Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences

4th Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala, Robert H. Turner
McGraw-Hill, 2012

Chapter 5
ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED
SYSTEMS
 MOVING BOUNDARY WORK
Moving boundary work (P dV work): Quasi-equilibrium process:
The expansion and compression work A process during which the system
in a piston-cylinder device. remains nearly in equilibrium at all
times.
Wb is positive  for expansion
Wb is negative  for compression

The work associated

with a moving
boundary is called
boundary work.

A gas does a differential

amount of work Wb as it
forces the piston to move
by a differential amount ds. 2
 The boundary
work done
during a process
depends on the
path followed as
well as the end
states.

The area under the process curve on a P-V

diagram is equal, in magnitude, to the work
done during a quasi-equilibrium expansion or
compression process of a closed system. 3
Boundary Work for a Constant Property Process
BW for Constant Volume Process

4
Boundary Work for a Constant property Process
BW for Constant Pressure Process
MPa
425C

MPa

kg
MPa

5
Boundary Work for a Constant property Process
BW for Constant Temperature Process

7
 Boundary Work for a Constant property Process
BW for Ploytropic Process
In actual processes, pressure and volume are often related by:

When n = 1 (isothermal process)

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Polytropic Process of an Ideal Gas

PVn = constant (V/V)PVn

(PV)Vn-1 = constant
(mRT)Vn-1 = constant
TVn-1 = constant T1V1n-1 = T2V2n-1 = constant
Polytropic Process of an Ideal Gas

PVn = constant (Pn/Pn)PVn

(PV)nP1-n = constant
(mRT)nP1-n = constant
Tnp1-n = constant T1np11-n = T2np21-n = constant
 ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS

Energy balance for any system

undergoing any process

Energy balance
in the rate form

The total quantities are related to the quantities per unit time is

Energy balance per

unit mass basis
Energy balance in
differential form

Energy balance
for a cycle

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Energy balance when sign convention is used: (i.e., heat input and
work output are positive; heat output and work input are negative).

Various forms of the first-law relation

for closed systems when sign
convention is used.

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Energy balance for a constant-pressure
expansion or compression process
For a constant-pressure expansion or compression process:

U  Wb  H
General analysis for a
closed system
undergoing a quasi-
equilibrium constant-
pressure process. Q is
to the system and W is
from the system.
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19
 SPECIFIC HEATS
Specific heat at constant volume, cv: The energy required
to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a substance
by one degree as the volume is maintained constant.
Specific heat at constant pressure, cp: The energy
required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a
substance by one degree as the pressure is maintained
constant.

Constant-volume
and constant-
pressure specific
heats cv and cp
(values are for
helium gas).
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• The equations in the figure are valid for
any substance undergoing any process.
• cv and cp are properties.
• cv is related to the changes in internal
energy and cp to the changes in enthalpy.
• A common unit for specific heats is
kJ/kg·°C or kJ/kg·K. Are these units Three ways of calculating u.
identical?
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Internal energy and enthalpy change when
specific heat is taken constant at an
average value

(kJ/kg)

23
Example 3:
Air undergoes a constant pressure cooling process in which the temperature decreases
by 100°C. What is the magnitude and direction of the work for this process?
Solution

The work done on the air is 28.7 kJ/kg.

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 Example 4:

2 kg of air contained in a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes a

process. During this process, there is heat loss Q = 200 kJ.
Remember! Heat and Work in this formula are net.
Therefore, the negative/positive signs are considered ( Ref Slide 14)
Given: P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 540 K
P2 = 200 kPa, T2 = 840 K Find: W=?
 Example 5:
Two tanks are connected by a valve. One tank contains 2kg
of CO at T1 = 77 ºC and p1 = 70 kPa.The other tank holds 8
kg of CO at T2 = 27 ºC and p2 = 120 kPa. The valve is
opened now. There is heat transferred from the surrounding.
If the final temperature of CO in the tanks is 42 ºC, find the
final pressure of CO and the amount of heat transferred.
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Example 6: Three kilograms of nitrogen gas at 27°C and 0.15 MPa are compressed
isothermally to 0.3 MPa in a piston-cylinder device.
Determine the minimum work of compression in kJ.
Solution
System: Nitrogen contained in a piston-cylinder device.
Process: Constant temperature

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Example 7: Three kilograms of nitrogen gas at 27°C and 0.15 MPa are compressed
isothermally to 0.3 MPa in a piston-cylinder device.
Determine the minimum work of compression in kJ.
Solution
System: Nitrogen contained in a piston-cylinder device.
Process: Constant temperature

work Constant Temperature Process

The net work is negative because work is done on the system during the compression process. Thus, the work done on the system is
184.5 kJ, or 184.5 kJ of work energy is required to compress the nitrogen

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Example 8:
Water is placed in a piston-cylinder device at 20 °C, 0.1 MPa. Weights are placed on the piston
to maintain a constant force on the water as it is heated to 400 °C. How much work does the
water do on the piston?
Solution
System: The water contained in the piston-cylinder device

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Example 9:
A tank contains nitrogen at 27°C. The temperature rises to 127°C by heat transfer to the
system. Find the heat transfer and the ratio of the final pressure to the initial pressure

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Example (Cont’d)

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Example (Cont’d)

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Example 10:
Air is expanded isothermally at 100°C from 0.4 MPa to 0.1 MPa. Find the ratio of the
final to the initial volume, the heat transfer, and work.
Solution

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Example (Cont’d)

35
Example (Cont’d)

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Problem I.

Solution
(The system is stationary ),(V= const BW=0),(E ele,Eshaft=0 Wother=0)
a) 0.01
b) 3.1698 kPa

c) where

0.25 kJ
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Problem III

Solution
a) 1400K
b) area under the curve =(BW) 140kJ

c)

= 767 kJ

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Problem IV (5-6)

Solution
a)

b)

c)

41
Problem V (5-22)
A piston–cylinder device contains 0.15 kg of air initially at 2 MPa and 350°C.
The air is first expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed
polytropically with a polytropic exponent of 1.2 to the initial pressure, and
finally compressed at the constant pressure to the initial state.

Determine the boundary work for each process and the net work of the
cycle.
Solution

Process 1

42
Process 2

Process 3

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