The document defines logical fallacies as errors in reasoning or arguments. It then lists and provides examples of 10 common logical fallacies: appeal to authority, bandwagon, circular reasoning, either-or fallacy, emotional manipulation, false/careless analogy, false/personal attack, hasty generalization, non-sequitur, and red herring. The document concludes with an activity that asks the reader to identify logical fallacies in 10 sample statements.
The document defines logical fallacies as errors in reasoning or arguments. It then lists and provides examples of 10 common logical fallacies: appeal to authority, bandwagon, circular reasoning, either-or fallacy, emotional manipulation, false/careless analogy, false/personal attack, hasty generalization, non-sequitur, and red herring. The document concludes with an activity that asks the reader to identify logical fallacies in 10 sample statements.
The document defines logical fallacies as errors in reasoning or arguments. It then lists and provides examples of 10 common logical fallacies: appeal to authority, bandwagon, circular reasoning, either-or fallacy, emotional manipulation, false/careless analogy, false/personal attack, hasty generalization, non-sequitur, and red herring. The document concludes with an activity that asks the reader to identify logical fallacies in 10 sample statements.
The document defines logical fallacies as errors in reasoning or arguments. It then lists and provides examples of 10 common logical fallacies: appeal to authority, bandwagon, circular reasoning, either-or fallacy, emotional manipulation, false/careless analogy, false/personal attack, hasty generalization, non-sequitur, and red herring. The document concludes with an activity that asks the reader to identify logical fallacies in 10 sample statements.
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 2
LOGICAL FALLACIES
Definition: • Errors in reasoning • These are errors in content or form of arguments presented in the text.
Types of Logical Fallacies
1. APPEAL TO AUTHORITY uses famous personalities in their fields to endorse a particular
idea, product, or even another person. In reality, the credibility of these authorities may not extend beyond their field of expertise. Example: An actress, highly regarded in the field of acting, endorsed senatorial candidate.
2. BANDWAGON assumes that everybody should agree with majority. It is used to make one feel left out because he/she is not doing what most people are doing. Example: Survey results showing that most people prefer their brand than the others.
3. CIRCULAR REASONING merely repeats or restates the conclusion using different words instead of providing an evidence or reason. Example: Filipinos are poor because they live in poverty.
4. EITHER-OR FALLACY presupposes that there are only two sides with no other available option. While there are situations when two choices are sufficient, in many instances, it cannot be a mere case of black versus white. Example: When your friends, who are arguing, insist that you must choose one of them.
5. EMOTIONAL MANIPULATION involves exaggeration to make words appeal to our
prejudices, to our emotions, to our senses, and to our needs. It is used to distract the audience from the truth because there is no concrete evidence to support a generalization or conclusion. Example: We should vote the candidate who is physically-disabled.
6. FALSE/CARELESS ANALOGY seemingly presents the important points of similarity
between two things, ideas, or situations. However, in reality they are more different than alike. Example: Just as flowers need to be sprayed with water so do women need to be sprayed with Perfume X.
7. FALSE/PERSONAL ATTACK focuses on the personality rather than the actual actions or ideas. Example: Senator Cruz is for the legalization of jueteng because he is a gambler and can often be seen playing cards in casino.
8. HASTY GENERALIZATION is based on insufficient evidence. It is not fair to make a
judgment on a small sample. Example: A person who was robbed by a group of teenagers claimed that all teenagers are involved in criminal activities.
9. NON-SEQUITUR means it does not follow. Some writers expect readers to accept their proposition that two events which follow each other are casually related. This belief disregards other factors that can influence the events. Example: Using toothpaste X can give you a “killer smile” that would surely attract the opposite sex. 10. RED HERRING is a technique used to divert the attention of the audience by including a detail which does not support the claim. Example: A person that was accused of tax evasion tried to cover up the issue by claiming that he contributed a big part of his profits to charitable institutions.
Activity:
Find the errors in logical reasoning in the following statements.
1. The world famous inspirational speaker recommends the Peace of Mind resort for corporate meetings and vacations; therefore, we are assured of its quality services. 2. Possession of marijuana should not be allowed because it is illegal to have it. 3. You could be my ally or you could choose to be my foe. 4. He is an effective team leader for the new computer project because he is the head of the religious organization in parish. 5. Many young girls are patronizing Straight and Silky Shampoo. It should be your shampoo choice too! 6. My male classmates spend their free time playing computer games. Therefore, all males enjoy playing computer games. 7. Please strongly consider Mrs. Biglang-Hirap as a replacement for your resigned executive secretary. She has always been efficient and effective employee. Moreover, she recently lost her husband so she really needs the work. 8. Just as weeds need to be pulled out and thrown away so do delinquent boys need to be pulled out of school and thrown in juvenile halls. 9. The Philippines is suffering from economic difficulties because the people are poor. 10. His stand on the urban poor crisis is expected because he has always been rich and has no sympathy for poor people.
Reference Plata, S., Yu, P., Montenegro, M., Parina, J., Tan, N., & Bautista, A. (2016). Reading into writing in the 21st century: A process approach. Biñan City: Trailblazer Publications Asia Inc.
