ENGR/ME200

Thermodynamics I

Chapter 3
Evaluating Properties and Energy Balance- Part 3b
9/18/2018

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 Content

• Examine the moving boundary work commonly encountered in reciprocating devices such as
automotive engines and compressors.
• Identify the first law of thermodynamics as simply a statement of the conservation of
energy principle for closed (fixed mass) systems.
• Develop the general energy balance applied to closed systems.
• Define the specific heat at constant volume and the specific heat at constant pressure.
• Relate the specific heats to the calculation of the changes in internal energy and enthalpy of
ideal gases.
• Describe incompressible substances and determine the changes in their internal energy and
enthalpy.
• Solve energy balance problems for closed (fixed mass) systems that involve heat and work
interactions for general pure substances, ideal gases, and incompressible substances.
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 RECALL Moving Boundary Work
Moving boundary work (P dV work): The expansion and compression work in a piston-cylinder device.

Wb is positive  for expansion

Wb is negative  for compression

F = PA
Wb = Fds = PA ds
differential work is
Wb = P dV
Total work from 1 to2

(kJ)

A gas does a differential amount of We analyze the moving boundary The work associated with a moving
work Wb as it forces the piston to work for a quasi‐equilibrium process. boundary is called boundary work.
move by a differential amount ds.
Quasi-equilibrium process: A process during which the system remains nearly in equilibrium at all times. 3
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 RECALL Moving Boundary Work

The work done

by the gas

The boundary work done during a

process depends on the path
followed as well as the end states.

The area under the process curve on a P-V

diagram represents the boundary work. 4
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RECALL Net work done during a cycle

Net work done during a cycle.

Work net

The net work done during a cycle is the

difference between the work done by the
system and the work done on the system.
In a cycle,
• the net change for any properties (point functions or exact differentials) is zero.
• However, the net work and heat transfer depend on the cycle path.

ΔU = ΔP = ΔT = Δ(any property) = 0 for a cycle

work is not a property of the system!!! 5
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 RECALL Polytropic Process
During expansion and compression processes of real gases, pressure and volume are often related by PVn=C,
The moving work for a Polytropic process Special case n = 1, PV=C Special case n = 0
can be found: isothermal process (for ideal gas only) Constant pressure process
For non ideal gas substances pv=c is not an isothermal process
Isobaric process

where n and C are constants.

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Example 1

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Example 2

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Example 3

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 Energy balance for a constant-pressure process (expansion or compression)
General analysis for a closed system undergoing a quasi-equilibrium
constant-pressure process. Q is to the system and W is from the system. An example of constant-pressure process

For a constant-pressure expansion or compression process:

U  Wb  H
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Example 4

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 Example 4: Cont.

Show that for constant pressure process

Wb+U = H

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 Example 4: Cont.

We is negative since it work done on the system

Qout is also negative since it is leaving the system (heat loss).

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 Specific Heats
The specific heat is defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance
by one degree. There are two kinds of specific heats:
 Specific heat at constant volume, cv: The energy required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a
substance by one degree as the volume is maintained constant.
 Specific heat at constant pressure, cp: The energy required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a
substance by one degree as the pressure is maintained constant.

Specific heat is the energy required to raise the

temperature of a unit mass of a substance by Constant-volume and constant-pressure specific
one degree in a specified way. heats cv and cp (values are for helium gas). 14
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 Specific Heats
True or False? The specific heat at constant pressure Cp is always higher than Cv because at a constant pressure
the system is allowed to expand and energy for this expansion must also be supplied to the system.
cp is always greater than cv.
For a stationary closed system

Constant‐volume Process (wb = 0). Constant Pressure Process

Applying the first law From the first law:

Q  Wb  U U  Wb  H
Expression for the specific heat Cv at constant volume: Expression for the specific heat at constant pressure Cp

The specific heat of a substance

changes with temperature.

Cv is related to the changes in internal energy u Cp is related to the changes in enthalpy h.

Cv : Is the change in specific internal energy per unit Cp : Is the change in specific enthalpy per unit change in
change in temperature at constant volume. temperature at constant pressure

• Specific heats (both Cv and Cp) are properties and therefore independent of the type of processes.
• The equations above are valid for any substance undergoing any process. 15
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Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
Joule showed using this experimental apparatus that u=u(T)

Internal energy and enthalpy change of an ideal gas

For ideal gases, u, h, cv, and cp vary with temperature only.

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 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
• The specific heats of real gases at low • u and h data for a number of gases have been
pressures are called ideal-gas specific heats, tabulated.
or zero-pressure specific heats, and are
• These tables are obtained by choosing an arbitrary
often denoted cp0 and cv0.
reference point and performing the integrations by
treating state 1 as the reference state.

In the preparation of ideal-gas tables, 0 K is

chosen as the reference temperature.
Ideal-gas constant-pressure specific heats for some gases
(see Table A–2c for cp equations). 17
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 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
Internal energy and enthalpy change when the specific heat is taken constant at an
average value
The relation  u = cv T is valid for any kind of process, constant-volume or not.

(kJ/kg)

(kJ/kg)

For small temperature intervals, the

specific heats may be assumed to vary
linearly with temperature.
 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases

Three methods of calculating u and h

1. By using the tabulated u and h data. This is the easiest and
most accurate way when tables are readily available.
2. By using the cv or cp relations (Table A-21) as a function of
temperature and performing the integrations. This is very
inconvenient for hand calculations but quite desirable for
computerized calculations. The results obtained are very
accurate.
3. By using average specific heats. This is very simple and
certainly very convenient when property tables are not
available. The results obtained are reasonably accurate if
the temperature interval is not very large.
Three ways of calculating u.

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 Specific Heats of Ideal Gas
Specific heat ratio
• The specific ratio varies with temperature, but this variation is very mild.
• For monatomic gases (helium, argon, etc.), its value is essentially constant at 1.667.
• Many diatomic gases, including air, have a specific heat ratio of about 1.4 at room
temperature. For adiabatic process, the polytropic index ‘n’ (in pvn=c) is equal to k, the
specific heat ratio.

dh = cpdT and du = cvdT

The relationship between cp, cv and R

On a molar basis
The cp of an ideal gas can be determined from a
knowledge of cv and R. 20
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 Example 5

(Table A-22)
(Table A-20)

(Table A-22)

(Table A-20)
 Example 6

A-20
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Example 7

Since P1V1=mRT1
P3V3=mRT3

A-22)

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 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Solids and Liquids
Incompressible substance: A substance whose specific volume (or density) is constant. Solids and liquids are
incompressible substances.
The constant volume assumption means that the volume work (boundary work) is negligible compared with other
forms of energy. As a result, it can be shown that the constant‐volume and constant‐pressure specific heats are
identical for incompressible substances:
Cp = Cv = C

The cv and cp values of

incompressible substances are
The specific volumes of
identical and are denoted by c.
incompressible substances remain
constant during a process.
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 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Solids and Liquids
Specific heats of incompressible substances are only a function of temperature, C = C(T)
Internal Energy Changes Enthalpy Changes
The change of internal energy between state 1 and 2 can be The enthalpy change of incompressible substance can be
obtained by integration: determined from the definition of enthalpy (h = u + Pv)
h2 – h1 = (u2 – u1) + v(P2 – P1)
Δh = Δu + vΔP (kJ/kg)
For Solids, the term vΔP is often small and can be neglected, so
For small temperature intervals, a C at averaged temperature
can be used and treated as a constant, yielding: Δh = Δu =Cave ΔT
For liquids two special cases are commonly encountered:
1. Constant pressure processes (as in heaters)
(ΔP =0); Δh = Δu =Cave ΔT
2. Constant temperature processes (as in pumps)
(ΔT =0); Δh = Δu = vΔP
The enthalpy of a compressed liquid

A more accurate
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Example 8

Example 2

(Table A-5)

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 Homework Extra problem
Problem 1:
A piston-cylinder device initially contains 0.35 kg of water vapor at 3 MPa, superheated
by 6°C. The stream now loses its heat to the surrounding and the piston moves down,
hitting a set of stops at which point the cylinder contains saturated liquid water. The
cooling continues until the cylinder contains water at 200 °C. Calculate the final pressure
and quality, as well as the boundary work. Also, get the total heat transfer.

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 Homework Extra problem

Problem 2:
The following closed system including cylinder/piston
arrangement contains water at 105°C, 80% quality with a volume
of 1000 ml. The system is heated, causing the piston to move and
encounter a linear spring. At this point the volume is 1500ml and
the piston diameter is 150 mm, and the spring constant is 100
N/mm. The heat transfer continues, and the piston compresses
the spring. Determine:
a) the mass of the system
b) the specific volume of the system when the piston touches the
spring
c) the cylinder temperature when the piston touches the spring.
d) the cylinder temperature when the pressure reaches 200 kPa?

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 Homework Extra problem
Problem 3:
A cylinder is initially filled with saturated R-134a vapor at a specified pressure. The
refrigerant is heated both electrically and by heat transfer at constant pressure for 6 min.
Determine:

a) show the process on a T-v diagram and

b) the electric current.

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 Summary

• Energy balance for closed systems

• Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or compression process
• Specific heats
• Constant-pressure specific heat, cp
• Constant-volume specific heat, cv
• Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of ideal gases
• Specific heat relations of ideal gases
• Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of incompressible substances
(solids and liquids)

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