Place the electrode into the sample and stir gently by using a magnetic stirrer and
stirring bar or by hand-swirling.
4. Read the PH and record.
5. Rinse the electrode with DI water, and blot dry with a kimwipes to remove excess water.
6. After the samples are measured, remove the electrode and rinse and blot dry to dry as
in step 5.
7. Store the electrode in the electrode storage solution until next use. Electrode storage
solution is a commercially available “pH electrode storage solution” or maybe a pH
7.00 buffer solution.
2.2.2 Dissolved Oxygen

Introduction
Dissolved oxygen concentrations are constantly affected by diffusion and aeration,
photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most
important indicators of water quality. Oxygen is also introduced into the water as a by product
of aquatic plant photosynthesis. When dissolved oxygen becomes too low, fish and other
aquatic organisms cannot survive. The DO test tells how much oxygen is dissolved in the water.

Objective
To determine the amount of dissolve oxygen in water samples at G3 pond in UTHM.

Apparatus and materials

1. DO probe meter
2. Distilled water
3. Beakers (250ml)
4. Water sample

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

1. Switch on the DO probe meter.

2. Rinse the probe with distilled water.
3. Pour 100 ml water sample in a beaker.
4. Soak the DO probe in the beaker for first water sample and wait until the meter shows
the reading.
5. Record the meter reading.
6. Rinse the DO probe with distilled water.
7. Soak the DO probe in the second beaker containing 100ml water sample and record the
reading.
8. Measure 150ml of water sample taken and pour into beakers.
9. Soak the DO probe in the beaker for first water sample and wait until the meter shows
the reading.
10. Record the meter reading.
11. Rinse the DO probe with distilled water and soak in the second beaker containing 100ml
sample.
12. Record the reading taken.
 13. Table 5: Sampling Sheet

Site :
Station :
Date: Time:

Weather Condition:

_________________________________________________________________________

Samples collected: Standard chemistry Yes/No Sample no.

Microbiology Yes/No Sample no.

Sampling depth:

Problems encountered/adaptations made during sampling:

Sample preservation and storage:

Sample transport:

_________________________________________________________________________

Analysis undertaken on site:

No. Parameter Equipment Sample/blank Reading value Unit

Notes on on-site analyses:

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Collecter : Name Signature Date

Samples received by : Name Signature Date
Data received by : Name Signature Date
2.3 Labroratory Procedure

2.3.1 Suspended Solid

OBJECTIVE

To determine the total solid and total suspended solid in water samples at G3 pond in UTHM.

INTRODUCTION

Total suspended solids (TSS) are all particles in water that will not pass through a
glass fiber filter with a pore size less than 2 μm, including sediments, algae, nutrients, and
metals. TSS is an important water quality parameter because of its adverse effects on aquatic
species and wildlife (Jessica A. Branigan, 2013). All matter except the water contained in liquid
materials is classified as solid matters. The solid content of water is one of the most
significant parameters. It is used in the design of water treatment plant. Total suspended
solids is a major factor for pollutants in accumulated sewer systems in wet weather conditions
(Joanis et al. 2016). Solids suspended in water may consist of inorganic and organic particles
or of immiscibleliquids. A suspended solid are objectionable in water as it is aesthetically
displeasing andprovides sites chemical and biological agents. Most suspended solids can be
removed fromwater by filtration. Portion of the total solids retained on the filter with a
specified pore size(1.58µm), measured after being dried at 105 ºC.

LIST OF APPARATUS

1. Evaporating dish
2. Oven
3. Dessicator
4. 5 cm diameter of porcelain crucible,
5. 100ml measuring cylinder
6. 10ml pipette
7. Steam bath which was preheated at 100°C
8. Buchner flask and funnel
9. 12.5 cm glass fiber filter disk
10. Analytical balance
PROCEDURE

1) The filter disk was dried in the oven at 103 degree to 105 degree for 1 hour. It
wascooled in a dessicators and weighed.

2) The filter disk was dried, 10 mL of water sample was pipetted onto centre of disk
ina Buchner flask by using gentle suction.

3) The disk was carefully washed with 10 mL distilled water. The disk was dried at
103-105 degree for 1 hour.

DATA

Mass of empty filter paper

Mass of filter paper + total suspended solid

Mass of total solid

Volume of sample

2.3.2 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)

APPARATUS

1. Test Tube Rack

2. Culture Tube and Cap

3. Reflux Apparatus

4. Magnetic Stirrer

5. Burette

REAGENTS

1. Standard Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) digestion solution, 0.01667M

Add to about 500 mL distilled water 4.903 g K2Cr2O7, primary standard grade, previously
dried at 150°C for 2 h, 167 mL conc. H2SO4, and 33.3 g HgSO4. Dissolve, cool to room
temperature, and dilute to 1000 mL.

2. Sulfuric acid reagent

Add H2SO4 at the rate of 5.5 g Ag2SO4/kg H2SO4 or 10.12 g silver sulphate/L H2SO4. Let
stand 1 to 2 d to dissolve and mix. This accelerates the oxidation of straightchain aliphatic
and aromatic compounds. (1 Kg = 543.47826 mL of H2 SO4 and take 20.24 g of Ag2SO4 to
2 L of H2 SO4 or 22.264 g of Ag2SO4 to 2.2 L of H2 SO4)

3. Ferroin Indicator solution:

This indicator is used to indicate change in oxidation-reduction potential of the solution and
indicates the condition when all dichromate has been reduced by ferrous ion. It gives a very
sharp brown color change which can be seen in spite of blue color generated by the Cr3+ ions
formed on reduction of the dichromate.

4. Standard ferrous ammonium sulfate titrant (FAS), approximately 0.10M:

Dissolve 39.2 g Fe (NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O in distilled water. Add 20 mL conc. H2SO4, cool,

and dilute to 1000 mL. Standardize solution daily against standard K2Cr2O7 digestion
solution as follows: Pipet 5.00 mL digestion solution into a small beaker. Add 10 mL reagent
water to substitute for sample. Cool to room temperature. Add 1 to 2 drops diluted Ferroin
indicator and titrate with FAS titrant.

Molarity of FAS solution = [VK2Cr2O7 ×0.1] / (VFAS)

Where VK2Cr2O7 = volume of K2Cr2O7 (mL)

VFAS = volume of FAS (mL)

PROCEDURE

1. Wash culture tubes and caps with 20% H2SO4 before using to prevent contamination.
2. Place sample (2.5 mL) in culture tube and Add K2Cr2O7 digestion solution (1.5 mL).
3. Carefully run sulphuric acid reagent (3.5 mL) down inside of vessel so an acid layer is
formed under the sample-digestion solution layer and tightly cap tubes or seal ampules and
invert each several times to mix completely.
4. Place tubes in block digester preheated to 150°C and reflux for 2 h behind a protective
shield.
5. Cool to room temperature and place vessels in test tube rack. Some mercuric sulfate may
precipitate out but this will not affect the analysis.
6. Add 1 to 2 drops of Ferroin indicator and stir rapidly on magnetic stirrer while titrating
with standardized 0.10 M FAS.
7. The end point is a sharp colour change from blue-green to reddish brown, although the
blue green may reappear within minutes.
8. In the same manner reflux and titrate a blank containing the reagents and a volume of
distilled water equal to that of the sample.
9. calculate COD which is given by
(𝐴−𝐵) × 𝑀 ×8000
COD (mg O2 /L) =
𝑉 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
Where: A = volume of FAS used for blank (mL)
B = volume of FAS used for sample (mL)
M = molarity of FAS 8000 = milli equivalent weight of oxygen (8) ×1000 mL/L.

2.3.3 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5210 B. 5-Day BOD Test

OBJECTIVE:

i) The objectives of this studies are to assess the quality of surface waters. Besides, to
determine the amount of dissolved oxygen in waste water sample at G3 pond in
UTHM.

ii) The studies are to establish the concentration of organic matter in waste water sample at
G3 pond in UTHM. Lastly, to understand the characteristicsof DO contained in water.

iii) Student able to describe the importance of BOD in the environmental studies and
able to measure the BOD of samples with the right sample size.

INTRODUCTION:

Most relatively unpolluted streams have a BOD5 that ranges from 1 to 8 mg/L (milligrams per
liter) (Nemerow, 1974). If the BOD5 value of a sample is less than 7 mg/L, sample dilution is
not needed. A BOD5 value greater than 7 mg/L requires sample dilution. Dilution is necessary
when the amount of DO consumed by microorganisms is greater than the amount of DO
available in the air-saturated BOD5 sample (American Public Health Association and others,
1995). The BOD5 analyst is responsible for determining the dilutions that will be needed.
APPARATUS:

1. BOD meter with probe for measurement of dissolved oxygen in 300 mL BOD
bottles
2. 300 mL BOD bottles
3. Incubator, capable of maintaining 20 +/- 1°C
4. 250 mL graduated cylinders
5. 100 mL graduated cylinders
6. 25 mL measuring pipettes (wide-mouth)
7. 10 mL measuring pipettes (wide-mouth)
8. 100 mL beaker
9. 1000 mL beaker
10. 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask
11. Burette graduated to 0.1 mL
12. Dilution water bottle of suitable volume for the number of tests to be performed
13. Pipette bulb
14. Equipment for pH measurements
15. Magnetic stirrer and stirring bars

PROCEDURE:
1) Determine the amount of sample to be analysed; if available, use the historical results of
a previous test of BOD5 for a particular sampling site.
2) Place a clean, calibrated thermometer into the constant temperature chamber.
3) Turn on the constant temperature chamber to allow the controlled temperature to
stabilize at 20°C ±1°C.
4) Turn on the DO instrument, but not the stirring attachment. Some DO instruments need
to be turned on 30 to 60 minutes before calibration—check the manufacturer’s
instruction manual.
5) Aerate dilution water before adding nutrient solutions.
6) After aeration:
a) Add to dilution water.
i) 1 mL each of the potassium phosphate, magnesium
sulfate, calcium chloride, and ferric chloride solutions
per 1 L of dilution water.
 ii) Hach Company nutrient buffer pillows to selected
volume of dilution water per the manufacturer’s
recommendation.
b) Shake the container of dilution water for about 1-minute
dissolve the slurry and to saturate the water with oxygen.
c) Place the dilution water in the constant temperature chamber to
maintain a temperature of 20°C until sample dilutions and
analyses begin.
d) The initial and final (after 5 days ± 4 hours) DO tests of the
dilution water is determined and recorded simultaneously with
each batch of environmental samples.
7) Check the temperature of the air incubator or water bath using a laboratory thermometer
to ensure that the temperature has been maintained at 20° ± 1°C. A minimum/maximum
recording thermometer can be used to audit the temperature during times when checks
cannot be made.
8) Place the sample container in the constant-temperature chamber or water bath to begin
warming the sample to 20°C ± 1°C. While the sample is warming, insert the air
diffusion stone into the container and aerate the sample for about 15 minutes. After
removing the air diffusion stone, allow several minutes for excess air bubbles to
dissipate. The initial DO of the BOD sample needs to be at or slightly below saturation.

9) Prepare dilutions as required—Measure the appropriate amounts of sample necessary

for the analysis. BOD5 dilutions should result in a DO residual of at least 1 mg/L and
a DO depletion of at least 2 mg/L after a 5-day incubation to produce the most reliable
results. Prepare the dilutions to obtain a DO uptake in this range using the dilution water
prepared earlier.
a) For each subsample, mix thoroughly by inverting 20 times.
i) Use a large-bore pipet for sample volume less than 50 mL.
ii) Use a graduated cylinder for sample volumes greater than or
equal to 50 mL.
b) Dilute two additional samples to bracket the appropriate dilution
by a factor of two to three. Prepare at least three samples diluted
according to volumes.
 c) Pour the sample from the pipet or graduated cylinder into a clean
BOD bottle.
i) Agitate the dilution water and fill the remaining portion of the
BOD bottle with dilution water.
ii) Prepare three samples containing only dilution water. These
samples serve as blanks for quality control. If two of the three
samples meet the blank-water criterion, accept the data.
10) Calibrate the DO instrument in accordance with the procedures.
11) After bringing the samples to saturation and preparing the dilutions (steps 8 and 9
above), measure the initial DO concentration (D1) of each sample and each dilution
blank.
a) Carefully insert the self-stirring sensor into the BOD bottle, avoid
air entrapment.
b) Turn on the stirrer and allow 1 to 2 minutes for the DO and
temperature readings to stabilize.
12) Record the bottle number, date, time, and D1.
13) Turn off the stirrer and remove the sensor from the BOD bottle. Rinse the sensor and
stirrer with deionized water from a wash bottle. Discard rinse water into a waste
container.
14) Add glass beads to the BOD bottle, if necessary, to displace the sample up to the neck
of the bottle so that inserting a glass stopper will displace all air, leaving no bubbles.
15) Carefully cap the BOD bottle with the ground-glass stopper. Tip the bottle to one side
and check for an air bubble.
a) If an air bubble is present, add glass beads to the bottle until the
bubble is removed. Cap the bottle and check again for an air bubble.
Repeat if necessary.
b) If no bubble is present in the sample, create a water seal by adding
distilled or deionized water to the top of the BOD bottle around the
glass stopper.
c) Then place the over cap over the stopper on the BOD bottle to
minimize evaporation from the water seal.
16) Place the sealed BOD sample in the air incubator or water bath and incubate the sample
at 20°C ± 1°C for 5 days.
 17) At the end of 5 days ± 4 hours, remove the BOD bottles from the incubator, remove
the over cap, pour off the water seal, remove the ground-glass stopper, and measure the
final DO concentration (D2).
a) The DO uptake (DO0 days -DO5 days) in the dilution water should
not be greater than 0.2 mg/L and preferably not more than 0.1 mg/L.
Exceeding the 0.2-mg/L criterion could be grounds for rejecting
results of the BOD analysis of the environmental sample.
b) Dilution water of poor quality will cause an oxygen demand and
appear as sample BOD. Improve purification or get the dilution
water from another source if DO uptake exceeds 0.2 mg/L.
18) Record the date, time, and D2 for each respective sample bottle.

c) Data:
Table 8: Data observation for BOD

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)

Analyst:
Date:

Time:

Sample Details:

Source:

pH 0C

Pre-treatment:

Alkalinity/Acidity Comments:

Sample Volume: 200 mL

I N NaoH : __________mL
I N N2SO4:__________mL
 Volume DO
Sample Sampl Dilution Initial DO Final DO BOD
Sample Depletion
Type e ID Factor (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
(mL) (mg/L)

Blank
BOD---

Blank
BOD---

Blank
BOD---

Average BOD
(show the calculation)
Cancelled Data/ Result:

BOD__ =

BOD__ =

BOD__ =

2.3.4 Ammonia Nitrogen (Nessler Method, Method 8038)

OBJECTIVE

The main goal of this experiment is to determine ammonia-nitrogen as well as nitrate-

nitrogen in the sample water G3 pond in UTHM

INTRODUCTION

The waste water is created when the water is spent or used with dissolved or suspended solids
also discharged from communities, homes, industrial, homes, commercial establishments, and
farms. According to Sincero et all in their writing, waste water are divided into two categories
which are sanitary and non-sanitary waste water or called also as sanitary sewage. The sanitary
waste waters are waste waters that have been contaminated with human wastes
LIST OF APPARATUS

1 spectrophotometers.

2 sample cells (25 mL) with appropriate stoppers

3 Graduated cylinder (25 mL)

4 Pipette (1.0mL)

PROCEDURE

1 25 mL mixing graduated cylinder was filled to the 25 mL mark with standard

2 Another 25 mL of graduated cylinder was filled with deionised water

3 Three drops of mineral stabilizer were added to each cylinder .Each

cylinder wasinverted for a several times

4 Three drops of polyvinyl alcohol dispersing agent were added to each cylinder.

5 1.0 mL of Nessler reagent was pippeted into each cylinder

6 The soft key under start timer was pressed. A 1-minute reaction period begun.

7 Each solution was poured into 10 mL sample cell

8 The blank was placed into the cell holder when the time beeps

9 The soft key under zero was pressed and the display will show 0.000 mg/I N NH3

10 The prepared sample was placed into cell holder. Result in mg/I ammonia expressed
as nitrogen was displayed.

DATA

Solution Reading (mg/L)

Blank

Standard

Sample A

Sample B (Duplicate)

Reading of sample
NH3-N(mg/L) = NH3-N(value from spectrophotometer)

Solution NH-N value from NH3-N (mg/L)

spectrophotometer
Blank

Standard

Sample A

Sample B (Duplicate)

Spectrophotometer reading

Parameters Reading

Dissolved Oxygen (%)

Dissolved Oxygen (%)

Temperature

Salinity

pH

Total Dissolved Solid (TDS %)

ORP

YSI’s reading meter

CONCLUSION

The ammonia nitrate in waste water in different form, depends in the source which
come from.Beside,Toxicity increases as pH decreases and as temperature decreases