Radiographic

Film Systems

A W O R L D W I D E R E S P O N S E
CONTENTS
AGFA NDT YOUR SUPPLIER OF

•
DW Rollpac ..................................

• 23

•
COMPLETE NDT SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Rollpac Precut ................................ 23

• •
AGFA’S INNOVATIVE QUALITY,
YOUR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE ......... 4 NIF ........................................... 24

STRUCTURIX FILM SYSTEMS . . . . . . 5

• FW ...........................................

• 24

RUGGED QUALITY FILMS ...................

• 5 BLR ..........................................

• 25

OPTIMUM IMAGE QUALITY ................

• 6 OPTIMAL STORAGE

•
•
OF STRUCTURIX FILMS ..................... 26

•
CONSISTENT PRODUCTION QUALITY ..... 7

•
STRUCTURIX EQUIPMENT ......... 27

•
CONSISTENT PROCESSING QUALITY . . . . . . . 7

•
STRUCTURIX NDT Si ........................ 28

•
PROTECTIVE COATING ...................... 8

•
STRUCTURIX NDT U ........................ 31

•
DARKROOM LIGHT SENSITIVITY ........... 8
STRUCTURIX NDT M eco ................... 35

• •
OPTIMIZED PERFORMANCE
CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 STRUCTURIX FEEDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

IMAGE QUALITY AND

•
STRUCTURIX DRYER ........................

• 39

•
FILM SYSTEM CLASSES ..................... 10

•
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

•
CHARACTERISTICS .......................... 12

•
STRUCTURIX CHEMICALS . . . . . . . . . . 42
APPLICATIONS .............................. 13

• •
MANUAL/AUTOMATIC PROCESSING
EXPOSURE DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 CLEANING PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS ....................

• 17 STRUCTURIX QUALITY

•
•
ASSURANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Structurix F8 ................................. 17

• •
STRUCTURIX CERTIFIED PMC STRIP
Structurix Intensifying Screens ............... 18 (Processing Monitoring Control) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

THE RIGHT PACKAGING

•
STRUCTURIX (CERTIFIED) DENSTEP ........

• 46

•
FOR EVERY STRUCTURIX FILM ............. 20

•
STRUCTURIX THIO-TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Pb Vacupac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

• •
ISO 9001 QUALITY LABELS
Pb ETE ....................................... 21 FOR AGFA NDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

DW ETE ......................................

• 21 CONCLUSION ...............................

• 49

Pb Rollpac ....................................

• 22 AGFA NDT IN THE WORLD ................

• 51

2
AGFA NDT YOUR SUPPLIER OF COMPLETE NDT SYSTEMS
Best known for its photographic product business, which dates back to 1894, today Agfa is the leading supplier
of imaging solutions across many applications – Graphic Systems, Consumer Imaging, HealthCare, Industrial
Imaging, and Non-Destructive Testing (NDT). Agfa NDT now offers an expanded product assortment which
includes conventional and digital radiography, digital network solutions, X-ray equipment, ultrasonic testing
instruments and automated inspection systems. Agfa NDT has achieved leading positions in these areas through
its customer focus and stands ready to meet its customers’ needs today and in the future with ongoing innova-
tions, new products and an extensive worldwide support and service organization.

Agfa’s Krautkramer Ultrasonic Systems is the world’s largest developer,

manufacturer and supplier of high technology ultrasonic equiment and
product specific testing systems. The product line includes ultrasonic
flaw detectors, complete testing systems, thickness gauges, portable
hardness testers, transducers and application software. We can also
offer specially prepared training courses and customized application
solutions.

Agfa’s Pantak Seifert X-ray Systems offer a single source for all cus-
tomers’ X-ray requirements. The advanced design of the ERESCO
portable and ISOVOLT HS stationary units results in the highest out-
put power for film radiography applications, allowing the shortest of
exposure times.
Employing two modern applications laboratories in Europe and the
US, solutions to customer’s most difficult X-ray inspection problems
can be determined and a system designed to meet their exact needs.
This also includes high-end 3D-CT applications and those that require
extreme high-speed automated defect recognition (SABA).

Agfa’s RADView Digital Systems is an industry leader in Direct

Radiography (DR) technology, which, instead of film, uses an amor-
phous selenium imaging plate to create digital images. The images
are viewed on the RADView Digital Systems workstation. Powered by
the RADView software, the workstation provides rich image enhance-
ment, analysis functions, flexible information management, which
leads the world in its user friendliness. Other RADView products
available are Computed Radiography (CR) readers, NDT Phosphor
Imaging Plates & Cassettes and Film Digitizing Systems.

Agfa’s Structurix Film Systems is a manufacturer and supplier of a fully

integrated range of X-ray films, chemicals and processing equipment.
The ‘STRUCTURIX’ brandname, another industry leader has achieved
international acclaim through product excellence, reinforced by well-
qualified and experienced technical and service specialists. Lloyds, BSI
and TÜV approvals and accreditations are held covering development,
manufacture, supply and service of sensitized films for use in industrial
radiography and processing equipment.

For further information about Agfa’s products and services, please visit our web site at AgfaNDT.com

3
AGFA’S INNOVATIVE QUALITY,
YOUR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
“There is
no substitute
for quality”

Agfa NDT offers innovative indus-

trial X-ray film systems and ser-
vices that give you the edge in
quality control and customer satis-
faction.
With its worldwide response capa-
bility, Agfa meets your needs. No
matter where they occur you get
what you would expect from the
market leader.

4
STRUCTURIX FILM
SYSTEMS

RUGGED QUALITY FILMS

STRUCTURIX film systems are the

film types most widely used in
industrial radiography, in which
Agfa is the world market leader.
Our customers worldwide are
enthusiastic about our universal
and reliable products.
Compliance with ISO 9001
demonstrates Agfa’s goal of con-
tinuously striving for the highest
product quality. Our Marketing
and Research staff keeps close
track of your needs, requirements
and technological advancements.
As a result, we can more precisely
design and develop products
and systems to meet increasing
demands of the market.
STRUCTURIX films for many years
have enjoyed an excellent reputa-
tion, but have now further
improved their quality as the result
of a high cost, large scale research
and development project lasting
for several years.
The STRUCTURIX family is based
on Agfa’s advanced film
technology, which has two main
foundations of great importance in
NDT: image quality and consistent
rugged behavior.

5
OPTIMUM IMAGE QUALITY

IMAGE Technological axis All the STRUCTURIX films benefit

QUALITY of STRUCTURIX D family
from an Agfa emulsion break-
through that gives increased con-
trast and maximum detail percepti-
bility. In fact, it results in the high-
D2
est intrinsic defect recognizability
for each speed range. Even the
smallest details can be interpreted
easily.
D3 The finished X-ray film has a high
quality with a brilliant surface, and
the image has a pleasant blue tint.
D4

D5

D7

D8
High image quality
and perceptibility
through optimiza-
tion of “the signal
Better

to noise ratio” for

every STRUCTURIX
Faster film.
SPEED

LOCAL
CONTRAST Optimization of contrast

D2

D3
Theoretical maximum
D4 for linear detection Contrast (signal) of
D5
D7 all films is opti-
D8 mized to approach
the maximum con-
trast for a linear
detector (industrial
Better

X-ray Film), thereby

Faster optimizing image
quality and percep-
SPEED
tibility. An excep-
tion to the rule is D2, a super linear
detector, where image quality is opti-
mized through more than linear
(extreme high) contrast in combination
with very low noise.

6
CONSISTENT PRODUCTION QUALITY
Film
density

STRUCTURIX NDT films are manu- 5

factured in large quantities. To 4
ensure that they meet the most
3
rigorous worldwide quality stan-
2 2.10
dards, they are produced at one
facility under tightly controlled 1

conditions in an ultramodern coat- Speed

0 97% 95% 68% 2.00
(Rel LogE)
ing room. -1

Agfa’s Total Quality Management -2 1.90

(TQM) approach, certified by the -3

ISO 9001 label, is the foundation -4
of the system leading to this Production
exceptional performance in pro- process -5
consistency
duction consistency. People, pro- Film batches
duction equipment, and organiza-
tion all become one system geared
Moving target means that to meet Not only do the STRUCTURIX
to consistency and continuous
the increasing needs of our cus- films have outstanding quality,
improvements. What we call the
tomers, quality has to be built into they also have an exceptionally
moving target quality philosophy.
our products; not by additional high level of batch to batch unifor-
testing, but by design. Agfa’s mity (see figure).
emulsion technology, for example,
helps to provide a highly homoge-
neous emulsion over the total
coating area.

CONSISTENT PROCESSING QUALITY

For many years STRUCTURIX films The Cubic Grain Plus technology is
have had the reputation of provid- at the base of this consistent stable
ing consistent and excellent results behavior. The extreme narrow
over a wide range of operating grain size distribution, in combina-
conditions. tion with the cubic shape, assures
that all exposed grains (latent
image) will simultaneously develop
the same density over a wide
range of processing conditions.
Cubic Grain Plus technology Moreover, they will do so render-
ing the very high contrast which is
responsible for the high image
quality.

7
PROTECTIVE COATING

An important feature in the STRUCTURIX quality... rugged performance

STRUCTURIX films is a special pro-
tective top coat resulting directly
from Agfa’s Split Antistress Layer
(SAL) technology. 4
3  Split Anti-stress Layer
This top coat gives the Agfa films 2 Emulsion Layer
unique high resistance to pressure,
scratching and creasing.
1 Base
Another advantage of the Agfa
top coat is that surface roughness
has been optimized for problem- 2 Emulsion Layer
free processing in automatic feed- 3
ers such as the STRUCTURIX 4  Split Anti-stress Layer
FEEDER.
Cubic grain plus
Matting agent

The emulsion coatings are covered by

two separate antistress layers (3+4).
To achieve a rugged surface, the top
layer has received the matting agent.

DARKROOM LIGHT SENSITIVITY

STRUCTURIX D films may be

exposed to darkroom safelight
conditions longer without sensito-
metric fogging (ANSI PH 2.22).
This means that brighter safelight
illumination can be used, resulting
in more ergonomic and efficient
working conditions.
Recommended Agfa filters are
R1 (orange-red) and G7 (green).

8
OPTIMIZED PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Sensitometric curves

D4 s.c. D3 s.c.
D8
D5 D3
D2
3.5
D4
D7

3.0

2.5

STRUCTURIX D2 D3 s.c. D4 s.c. D3 D4 2.0

D5 D7 D8 Exposure and processing
parameters: 200 kV, Pb screens, autom.
proc.,
8 min. cycle, devel G 135, 28°C - 82°F 1.5

1.0

Blue-base
0.5

Density
Log. rel. exp.
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

1) In accordance with ANSI PH 2.8,

Relative exposure factors
lSO 7004 without lead screens.
2) ln accordance with ANSI PH 2.8, 100 kV (1) 200 kV (2) Ir 192 (3) Co 60 (4) LINAC/8 MeV(5) CONTRAST(*)
lSO 7004 and EN 584-1 with lead
screens 0.027 mm. STRUCTURIX D2 9.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 6.0
3) 8 mm Cu filtration, 0.1/0.2 mm lead STRUCTURIX D3 s.c. 9.5 8.0 - - - 5.3
screens. STRUCTURIX D4 s.c. 5.4 4.8 - - - 4.6
4) Exposure with lead screens STRUCTURIX D3 4.1 4.3 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.5
0.1/0.2 mm.
5) Exposure with Fe screens STRUCTURIX D4 3.0 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.1 5.4
front: 1 mm, back: 1 mm. STRUCTURIX D5 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 5.4
Object Fe 160 mm. FFD = 2 m. STRUCTURIX D7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5.4
STRUCTURIX D8 0.6 0.65 0.6 0.6 0.6 4.3
(*) CONTRAST. The average gradient of
the section of the characteristic
curve between densities 1.5 and 3.5
(obtained at 200 kV in accordance
with lSO 7004).

9
IMAGE QUALITY AND FILM SYSTEM CLASSES

TOWARDS A NEW
FILM SYSTEM
C L A S S I F I C AT I O N

The introduction of the Industrial Film

Systems Classification Standards EN
584-1, ASTM E-1815, ISO 11699-1
and JIS-K7627 provide an important
means to assign film systems (film
types in combination with processing)
to the appropriate film system class.
These standards identify the vari-
ous types of industrial X-ray film
systems and classify them based
on objectively quantified parame-
ters that are the foundation of film
imaging performance.
As a result of being able to objec- These parameters are selected on
The standards for control of film tively determine the performance of the basis of insight into imaging
processing EN 584-2 and ISO a specific Film System ( Film + theory applied to the industrial
11699-2 provide the means to Chemistry + Processing) film radio- X-ray film systems. G is a measure
control the processing at the graphy remains the number one and of the signal gain factor and σD
processor user level. The objective most widely used NDT technique. indicates the noise, so that G/σd
is to make sure that a classified represents the signal/noise ratio.
The classification system classifies
system will also produce the
a film inclusive of processing (type In the context of growing quality
expected capabilities in daily use.
and chemicals). This illustrates the awareness the new perception of
(See: Structurix Quality Assurance)
importance of processing in rela- film system classification, described in
tion to imaging. EN 584, ASTM 1815, ISO 11699
and JIS-K7627, is gradually flowing
The parameters are: into the industry.
G2 (contrast) Net density: D = 2
G4 (contrast) Net density: D = 4
σD (noise) Net density: D = 2
G/σD Net density: D = 2

10
 Image Quality & Film System Classes

FILM TYPE CEN ASTM ISO JIS-K7627

STRUCTURIX EN 584-1 E 1815-96 11699-1
D2 C1 special T1 T1
D3 s.c. T1 T1
D4 s.c. T1 T1
D3 C2 I T1 T1
D4 C3 I T2 T2
D5 C4 I T2 T2
D7 C5 II T3 T3
D8 C6 III T4 T4

A/Automatic
Chemicals G 135/G 335 - development immersion time : 100 sec.
Developing temperature: 28°C - (82°F)
GRADIENT G σD G/σd ISO DOSE
SPEED m Gy
FILM TYPE CEN ISO ASTM DENS=2 DENS=4 DENS=2 DENS=2 S D=2
D2 C1 T1 special 5.2 9.1 0.014 371 32 22.3
D3 C2 T1 I 4.7 8.6 0.016 294 64 14.0
D4 C3 T2 I 4.6 7.6 0.020 232 100 8.7
D5 C4 T2 I 4.4 7.6 0.026 169 200 4.6
D7 C5 T3 II 4.4 7.6 0.031 142 320 3.2
D8 C6 T4 III 4.1 5.2 0.035 114 400 2.2

B/Manual
Chemicals G 128/G 328 - development immersion time : 300 sec.
Developing temperature: 20°C - (68°F)
GRADIENT G σD G/σd ISO DOSE
SPEED m Gy
FlLM TYPE CEN ISO ASTM DENS=2 DENS=4 DENS=2 DENS=2 S D=2
D2 C1 T1 special 5.1 9.0 0.013 392 32 23.5
D3 C2 T1 I 4.8 8.4 0.016 303 64 14.0
D4 C3 T2 I 4.6 8.0 0.020 232 100 8.7
D5 C4 T2 I 4.6 8.0 0.026 177 160 4.4
D7 C5 T3 II 4.6 8.0 0.032 144 320 3.2
D8 C6 T4 III 4.1 6.8 0.035 117 400 2.2

11
CHARACTERISTICS

STRUCTURIX D2
Extremely fine grain film with very high contrast. Ideal for exposures
requiring the finest possible detail rendering.

STRUCTURIX D3 s.c. STRUCTURIX D4 s.c.

Single coated films with very high image quality, (accurate interpretabili-
ty,) high contrast and pleasant image tint. The ideal films for optical
enlargements. The colorless back coating prevents film curl under all
conditions.

STRUCTURIX D3
Ultra fine grain film with very high contrast. This film obtaines a very
high detail perceptability which meets the requirements of the most
critical NDT applications. For exposure with lead screens using either
X-ray, gamma rays or radiation from megavolt equipment.

STRUCTURIX D4
Extra fine grain film with very high contrast. Suitable for a wide variety
of critical applications. For exposure with lead screens using either
X-ray, gamma rays or radiation from megavolt equipment.

STRUCTURIX D5
Very fine grain film with high contrast. Excellent for visualization of dis-
continuities. This film is intended for use with lead screens using either
X-ray or gamma rays.

STRUCTURIX D7
Fine grain film with high contrast and high speed. Designed for direct
exposure or with lead screens. For exposure with lead screens using
either X-ray or gamma rays.

STRUCTURIX D8
Medium grain film with high contrast and very high speed. Suitable for
a variety of applications. This film can be used for direct exposure, or
with lead screens. It gives good image quality with short exposure
times. If even higher speed is required, fluorescent screens, in combi-
nation with Structurix F8 (not D8) should be used.

12
APPLICATIONS

• electronic components
• composite materials
• castings (light metals and alloys)
• multiple film techniques

• electronic components • inspections whereby optical enlargement is required

• composite materials • multiple film techniques
• neutron radiography

• electronic components • nuclear quality

• composite materials • aerospace and aircraft industry
• castings • multiple film techniques
• very high quality welds

• electronic components • defence and nuclear industry

• composite materials • aerospace and aerospace industry
• castings • multiple film techniques
• very high quality welds

• welding • aerospace and aircraft industry

• castings • multiple film techniques
• shipbuilding

• welding and casting • composite materials

• defence industry • multiple film techniques
• aerospace and aircraft industry

• concrete and heavy construction work

• castings
• multiple film technique

13
EXPOSURE DIAGRAMS
Exposure diagrams can be very useful for setting Steel (Fe) • Type of X-ray tube:
the correct exposure. The diagrams shown here constant potential
are meant only as a guide, as the correct expo- • Pb-screens
sure will mainly depend on the variations of the • Density: 2
object, the exposure equipment used and on the • FFD: 1m
processing conditions. • Autom. proc.:
8 min. cycle G 135,
28°C (82.4°F).

STRUCTURIX D2 STRUCTURIX D3 STRUCTURIX D4

kV 140 160 180 200 220 240 kV 120 140 160 180 200 220 kV 100 120 140 160 180 200
100 100 100
90 260 90 90 220
m.A.min

m.A.min

240
m.A.min

80 80 80
70 70 70
60 60 60
50 50 50
40 40 260 40

30 30 30
260

20 20 20

10 10 10
9 9 9
8 8 8
7 7 7
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4

3 3 3

2 2 2

mm mm mm
1 1 1
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40

STRUCTURIX D5 STRUCTURIX D7 STRUCTURIX D8

kV 100 120 140 160 180 200 kV 100 120 140 160 180 200 kV 100 120 140 160 180
100 100 100
90 90 90
m.A.min

m.A.min
m.A.min

80 80 80 200
70 70 70
60 60 60
50 220 50 50
40 40 40
220
30 240 30 30

220
20 20 240 20
260
240
10 10 260 10
9 9 9
8 8 8
7 7 7 260
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4

3 3 3

2 2 2

mm mm mm
1 1 1
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40

14
 Aluminium (AI) • Type of X-ray tube:
constant potential
• Density: 2
• FFD: 1m
• Autom. proc.:
8 min. cycle G 135,
28°C (82.4°F).

STRUCTURIX D2 STRUCTURIX D3 STRUCTURIX D4

kV kV kV
50 70 90 110 130 50 70 90 110 50 70 90 110
100 100 100
90 90 90
m.A.min

m.A.min
m.A.min

80 80 80
70 70 70
60 60 130 60
50 50 50 130
40 40 40

30 30 30

20 20 20

10 10 10
9 9 9
8 8 8
7 7 7
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4

3 3 3

2 2 2

mm mm mm
1 1 1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

STRUCTURIX D5 STRUCTURIX D7 STRUCTURIX D8

kV kV kV
50 70 90 50 70 90 50 70 90
100 100 100
90 90 90
m.A.min

m.A.min

m.A.min

80 80 80
70 70 70
60 110 60 60
50 50 50
40 40 40
110
30 30 30 110
130
20 20 20

130

10 10 10 130
9 9 9
8 8 8
7 7 7
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4

3 3 3

2 2 2

mm mm mm
1 1 1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

15
Selenium 75
1000

GBq.h

Ci.h
10000

100
D2
D3

D4
D5
1000
D7 D8
10

Pb screens
100 Density 2
SFD 1m

1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
mm Fe

Iridium 192
1000
GBq.h

Ci.h

10000
D2
D3
100
D4 D5

1000 D7 D8

10

Pb screens
100 Density 2
SFD 1m

1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
mm Fe

Cobalt 60
1000
GBq.h

Ci.h

10000

D2
100 D3

D4
D5
1000

D7 D8
10

Pb screens
100 Density 2
SFD 1m

1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
mm Fe

16
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
Sensitometric curves with
STRUCTURIX F8 Relative exposure factor RCF fluorometallic screens.
with fluorometallic screens
Designed as a high quality film for depends on:
fluorometallic (RCF) screen expo- • temperature 3,5

Density
sure when the speed obtainable • radiation energy F8 + RCF
3
with Pb screen system is insuffi- • exposure time
D8 + Pb
cient or radiation safety is of prime (see page 20 for more details) 2,5

importance. 2
When maximum speed is impor-
Sensitive to all UV and blue-emit- tant the use of very fast screens Blue base 1,5
ting screens. Calcium tungstate such as the Agfa NDT 1200
1
with lead or lead oxide backing, so screen can further reduce the
called fluorometallic screens exposure time 3 to 6 times com- 0,5

(STRUCTURIX RCF Screens) are pared to RCF screens. 0

-0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
most suited for industrial applica-
F8 is the ideal fast, high contrast, (at 200 kV, Log. rel. exp.
tions.
high definition film for fluorescent F8 + RCF,
F8 with fluorescent screens is used screen applications. 5 sec.)
in a variety of heavy construction
When higher sharpness is required
applications, concrete, in line
we advise the use of D8 with Pb
examination of piping, where
screens.
X-ray energy has to be limited,
flash radiography and microfocus
enlargement techniques.
F8
STRUCTURIX F8 is well-suited for High speed, high contrast fine grain film,
off-shore pipelines and similar for exposures in combination with
applications. fluorometallic (RCF) screens or
fluorescent screens
Those areas need short exposure
• high system speed is main requirement
time through the use of fluoro-
• on stream corrosion/erosion
metalic screens and fast processing
radiography
cycles.
• concrete and heavy constructions
F8 is preferably processed in short • low dosage output, e.g. microfocus
cycle (90 sec.). If needed standard
8 min. cycle can be used alterna-
tively.

17
STRUCTURIX STRUCTURIX intensifying The blue emitting STRUCTURIX
INTENSIFYING screens: features NDT 1200 fluorescent screen has
SCREENS When excited by X-rays or an extremely high absorption and
gamma-rays the STRUCTURIX conversion efficiency together with
The STRUCTURIX range offers two RCF fluorometallic screen becomes acceptable detail perceptibility. The
intensifying screens. The STRUC- blue emitting. The screen has an combination with a STRUCTURIX
TURIX RCF fluorometallic screen incorporated filter of lead oxide for F8 film makes this film-screen
and the high speed STRUCTURIX scattered radiation. The emission system convenient for high-energy
NDT 1200 fluorescent screen. spectrum is matched to the spec- applications like the non-destruc-
tral sensitivity of the STRUCTURIX tive testing of heavy specimens,
STRUCTURIX intensifying F type films. The strong fluores- the examination of large concrete
screens: Advantages cent STRUCTURIX RCF screen structures (bridges and buildings).
The STRUCTURIX fluorometallic offers the ideal compromise The STRUCTURIX NDT 1200
(RCF) and fluorescent screens between detail perceptibility and screen can also be a solution for
(NDT 1200) based on the conven- working efficiency. The extra flash radiography by which expo-
tional phosphor material calcium strong Electron-Beam-Cured (EBC) sure times are extremely short and
tungsten (CaWO4) reduce radia- protective coating and the poly- for microfocus-enlargment tech-
tion exposure, and/or the neces- ester support make the screen par- niques by which radiation doses
sary level of radiation energy. They ticularly durable. are very low.
detect the radiographic penetra-
One of the most important applica-
tion of thick objects.
tions of the STRUCTURIX RCF
Being a more productive and screens lies in the inspection of off-
effective testing method the use of shore pipelines. Combining the
the STRUCTURIX RCF and NDT screen sensitivity and rapid process-
1200 screens reduces the exposure ing of the STRUCTURIX F8 film
equipment load. provides an ideal film-screen sys-
tem. In the in line as well, the use of
The flexible screen enables radiog-
the STRUCTURIX RCF-screen in
raphy of curved objects.
combination with the STRUCTURIX
F8 film means a considerable
amount of time-saving.

18
Treatment of STRUCTURIX Relative Exposure Factor Spectograms
intensifying screens When making exposures with fluo- 400
The STRUCTURIX screens should rescent screens it is important to uJ )
S = (cm
200
be protected from moisture, heat understand the potential impact of
and ultra-violet radiation. Dust and variables such as temperature, expo- 100 100
marks should be removed from the sure energy and exposure time: 80 80
60 60
screen immediately using an
• Intensifying screens fluoresce 40 40
approved Screen Cleaner. The Agfa
more brilliantly at low tempera-
Screen Cleaner obviously cleans the 20 20
ture. Therefore the screen effi-
screen but also contains an anti-
ciency will drop with increasing 10 10
static element which provides dirt 8 8
temperature.
and dust on the screen caused by 6 6
• With increasing energy, the
static electricity. 4 4
absorption of fluorescent screens
is reduced and, as a result, the 2 2

intensifying effect is diminished.

• Due to the “reciprocity effect” 300 350 400 450 500 550
with fluorescent screen systems,
the gain in exposure time com- Spectral sensitivity of
pared to lead screen systems, STRUCTURIX F8
diminishes with increasing expo- (for density 1.0 above fog)
sure length. Relative emmission spectrum of
intensifying screens

Relative Exposure

F8 D7

100 kV NDT 1200 0.010

RCF 0.030
No screen 1.000

300 kV NDT 1200 + Pb 0.008

RCF 0.022
Pb 1.000

Ir 192 NDT 1200 + Pb 0.007

RCF 0.035
Pb 1.000

Co 60 NDT 1200 + Pb 0.006

RCF 0.040
Pb 1.000

19
THE RIGHT PACKAGING FOR EVERY
STRUCTURIX FILM
PRACTICAL SHEET FILM IN
D AY L I G H T D AY L I G H T
PA C K A G I N G PA C K A G I N G

Time saving P b VA C U PA C
Agfa packages its STRUCTURIX
films on ultramodern packaging
Completely light tight,
machines. This ready to use pack-
airtight and moisture-
aging can be placed directly on the A N A G FA
I N N O VAT I O N
proof
object to be X-rayed. This saves
Pb VACUPAC is the perfect day-
valuable time which would other-
light packaging.
wise be used to place the film
The STRUCTURIX X-ray films with
manually in cassettes in the dark-
Pb screens, with a standard thick-
room.
ness of 0.027 mm, are vacuum
Agfa has a very wide range of dif-
packed in a completely light tight,
ferent forms of packaging, which Improved quality
airtight and moistureproof foil
are in accordance with the ISO Agfa packages all its films auto-
complex. The foil, a spin off from
5655 norm. For every application matically in an ISO 9001 environ-
space technology, is a metalized
of industrial radiography there is ment using new lead screens for
polymer involving the deposition
the right STRUCTURIX film in the every packaging. This method
of vaporized aluminium under
right packaging. No object is too guarantees optimal quality. By
vacuum. The synthetic foil ensures
large or too small, an X-ray film of excluding all so called film faults,
that VACUPAC can be used under
the appropriate size is available for such as dust in the packaging and
extremely dirty and damp condi-
every exposure. STRUCTURIX faults caused by the lead. Reshots
tions. Pb VACUPAC is ideal for
films are supplied in all standard due to these faults are a thing of
applications with energies higher
sheet and roll sizes (special sizes on the past.
than 100 kV.
demand) and in darkroom or day-
light packaging. More economical
Optimal image quality
The “time is money” principle
As a result of the vacuum, contact
means that ease of use, both dur-
between the STRUCTURIX film
ing exposure and in the darkroom,
and the lead screens is perfect
and the avoidance of reshoots lead
guaranteeing optimal image defini-
to increased productivity.
tion. Even if VACUPAC is placed
On all daylight film packages the around a spherical or curved work-
film type is clearly marked. “Pb” piece, film/screen contact is
means the film is sandwiched retained fully.
between lead screens (.001”/
0.027 mm). Daylight packed Easy to use
sheets have a center cross on the Either side of the wrapper can be
envelope to allow for easy posi- placed on the object to be tested.
tioning. Sheets are provided in an A center cross on the envelope
easy to use strong fliptop box. allows easy positioning.
Rolls are supplied in a rigid dis- In addition, VACUPAC can be
penser box. opened in one movement thanks
to the easy peel-off effect.

20
 Pb ETE
(EDGE T0 EDGE)

The edge to edge Pb

versions are still available
A N A G FA
I N N O VAT I O N
for the less popular sheet
sizes for which a VACUPAC ver-
sion does not exist. A specific
advantage of the edge to edge is
the double sided edge. This makes
it possible to place the film against
or between elements of a work-
piece easily and accurately.
Opening the edge to edge pack-
aging is easy: by tearing open the
wrapper using the thread included
for this purpose, the film is easy to
remove via the long side. The Pb
edge to edge version is designed
for exposures with energies higher
Extra vacuum protection
than 100 kV and isotopes.
Each pack of 100 sheets is also
supplied “in vacuo” to preserve
the vacuum well beyond the
expiry date.

DW ETE
(EDGE T0 EDGE)

Light tight, moistureproof and

greaseproof packaging without Pb
screen. Ideal for exposures using
radiation energy lower than 100
kV. The envelopes can easily be cut
and taped for use in odd shaped
angles and corners. They are also
easy to tape to the workpiece.

21
R O L L S I N D AY L I G H T
PA C K A G I N G :

Whether you have to X-ray Can be opened quickly and P b R O L L PA C

pipelines, pressure vessels, air- easily
planes or storage tanks, with the The special design of the ROLL- Light tight, moisture-
roll film packaging you can deter- PAC wrapper means that it can be A N A G FA
proof and greaseproof
mine the length of film yourself so opened quickly and easily. The film The film is sandwiched
I N N O VAT I O N

that your radiographs can be made is removed by taking the unprinted between two .001”/0.027 mm
in one piece. wrapper together with the lead lead screens. ROLLPAC packaging
screen and the film in one hand is completely light tight. Because
Easy to use and the printed wrapper and the the packaging is also resistant to
Cassettes are not necessary with other lead screen in the other. In moisture and grease it may come
ROLLPAC packaging. The film is this way the film can be easily into contact with damp or greasy
packed in accordance with the stripped from the packaging. objects without affecting the film.
edge to edge system with which
The packaging of Rollpac in wider
ROLLPAC can be placed accurately Optimal image quality
formats (>10cm) has a tearstrip on
on the object, for example a long The unique way of packaging
either side of the wrapper.
weld, to be tested, or right into the ROLLPAC on our ROLLPAC
This enables the film to be
corner of a flange. ROLLPAC is machines ensures that excellent
removed from the packaging easily
placed around the object and contact between the film and lead
and above all quickly.
attached with adhesive tape. foil is retained when applied to
Identification of the exposure needs spherical or tubular objects, even
Length indication
only occur once. This time saving those with a small diameter.
on the wrapper
ROLLPAC packaging is supplied in Because the screens are only used
This allows you to easily determine
a convenient dispenser box. once optimal results are guaran-
where to cut the film, it enables
teed.
you also to see how much film is
left. The film can be cut to any
length. This should be done in the
darkroom.

22
D W R O L L PA C
DW ROLLPAC packaging
is specifically intended for
A N A G FA
I N N O VAT I O N

material testing using low

to very low radiation energy
(<100 kV).
Widths-up-to 35 cm (14 inches)
are available.

For testing at higher radiation

energy levels (>100 kV), e.g.
welding in boilers, storage tanks
and pipelines, Pb ROLLPAC is
used.

R O L L PA C P R E C U T
Even more economical
If specially ordered, the
A N A G FA
I N N O VAT I O N

films in ROLLPAC packag-

ing can also be supplied in precut
lengths from 70 cm (27.5”) on.
This exclusive form of packaging
saves you a considerable amount
of time and money. Ideal for
pipeline projects, which generally
consist of large series of pipes of
the same diameter. We can supply
ROLLPAC precut in the length
required for your project.

23
 SHEET FILM IN
DARKROOM
PA C K A G I N G

Films for use with reloadable metal NIF

or plastic cassettes and exposure (NON INTERLEAVED FILMS)
holders. The high level of dark-
room lighting tolerated by STRUC- This is the most economic way to
TURIX D films allow more com- buy sheet film. The intrinsic film
fortable loading and unloading quality is the same as that of
conditions. prepacked film. Sheets of film are
packed per 100 (except extremely
Film type and size are clearly
large sizes) in a paalpo bag inside
marked on bottom, top and side
a cardboard box.
of each box for easy storage.
The paalpo bags allow for easy
In the first instance, darkroom film removal and re-closure.
packaging appears to be the most
economical solution because this is
the cheapest to buy. However,
before deciding on what to use,
the total radiography cost should
be considered. The film handling
costs, for example in the dark-
room, and the cost of reshoots are
important factors to consider. The
extra cost of cassettes and screens
should also be taken into account. FW
The total of this cost price calcula- (FOLDER WRAPPED)
tion also depends of course on the
local conditions. Each film is wrapped in a paper
folder to prevent handling faults in
The conclusion is therefore: “less
the darkroom. The paper folders
costly is not always economical”
can also be used to make it easy
A quality evaluation can also be
to store the films and protect them
made in addition to this cost eval-
after processing. This form of
uation. VACUPAC image quality
packaging is also a solution when
cannot be obtained with the stan-
boxes remain in use for some time
dard cassette system.
after opening in areas with a high
relative humidity and temperature
as it prevents the films from stick-
ing together.
Sheets of film are packed per 100
in a sealed bag and placed in a
strong cardboard box.

24
 ROLLS IN
DARKROOM
PA C K A G I N G :

BLR
(BULK LOAD ROLL)

Packaging with bare film on a

cardboard core. This film can be
cut to any length and loaded with
or without lead screens in reload-
able cassettes, in the darkroom.
Available in a standard width of
70 mm and in lengths of 550 ft.
(167.75 m) and 1000 ft. (305 m).

TA I L O R M A D E
PA C K A G I N G

In addition to the aforementioned

standard products special orders
can also be made, such as non
standard sheet sizes, other forms
of packaging, e.g. Bi and Tri Packs.
For the special order procedure,
please contact your Agfa agent.
Bipack is an ETE daylight packag-
ing containing 2 films. The Tripack
contains 3 films in one envelope.
Combinations with lead screens
are possible. Bipacks can also be
supplied in DW Rollpac packaging.

25
OPTIMAL STORAGE OF STRUCTURIX FILMS

Handling and storage of X-ray film

is a very important aspect of the
radiographic process. Guidelines
are given in several international
standards e.g. ASTM E1254-98.
The recommendations for unex-
posed X-ray film are described in
the paragraphs below.
First of all, storage facilities for
unexposed X-ray films should pro-
vide adequate protection from any
penetrating radiation. If the films
are stored for longer than 3
months, background radiation may
not exceed 90 nGy/h (18 x 10-10
C/Kg/h). Films in containers sealed
by the manufacturer should be
stored with the films on edge,
whenever possible. Storage tem-
perature should be between 40°F
(4.4°C) and 75°F (23.8°C) at a rela-
tive humidity range of 30 to 60 %.
As higher temperatures accelerate
certain physicochemical processes
in the emulsion, STRUCTURIX
films should always be stored in a
cool place (within the above men-
tioned temperature range).
While films in opened packages
are also affected by humidity, it is
advisable to ensure that the rela-
tive humidity in the storage room
remains under 60 %.
It is also recommended that the
films are not stored in the immedi-
ate vicinity of X-ray chemicals.

If STRUCTURIX films are handled

and stored in accordance with the
directions given above, Agfa guar-
antees their good quality at least
until the expiry date on the box.

26
STRUCTURIX
EQUIPMENT

The Agfa STRUCTURIX NDT sys-

tem consists of an innovative
assortment : films, equipment and
chemicals are perfectly geared to
one another. That is why the
STRUCTURIX processors are sup-
plied as a standard 100 secs.
immersion in each processing sec-
tion, with developer and fixer tem-
peratures controlled at 82.4°F
(28°C).
Together with STRUCTURIX films,
Agfa STRUCTURIX processors and
STRUCTURIX chemistry are widely
used in industrial radiography as a
total system. The satisfaction of
our customers is the best example
of the reliability and performance
of the STRUCTURIX equipment.
Several decades of experience and
know-how in equipment design
and construction are the basis.
Moreover all STRUCTURIX NDT
equipment comply with VDE, UL
and CSA safety regulations and are
EMC-compliant according to VDE.
All units are supplied with the GS
label and CE label as well as the
CE Declaration of Conformity and
are manufactured to ISO 9001.
These are extra proofs of our com-
mitment to quality and reliability.

27
STRUCTURIX NDT Si

ECOLOGY AND ECONOMY

GO HAND IN HAND

Building on its years of experience,

Agfa now introduces the STRUC-
TURIX NDT Si film processor. The
NDT Si film processor forms the
basis of a NEW Structurix High
Capacity Film System that boasts a
revolutionary design and takes X-
ray film processing to the next level.
The STRUCTURIX NDT Si is a
leading-edge processor that brings
speed, operational flexibility,
money-saving innovations, and
environmentally friendly design
together in a single package.
Agfa is an industry leader in
processors that use a leading edge
"Cascade-Fixing" system.
Featuring a double-fixing tank, the
• Lower warehousing and handling High Capacity
STRUCTURIX NDT Si generates
costs and less packaging waste The throughput or processing
improved results, yet requires few
due to the need for fewer rate, of the STRUCTURIX NDT Si
resources to achieve those results.
chemicals is designed to meet the needs of a
Comprised of Optimized Film, • Substantially lower costs for wide range of users, including
industrial Chemistry, and a New energy and water usage those with large film processing
Processor, the High Capacity Film • At the same time, the Structurix demands and companies with
System extracts the maximum in High Capacity Film System is high production peaks. Set to an
economic and ecological benefits certified to the following eight-minute cycle, the NDT Si
by delivering: Industrial Film Systems boosts the processing speed to 20
Classification Standards inches of film per minute, or 70
• Higher processing "throughput"
(100 sec developer immersion films (size 14x17") per hour.
(on the order of 20 percent)
time, G 135, 82.4°F)
when compared to its predeces-
• EN 584-1
sor, the NDT3
• ASTM E-1815
• A reduction of fixer replenish-
• ISO 11699-1
ment is possible. Check with
• JIS-K7627
your local legislation require-
ments.
• Optimized archiving results
• Less handling of the products
• Dramatically lower silver level in
the waste water, representing a
reduction of 90 to 95 percent
• Fewer chemical waste resulting
in lower disposal cost

28
 A NEW
REVOLUTIONARY
1 2 2
TECHNOLOGY
"CASCADE FIXING"

D IW F1 F2 W
Agfa’s new Cascade Fixing System
delivers consistently high-quality
images. What makes the system
special is that it delivers those
images at a higher throughput 3
rate, while reducing the environ-
mental impact. Thanks to a design
that features two successive fixing
tanks that are replenished on the
counter-flow principle, the
STRUCTURIX NDT Si significantly
reduces the silver residue present
in the waste water.
The exposed film is first developed Silver recovery is also optimized respect to drying rates and film
in the developer tank and then by the STRUCTURIX NDT Si’s sizes, so that no matter which
rinsed in the intermediate-washing design. The first fixer tank being option is selected it delivers the
tank. Intermediate washing replenished by overflow from the same high-quality output.
ensures that little of the developer second fixer tank, nearly all of the
solution carries into the fixing silver released in the fixing stage Precise Replenishment
tanks, thus keeping the ‘fixer bath’ ends up in the overflow from the The design of the STRUCTURIX
in optimum condition. At the same first tank, providing optimum sil- NDT Si minimizes replenishment
time, the intermediate washing ver recovery. This unique film pro- demands thanks to a unique scan-
process helps to prevent faults cessing system ensures that the ning feature. Instead of relying
from occurring on the film being amount of silver in the wash only on a measurement of film
developed. water is up to 25 times lower than length, the STRUCTURIX NDT Si
found in conventional processing precisely maps the film surface
The operating method of systems. area by using 11 detection rollers,
the Cascade Fixing System is assuring accurate minimum
simple but effective. Superior Image Quality replenishment usage.
The film is 100 percent fixed in The STRUCTURIX NDT Si was
the first fixer tank and rinsed in designed to satisfy applications
the second fixer tank. With fixer that demand the highest image
replenishment being executed in quality. Agfa’s innovative rack con-
the second fixer tank, the concen- struction and roller configurations
tration of silver in that tank stays contribute significantly to the top-
low. As the silver carryover into the of-the-line performance delivered
water tank is minimal, waste water by the NDT Si. A "smart" micro-
from the STRUCTURIX NDT Si processor embedded in the NDT Si
processor readily complies with controls all process functions and
stringent standards for silver ensures superior film drying at an
content. even rate under all ambient condi-
tions. The STRUCTURIX NDT Si
offers maximum flexibility with

29
Minimum Processing Costs mode the STRUCTURIX NDT Si’s Variable speed mode is another
The more precise that control of drive cycle activates its rollers for proprietary feature of the
the replenishment process is, the short periods. This means that ener- STRUCTURIX NDT Si. Along with
lower the consumption of process- gy consumption is minimized and the standard cycle settings, the
ing chemicals is, and thus the the life of the processor maximized. NDT Si’s processing speed can also
lower costs are. One of the key be manually adjusted in 30-second
ways the STRUCTURIX NDT Si Processing Cycles steps (2.5 - 12 min.). In addition
achieves this low-cost profile is by The NDT Si’s microprocessor also these settings can be locked and
automatically switching to standby features six pre-programmed pro- protected by a password.
mode once all films have left the cessing cycles that vary from 2.5
processor. Thus electricity is saved to 12 minutes. As with all Agfa Reliable Electronics
and water conserved. Moreover, processors, standard cycles are The STRUCTURIXNDT Si’s high-
the less water used for processing easily set. Once the desired cycle performance microprocessor is
(13l/m2) the greater the environ- time has been selected, the other durable, featuring the reliability
mental benefits. processing parameters – namely and security and ease of operation
temperature, dryer level, fixing for which Agfa products are
The design of the STRUCTURIX
temperature, and replenishment famous.
NDT Si incorporates a low-energy
rate – are adjusted automatically
infrared drying technology.
by the STRUCTURIX NDT Si’s
Additionally, when in standby
microprocessor.

Operating diagram:

1 Film feed table

a LCD display
b Menu selection
c Increase setting
d Decrease setting
2 Film area scanning
2 3 4 5a 5b 6 10 3 Developer tank
1 4 Intermediate wash tank

7 7 7 7 5a Fixer tank F1
11
5b Fixer tank F2
9
8 6 Final wash tank
7 Removable top rack parts
8 Distribution rollers
9 Infrared dryer

16 10 Film output
14a 11 Film receiving tray
12 Replenishment pump for developer
15 14b
12 13 13 Replenishment pump for fixer
14a On/off switch
14b Earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB)
15 Three-way valves for draining
the machine tanks
16 Overheating protectors
for developer and fixer

30
User Comfort becomes a very practical daylight
Three-way drainage valves are a processing system. The Feeder will
new feature of the STRUCTURIX automatically follow the processing
NDT Si that makes it simple and speed of the NDT Si, even after
easy for photochemicals and clean- the processor’s speed is adjusted.
ing chemicals to be diverted to the And when an NDT Si is used with-
correct collection tank or drain. out a feeder, an optional ‘light-
tight’ cover is available from Agfa.
Ease of Maintenance In this configuration, once films
The STRUCTURIX NDT Si was are positioned on the film feed
designed as the ultimate in ease- table the cover may be closed and
of-maintenance systems. The top the darkroom illuminated.
sections of the NDT Si’s racks can
be easily removed for separate
cleaning, eliminating the need to
remove an entire rack from a
tank. While the film sensor rollers
on the feed tray require regular
cleaning, the STRUCTURIX NDT
Si’s design makes even this task a
breeze. The rollers can be readily
reached by removing the feed
tray. And to prevent growth of
algae, the wash water automati-
cally drains when the NDT Si is
switched off.

Clear Operating Panel

The operating panel provides clear
displays about all processing
parameters. Incremental controls
are available for the temperature
of both the dryer and developer.
Messages may be displayed in 12
languages.

Adjustable Film Receiving Tray

The film tray of the STRUCTURIX
NDT Si may be easily adjusted to
any sheet film size, welding for-
mats, and roll film of up to 16 ft
in length. Processed films are
always collected in the correct
order in the multifunctional output
tray.

Unique Daylight System

When combined with the
STRUCTURIX Feeder, the NDT Si

31
STRUCTURIX NDT U

UNIVERSAL
RELIABILITY

With the STRUCTURIX NDT U

you have at your disposal the
most universal processor from our
assortment. STRUCTURIX NDT U
combines simplicity, reliability and
universal use in one processor. It is
specially designed for customers
with medium sized quantities of
film.
The ease of use, the ease of main-
tenance and the fact that it is
usable for almost every application
are the main advantages of the
STRUCTURIX NDT U.
The high reliability of our proces-
sors and our years of practical
experience have led to the devel-
opment of this unique processor.

Reliable
The STRUCTURIX NDT U is a
dependable processor, no matter User-friendly Selectable processing cycles
where it is installed. Built with Thanks to the functional design Upon delivery the STRUCTURIX
solid components, the construction the processor operation is easy to NDT U is set at the cycle time of
uses only simple and modern tech- control. An audio and visual signal 8 minutes. An optional cycle time
niques. indicates when the next film can from 1.5 to 12 min., can be set
be fed into the processor. quickly and simply by an approved
Universal use service technician.
The dryer level and the developer
The STRUCTURIX NDT U is very temperature level can simply be
versatile: it processes sheet film as Minimal running costs
set in steps.
well as roll film up to 5 metres. During film processing only an
The standard version of the NDT ecologically justified volume of
Perfect processing quality
U can easily be switched to an off- water per m2 of film being
The design of the STRUCTURIX
shore version by using a longer processed is used. The consump-
NDT U is based on the core tech-
developer rack. This suits the spe- tion of electricity is also particularly
nology used for STRUCTURIX
cific off-shore conditions and satis- low, due to the infrared drying sys-
processors, which is why high film
fies the demands with regard to tem, among other elements.
quality can be guaranteed. Three
processing time (90 sec.) and relia- infrared drying units ensure uni-
bility. Easy trouble shooting and form drying, in accordance with the
repair make this processor espe- principle of direct heat absorption.
cially suitable for use on remote
sites. Moreover the built in devel- The fixer has its own heater ele-
oper cooler allows operation in ment which reduces the fixer
warm climats. warm up time considerably. This
temperature control guarantees
the film archival quality.

32
Replenishment by area automatic daylight film feeding Accessories
Forward of the film feed slot 5 system. • Darkroom panel
magnetic rollers accurately measure • Feed tray cover (light tight)
the surface area of the film. This Feed tray cover (light tight)
• Replenishment tanks 2x8 gallons (30 l)
unique film area scanning ensures a The STRUCTURIX NDT U can easi-
or 2x20 gallons (80 l)
more precise economic and ecolog- ly be equiped with a light tight
• External speed control
ic replenishment operation than if feed tray cover.
• Feeder speed adaptor kit
the film were only scanned length- Once the films are positioned on
wise. the film feed table, the light tight
cover can be closed. From then on Peripherals
Low heat emission the darkroom can be illuminated. • STRUCTURIX Feeder (50/60 Hz) with
The infrared drying system not In addition, the feed tray cover Universal or Fliptop magazine
only guarantees the uniform dry- prevents the intrusion of dust.
ing of your films but also means
that a minimal amount of heat is
produced in the darkroom. So, a
pleasant working temperature is
maintained.

Adaptable film receiving tray

Depending on the kind of film
processed, the tray can be adjust-
ed for roll film or sheet film.

Automatic daylight feeding

The STRUCTURIX NDT U can easi-
ly be fitted with the STRUCTURIX
feeder. Just remove the feedtray
and connect the feeder in its place.
With the STRUCTURIX FEEDER
you can convert the STRUCTURIX
NDT U into a unique, practical

33
Features Advantages

• Mainly electro-mechanical functions • High functional reliability

• Not sensitive to voltage fluctuations (which can occur in an
industrial environment)
• Processing cycle time: • Choice of development time while keeping the required image
choice between 5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12 min. quality
for off-shore applications
choice between 1.5/2.5 min.
• Lower liquid level in the processor tanks • Prevents the liquids from overflowing the tank
• Double liquid overflow (on both sides of each processing tank) • Sufficient drainage with abnormal sea state on large movement
• Extra floor closing plate and air filter • Optimal protection from the intrusion of so-called off-shore dust
into the processor

3 4 5 6
1
7 7 7

Operating diagram:

1 Film feed table

2 Control panel
9 3 Film area scanning
4 Developer tank
5 Fixer tank
10
6 Wash tank
7 Removable upper racks
8 Infrared dryer
9 Film receiving tray
10 Processor drain

34
STRUCTURIX NDT M eco

C O M PA C T A N D
ECOLOGICAL

The STRUCTURIX NDT M eco

processor is the smaller version of
the NDT Si. This compact film
processor occupies a minimal
amount of space in your darkroom.
The STRUCTURIX NDT M eco is
versatile, in the laboratory or trans-
portable in a mobile site darkroom.
It processes sheet film as well as
roll film up to 16”(5 metres).
Specially designed for consumers
of small and medium sized quanti-
ties of film. The ease of use and
the problem free maintenance
make the STRUCTURIX NDT M
eco an extremely user-friendly and
reliable processor.
Cascade fixing
Ecological design The cascade fixing system is an
The STRUCTURIX NDT M eco also entirely new concept for processing
lives up to expectations ecologically X-ray films. The STRUCTURIX
with: NDT M eco processor is built with
two successive fixing tanks replen-
• the economical consumption of
ished on the counterflow principle.
water and electricity The result is nothing less than revo-
• the infrared drying which reduces lutionary in terms of the amount of
the amount of heat produced in silver in the wash water.
the darkroorn to a minimum The cascade fixing principle is basi-
• the optimal replenishment system cally very simple: the exposed film
as a result of film surface scanning is first developed in the developer
• the intermediate washing system tank and then washed in the inter-
mediate wash tank.
which ensures that there is hardly
any carry-over of developer into The film is then 100% fixed in the
the fixing tanks, thus keeping the first fixer tank and rinsed in the sec-
fixer bath in optimum condition. ond fixer tank. Since fixer replenish-
This system also prevents develop- ment is carried out in the second
ment faults occuring on the film. fixer tank, the concentration of sil-
ver in this tank remains very low.
Exact replenishment There is also very little carry-over of
Forward of the film feed slot, 5 silver into the water tank, so that
the waste water complies with the
magnetic rollers accurately meas- most stringent standards.
ure the surface area of the film.
This unique film area scanning This unique film processing system
ensures a precise economic and ensures that the amount of silver in
ecologic replenishment operation. the wash water is up to 25 times
lower than found in conventional
processing systems.

35
Minimal running costs Low heat emission Accessories
The accurate replenishment, as The infrared drying system ensures • Feed tray cover (light tight)
described above, implies low uniform drying of your films and • Support
chemical consumption. keeps heat accumulation in the • Replenishment tanks of 8 gallons
In addition, during film processing darkroom to a minimum. (30 litres)
only an ecologically justified As a result, a convenient working • Darkroom panel
volume of water is used and the temperature is maintained.
consumption of electricity is
particularly low due to the infrared User information
drying system. The display shows information on
the process, such as actual devel-
oping temperature. The dryer level
can be set incrementally.

3 4 5a 5b 6
1 2

7 8

10 Operating diagram:

1 Film feed table

2 Film area scanning
9
3 Developer tank
4 Intermediate wash area
5a Fixer tank F1
5b Fixer tank F2
6 Final wash tank
7 Infrared dryer
8 Film output
9 Film receiving tray
10 Overheating protectors for developer and fixer

36
STRUCTURIX FEEDER

A U T O M AT I C F I L M
FEEDING AND
D AY L I G H T S Y S T E M S

The STRUCTURIX FEEDER con-

verts the STRUCTURIX processors
NDT Si and NDT U into a unique
and practical daylight system. At
the press of a button you can feed
in 240 films fully automatically!
With the STRUCTURIX FEEDER
you can save even more time and
expense in the darkroom.

Complete daylight system

The STRUCTURIX FEEDER feeds
Multiple film sizes Dimensions
film into the processor in the day-
All film sizes from 2.4" to 17" without with film
light thus keeping work in the
(6 to 43 cm) wide and from 4.7" film magazine magazine
darkroom to an absolute mini-
to 19" (12 to 48 cm) long can be Length* 12.5"/15.6” 24,8"/29.5”
mum.
accommodated. 32/42 cm 63/75 cm
Width 21” 21”
Timesaving The handy film magazine, in which
53.5 cm 53.5 cm
The compact STRUCTURIX FEED- up to 4 film lanes can be set up,
Height 10.8” 10.8”
ER feeds the exposed films into makes the STRUCTURIX FEEDER
27.4 cm 27.4 cm
the processor fully automatically. ideal for processing films of welds.
Up to 240 films per magazine
User-friendly (60 films/4 lanes max. width 3.9") Weight
Thanks to the unique portable film can be loaded! Feeder: 48.5 lbs.(22 kg)
magazine the films, grouped per Feeder with
film size per project and per work Reliable film magazine: 55 lbs.(25 kg)
piece, can be loaded easily in any When the FEEDER is switched on
darkroom. The film magazine acts it carries out a self-diagnosis. Power Supply
as a perfect miniature darkroom When in operation built in elec- 110 V-240 V, 50/60 Hz
so that all further activities can tronic checking functions guaran- Separate mains connection.
take place in daylight, including tee high reliability. In this way, for
* depending on the feeder type
automatic film feeding into the example, a double film is detected,
processor. returned and fed in again
separately without any interven-
tion from the user.

Simple installation
Because of its light weight, the
STRUCTURIX FEEDER can be
mounted on (or removed from) the
STRUCTURIX processors NDT Si
and NDT U quickly and easily.

37
Choice between The Fliptop magazine can remain
two magazines in the FEEDER when loading the
The STRUCTURIX FEEDER is sup- films, avoiding the repeated
plied without a magazine. You manipulation of the magazine.
now have the choice between two This prevents wear and tear of
types of magazine: the Universal equipment and facilitates the task
or the Fliptop. Which one you of the operator.
prefer will depend on the type of
work performed and the formats
of the films to be processed. The Universal magazine can be
The unloading procedure is similar opened completely so that it can
for both magazines for daylight easily be set up for different film
handling. sizes, even the smallest ones. Once
the films are loaded in the maga-
zine, it acts as a light tight
container.

Universal magazine Fliptop magazine

Film sizes: min. 2.3” x 4.7” (6 x 12 cm) 2.3” x 4.7” (6 x 12 cm)*

max. 17” x 19” (43 x 48 cm) 17” x 19” (43 x 48 cm)
(*) from 7” (18 cm) length on,
loading without removing the
magazine
Loading capacity: 60 films/stack 60 films/stack
max. 4 lanes max. 4 lanes
Priority film loading: possible easy
time consuming fast
Use: • decentralized loading • loading on the feeder
• transportable • non transportable
• on-site work • in-house work
(inspection companies) (manufacturing companies)

38
STRUCTURIX DRYER

FAST AND Easy-to-operate

EFFICIENT FILM Simply insert the thoroughly
DRYING washed X-ray film into the DRYER
and after a few minutes the dry
film will emerge. It is important to
The STRUCTURIX DRYER is very
use a fixer with hardener, such as
useful for NDT stations without
STRUCTURIX G 335. The STRUC-
automatic processors. The STRUC-
TURIX DRYER is provided with a
TURIX DR is a very reliable, practi-
wash tank for the film to pass
cal unit that will dry your films
through prior to drying.
quickly and without problems. The
DRYER is inexpensive and eco- The film passes through the wash-
nomical to run. ing tank, then into the drying sec-
tion. Most water is removed from
Compared with the conventional
the film by means of squeegee
drying cabinet, the STRUCTURIX
rollers prior to the drying section.
DRYER offers the following advan-
tages: the films dry more rapidly; In the drying section, the film is
the unit is compact and easy to hot air dried from both sides and is
move; drying starts at once with then fed into the adjustable collec-
no warm-up required; the heat tion tray.
output is low, helping your dark-
room to stay cool. Excellent results
The STRUCTURIX DRYER guaran-
tees fast and even drying of X-ray
films. It produces excellent results,
especially when G 335 fixer is
used.

Technical specifications
Dimensions
Length: 23.6” (60 cm)
with extended
receiving tray: 32.7” (83 cm)
Width: 24.8” (63 cm)
Height: 13.8” (35 cm)
with bottle: 17.9” (45.5 cm)
Weight: 53 lbs. (24 kg)
Electrical
connection: 220-240 V/50/60 Hz
(fuse 10 A)
Power: max. 1600 W
(USA model: 120 V / 60 Hz)
Recommended
speed level: level 1
Recommended
dryer level: level 5

39
 Technical specifications STRUCTURIX NDT Processors
Table below shows standard values (modifications possible)

NDT Si NDT U NDT M eco

Preprogrammed Cycles 6 1 1
Optional Cycles min. 2.5 upto 12 3 upto 12 3 up to 12
(steps of 30 sec.) (steps of 1 min.) (steps of 1 min.)
OS-cycles : 1.5/2/2.5
Standard Processing Cycle min. 8 8 8
Immersion time D/F1/F2/W sec. 100/100/67/67 100/100/-/100 100/100/72/72
Capacity film/hour (8 min. cycle)
3.5 X 17 in. (4 films side by side) 280 106 92
14 X 17 in. 70 34 30
Transport speed cm/min. 51 23 20
Film sizes Format min in. 23/8x53/4 23/8x53/4 23/8x53/4
Width min in. 1.3 1.3 1.3
max in. 17 17 17
Length min in. 5 5 5
max (1.3” wide) ft. 16 16 6
with (≥2.3 ” wide) ft. 16 16 16
/
Rollfilm curl O in. >12 >12 >12
Tank capacities
Developer tank gallons 9.8 (37 l) 6.3 (24 l) 2.6 (10 l)
Fixing tank (F1/F2) gallons 9.8/7.1 (37/27 l) 5.3 (20 l) 2.6/2.3 (10/9 l)
Final wash tank gallons 7.1 (27 l) 5.3 (20 l) 2.3 (9 l)
Standard Consumption
Developer ml/m2 900 900 900
Fixer ml/m2 1200 1200 1200
Water litre/m2 13 13 13
Chemistry developer G 135 + G 135s G 135 + G 135s G 135 + G 135s
fixer G 335 G 335 G 335
Dimensions Length in. 63.7 (162 cm) 47.2 (120 cm) 57 (145 cm)
bottom in. 43.7 (111 cm) 28.7 (73 cm) 33.8 (86 cm)
Width in. 27.9 (71 cm) 26.7 (68 cm) 25.9 (66 cm)
Height in. 48.5 (123 cm) 41.3 (105 cm) 23.6 (60 cm)
Surface on floor sqf. 8.5 5.3 6
Weight Empty lb. 657 (298 kg) 385 (175 kg) 257 (117 kg)
With chemicals lb. 939 (426 kg) 551 (250 kg) 352 (160 kg)
Power supply Ampère 16 16 12
Hertz 50 / 60 50 / 60 50 / 60
Volt 208 / 230-240 200 / 240 100/120/200/208/230-240

40
STRUCTURIX
CHEMICALS

STRUCTURIX chemicals are Safety seal

designed to obtain the best pro-
The concentrate bottles are fitted
cessing quality with STRUCTURIX
with a safety seal. This seal is
X-ray films. Together with the films
welded to the bottle during pro-
and processors they form part of
duction to form a perfect air-tight
the dedicated Agfa NDT systems.
seal. When you remove the screw
cap, a skin of polyethylene remains
Handy packaging
on the neck of the bottle. That's
Agfa has introduced shipping car-
why a bottle can be placed upside
tons for its products, made from
down on a mixer.
60% recycled materials. The card-
board shipping cartons are user-
"exp. date"
friendly: each carton has two han-
Agfa also introduced an indication
dles which make it easier to trans-
for the shelf life of the STRUC-
port. In addition, all boxes are
TURIX NDT chemicals. The
color coded with colored adhesive
'exp.date' mentioning the year
tape so that the content can easily
and the month of expiry, can be
be identified. Red is used for boxes
found on all the STRUCTURIX
containing developer, blue is the
NDT shipping cartons as well as on
color for boxes containing fixer,
the concentrate bottles.
brown is used for all the other
chemicals.
Safety measures
Consult the Material Safety Data
Recyclable bottles
Sheets (MSDS) for information on
The STRUCTURIX NDT chemicals
safety, health and environmental
are supplied in containers made
aspects of the chemicals. Follow
from clear polyethylene. The labels
the safety instructions. Follow the
on the containers are made of
user instructions on the bottles.
clear polyethlylene.
Make sure there is adequate air
exchange in the preparation room
in order to prevent too high con-
centration of chemical fumes
building up.
An air exchange of 10 times the
room volume per hour is required.
Consult your local Agfa represen-
tative if in doubt.

41
MANUAL AUTOMATIC CLEANING
PROCESSING PROCESSING PRODUCTS
• STRUCTURIX G 128 developer • STRUCTURIX G 135 developer
• STRUCTURIX G 335 fixer • STRUCTURIX G 135 starter
STRUCTURIX
• STRUCTURIX G 335 fixer
DEVCLEAN
STRUCTURIX DEVCLEAN is a highly efficient,
G 128 DEVELOPER STRUCTURIX two-part maintenance product for
Developer for the manual process-
G 135 DEVELOPER the thorough cleaning of the
developing area of both processors
ing of industrial X-ray fils. G 128 is Developer for the automatic pro-
and tanks along with the acces-
a one-part bath and is available in a cessing of industrial X-ray films.
sories used for manual develop-
quantity of 4x1 gal. (4 x 3.78 litres) G 135 consists of three parts (A, B,
ment. Silver deposits and sludge on
concentrate and will make a total and C) which must always be used
all parts are dissolved effortlessly,
of 20 gallons working solution. together. G 135 is available in a
completely and rapidly.
quantity of 2 x 5 qt. Part A con-
centrate (4.73 litres), 2 x 8 oz. 5+5 litres (part A/B) are diluted to
STRUCTURIX (236.5 ml) part B concentrate and make 30 litres of ready to use
G 335 FIXER 2 x 16 oz. (473 ml) part C concen- solution.
STRUCTURIX G 335 Fixer can be trate will make 10 gallon working
used for manual processing appli- solution. One A, one B and one C
cations. G 335 fixer is a 2 part will make 5 gallons of working
STRUCTURIX
(5 Qt + 32 oz bottle) concentrate solution.
FIXCLEAN
and will make 5 gallons of ready AGFA offers its own liquid cleaning
The G 135 S starter solution is
to use fixer. G 335 fixer is pack- product for regular maintenance of
supplied separately in bottles of 32
aged in 2 x 5 Qiuart quantities to fixer and wash water areas in
oz. (946 mal). When making up
produce 10 gallons of working processors and chemistry mixers:
the developer, 3 oz. (90 ml) starter
solution. FIXCLEAN. This cleaning com-
solution per 1 gal. (3.8 litres)
pound is based on sodium hydrox-
working solution is added.
ide. It is not only highly efficient,
This developer is very stable, both but it does not contain any chlo-
in the concentrated and the ready- rine based substances, so that the
to-use form, thanks to efficient rinsing water can normally be
protection form oxidation. drained as waste water.
5 litres of FIXCLEAN are diluted to
STRUCTURIX make 50 litres of ready to use
G 335 FIXER solution.
STRUCTURIX G 335 Fixer can be
used for automatic processing
applications. G 335 fixer is a 2 part
(5 Qt + 32 oz bottle) concentrate
and will make 5 gallons of ready-
to-use fixer. G 335 fixer is pack-
aged in 2 x 5 Quart quantities to
produce 10 gallons of working
solution.

42
STRUCTURIX QUALITY
ASSURANCE

During the 1980’s there was a Standard for Control of film

growing awareness of the need to processing by means of refer-
“value and manage” QUALITY of ence values
products and services. Companies ASTM E94 states: “To produce a
installed Quality Systems to control satisfactory radiograph, the care
all the activities of their organiza- used in making the exposure must
tion. QA manuals and programs be followed by equal care in pro-
were written. Suppliers were audi- cessing. The most careful radi-
ted to assure conformity of incom- ographic techniques can be nulli-
ing products and parts. The ISO fied by incorrect or improper dark-
9000 standards were developed to room procedures.”
provide uniform, worldwide quality
Therefore EN 584 and ISO 11699
assurance requirements. The
consist of two parts. EN 584-2 and
European Union adopted these
ISO 11699-2 describe how the
standards as part of their modular
user should control his processing
approach to “conformity assess-
system. For instance, to guarantee
ment” procedures, for several
the designed film system perform-
product categories. This includes
ance, calibrated pre-exposed strips
the development of standards
provided by the film manufacturer,
(specifications), which define what
have to be used.
the purchaser wants and what the
supplier agrees to provide, as well Agfa has designed a set of practi-
as quality system registration (cer- cal, dedicated tools for the
tification) which increases confi- radiographer to control and to
dence in the supplier’s ability to prove compliance of his entire
produce consistent quality. system.
Compliance with the ISO 9001
Quality Management System
demonstrates Agfa’s goal of con-
tinuously striving for the highest
product quality.
The quality requirements are typi-
cally most rigorous for regulated
products that have a major impact
on health and safety i.e. film radio-
graphic systems. This is the main
reason for making available the
necessary QC tools in film radio-
graphy to comply with QA specifi-
cations and guarantee the required
consistent performance. These
tools can only give satisfying sup-
port if they are dedicated, easy to
use, precise and cost effective at
the user’s level.

43
STRUCTURIX CERTIFIED PMC STRIP (Processing Monitoring Control)

The STRUCTURIX Certified PMC • to monitor the performance of

strip is a handy, fast and reliable the STRUCTURIX processing sys-
tool for monitoring the quality of tem, in order to guarantee con-
the film processing system, and to sistent high quality
prove compliance with existing • to enable early corrective actions
standards on systems classifica- to be taken in case of deviations
tions.

X-ray pre-exposed film strips

These X-ray pre-exposed film strips
are produced under Agfa’s Quality
Management System (Q.M.S) con-
ditions according to ISO 9001.

Contents
Every STRUCTURIX Certified PMC
pack contains:
• 25 X-ray exposed, undeveloped
PMC strips in individual daylight
packaging. Each strip bears a STRUCTURIX CERTIFIED PMC STRUCTURIX PMC STRIPS without
unique serial (ID) number, even STRIPS according to EN 584-2 and certificate that can be used to
after processing. ISO 11699-2. monitor the performance of the
• PMC chart to record test results. STRUCTURIX processing system
• Instructions for use. in order to guarantee consistent
• Certificate EN 584-2 for compli- quality.
ance and ISO 11699-2.
Every STRUCTURIX PMC pack
Purposes
contains:
The purpose of these PMC strips
• 50 X-ray exposed, undeveloped
are:
PMC strips in individual daylight
• to demonstrate conformity with
packaging.
the certified Agfa STRUCTURIX
• PMC chart to record test results.
standard film system, as laid
• Instructions for use.
down in European standard EN
584 part 2 and ISO 11699-2

Example of Agfa’s pre-exposed PMC-strip

with reference to EN 584-2 and ISO 11699-2

THIO-TEST X
FOG+BASE X +
4

speed index Sr : average value of

net densities of step X Reference Reference
contrast index Cr : speed step contrast step
positive difference of the average
densities of step X and X + 4 contrast

44
STRUCTURIX CERTIFIED DENSTEP

The STRUCTURIX CERTIFIED Each STRUCTURIX CERTIFIED

DENSTEP is a density step wedge DENSTEP is :
film to verify the calibration of • packed in a light-tight water-
optical transmission densitometers proof package to guarantee a
used in the NDT X-ray field. shelf life of at least 4 years
• a calibration certificate
• and a copy of the NIST certifi-
cate S.R.M. 1001
The density values reported, cross
referenced by serial number to the
certificate, are traceable to NIST
(the United States National
Institute of Standards and
Technology) through traceable cal-
ibrations of the instrumentation
and procedures in accordance
with our ISO 9001 approved
QA system.

45
STRUCTURIX THIO-TEST

Archivability check
Finally the archivability of the
processed film is evaluated by
measuring the residual thiosul-
phate in the emulsion layers.
The Agfa STRUCTURIX Thio-Test
provides the means for performing
the control of fixing and washing
as described in EN 584-2 and
ISO 11699-2.

The STRUCTURIX Thio-Test kit

consists of :
• the Thio-Test Color Stepwedge
with 4 steps, which relate to the
archivability expressed in number
of years.
• one dropper bottle of Thio-Test
reagent, of 35 ml (about 1.000
drops)
The Agfa Thio-Test correlates also
perfectly with other international
standards (ISO/ANSI) for deter-
mining the archival quality of
industrial X-ray film.
It is a quick and simple method to
determine the ”Life Expectancy”
of processed films and warns of
poorly fixed and/or washed films.

46
ISO 9001 QUALITY LABELS FOR AGFA NDT

ISO seems to have become a con-

stant theme. And justifiably so -
we always maintained that obtain-
ing an ISO certificate was only the
beginning.
Agfa was the first radiographic film
manufacturer to achieve ISO certi-
fication for its STRUCTURIX films
in 1990. Since then we have come
a long way.
We can now proudly say that the
entire STRUCTURIX system - films,
equipment and chemistry - is pro-
duced with a Quality Management
System approved to ISO 9000.
That’s your guarantee of the high
consistency of the Agfa STRUC-
TURIX products.

47
CONCLUSION

For the first time ever, a harmo- Through the set of proposed or Quality Assurance and control of
nized model for the classification official standards in combination the radiographic film system are
of film systems has been intro- with the classification certificates, part of the total Quality
duced worldwide. The objective radiographic users are able to cer- Management. Each step in the
parameters identifying film system tify that they use classified film chain must be maintained to arrive
performance for ISO, CEN, ASTM systems with a guaranteed intrinsic at the final goal QUALITY.
or JIS utilize the same fundamental minimum imaging performance.
criteria. This will make film radio- Thus the control of film processing
graphy totally ready for the global will produce the expected opti-
requirements placed on it into the mum film performance in every
future! day practice.

48
PERSONAL NOTES

49
PERSONAL NOTES

50
AgfaNDT.com

Agfa NDT
close to you

Ahrensburg • Athens • Auckland • Barcelona • Budapest • Buenos Aires • Caracas • Coventry • Dubendorf • Dublin • Ecatepec
Espoo • Geneva • Glostrup • Hagan • Hong Kong • Hürth • Isando • Kista Stockholm • Kontich • Kuala Lumpur • Kyunggi-do
Lewistown • Linda-a-Velha • Lyon • Milan • Mortsel • Moscow • Mumbai • Nunawading • Petah Tiqwa • Portland • Prague
Rijswijk • Santa Fé de Bogota • Santiago • São Paulo • Seoul • Shanghai • Singapore • Skytta • Taipei • Tehran • Tokyo • Toronto
Vienna • Warsaw • Wuxi
AgfaNDT.com

Agfa NDT Inc.

50 Industrial Park Road
Lewistown, Pa. 17044
U.S.A.
Phone: 866 AGFA NDT
(866 243-2638)
www.AgfaNDT.com

The information in this brochure is given by Agfa in

good faith and reflects the latest situation.
Agfa reserves the right to make changes
without prior notification.

ROLLPAC, STRUCTURIX and VACUPAC are trademarks

of Agfa-Gevaert N.V., Belgium.
AGFA and the Agfa-Rhombus are trademarks
of Agfa-Gevaert AG, Germany.

Printed in Belgium
Published by Agfa-Gevaert N.V., B-2640 Mortsel-Belgium
NETTC USA 01 2002/09