CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

ELECTRICAL
Section 2B - Charging and Starting System
Table of Contents
2
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-1 Alternator System Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-9 B
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-1 Rectifier/Regulator (P/N 854514) Diode Test 2B-12
Special Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-2 Analog Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-12
Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-2 Digital Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-13
Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-2 Rectifier Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-14
Recommended Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-2 Starting System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-15
Operating Engine without Battery . . . . . . . 2B-2 Starter Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-15
Specific Gravity Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-3 Starting System Components . . . . . . . . . . 2B-15
Specific Gravity Cell Comparison Test . . . 2B-4 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-15
Electrolyte Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-4 Troubleshooting the Starting Circuit . . . . . 2B-16
Charging a Discharged Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-4 Starter Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-19
Winter Storage of Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-5 Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-19
Battery Charging System Disassembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-20
(14 or 18 Ampere Alternator) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-6 Cleaning and Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-21
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-6 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-22
Battery Charging System Troubleshooting . . 2B-7 Brush Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-24
Stator Ohms Test-Alternator Coils Only . . 2B-7 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-28

Specifications
STARTING Manual Start Recoil
SYSTEM Electric Start 12 Volt
Starter Draw (Under Load) 95 Amperes
(No Load) 20 Amperes
Starter Motor Teeth 10
CHARGING Alternator Output Single Phase (12 Pole)
SYSTEM – Electric Start
Red Stator 18 Amperes @ 3000 RPM
Black Stator 14 Amperes @ 5000 RPM
– Manual Start 9 Amperes @ 3000 RPM
BATTERY Battery Rating 465 Marine Cranking Amps (MCA)
or 350 Cold Cranking Amps (CCA)

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CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

Special Tools
1. Volt/Ohm/DVA Meter 91-99750 or DMT 2000 Digital Tach Multi-meter 91-854009A1

Battery
Precautions
When charging batteries, an explosive gas mixture forms in each cell. A portion of this gas
escapes through holes in vent plugs and may form an explosive atmosphere around battery
if ventilation is poor. This explosive gas may remain in or around battery for several hours
after it has been charged. Sparks or flames can ignite this gas and cause an internal explo-
sion which may shatter the battery.
The following precautions should be observed to prevent an explosion.
1. DO NOT smoke near batteries being charged or which have been charged very recently.
2. DO NOT break live circuits at terminals of batteries because a spark usually occurs at
the point where a live circuit is broken. Always be careful when connecting or discon-
necting cable clamps on chargers. Poor connections are a common cause of electrical
arcs which cause explosions.
3. DO NOT reverse polarity of battery cables on battery terminals.

CAUTION
If battery acid comes into contact with skin or eyes, wash skin immediately with a
mild soap. Flush eyes with water immediately and see a doctor.

Recommended Battery
A 12 volt battery with a Marine Cranking Amperage of 465 amperes or Cold Cranking Am-
perage rating of 350 amperes.
Operating Engine without Battery
If desired (or in an emergency), engines equipped with an alternator can be started and op-
erated without a battery (either disconnected or removed) if WARNING, below, is followed.

WARNING
Before operating engine with battery leads disconnected from battery, disconnect
stator leads (YELLOW) from rectifier. Insulate (tape) stator lead ring terminals.

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 CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

Specific Gravity Readings

Use a hydrometer to measure specific gravity of electrolyte in each cell.

22532
a - Hydrometer

A hydrometer measures percentage of sulfuric acid in battery electrolyte in terms of specific

gravity. As a battery drops from a charged to a discharged condition, acid leaves the solution
and chemically combines with the plates, causing a decrease in specific gravity of electro-
lyte. An indication of concentration of electrolyte is obtained with a hydrometer.
When using a hydrometer, observe the following points:
1. Hydrometer must be clean (inside and out) to insure an accurate reading.
2. Never take hydrometer readings immediately after water has been added. Water must
be thoroughly mixed with electrolyte by charging for at least 15 minutes at a rate high
enough to cause vigorous gassing.
3. If hydrometer has built-in thermometer, draw liquid in several times to ensure correct
temperature before taking reading.
4. Hold hydrometer vertically and draw in just enough liquid from battery cell so that float
is free floating. Hold hydrometer at eye level so that float is vertical and free of outer tube,
then take reading at surface of liquid. Disregard curvature where liquid rises against float
stem due to capillary action.
5. Avoid dropping electrolyte on boat or clothing, as it is extremely corrosive. Wash off im-
mediately with baking soda solution.
Specific gravity of electrolyte varies not only with percentage of acid in liquid but also with
temperature. As temperature drops, electrolyte contracts, so that specific gravity increases.
Unless these variations in specific gravity are taken into account, specific gravity obtained
by hydrometer may not give a true indication of concentration of acid in electrolyte.

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CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

A fully charged battery will have a specific gravity reading of approximately 1.270 at an elec-
trolyte temperature of 27° C (80° F). If electrolyte temperature is above or below 80° F, addi-
tions or subtractions must be made in order to obtain a hydrometer reading corrected to 80°
F standard. For every 3.3° C (10° F) above 80° F, add 4 specific gravity points (0.004) to
hydrometer reading. Example: A hydrometer reading of 1.260 at 43° C (110° F) would be
1.272 corrected to 80° F, indicating a fully charged battery.
For every 10° below 80° F, subtract 4 points (0.004) from the reading. Example: A hydrome-
ter reading of 1.272 at -18° C (0° F) would be 1.240 corrected to 80° F, indicating a partially
charged battery.
Specific Gravity Cell Comparison Test
This test may be used when an instrumental tester is not available. To perform this test, mea-
sure specific gravity of each cell, regardless of state of charge, and interpret results as fol-
lows: If specific gravity readings show a difference between highest and lowest cell of 0.050
(50 points) or more, battery is defective and should be replaced.

Electrolyte Level
Check electrolyte level in battery regularly. A battery in use in hot weather should be
checked more frequently because of more rapid loss of water. If electrolyte level is found
to be low, then distilled water should be added to each cell until liquid level rises approxi-
mately 4.8 mm (3/16 in.) over plate. DO NOT OVERFILL, because this will cause loss of
electrolyte and result in poor performance, short life and excessive corrosion.

CAUTION
During service, only distilled water should be added to the battery, not electrolyte.

Charging a Discharged Battery

The following basic rules apply to any battery charging situation:
1. Any battery may be charged at any rate (in amperes) as long as spilling of electrolyte
(from violent gassing) does not occur and as long as electrolyte temperature does not
exceed 52° C (125° F). If spewing of electrolyte occurs, or if electrolyte temperature ex-
ceeds 125° F, charging rate (in amperes) must be reduced or temporarily halted to avoid
damage to the battery.
2. Battery is fully charged when, over a 2-hour period at a low charging rate (in amperes),
all cells are gassing freely (not spewing liquid electrolyte), and no change in specific
gravity occurs. Full charge specific gravity is 1.260-1.275, corrected for electrolyte tem-
perature with electrolyte level at 4.8 mm (3/16 in.) over plate. For most satisfactory
charging, lower charging rates in amperes are recommended.
3. If, after prolonged charging, specific gravity of at least 1.230 on all cells cannot be
reached, battery is not in optimum condition and will not provide optimum performance;
however, it may continue to provide additional service, if it has performed satisfactorily
in the past.
4. To check battery voltage while cranking engine with electric starter motor, place RED
(+) lead of tester on POSITIVE (+) battery terminal and BLACK (–) lead of tester on NEG-
ATIVE (–) battery terminal. If the voltage drops below 91/2 volts while cranking, the bat-
tery is weak and should be recharged or replaced.

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 CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

Winter Storage of Batteries

Battery companies are not responsible for battery damage, either in winter storage or in
dealer stock, if the following instructions are not observed:
1. Remove battery from its installation as soon as possible and remove all grease, sulfate
and dirt from top surface by running water over top of battery. Be sure, however, that vent
caps are tight beforehand, and blow off all excess water thoroughly with compressed
air. Check water level, making sure that plates are covered.
2. When adding distilled water to battery, be extremely careful not to fill more than 4.8 mm
(3/16 in.) over plate inside battery. Battery solution or electrolyte expands from heat
caused by charging. Overfilling battery will cause electrolyte to overflow (if filled beyond
3/16 in. over plate).
3. Grease terminal bolts well with 2-4-C with Teflon, and store battery in COOL-DRY place.
Remove battery from storage every 30-45 days, check water level (add water if neces-
sary), and put on charge for 5 or 6 hours at 6 amperes. DO NOT FAST CHARGE.
4. If specific gravity drops below 1.240, check battery for reason, and then recharge. When
gravity reaches 1.260, discontinue charging. To check specific gravity, use a hydrome-
ter, which can be purchased locally.
5. Repeat preceding charging procedure every 30-45 days, as long as battery is in storage.
When ready to place battery back in service, remove excess grease from terminals (a
small amount is desirable on terminals at all times), recharge again as necessary and
re-install battery.

WARNING
Hydrogen and oxygen gases are produced during normal battery operation or
charging. Sparks or flame can cause this mixture to ignite and explode, if they are
brought near the battery. Sulfuric acid in battery can cause serious burns, if spilled
on skin or in eyes. Flush or wash away immediately with clear water.

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CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

Battery Charging System (14 or 18 Ampere Alternator)

Description
The battery charging system components are the stator, voltage regulator and battery. Alter-
nating current (generated in stator alternator coils) flows to the voltage regulator, which
changes the alternating current to direct current for charging the battery.

ELECTRIC START MODELS

RED SLEEVE

c
52684
a - Stator
b - Regulator
c - Battery

The charging system may be damaged by: 1) reversed battery cables, 2) running the engine
with battery cables disconnected and stator leads connected to rectifier, and 3) an open cir-
cuit, such as a broken wire or loose connection.

MANUAL START MODELS

52657

a - 9 Ampere Stator
b - Terminal Block

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 CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

Battery Charging System Troubleshooting

A fault in the battery charging system usually will cause the battery to become under-
charged. Check battery electrolyte level, and charge battery. See Electrolyte Level, and
Charging a Discharged Battery.
If battery will NOT accept a satisfactory charge, replace battery.
If battery accepts a satisfactory charge, determine the cause of the charging system prob-
lem as follows.
1. Check for correct battery polarity [RED cable to POSITIVE (+) battery terminal]. If polar-
ity was incorrect, check for damaged rectifier. See RECTIFIER TEST.
2. Check for loose or corroded battery connections.
3. Visually inspect wiring between stator and battery for cuts, chafing; and disconnected,
loose or corroded connection.
4. Excessive electrical load (from too many accessories) will cause battery to run down.
If visual inspection determines that battery connections and wiring are OK, perform the fol-
lowing stator and rectifier tests.
Stator Ohms Test-Alternator Coils Only
NOTE: Stator can be tested without removing from engine.
1. Disconnect both yellow (stator leads) from terminals on rectifier (or terminal block) or
disconnect bullet connectors from voltage regulator.
2. Use an ohmmeter and perform the following test.
IMPORTANT: If stator is mounted on engine, BLACK stator lead (if provided) must be
grounded to powerhead when testing.
3. Replace stator if readings are outside ranges shown.

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CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

9 AMPERE MANUAL STATOR BLACK

1997 AND PRIOR USA S/N-0G589999 & BELOW/BELGIUM S/N 09973099 AND BELOW

Test Leads Resistance Scale Reading

(Ohms) (x−−−−)
Between YELLOW Leads 0.17 – 0.22* 0.17 – 0.22*
(R x 1)
Between either YELLOW Lead No Continuity No Continuity
and Ground (R x 1000)

9 AMPERE MANUAL RED STATOR 398-832074A3

1998 AND NEWER USA S/N-0G590000 & ABOVE/BELGIUM S/N 09973100 AND ABOVE

Test Leads Resistance Scale Reading

(Ohms) (x−−−−)
Between YELLOW Leads 0.50 – 0.65* 0.50 – 0.65*
(R x 1)
Between either YELLOW Lead No Continuity No Continuity
and Ground (R x 1000)

14 AMPERE ELECTRIC BLACK STATOR

1997 AND PRIOR USA S/N-0G589999 & BELOW/BELGIUM S/N 09973099 AND BELOW

Test Leads Resistance Scale Reading

(Ohms) (x−−−−)
Between YELLOW Leads 0.22 –0.29* 0.22 – 0.29*
(R x 1)
Between either YELLOW Lead No Continuity No Continuity
and Ground (R x 1000)

18 AMPERE ELECTRIC RED STATOR

1998 AND NEWER USA S/N-0G590000 & ABOVE/BELGIUM S/N 09973100 AND ABOVE

Test Leads Resistance Scale Reading

(Ohms) (x−−−−)
Between YELLOW Leads 0.16 – 0.21* 0.16 – 0.21*
(R x 1)
Between either YELLOW Lead No Continuity No Continuity
and Ground (R x 1000)

Between either YELLOW Lead No Continuity No Continuity

and Ground (R x 1000)

NOTE: *DC Resistance of these windings generally is less than 1.5 Ohms. If a reading resembling a short is
obtained, this would be acceptable.

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 CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

Alternator System Test

9 AMPERE MANUAL STATOR
IMPORTANT: Rectifier (optional accessory) must be functioning properly for accu-
rate test results to be obtained.
1. Remove RED lead from (+) terminal of rectifier.
2. Connect RED (+) ammeter lead to rectifier (+) terminal and BLACK (–) ammeter lead
to disconnected RED rectifier lead.
3. With engine running at the indicated RPM, the ammeter should indicate the following
approximate amperes:

9 AMPERE BLACK STATOR

1997 AND PRIOR USA S/N-0G589999 & BELOW/BELGIUM S/N 09973099 AND BELOW

RPM AMPERES
Idle 0
9 Ampere
Stator 1000 0.2
2000 6.5
3000 9.0

9 AMPERE MANUAL RED STATOR

1998 AND NEWER USA S/N-0G590000 & ABOVE/BELGIUM S/N 09973100 AND ABOVE

RPM AMPERES
Idle 0
9 Ampere
Stator 1000 0.6
2000 8.0
3000 9.0

4. If proper ampere readings are not obtained, replace stator.

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CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

14/16 AMPERE ELECTRIC STATOR

1. Check battery voltage at battery with engine running.
2. If battery voltage is above 14.5 volts, replace voltage regulator/rectifier. Check condition
of battery as overcharging may have damaged battery.
3. If battery voltage is below 14.5 volts, charge battery; refer to CHARGING A DIS-
CHARGED BATTERY. If battery can NOT be satisfactorily charged, replace battery.
4. If battery accepts a satisfactory charge, check battery voltage while cranking engine;
refer to CHARGING A DISCHARGED BATTERY. If cranking voltage is not acceptable,
replace battery.
5. If cranking voltage is acceptable, disconnect larger diameter RED harness wire from
starter solenoid terminal.
6. Remove smaller diameter RED wire (sense lead) from starter solenoid terminal and
connect to the positive (+) terminal of a 9 volt transistor battery. Ground the negative (–)
terminal of the 9 volt battery to the engine.
7. Connect RED (+) ammeter lead to larger diameter RED harness wire, and BLACK (–)
ammeter lead to POSITIVE terminal on starter solenoid.
8. Secure starter wires away from flywheel.
9. With engine running at the indicated RPM’s, the ammeter should indicate the following
appropriate amperes:

14 AMPERE BLACK STATOR

1997 AND PRIOR USA S/N-0G589999 & BELOW/BELGIUM S/N 09973099 AND BELOW

RPM AMPERES
Idle 2
1000 7
14 Ampere
A Stator
St t 2000 12
3000 13
4000 13.5
5000 14

18 AMPERE RED STATOR

1998 AND NEWER USA S/N-0G590000 & ABOVE/BELGIUM S/N 09973100 AND ABOVE

RPM AMPERES
Idle 2.8
16 Ampere Stator
1000 8
2000 16
3000 17
4000 18
5000 18

10. A reading of 14 amperes at 5000 RPM indicates the charging system is functioning prop-
erly. The battery being discharged is due to the amperage draw on the system being
greater than the amperage output of the engine charging system.

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 CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

11. If ammeter reads less than required amperes @ 5000 RPM, test the stator; refer to Sta-
tor Ohm Test (Alternator Coils Only). If stator tests OK, replace voltage regulator.

c a

b
51000

a - Voltage regulator/rectifier
b - RED lead (2)
c - YELLOW lead (2)
d - GREY lead

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CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

Rectifier/Regulator (P/N 854514) Diode Test

Analog Meter
NOTE: Voltage regulator/rectifier specifications are given for informational purposes only,
use the appropriate troubleshooting techniques previously mentioned to find the faulty com-
ponent in the charging system.
YEL BLK = BLACK
GRY = GREY
BLK
RED = RED
RED YEL =YELLOW
YEL
GRY

DIODE TEST:
1. Set Ohm meter to R X 10 scale.
2. Connect RED (+) meter lead to RED regulator lead.
3. Connect BLACK (–) meter lead to either YELLOW regulator lead.
TEST RESULTS:
100 - 400 OHMS
DIODE TEST:
1. Set Ohm meter to R X 1k scale.
2. Connect BLACK (–) meter lead to RED regulator lead.
3. Connect RED (+) meter lead to YELLOW regulator lead. Test. Then change RED (+)
meter lead to the other YELLOW regulator lead for 2ND test reading.
TEST RESULTS (1ST READING):
20,000 to  OHMS
TEST RESULTS (2ND READING):
 OHMS (No needle movement)
SCR TEST:
1. Set Ohm meter to R X 1k scale.
2. Connect RED (+) meter lead to regulator case.
3. Connect BLACK (–) meter lead to one YELLOW regulator lead. Test. Connect BLACK
(–) meter lead to the other YELLOW lead.
TEST RESULTS (BOTH TESTS):
8,000 - 15,000 OHMS (8k - 15K)
TACHOMETER CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Set Ohm meter to R X 1k scale.
2. Connect RED (+) meter lead to GREY regulator lead.
3. Connect BLACK (–) meter lead to regulator case.
TEST RESULTS:
10,000 - 50,000 OHMS (10k - 50k)

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 CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

Digital Meter
NOTE: Voltage regulator/rectifier specifications are given for informational purposes only,
use the appropriate troubleshooting techniques previously mentioned to find the faulty com-
ponent in the charging system.
YEL BLACK = BLACK
GREY = GREY
BLK RED = RED
RED YEL = YELLOW
YEL
GRY

DIODE TEST:
1. Set meter to .
2. Connect BLACK (–) meter lead to RED regulator lead.
3. Connect RED (+) meter lead to either YELLOW regulator lead.
TEST RESULTS:
0.4-0.8 V
DIODE TEST:
1. Set meter to .
2. Connect RED (+) meter lead to RED regulator lead.
3. Connect BLACK (–) meter lead to either YELLOW regulator lead.
TEST RESULTS (1ST READING):
 or OUCH or OL
SCR TEST:
1. Set meter to .
2. Connect BLACK (–) meter lead to regulator case.
3. Connect RED (+) meter lead to either YELLOW regulator lead.
TEST RESULTS (BOTH TESTS):
1.5 V -  or OUCH or OL
TACHOMETER CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Not measurable with digital meter.

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CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

Rectifier Test
WARNING
Disconnect battery leads from battery before testing rectifier.
NOTE: Rectifier can be tested without removing from engine.
1. Disconnect all wires from terminals on rectifier.
2. Use an ohmmeter (R x 1000 scale) and perform the following test. Refer to drawing for
rectifier terminal identification.

d
a - Terminal
a c b - Terminal
c - Terminal
d - Stator terminals
b e - Positive terminal
f f - Ground

07300
e
Connect RED meter lead to ground,
BLACK lead alternately to terminals “a” and
“c”.

Continuity Indicated
Connect BLACK meter lead to ground, No Continuity Indicated
RED lead alternately to terminals “a” and Connect BLACK meter lead to ground, RED
“c”. lead alternately to terminals “a” and “c”.

No Continuity Indicated Continuity Indicated.

Connect BLACK meter lead to termi- Replace Rectifier.
nal “b”, RED lead alternately to termi-
nals “a” and “c”.
No Continuity Indicated. Continuity Indicated
Replace Rectifier. Connect BLACK meter lead to ter-
minal “b”, RED lead alternately to
terminals “a” and “c”.
Continuity Indicated No Continuity Indicated.
Connect red meter lead to ter- Replace Rectifier.
minal “b”, BLACK lead alter-
nately to terminals “a” and “c”.
Continuity Indicated. No Continuity Indicated
Replace Rectifier. Connect RED meter lead to
terminal “b”, BLACK lead alter-
nately to terminals “a” and “c”.

No Continuity Indicated. Continuity Indicated. No Continuity Indicated. Continuity Indicated.

Rectifier tests O.K. Replace Rectifier. Replace Rectifier. Rectifier Tests O.K.

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 CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

Starting System
Starter Motor
STARTING Starter Motor
SYSTEM (50-822462)(50-822462--1)
Electric Start 12 Volt
Starter Draw (Under Load) 95 Amperes
(No Load) 20 Amperes
Starter Motor Teeth 10

Starting System Components

The starting system consists of the following components.
1. Battery
2. Starter Solenoid
3. Neutral Start Switch
4. Starter Motor
5. Ignition Switch
Description
The function of the starting system is to crank the engine. The battery supplies electrical
energy to crank the starter motor. When the ignition switch is turned to “START” position,
the starter solenoid is activated and completes the starting circuit between the battery and
starter.
The neutral start switch opens the start circuit when the shift control lever is not in neutral.
This prevents accidental starting when engine is in gear.

CAUTION
The starter motor may be damaged if operated continuously. DO NOT operate con-
tinuously for more than 30 seconds. Allow a 2 minute cooling period between start-
ing attempts.

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CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

STARTER SOLENOID TEST

Test starter solenoid as follows:
1. Disconnect all leads from solenoid terminals.
2. Use an ohmmeter, set to (R x 1 scale) and connect between solenoid terminals 3 and 4.
3. Connect a 12-volt supply between solenoid terminals 1 and 2. Solenoid should click and
meter should read zero ohms.
4. If meter does not read zero ohms (full continuity), replace solenoid.



a b
 
14354
a - Ohmmeter leads
b - 12-volt supply

Troubleshooting the Starting Circuit

Before beginning the starting circuit troubleshooting flow chart, following, check first for the
following conditions:
1. Make sure that battery is fully charged.
2. Check that control lever is in NEUTRAL position.
3. Check terminals for corrosion and loose connections.
4. Check cables and wiring for frayed and worn insulation.
5. Check in-line fuse in RED wire; see diagram.

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 CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

The following STARTING CIRCUIT TROUBLESHOOTING FLOW CHART is designed as

an aid to troubleshooting the starting circuit. This flow chart will accurately locate any exist-
ing malfunction. Location of TEST POINTS (called out in the chart) are numbered in diagram
below.

(S/N-0G589999 & Below)

TO TPM TO SOLENOID
RED SLEEVE TO TPM






 ELECTRIC START TILLER HANDLE

MODEL NEUTRAL START SWITCH
LOCATED ON LOWER ENGINE COWL


(S/N-0G590000 & Above)
TO SOLENOID
TO
ENGINE
 GROUND

 
RED SLEEVE

B
M ELECTRIC START TILLER HANDLE
C MODEL NEUTRAL START SWITCH
A LOCATED ON LOWER ENGINE COWL

S M NEUTRAL START SWITCH

(LOCATED IN CONTROL
 HOUSING IF ENGINE IS
EQUIPPED WITH REMOTE
52904
CONTROL)

Starting Circuit Troubleshooting Flow Chart

Starter Motor Does Not Turn

SAFETY WARNING: Disconnect BLACK (starter mo-

tor) cable from starter solenoid test point 1 BEFORE
making tests 1 through 7 to prevent unexpected en-
gine cranking.

TEST 1
Use an ohmmeter (R x 1 scale) and connect meter leads
between NEGATIVE (-) battery post and common pow-
erhead ground.

No continuity indicated; there is an open circuit in the Continuity Indicated

BLACK NEGATIVE (-) battery cable between the NEG- Proceed to TEST 2, on next page.
ATIVE (-) battery post and the powerhead.
• Check cable for loose or corroded connections.
• Check cable for open.

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CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

TEST 2 * Battery Voltage

a. Disconnect BLACK ground wires from Test Point 2.
b. Connect voltmeter between common engine ground and Test Point 2.
No voltage reading; c. Turn ignition key to “START” position.
proceed to TEST 3.

TEST 3 12 Volt Reading*

a. Reconnect BLACK ground wires. Check BLACK ground wire for poor connection
b. Connect voltmeter between common engine ground and Test Point 3. or open circuit. Reconnect ground wire to starter
c. Turn ignition key to “START” position. solenoid; proceed to TEST 7.

12 Volt Reading Electric Start Tiller Handle Model

No voltage reading; Neutral start switch on lower engine cowl is open
proceed to TEST 4. Defective starter solenoid. or BLACK or WHITE switch leads are disconnected
or damaged.

TEST 4
12 Volt Reading*
a. Connect voltmeter between common
engine ground and Test Point . Neutral start switch is open, or YELLOW/RED
No voltage reading; b. Turn ignition key to “START” position. wire is open between Test Points 4 and 3.
proceed to TEST 5.

TEST 5
Connect voltmeter between common 12 Volt Reading*
No voltage reading; engine ground and Test Point 5. Defective ignition switch.
proceed to TEST 6.

TEST 6
Connect voltmeter between common engine ground and Test Point 6.

No voltage reading; check RED wire be- 12 Volt Reading*

tween battery (+) positive terminal and Test Check fuse in RED wire between test points 5 and 6.
Point 6. Check for open RED wire between test points 5 and 6.

TEST 7
a. Connect voltmeter between common engine ground and Test Point 1.
b. Turn ignition key to “START” position.

No voltage reading; De- 12 Volt Reading*

fective starter solenoid. Should hear solenoid click; proceed to TEST 8.

TEST 8
a. Reconnect BLACK (starter motor) cable to starter solenoid Test Point 1.
b. Connect voltmeter between common engine ground and Test Point 7
c. Turn ignition key to “START” position.

No voltage reading; check BLACK cable 12 Volt Reading*

for poor connection or open circuit. Check BLACK ground cable at starter for
loose or corroded connection, or open cir-
cuit. If cable is O.K., check starter motor.

Page 2B-18 90-826148R03 JULY 2003

 CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

Starter Motor
Removal
CAUTION
Disconnect battery leads from battery before removing starter.
1. Disconnect battery leads from battery.
2. Disconnect BLACK cable (with YELLOW sleeve).
3. Remove 3 bolts.
4. Remove starter.

b
a

c
52669

a - BLACK cable (with YELLOW sleeve)

b - Bolts (3)
c - BLACK Cable (negative battery Lead)

90-826148R03 JULY 2003 Page 2B-19

CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

Disassembly
1. Remove two thru-bolts and commutator end cap, taking care not to lose brush springs.
a

c
a b
52664
a - Thru-bolts
b - Commutator end cap
c - Brush springs

2. Pull armature from starter frame.

3. Remove locknut.

51711
a - Armature
b - Locknut

Page 2B-20 90-826148R03 JULY 2003

 CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

4. Remove components from armature.

e f g

a b c d
11658

a - Locknut e - Drive end cap

b - Spacer f - Armature shaft
c - Spring g - Washer
d - Drive assembly

Cleaning and Inspection

1. Clean all motor parts.
2. Check pinion teeth for chips, cracks or excessive wear.
3. Replace the drive clutch spring and/or collar, if tension is not adequate, or if wear is ex-
cessive.
4. Check that the brush holder is not damaged or is not holding the brushes against the
commutator.
5. Replace brushes that are pitted or worn to less than 6.4 mm (1/4 in.) in length. Refer to
BRUSH REPLACEMENT, following.
6. Replace a damaged or excessively worn bushing in the end cap.
7. Check the armature conductor (commutator bar junction) for a firm connection. A poor
connection usually results in a burned commutator bar.
8. Re-surface and undercut a rough commutator, as follows:

CAUTION
Do not resurface the commutator excessively.
a. Re-surface the commutator and undercut the insulation between the commutator
bars 0.8 mm (1/3 in.) to the full width of the insulation, make sure that the undercut
is flat.
b. Clean the commutator slots after undercutting.
c. De-burr the commutator lightly with No. 00 sandpaper, then clean the commutator.
d. Check the armature on a growler for shorts. See TESTING, following.

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CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

9. Open circuit armatures often can be saved where and open circuit is obvious and repair-
able. The most likely place for an open circuit is at the commutator bars. Long cranking
periods overheat the starter motor so that solder in the connections melts. The poor con-
nections cause arcing and burning of the commutator bars.
10. Repair bars, that are not too badly burned, by re-soldering the leads in bars (using rosin
flux solder) and turning down the commutator in a lathe to remove burned material, then
undercut the mica.
11. Clean out the copper or brush dust from slots between the commutator bars.
12. Check the armature for shorts and ground. See TESTING.
Testing
ARMATURE TEST FOR SHORTS
Check armature for short circuits by placing on growler and holding hack saw blade over
armature core while armature is rotated. If saw blade vibrates, armature is shorted. Re-
check after cleaning between commutator bars. If saw blade still vibrates, replace armature.

11669

ARMATURE TEST FOR GROUND

1. Set ohmmeter to (R x 1 scale). Place one lead of ohmmeter on armature core (or shaft)
and other lead on commutator, as shown.
2. If meter indicates continuity, armature is grounded and must be replaced.

11675

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 CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

CHECKING POSITIVE BRUSHES AND TERMINALS

1. Connect ohmmeter (R x 1 scale) leads between positive brushes.
2. Ohmmeter must indicate full continuity (zero resistance). If resistance is indicated,
check lead to positive terminal solder connection. If connection cannot be repaired,
brushes must be replaced. Refer to BRUSH REPLACEMENT.

11673
a - Positive brushes

TESTING NEGATIVE BRUSHES FOR GROUND

Set ohmmeter to (R x 1 scale). Place one lead of ohmmeter on the NEGATIVE brush and
the other lead on the end cap (bare metal). If the meter indicates NO continuity, replace the
NEGATIVE brush. Repeat this procedure on the other NEGATIVE brush.

a b

11674
a - NEGATIVE (–) brushes
b - End cap

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CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

Brush Replacement
STARTER REASSEMBLY
1. If brushes were removed, replace as follows:
a. Install POSITIVE brushes (along with POSITIVE terminal) into commutator end cap.

e c
f
g

a
b
11660

a - POSITIVE terminal e - Flat washer

b - Long brush lead f - Split washer
c - Push lead into slot g - Hex nut
d - Insulating bushing

b. Install NEGATIVE brushes (along with brush holder).

a b
c

d
d

b a

11656
a - POSITIVE (+) brushes c - Brush holder
b - NEGATIVE (–) brushes d - Screws (fasten NEGATIVE
brushes and holder)

Page 2B-24 90-826148R03 JULY 2003

 CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

2. If removed, reinstall parts on armature shaft. Use a new locknut and tighten securely on
end of shaft.
e f g

a b c d
11658

a - Locknut e - Drive end cap

b - Spacer f - Armature shaft
c - Spring g - Washer
d - Drive assembly

3. Lubricate helix threads on armature shaft with a drop of SAE 10W oil.
4. Lubricate bushing in drive end plate with a drop of SAE 10W oil.
5. Position armature into starter frame.
6. Install locknut.

51711

a - Locknut

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CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

7. To prevent damage to brushes and springs when installing commutator end cap, it is
recommended that a brush retaining tool be made as shown:

5.08 cm
(2 in.)
5.08 cm
(2 in.)

42.86 mm a 90
Bend

(1-11/16 in.)

12.7 mm
19.05 mm (1/2 in.)
(3/4 in.)

7.62 cm
(3 in.)

44.45 mm
(1-3/4 in.)

a - Brush Retainer Tool layout (full size)

b - 18-gauge sheet metal

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 CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

8. Lubricate bushing (located in commutator end cap) with one drop of SAE 10W oil. Do
not over lubricate.
9. Place springs and brushes into brush holder and hold in place with brush retainer tool.

a b

11661
a - Brush Retainer Tool
b - Bushing (do not over lubricate)

10. Position armature into starter frame so that commutator end of armature is at end of
starter frame where permanent magnets are recessed 25.4 mm (1 in.). Align marks as
shown.

c
c

a
b

52659

a - Alignment marks
b - Alignment marks
c - Screw

11. Install commutator end cap onto starter frame; align marks as shown, and remove brush
retainer tool.
12. Install thru-bolts and torque to 7.9 Nm (70 lb. in.).

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CHARGING AND STARTING SYSTEM

Installation
1. Secure starter to block with three (3) bolts. Torque bolts to 22.5 Nm (16.6 lb. ft.). Secure
NEGATIVE battery lead to block with bottom bolt.
2. Connect battery lead (BLACK with YELLOW sleeve) to starter. Torque attaching nut to
6.8 Nm (60 lb. in.).

a
b

c
52669

a - Bolts (3)
b - BLACK cable (with YELLOW sleeve)
c - BLACK cable (NEGATIVE battery lead)

Page 2B-28 90-826148R03 JULY 2003