FM & F Machines 2013

Properties of Fluids
S K Mondal’s Chapter 1
1. Properties of Fluids
Contents of this chapter

1. Definition of Fluid
2. Characteristics of Fluid
3. Ideal and Real Fluids
4. Viscosity
5. Units of Viscosity
6. Kinematic Viscosity
7. Units of Kinematic Viscosity
8. Classification of Fluids
9. Effect of Temperature on Viscosity
10. Effect of Pressure on Viscosity
11. Surface Tension
12. Pressure Inside a Curved Surface
13. Capillarity
14. Derive the Expression for Capillary Rise
Theory at a Glance (for IES, GATE, PSU)
Definition of Fluid
A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously when subjected to external shearing
forces.
Characteristics of Fluid
1. It has no definite shape of its own, but conforms to the shape of the containing vessel.
2. Even a small amount of shear force exerted on a fluid will cause it to undergo a
deformation which continues as long as the force continues to be applied.
3. It is interesting to note that a solid suffers strain when subjected to shear forces
whereas a fluid suffers Rate of Strain i.e. it flows under similar circumstances.
Concept of Continuum
Page 1 of 372
P
Properti
ies of Flu
uids
S K Mo
ondal’ss Cha
apter 1
Th
he concept of
o continuum m is a kind of idealizattion of the continuous
c description of matter
whhere the prroperties off the mattter are con nsidered as continuouss functionss of space
variables. Alth
hough any matter
m is coomposed of sseveral mollecules, the concept of continuum
c
assumes a coontinuous distribution
d of mass wiithin the matter
m ystem with no empty
or sy
space, instead
d of the actu
ual conglome eration of seeparate mollecules.
Deescribing a fluid flow quantitative

q ely makes iti necessaryy to assumee that flow variables
(prressure, veloccity etc.) an
nd fluid prooperties varry continuously from oone point too another.
Ma athematicall descriptionss of flow on this basis have proved to be reliab
ble and treeatment of
uid medium as a continuum has firrmly becomee establisheed.
flu
Foor example density
d at a point is norrmally defin
ned as
He
ere Δ is th
he volume off the fluid ellement and m is the ma
ass
If Δ is very large ρ is affected

a by the inhomoogeneities inn the fluid medium.
m Coonsidering
an
nother extreeme if Δ is i very sma all, randomm movementt of atoms (or moleculles) would
change their number at different times. In thee continuum m approxima ation point density is
defined at thee smallest magnitude
m of ns become significant.
o Δ , beforee statisticall fluctuation
Thhis is called continuum limit and iss denoted by
y Δ c.
Onne of the facctors considdered importtant in deteermining th he validity oof continuumm model is
moolecular dennsity. It is th
he distance between thhe moleculess which is ch haracterisedd by mean
fre
ee path ( λ ).
) It is calcuulated by fin
nding statisstical average distancee the molecu ules travel
between two successive collisions. If I the mean n free path is very sma all as comppared with
som
me characteeristic lengtth in the floww domain (ii.e., the mollecular denssity is very high)
h then
the
e gas can be treated as a conttinuous meedium. If th he mean frree path iss large in
com
mparison too some charracteristic length, the g gas cannot be considerred continuoous and it
should be ana alysed by the molecularr theory.
A dimensionle ess parameeter known as Knudsen n number, Kn = λ / L, where λ is the mean

fre
ee path and d L is the characteristic length. It describees the degreee of deparrture from
conntinuum.
Ussually when n Kn> 0.01, the
t concept of continuum does not hold good.
Beeyond this crritical range e of Knudseen number, the flows arre known ass
slip floow (0.01 < Kn < 0.1),
transittion flow (0.1 < Kn < 10)) and
free-molecule flow w (Kn > 10).
Hoowever, for the flow reg gimes consid dered in thiis course, K n is always less than 0.01
0 and it
is usual to say y that the flluid is a con
ntinuum.
Otther factor which
w check
ks the validiity of continnuum is the elapsed tim me between collisions.
Thhe time shou uld be small enough so s that the random sta atistical desscription of molecular
acttivity holds good.
In continuum m approach, fluid propeerties such as density, viscosity, tthermal con nductivity,
tem
mperature, etc. can be expressed as a continuou us functionss of space an nd time.
Id
deal and
d Real Fluids
1. Ideal Fluidd
An ideall fluid is onee which has
Page 2 of 372
no viscosity
no surface tension
and incompressible
2. Real Fluid
An Real fluid is one which has
viscosity
surface tension
and compressible
Naturally available all fluids are real fluid.
Viscosity
Definition: Viscosity is the property of a fluid which determines its resistance to shearing
stresses.
Cause of Viscosity: It is due to cohesion and molecular momentum exchange between
fluid layers.
Newton’s Law of Viscosity: It states that the shear stress (τ) on a fluid element layer is
directly proportional to the rate of shear strain.
The constant of proportionality is called the co-efficient of viscosity.
When two layers of fluid, at a distance ‘dy’ apart,

move one over the other at different velocities,
say u and u+du.
du
Velocity gradient =
dy
du
According to Newton’s law τ ∞
dy
du
τ=μ
Velocity Variation near a solid
boundary
or
dy
Where μ = constant of proportionality and is known as co-efficient of Dynamic viscosity or
only Viscosity
τ
As μ = Thus viscosity may also be defined as the shear stress required producing unit
⎡ du ⎤
⎢ dy ⎥
⎣ ⎦
rate of shear strain.
Units of Viscosity
S.I. Units: Pa.s or N.s/m2
C.G.S Unit of viscosity is Poise= dyne-sec/cm2
One Poise= 0.1 Pa.s
1/100 Poise is called centipoises.
Dynamic viscosity of water at 20oC is approx= 1 cP
Page 3 of 372
Kinematic Viscosity
It is the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid and denoted by
dynamic viscosity μ
Mathematically ν = =
density ρ
Units of Kinematic Viscosity

S.I units: m2/s
C.G.S units: stoke = cm2/sec
One stoke = 10-4 m2/s
Thermal diffusivity and molecular diffusivity have same dimension, therefore, by analogy,
the kinematic viscosity is also referred to as the momentum diffusivity of the fluid, i.e. the
ability of the fluid to transport momentum.
Classification of Fluids
1. Newtonian Fluids
These fluids follow Newton’s viscosity equation.
For such fluids viscosity does not change with rate of deformation.
2. Non- Newtonian Fluids

These fluids does not follow Newton’s viscosity equation.
Such fluids are relatively uncommon e.g. Printer ink, blood, mud, slurries, polymer
solutions.
du
Non-Newtonian Fluid (τ ≠ μ )
dy
Purely Viscous Fluids Visco-elastic
Fluids
Time - Independent Time - Dependent Visco-elastic
1. Pseudo plastic Fluids 1.Thixotropic Fluids Fluids
⎛ du ⎞
n
⎛ du ⎞
n du
τ = μ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; n < 1 τ = μ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + f (t ) τ =μ + αE
dy
⎝ dy ⎠ ⎝ dy ⎠
Example: Liquid-
Example: Blood, milk f(t)is
solid combinations
decreasing
2. Dilatant Fluids in pipe flow.
n Example: Printer ink; crude
⎛ du ⎞ oil
τ = μ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; n > 1
⎝ dy ⎠
2. Rheopectic Fluids
Example: Butter
3. Bingham or Ideal
Page 4 of 372
Plastic Fluid ⎛ du ⎞
n
n τ = μ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + f (t )
⎛ du ⎞ ⎝ dy ⎠
τ = τ o + μ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ dy ⎠ f(t)is
Example: Water suspensions increasing
of clay and flash Example: Rare liquid solid
suspension
Fig. Shear stress and deformation rate relationship of different fluids
Effect of Temperature on Viscosity

With increase in temperature
Viscosity of liquids decrease
Viscosity of gasses increase
Note: 1. Temperature responses are neglected in case of Mercury.
2. The lowest viscosity is reached at the critical temperature.
Effect of Pressure on Viscosity

Pressure has very little effect on viscosity.
But if pressure increases intermolecular gap decreases then cohesion increases so viscosity
would be increase.
Page 5 of 372
Surface tension
Surface tension is due to cohesion between particles at the surface.
Capillarity action is due to both cohesion and adhesion.
Surface tension
The tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid in contact with a gas or on the surface
between two immiscible liquids such that the contact surface behaves like a membrane
under tension.
Pressure Inside a Curved Surface

For a general curved surface with radii of curvature r1 and r2 at a point of interest
⎛1 1⎞
Δp = σ ⎜ + ⎟
⎝ r1 r2 ⎠
4σ
a. Pressure inside a water droplet, Δp =
d
8σ
b. Pressure inside a soap bubble, Δp =
d
2σ
c. Liquid jet. Δp =
d
Capillarity
A general term for phenomena observed in liquids due to inter-molecular attraction at the
liquid boundary, e.g. the rise or depression of liquids in narrow tubes. We use this term for
capillary action.
Capillary rise and depression phenomenon depends upon the surface tension of the liquid
as well as the material of the tube.
4σ cos θ
1. General formula, h =
ρ gd
4σ
2. For water and glass θ = 0o, h =
ρ gd
4σ cos 42o
3. For mercury and glass θ = 138o , h = −
ρ gd
(h is negative indicates capillary depression)
Note: If adhesion is more than cohesion, the wetting tendency is more and the angle of
contact is smaller.
Page 6 of 372
Derive the Expression for Capillary Rise
Let us consider a glass tube of small σ σ
θ
diameter ‘d’ opened at both ends and is
inserted vertically in a liquid, say water. π
θ< 2
The liquid will rise in the tube above the
level of the liquid. h
Let, d = diameter of the capillary tube.
h = height of capillary rise.
θ = angle of contact of the water
surface. d
σ = surface tension force for unity
length.
ρ = density of liquid. Fig. Capillary rise (As in water)
g = acceleration due to gravity. Adhesion > cohesion (Meniscus concave)
Under a state of equilibrium,
Upward surface tension force (lifting force) = weight of the water column in the tube
(gravity force)
π d2
or π d. σ cos θ = ×h× ρ ×g
4
4 σ cos θ
h=
or ρ gd
If θ > π , h will be negative, as in the case of mercury θ = 138° capillary depression
2
occurred.
Question: A circular disc of diameter ‘d’ is slowly rotated in a liquid of large

viscosity ‘ μ ’ at a small distance ‘t’ from the fixed surface. Derive the
expression for torque required to maintain the speed ‘ ω ’.
Answer: Radius, R = d/2
Consider an elementary circular ring of
radius r and thickness dr as shown.
Area of the elements ring = 2 π r dr
The shear stress at ring,
du V rω
τ=μ =μ =μ
dy t t
Shear force on the elements ring
dF = τ × area of the ring = τ × 2 π r dr
Torque on the ring= dF×r
rω
∴ dT = μ ×2 π r dr ×r
t
R
μr ω
∴ Total torque, T = ∫ dT = ∫ 0
t
× 2 π r dr.r
πμ ω 4 πμ ω d
( )
R
2 πμ ω 3 4
=
t 0∫ r dr =
2t
R =
2t
×
2
Page 7 of 372
πμ ω d 4
T=
32t
Question: A solid cone of radius R and vortex angle 2 θ is to rotate at an

angular velocity, ω . An oil of dynamic viscosity μ and thickness ‘t’
fills the gap between the cone and the housing. Determine the
expression for Required Torque. [IES-2000; AMIE (summer) 2002]
Answer: Consider an elementary
ring of bearing surface of
radius r. at a distance h
from the apex. and let
r + dr is the radius at h +
dh distance
∴ Bearing area = 2π r dl
dr
= 2π r .
sin θ
Shear stress
du V rω
τ =μ =μ =μ
dy t t
∴ Tangential resistance on the ring
dF = shear stress × area of the ring
ω dr
= μ r ×2π r
t sin θ
∴ Torque due to the force dF
dT = dF.r
2π μ ω 3
dT = ×r dr
t sin θ
∴ Total torque
R
2πμ ω 3
T = ∫ dT = ∫ ×r dr
0
t sin θ
2 πμ ω R 4 πμ ω R 4
= × =
t sin θ 4 2t sin θ
Page 8 of 372
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (GATE, IES, IAS)
Previous 20-Years GATE Questions
Viscosity
GATE-1. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity ( υ ) is: [GATE-2001]
(a) m2/s (b) kg/m-s (c) m/s2 (d) m3/s2
GATE-1. Ans. (a)
GATE-2. Kinematic viscosity of air at 20°C is given to be 1.6 × 10-5m2/s. Its

kinematic viscosity at 70°C will be vary approximately [GATE-1999]
(a) 2.2 × 10-5m2/s (b) 1.6 × 10-5m2/s (c) 1.2 × 10-5m2/s (d) 3.2 × 10-5m2/s
GATE-2. Ans. (a) Viscosity of gas increases with increasing temperature.
Newtonian Fluid
GATE-3. For a Newtonian fluid [GATE-2006; 1995]
(a) Shear stress is proportional to shear strain
(b) Rate of shear stress is proportional to shear strain
(c) Shear stress is proportional to rate of shear strain
(d) Rate of shear stress is proportional to rate of shear strain
GATE-3. Ans. (c)
Surface Tension
GATE-4. The dimension of surface tension is: [GATE-1996]
(a) ML-1 (b) L2T-1 (c) ML-1T1 (d) MT-2
GATE-4. Ans. (d)
GATE-5. The dimensions of surface tension is: [GATE-1995]

(a) N/m2 (b) J/m (c) J/m2 (d) W/m
GATE-5. Ans. (c) The property of the liquid surface film to exert a tension is called the
surface tension. It is the force required to maintain unit length of the film in
⎛ J ⎞
equilibrium. In Sl units surface tension is expressed in N / m ⎜ ⎟ . In metric
⎝ m2 ⎠
gravitational system of units it is expressed in kg(f)/cm or kg(f)/m.
Previous 20-Years IES Questions
Fluid
IES-1. Assertion (A): In a fluid, the rate of deformation is far more important
than the total deformation itself. Reason (R): A fluid continues to
deform so long as the external forces are applied. [IES-1996]
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
Page 9 of 372
IES-1. Ans. (a) Both A and R correct and R is correct explanation for A
IES-2. Assertion (A): In a fluid, the rate of deformation is far more important
than the total deformation itself. [IES-2009]
Reason (R): A fluid continues to deform so long as the external forces
are applied.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
IES-2. Ans. (a) This question is copied from
Characteristics of fluid
1. It has no definite shape of its own, but conforms to the shape of the
containing vessel.
2. Even a small amount of shear force exerted on a fluid will cause it to
undergo a deformation which continues as long as the force
continues to be applied.
3. It is interesting to note that a solid suffers strain when subjected to
shear forces whereas a fluid suffers Rate of Strain i.e. it flows under
similar circumstances.
Viscosity
IES-3. Newton’s law of viscosity depends upon the [IES-1998]
(a) Stress and strain in a fluid (b) Shear stress, pressure and velocity
(c) Shear stress and rate of strain (d) Viscosity and shear stress
IES-3. Ans. (c) Newton's law of viscosity
du
τ =µ where, τ → Shear stress
dy
du
→ Rate of strain
dy
IES-4. What is the unit of dynamic viscosity of a fluid termed 'poise'

equivalent to? [IES-2008]
(a) dyne/cm2 (b) gm s/cm (c) dyne s/cm2 (d) gm-cm/s
IES-4. Ans. (c)
IES-5. The shear stress developed in lubricating oil, of viscosity 9.81 poise,
filled between two parallel plates 1 cm apart and moving with relative
velocity of 2 m/s is: [IES-2001]
(a) 20 N/m2 (b) 196.2 N/m2 (c) 29.62 N/m2 (d) 40 N/m2
IES-5. Ans. (b) du=2 m/s; dy= 1cm = 0.01 m; μ = 9.81 poise = 0.981 Pa.s
du 2
Therefore ( τ ) = μ = 0.981 × = 196.2 N/m2
dy 0.01
IES-6. What are the dimensions of kinematic viscosity of a fluid? [IES-2007]

(a) LT-2 (b) L2T-1 (c) ML-1T-1 (d)ML-2T-2
IES-6. Ans. (b)
IES-7. An oil of specific gravity 0.9 has viscosity of 0.28 Strokes at 380C. What
will be its viscosity in Ns/m2? [IES-2005]
(a) 0.2520 (b) 0.0311 (c) 0.0252 (d) 0.0206
Page 10 of 372
IES-7. Ans. (c) Specific Gravity = 0.9 therefore Density = 0.9 × 1000 =900 kg/m3
One Stoke = 10-4 m2/s
Viscosity ( μ ) = ρν = 900 × 0.28 × 10-4 = 0.0252 Ns/m2
IES-8. Decrease in temperature, in general, results in [IES-1993]

(a) An increase in viscosities of both gases and liquids
(b) A decrease in the viscosities of both liquids and gases
(c) An increase in the viscosity of liquids and a decrease in that of gases
(d) A decrease in the viscosity of liquids and an increase in that of gases
IES-8. Ans. (c) The viscosity of water with increase in temperature decreases and that of
air increases.
IES-9. Assertion (A): In general, viscosity in liquids increases and in gases it

decreases with rise in temperature. [IES-2002]
Reason (R): Viscosity is caused by intermolecular forces of cohesion
and due to transfer of molecular momentum between fluid layers; of
which in liquids the former and in gases the later contribute the major
part towards viscosity.
IES-9. Ans. (d)
Non-Newtonian Fluid
IES-10. If the Relationship between the shear stress τ and the rate of shear
n
du ⎛ du ⎞
strain is expressed as τ = μ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ then the fluid with exponent n>1
dy ⎝ dy ⎠
is known as which one of the following? [IES-2007]
(a) Bingham Plastic (b) Dilatant Fluid
(c) Newtonian Fluid (d) Pseudo plastic Fluid
IES-10. Ans. (b)
IES-11. Match List-I (Type of fluid) with List-II (Variation of shear stress) and
select the correct answer: [IES-2001]
List-I List-II
A. Ideal fluid 1. Shear stress varies linearly with the rate of
strain
B. Newtonian fluid 2. Shear stress does not vary linearly with the
rate of strain
C. Non-Newtonian fluid 3. Fluid behaves like a solid until a minimum
yield stress beyond which it exhibits a linear
relationship between shear stress and the rate
of strain
D. Bingham plastic 4. Shear stress is zero
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 1 2 4 (b) 4 2 1 3
(c) 3 2 1 4 (d) 4 1 2 3
IES-11. Ans. (d)
Page 11 of 372
IES-12. In an experiment, the following shear stress - time rate of shear strain
values are obtained for a fluid: [IES-2008]
Time rate of shear strain (1/s): 0 2 3 4
Shear stress (kPa): 0 1.4 2.6 4
(a) Newtonian fluid (b) Bingham plastic
(c) Pseudo plastic (d) Dilatant
IES-12. Ans. (d)
IES-13. Match List-I (Rheological Equation) with List-II (Types of Fluids) and
select the correct the answer: [IES-2003]
List-I List-II
A. τ = μ (du / dy ) n , n=1 1. Bingham plastic
B. τ = μ (du / dy ) n , n<1 2. Dilatant fluid
C. τ = μ (du / dy ) , n>1
n
3. Newtonian fluid
D. τ = τ 0 + μ (du/dy)n, n=1 4. Pseudo-plastic fluid
(a) 3 2 4 1 (b) 4 1 2 3
(c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 4 2 1 3
IES-13. Ans. (c)
IES-14. Assertion (A): Blood is a Newtonian fluid. [IES-2007]

Reason (R): The rate of strain varies non-linearly with shear stress for
blood.
IES-14. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.
IES-15. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer. [IES-1995]
List-I (Properties of fluids) List-II (Definition/ Results)
A. Ideal fluid 1. Viscosity does not change with rate of
deformation
B. Newtonian fluid 2. Fluid of zero viscosity
C. μ / ρ 3. Dynamic viscosity
D. Mercury in glass 4. Capillary depression
5. Kinematic viscosity
6. Capillary rise
Code: A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 4 6 (b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 2 1 3 6 (d) 2 1 5 4
IES-15. Ans. (d)
Page 12 of 372
Surface Tension
IES-16. Surface tension is due to [IES-1998]
(a) Viscous forces (b) Cohesion
(c) Adhesion (d) The difference between adhesive and
cohesive forces
IES-16. Ans. (b) Surface tension is due to cohesion between liquid particles at the
surface, where as capillarity is due to both cohesion and adhesion. The
property of cohesion enables a liquid to resist tensile stress, while
adhesion enables it to stick to another body.
IES-17. What is the pressure difference between inside and outside of a droplet
of water? [IES-2008]
(a) 2 σ / d (b) 4 σ / d (c) 8 σ / d (d) 12 σ / d
Where ' σ ' is the surface tension and’d’ is the diameter of the droplet.
4σ
IES-17. Ans. (b) Pressure inside a water droplet, Δp =
d
IES-18. If the surface tension of water-air interface is 0.073 N/m, the gauge
pressure inside a rain drop of 1 mm diameter will be: [IES-1999]
(a) 0.146N/m2 (b) 73N/m2 (c) 146N/m2 (d) 292 N/m2
4σ 4 × 0.073
IES-18. Ans. (d) P = = = 292 N / m 2
d 0.001
IES-19. What is the pressure inside a soap bubble, over the atmospheric
pressure if its diameter is 2 cm and the surface tension is 0·1 N/m?
[IES-2008]
(a) 0·4 N/m2 (b) 4·0 N/m2 (c) 40.0 N/m 2 (d) 400.0 N/m2
IES-19. Ans. (c)
Capillarity
IES-20. The capillary rise at 200C in clean glass tube of 1 mm diameter
containing water is approximately [IES-2001]
(a) 15 mm (b) 50 mm (c) 20 mm (d) 30 mm
4σ 4 × 0.073
IES-20. Ans. (d) h = = ≈ 30 mm
ρgd 1000 × 9.81 × 0.001
IES-21. Which one of the following is correct? [IES-2008]

The capillary rise on depression in a small diameter tube is
(a) Directly proportional to the specific weight of the fluid
(b) Inversely proportional to the surface tension
(c) Inversely proportional to the diameter
(d) Directly proportional to the surface area
4σ cos θ
IES-21. Ans. (c) The capillary rise on depression is given by, h =
ρgd
Page 13 of 372
P
Properti
ies of Flu
uids
S K Mo
ondal’ss Cha
apter 1
IE
ES-22. A capillary
c tu
ube is inse erted in me ercury kep pt in an ope
en containner.
Asssertion (A A): The mer rcury leve el inside th he tube shhall rise above
a the
lev
vel of merc cury outsid de. [IIES-2001]
Reason (R): The cohessive force between the t molecules of me ercury is
greeater than the adhessive force b between mercury
m and
d glass.
(a) Both A and d R are indiv vidually tru
ue and R is the
t correct eexplanation
n of A
(b) Both A and d R are indiv vidually tru
ue but R is not
n the correect explanattion of A
(c) A is true buut R is false
(d) A is false but R is truee
IE
ES-22. Ans. (d) Mercurry shows cap pillary depression.
IE
ES-23. Whhat is the capillary
c riise in a nar
rrow two-d dimensional slit of width
w 'w'?
(a) Half of that in a cappillary tubee of diameter ‘w’ [IIES-2009]
(b) Two-third d of that in
n a capillarry tube of diameter
d 'w
w'
(c) One-thirdd of that in a capillarry tube of diameter
d 'w
w'
(d)) One-fourtth of that in
i a capilla ary tube off diameter 'w'
IE
ES-23. Ans. (a)
IE
ES-24. Asssertion (A)): A narrow w glass tub be when im mmersed innto mercur ry causes
cappillary dep pression, and
a when immersed d into wate er causes capillary
rise. [IIES-2009]
Reason (R): Mercury
M is
s denser th han water.
ue and R is the
n of A.
ue but R is not
n the correect explanattion of A.
(c) A is true bu
ut R is false.
(d) A is false but R is truee.
IE
ES-24. Ans.. (b) Cause es of capilllary depresssion: Adhesion is lesss than cohesion, the
wettting tenden ncy is less and
a the anglle of contactt is high.
IE
ES-25. Consider thee following
g statementts related to
t the fluid d propertiees:
1. Vapour pr ressure of water at 3
373 K is 101
1·5 × 103 N//m2.
2. Capillary height in cm for watter in conttact with glass
g tube and
a air is
(tube dia))/0·268.
3. Blood is a Newtoniaan fluid
Whhich of the statementts given ab
bove is/are correct? [IIES-2008]
Page 14 of 372
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 2 only
IES-25. Ans. (a) Vapour pressure of water at 373 K means 100oC is one atmosphere =
1.01325 bar = 101.325 × 103 N/m2.
0.3
Capillary height in cm for water in contact with glass tube =
d
4σ
For water and glass θ = 0°, h =
ρgd
Blood is a pseudoplastic fluid.
n
⎛ du ⎞
Where τ = μ ⎜ ⎟ ; n <1
⎝ dy ⎠
Compressibility and Bulk Modulus

IES-26. Which one of the following is the bulk modulus K of a fluid? (Symbols
have the usual meaning) [IES-1997]
dp dp ρdρ dρ
(a) ρ (b) (c) (d)
dρ ρdρ dp ρdp
IES-26. Ans. (a) Bulk modulus
dp 1
K =− and v=
dv ρ
v
dp dρ
∴ K =− ∴ dv = −
−d ρ ρ2
ρ2
1
ρ
ρdρ
K =
dρ
IES-27. When the pressure on a given mass of liquid is increased from 3.0 MPa
to 3.5 MPa, the density of the liquid increases from 500 kg/m3 to 501
kg/m3.What is the average value of bulk modulus of the liquid over the
given pressure range? [IES-2006]
(a) 700 MPa (b) 600MPa (c) 500MPa (d) 250MPa
500 × (3.5 − 3.0)
IES-27. Ans.(d) = 250 MPa
(501 − 500)
Vapour Pressure
IES-28. Which Property of mercury is the main reason for use in barometers?
(a) High Density (b) Negligible Capillary effect
(c) Very Low vapour Pressure (d) Low compressibility [IES-2007]
IES-28. Ans. (c)
IES-29. Consider the following properties of a fluid: [IES-2005]

1. Viscosity 2. Surface tension
3. Capillarity 4. Vapour pressure
Which of the above properties can be attributed to the flow of jet of oil
in an unbroken stream?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 4
Page 15 of 372
IES-29. Ans. (b) Surface tension forces are important in certain classes of practical
problems such as,
1. Flows in which capillary waves appear
2. Flows of small jets and thin sheets of liquid injected by a nozzle in air
3. Flow of a thin sheet of liquid over a solid surface.
Here the significant parameter for dynamic similarity is the magnitude ratio of
the surface tension force to the inertia force. And we must use Weber number
for similarity. Therefore the answer will be surface tension.
2σ
And you also know that Pressure inside a Liquid jet. Δp = .
d
IES-30. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code
given below the lists: [IES-2008]
List-I (Variable) List-II (Dimensional Expression)
A. Dynamic Viscosity 1. M L2 T-3
B. Moment of momentum 2. M L-1 T-2
C. Power 3. M L-1 T-1
D. Volume modulus of elasticity 4. M L2 T-2
5. M L2 T-1
(a) 1 4 2 3 (b) 3 5 1 2
(c) 1 5 2 3 (d) 3 4 1 2
IES-30. Ans. (b)
Previous 20-Years IAS Questions
Fluid
IAS-1. Which one of the following sets of conditions clearly apply to an ideal
fluid? [IAS-1994]
(a) Viscous and compressible (b) Non-viscous and incompressible
(c) Non-viscous and compressible (d) Viscous and incompressible
IAS-1. Ans. (b)
Viscosity
IAS-2. When a flat plate of 0.1 m2 area is pulled at a constant velocity of 30
cm/sec parallel to another stationary plate located at a distance 0.01 cm
from it and the space in between is filled with a fluid of dynamic
viscosity = 0.001 Ns/m2, the force required to be applied is: [IAS-2004]
(a) 0.3 N (b) 3 N (c) 10 N (d) 16 N
IAS-2. Ans. (a) Given, µ = 0.001 Ns/m2 and du = (V – 0) = 30 cm/sec = 0.3 m/s and distance
(dy) = 0.01 cm = 0.0001 m
du ⎛ Ns ⎞ ( 0.3m/s )
Therefore, Shear stress ( τ ) = μ = ⎜ 0.001 2 ⎟ × =3N/m 2
dy ⎝ m ⎠ ( 0.0001m )
Force required (F) = τ × A = 3 × 0.1 = 0.3 N
Newtonian Fluid
IAS-3. In a Newtonian fluid, laminar flow between two parallel plates, the
ratio ( τ ) between the shear stress and rate of shear strain is given by
Page 16 of 372
[IAS-1995]
2 1
d μ2
du ⎛ du ⎞ ⎛ du ⎞ 2
(a) μ (b) μ (c) μ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (d) μ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
dy 2 dy ⎝ dy ⎠ ⎝ dy ⎠
IAS-3. Ans. (b)
IAS-4. Consider the following statements: [IAS-2000]

1. Gases are considered incompressible when Mach number is less
than 0.2
2. A Newtonian fluid is incompressible and non-viscous
3. An ideal fluid has negligible surface tension
Which of these statements is /are correct?
(a) 2 and 3 (b) 2 alone (c) 1 alone (d) 1 and 3
IAS-4. Ans. (d)
Non-Newtonian Fluid
IAS-5. The relations between shear stress ( τ ) and velocity gradient for ideal
fluids, Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian fluids are given below.
Select the correct combination. [IAS-2002]
du 2 du
(a) τ =0; τ = μ . ( ) ; τ = μ . ( )3
dy dy
du du 2
(b) τ =0; τ = μ . ( ) ; τ = μ . ( )
dy dy
du du du 3
(c) τ = μ . ( ) ; τ = μ . ( ) 2 ; τ = μ . ( )
dy dy dy
du du
(d) τ = μ . ( ) ; τ = μ . ( ) 2 ; τ =0
dy dy
IAS-5. Ans. (b)
IAS-6. Fluids that require a gradually increasing shear stress to maintain a

constant strain rate are known as [IAS-1997]
(a) Rhedopectic fluids (b) Thixotropic fluids
(c) Pseudoplastic fluids (d) Newtonian fluids
n
⎛ du ⎞
IAS-6. Ans. (a) τ = μ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + f (t ) where f(t) is increasing
⎝ dy ⎠
Surface Tension
IAS-7. At the interface of a liquid and gas at rest, the pressure is: [IAS-1999]
(a) Higher on the concave side compared to that on the convex side
(b) Higher on the convex side compared to that on the concave side
(c) Equal to both sides
(d) Equal to surface tension divided by radius of curvature on both sides.
IAS-7. Ans. (a)
Vapour Pressure
IAS-8. Match List-I (Physical properties of fluid) with List-II
(Dimensions/Definitions) and select the correct answer: [IAS-2000]
List-I List-II
Page 17 of 372
A. Absolute viscosity 1. du/dy is constant
B. Kinematic viscosity 2. Newton per metre
C. Newtonian fluid 3. Poise
D. Surface tension 4. Stress/Strain is constant
5. Stokes
(a) 5 3 1 2 (b) 3 5 2 4
(c) 5 3 4 2 (d) 3 5 1 2
IAS-8. Ans. (d)
Page 18 of 372
Answers with Explanation (Objective)
Problem
1. A circular disc of diameter D is slowly in a liquid of a large viscosity (µ) at
a small distance (h) from a fixed surface. Derive an expression of torque
(T) necessary to maintain an angular velocity ( ω )
πμωD 4
1. Ans. T =
32h
2. A metal plate 1.25 m × 1.25 m × 6 mm thick and weighting 90 N is placed

midway in the 24 mm gap between the two vertical plane surfaces. The
Gap is filled with an oil of specific gravity 0.85 and dynamic viscosity
3.0N.s/m2. Determine the force required to lift the plate with a constant
velocity of 0.15 m/s.
2. Ans. 168.08N
3. A 400 mm diameter shaft is rotating at 200 rpm in a bearing of length 120

mm. If the thickness of oil film is 1.5 mm and the dynamic viscosity of the
oil is 0.7 Ns/m2 determine:
(i) Torque required overcoming friction in bearing;
(ii) Power utilization in overcoming viscous resistance;
3. Ans. (i) 58.97 Nm (ii) 1.235 kW
4. In order to form a stream of bubbles, air is introduced through a nozzle

into a tank of water at 20°C. If the process requires 3.0 mm diameter
bubbles to be formed, by how much the air pressure at the nozzle must
exceed that of the surrounding water? What would be the absolute
pressure inside the bubble if the surrounding water is at 100.3 kN/m2? ( σ
= 0.0735 N/m)
4. Ans. Pabs= 100.398 kN/m2 (Hint. Bubble of air but surface tension of water).
5. A U-tube is made up of two capillaries of diameters 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm

respectively. The U tube is kept vertically and partially filled with water
of surface tension 0.0075kg/m and zero contact angles. Calculate the
difference in the level of the menisci caused by the capillarity.
5. Ans. 10 mm
6. If a liquid surface (density ρ ) supports another fluid of density, ρb above

the meniscus, then a balance of forces would result in capillary rise h=
4σcocθ
( ρ − ρ b ) gd
Page 19 of 372
Pressure and Its Measurements
2. Pressure and Its Measurements

1. Pressure of a Fluid
2. Hydrostatic Law and Aerostatic Law
3. Absolute and Gauge Pressures
4. Manometers
5. Piezometer
6. Mechanical Gauges

P
1. The force (P) per unit area (A) is called pressure (P) Mathematically, p =
A
• If compressive normal stress ‘σ’ then p = - σ
• Normal stress at a point may be different in different directions then [but presence
σ xx + σ yy + σ zz
of shear stress] p=−
3
• Fluid at rest or in motion in the absence of shear stress
σ xx = σ yy = σ zz and p = −σ xx = −σ yy = −σ zz
• The stagnation pressure at a point in a fluid flow is the total pressure which would
result if the fluid were brought to rest isentropically.
⎛ v2 ⎞
Stagnation pressure (po) = static pressure (p) + dynamic pressure ⎜ ρ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
2. Pressure head of a liquid,
p
h= [∵ p = ρ gh = wh]
w
Where w is the specific weight of the liquid.
3. Pascal's law states as follows:
"The intensity of pressure at any point in a liquid at rest is the same in all directions".
4. The atmospheric pressure at sea level (above absolute zero) is called standard
atmospheric pressure.
(i) Absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure + gauge pressure
Page 20 of 372
Pabs. = Patm. + Pgauge
(ii) Vacuum pressure = atmospheric pressure – absolute pressure (Vacuum pressure is

defined as the pressure below the atmospheric pressure).
Fig. Relationship between pressures
5. Manometers are defined as the devices used for measuring the pressure at a
point in fluid by balancing the column of fluid by the same or another column
of liquid.
6. Mechanical gauges are the devices in which the pressure is measured by
balancing the fluid column by spring (elastic element) or dead weight. Some
commonly used mechanical gauges are:
(i) Bourdon tube pressure gauge, (ii) Diaphragm pressure gauge,
(iii) Bellow pressure gauge and (iv) Dead-weight pressure gauge.
7. The pressure at a height Z in a static compressible fluid (gas) undergoing
isothermal compression (
p
= const); p = po e− gz / RT
ρ
Where po = Absolute pressure at sea-level or at ground level
z = height from sea or ground level
R = Gas constant
T = Absolute temperature.
8. The pressure and temperature at a height z in a static compressible fluid
(gas) undergoing adiabatic compression ( p / ρ γ = const. )
γ γ
⎡ γ −1 ρo ⎤ γ −1 ⎡ γ − 1 gZ ⎤ γ −1
p = p0 ⎢1 − = p0 ⎢1 −
⎥ γ RTo ⎥⎦
gZ
⎣ γ po ⎦ ⎣
⎡ γ − 1 gZ ⎤
and temperature, T = To ⎢1 −
⎣ γ RT ⎥⎦
Where po, To are pressure and temperature at sea-level; γ = 1.4 for air.
Page 21 of 372
9. The rate at which the temperature changes with elevation is known as
Temperature Lapse-Rate. It is given by
−g ⎛ γ −1 ⎞
L= ⎜ ⎟
R ⎝ γ ⎠
if (i) γ = 1, temperature is zero. (ii) γ > 1, temperature decreases with the increase of
height
Pressure at a Point in Compressible Fluid

Question: Find out the differential equations of aerostatic in isothermal and
adiabatic state and find out the pressure at an altitude of z taking
the pressure, density and altitude at sea level to be p0 , ρ0 and z0 =0
[AMIE – Winter 2002]
Answer: We know that, Hydrostatic law
∂p
= - ρ g , when z is measured vertically upward
∂z
[Symbols has usual meanings]
In case of compressible fluids the density ( ρ ) changes with the change of
pressure and temperature.
For gases equation of state
p
=RT
ρ
p
or ρ=
RT
∂p pg
∴ =-
∂ z RT
∂p g
or =- ∂z
p RT
A ∴ For Isothermal process

Differential equation of aerostatic is [as temperature is constant, To ]
dp g
=− dz
p RT0
Integrating both side and with boundary conditions
when z = z0 = 0 then p = p0
and when z = z then p = p
P z
dp g
∴ ∫P p = - RT0 ∫0 dz
0
gz
or In ⎛⎜ p ⎞⎟ = −
⎝ p 0⎠ RT0
gz
-
RT0
or
p=p0 e Required expression for isothermal process.
B Adiabatic process:
Page 22 of 372
For adiabatic process
p
= constant = C, where γ = ratio of specific heat.
ργ
p p0
∴ = =C
ρ γ ρ γ0
1
⎛ p ⎞γ
or ρ=⎜ ⎟
⎝C⎠
∴ From ‘Hydrostatic law’
∂p
= -ρg
∂z
1
∂p ⎛ p ⎞γ
or = -⎜ ⎟ g
∂z ⎝C⎠
∂p g
or 1
=- 1 ∂ z
pγ Cγ
dp g
=- dz
or 1 1 → differential equation of aerostatic
γ γ
p C
Integrating both side and applying boundary condition

when z = z0 = 0 then p = p0
and when z = z then p = p
P z
dp g
∴ ∫ 1 =- 1 ∫ dz
P0 0
ργ Cγ
P
⎡ - 1 +1 ⎤
⎢p γ ⎥ g
⎥ = - 1 [ z ]0
z
or ⎢
1
⎢ - +1⎥
⎢⎣ γ ⎥⎦P Cγ
0
⎪⎧ - + 1 − + 1 ⎪⎫
1 1
γ gz
or × ⎨p γ − p0 γ ⎬ = − 1
γ − 1 ⎩⎪ ⎭⎪ Cγ
1 1
⎛ C ⎞γ ⎛ C ⎞γ γ -1
or p. ⎜ ⎟ - p0 . ⎜ ⎟ = - .g z
⎝p⎠ ⎝ p0 ⎠ γ
p p0 γ -1
or - = - gz
ρ ρ0 γ
p p
From equation of state of gas, ρ = and ρ0 = 0
RT RT0
γ -1
∴ RT - RT0 = - gz
γ
⎡ γ -1 g z ⎤
or T = T0 ⎢1 - ⎥ ….(a)
⎣ γ RT0 ⎦
Page 23 of 372
γ −1
⎛p ⎞ γ
T
For adiabatic process ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ p0 ⎠ T0
γ −1
⎛p ⎞ γ ⎛ γ −1 g z ⎞
∴ ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ 1− ⎟
⎝ p0 ⎠ ⎝ γ RT0 ⎠
γ
⎡ γ −1 g z ⎤ γ− 1
p = p0 ⎢1− ⎥ → required expression.
∴
⎣ γ RT 0 ⎦
Question: Stating the underlying assumptions show that the temperature
dT g ⎛ γ -1 ⎞
variation in an atmosphere can expressed by = - .⎜ [the
dz R ⎝ γ ⎟⎠
value of γ varies with height] [AMIE- WINTER -2002]
Answer: Assumptions:
(i) Air is an Ideal fluid.
(ii) Temperature variation follows adiabatic process.
We know that temperature at any point in compressible fluid in an adiabatic
process.
⎡ γ -1 g z ⎤
T = T0 ⎢1- . ⎥
⎣ γ RT0 ⎦
dT g γ -1
∴ =- .
dz R γ
Note: If allotted marks is high for the question then more then proof
⎛ γ -1 g z ⎞ ⎛ ∂p ⎞
T = T0 ⎜ 1- . ⎟ from Aerostatic law ⎜ = - ρ g ⎟ also.
⎝ γ RT0 ⎠ ⎝∂z ⎠
Page 24 of 372
Absolute and Gauge Pressures

GATE-1. In given figure, if the
pressure of gas in bulb A is
50 cm Hg vacuum and
Patm=76 cm Hg, then height
of column H is equal to
(a) 26 cm (b) 50 cm
(c) 76 cm (d) 126 cm
[GATE-2000]
GATE-1. Ans. (b) If the pressure of gas in bulb A is atm. H = zero.
If we create a pressure of gas in bulb A is 1 cm Hg vacuum then the vacuum will
lift 1 cm liquid, H = 1 cm.
If we create a pressure of gas in bulb A is 2 cm Hg vacuum then the vacuum will
lift 2 cm liquid, H = 2 cm.
If we create a pressure of gas in bulb A is 50 cm Hg vacuum then the vacuum
will lift 50 cm liquid, H = 50 cm.
Manometers
GATE-2. A U-tube manometer with a small quantity
of mercury is used to measure the static
pressure difference between two locations A
and B in a conical section through which an
incompressible fluid flows. At a particular
flow rate, the mercury column appears as
shown in the figure. The density of mercury
is 13600 Kg/m3 and g = 9.81m/s2. Which of the
following is correct?
(a) Flow Direction is A to B and PA-PB = 20 KPa
(b) Flow Direction is B to A and PA-PB = 1.4 KPa

(c) Flow Direction is A to B and PB-PA = 20 KPa
[GATE-2005]
(d) Flow Direction is B to A and PB-PA = 1.4 KPa
GATE-2. Ans. (a) PB + 150 mm − Hg = PA Or PA − PB = 0.150 × 13600 × 9.81 ≈ 20 kPa and as PA
is greater than PB therefore flow direction is A to B.
Page 25 of 372
GATE-3. The pressure gauges G1
and G2 installed on the
system show pressures of
PG1 = 5.00 bar and PG2 =
1.00 bar. The value of
unknown pressure P is?
(Atmospheric pressure
1.01 bars)
(a) 1.01 bar
(b) 2.01 bar
(c) 5.00 bar [GATE-2004]
(d) 7.01 bar
GATE-3. Ans. (d) Pressure in the right cell = PG2 + Atmospheric pressure
= 1.01 + 1.0 = 2.01 bar
Therefore P = PG1 + Pressure on right cell = 5 + 2.01 = 7.01 bar
GATE-4. A mercury manometer is

used to measure the static
pressure at a point in a
water pipe as shown in
Figure. The level difference
of mercury in the two limbs
is 10 mm. The gauge
pressure at that point is
(a) 1236 Pa (b) 1333 Pa
(c) Zero (d) 98 Pa
[GATE-1996]
GATE-4. Ans. (a)
⎛s ⎞ ⎛ 13.6 ⎞
h = y ⎜ h − 1⎟ m of light fluid or h = 0.010 ⎜ − 1⎟ = 0.126 m of water column
⎝ sl ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
or P = hρ g = 0.126 ×1000 × 9.81 = 1236 N/m = 1236 Pa
2
GATE-5. Refer to Figure, the

absolute pressure of
gas A in the bulb is:
(a) 771.2 mm Hg
(b) 752.65 mm Hg
(c) 767.35 mm Hg
(d) 748.8 mm Hg
[GATE-1997]
GATE-5. Ans. (a) Use ‘hs’ formula;
Page 26 of 372
H A + 170 ×1 − 20 × 13.6 − 50 × 1 = hatm. (760 × 13.6) [All mm of water]
Or H A = 10488 /13.6 mm of Hg =771.2 mm of Hg( Abs.)
Mechanical Gauges
GATE-6. A siphon draws water from a reservoir and discharges it out at
atmospheric pressure. Assuming ideal fluid and the reservoir is large,
the velocity at point P in the siphon tube is: [GATE-2006]
(a) 2gh1 (b) 2gh2 (c) 2 g (h2 − h1 ) (d) 2 g (h2 + h1
GATE-6. Ans. (c) By energy
conservation, velocity at
point
Q = 2 g (h2 − h1 )
As there is a continuous
and uniform flow, so
velocity of liquid at point
Q and P is same.
Vp = 2 g ( h2 − h1 )
Pressure of a Fluid
IES-1. A beaker of water is falling freely under the influence of gravity. Point
B is on the surface and point C is vertically below B near the bottom of
the beaker. If PB is the pressure at point B and Pc the pressure at point
C, then which one of the following is correct? [IES-2006]
(a) PB = Pc (b) PB < Pc (c) PB > Pc (d) Insufficient data
IES-1. Ans. (a) For free falling body relative acceleration due to gravity is zero
∴ P= ρ gh if g=0 then p=0 (but it is only hydrostatic pr.) these will be
atmospheric pressure through out the liquid.
IES-2. Assertion (A): If a cube is placed in a liquid with two of its surfaces
parallel to the free surface of the liquid, then the pressures on the two
surfaces which are parallel to the free surface, are the same. [IES-2000]
Reason (R): Pascal's law states that when a fluid is at rest, the pressure
at any plane is the same in all directions.
IES-2. Ans. (d)
IES-3. In an open U tube containing mercury, kerosene of specific gravity 0·8

is poured into one of its limbs so that the length of column of kerosene
Page 27 of 372
is about 40 cm. The level of mercury column in that limb is lowered
approximately by how much? [IES-2008]
(a) 2·4 cm (b) 1·2 cm (c) 3·6 cm (d) 0·6 cm
IES-3. Ans. (b) 0.8 × 40 = 13.6 × (2h) ⇒ h = 1.2 cm
Hydrostatic Law and Aerostatic Law

IES-4. Hydrostatic law of pressure is given as [IES 2002; IAS-2000]
∂p ∂p ∂p ∂p
(a) = ρg (b) =0 (c) =z (d) = const .
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
IES-4. Ans. (a)
IES-5. If z is vertically upwards, ρ is the density

and g gravitational acceleration (see
figure) then the ∂p / ∂z pressure in a fluid
at rest due to gravity is given by
( a ) ρ gz 2 /2 (b) − ρ g
( c ) − ρ gz (d) − ρ g / z
[IES-1995; 1996]
IES-5. Ans. (b) Pressure at any point at depth z due to gravitational acceleration is, p =
ρgh. Since z is vertically upwards, ∂p / ∂z = -ρg

IES-6. The standard atmospheric pressure is 762 mm of Hg. At a specific
location, the barometer reads 700 mm of Hg. At this place, what does at
absolute pressure of 380 mm of Hg correspond to? [IES-2006]
(a) 320 mm of Hg vacuum (b) 382 of Hg vacuum
(c) 62 mm of Hg vacuum (d) 62 mm of Hg gauge
IES-6. Ans. (a)
Manometers
IES-7. The pressure difference of two very light gasses in two rigid vessels is
being measured by a vertical U-tube water filled manometer. The
reading is found to be 10 cm. what is the pressure difference? [IES-2007]
(a) 9.81 kPa (b) 0.0981 bar (c) 98.1 Pa (d) 981 N/m2
IES-7. Ans. (d) Δ p= Δ h × ρ × g=0.1 × 1000 × 9.81 N/m2 = 981 N/m2
IES-8. The balancing column shown in the

diagram contains 3 liquids of different
densities ρ1 , ρ 2 and ρ 3 . The liquid level
of one limb is h1 below the top level and
there is a difference of h relative to that
in the other limb.
What will be the expression for h?
ρ1 − ρ 2 ρ2 − ρ2
(a) h (b) h
ρ1 − ρ3 1 ρ1 − ρ3 1
Page 28 of 372
ρ1 − ρ3 ρ − ρ2
(c) h1 (d) 1 h [IES-2004]
ρ 2 − ρ3 ρ 2 − ρ3 1
IES-8. Ans. (c) h1 ρ1 = hρ 2 + ( h1 − h) ρ3
IES-9. A mercury-water manometer has a gauge difference of 500 mm

(difference in elevation of menisci). What will be the difference in
pressure? [IES-2004]
(a) 0.5 m (b) 6.3 m (c) 6.8 m (d) 7.3 m
⎛ sh ⎞ ⎛ 13.6 ⎞
IES-9. Ans. (b) h = y ⎜ − 1⎟ m of light fluid or h = 0.5 ⎜ − 1⎟ = 6.3m of water.
⎝ sl ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
IES-10. To measure the pressure head of the

fluid of specific gravity S flowing
through a pipeline, a simple micro-
manometer containing a fluid of specific
gravity S1 is connected to it. The
readings are as indicated as the diagram.
The pressure head in the pipeline is:
(a) h1S1 – hS - Δ h(S1 – S)
(b) h1S1 – hS + Δ h(S1 – S)
(c) hS – h1S1 - Δ h(S1 – S)
(d) hS – h1S1 + Δ h(S1 – S)
[IES-2003]
IES-10. Ans. (a) Use ‘hs’ rules; The pressure head inthe pipeline( H p )
H p + hs + Δhs − Δhs1 − h1s1 = 0 or H p = h1s1 – hs +Δh( s1 − s )
IES-11. Two pipe lines at different

pressures, PA and PB, each
carrying the same liquid of
specific gravity S1, are
connected to a U-tube with a
liquid of specific gravity S2
resulting in the level
differences h1, h2 and h3 as
shown in the figure. The
difference in pressure head
between points A and B in
terms of head of water is:
[IES-1993]
(a) h1S 2 + h2 S1 + h3 S1 (b) h1S1 + h2 S 2 − h3 S1
(c) h1S1 − h2 S2 − h3 S1 (d) h1S1 + h2 S2 + h3 S1
IES-11. Ans. (d) Using hS formula: PA and PB (in terms of head of water)
PA − h1S1 − h2 S 2 − h3 S1 = PB or PA − PB = h1S1 + h2 S 2 + h3 S1
IES-12. Pressure drop of flowing through a pipe (density 1000 kg/m3) between
two points is measured by using a vertical U-tube manometer.
Manometer uses a liquid with density 2000 kg/m3. The difference in
height of manometric liquid in the two limbs of the manometer is
observed to be 10 cm. The pressure drop between the two points is:
[IES-2002]
Page 29 of 372
(a) 98.1 N/m2 (b) 981 N/m2 (c) 1962 N/m2 (d) 19620 N/m2
⎛ sh ⎞ ⎛2 ⎞
IES-12. Ans. (b) h = y ⎜ − 1⎟ m of light fluid or h = 0.1⎜ − 1⎟ = 0.1m of light fluid
⎝ sl ⎠ ⎝1 ⎠
The pressure dropbetween the two points is = h ρ g = 0.1× 9.81× 1000 = 981N/m 2
IES-13. There immiscible liquids of specific

densities ρ , 2 ρ and 3 ρ are kept in a jar.
The height of the liquids in the jar and at
the piezometer fitted to the bottom of the
jar is as shown in the given figure. The
ratio H/h is :
(a) 4 (b) 3.5
(c) 3 (d) 2.5
[IES-2001]
IES-13. Ans. (c) Use ‘hs’ formula
3h × ρ + 1.5h × 2 ρ + h × 3ρ − H × 3ρ = 0 Or H/h = 3
IES-14. Differential pressure head measured by mercury oil differential

manometer (specific gravity of oil is 0.9) equivalent to a 600 mm
difference of mercury levels will nearly be: [IES-2001]
(a) 7.62 m of oil (b) 76.2 m of oil
(c) 7.34 m of oil (d) 8.47 m of oil
⎛ sh ⎞ ⎛ 13.6 ⎞
IES-14. Ans. (d) h = y ⎜ − 1⎟ m of light fluid or h = 0.600 ⎜ − 1⎟ = 8.47 m of oil
⎝ sl ⎠ ⎝ 0.9 ⎠
IES-15. How is the difference of pressure head, "h" measured by a mercury-oil

differential manometer expressed? [IES-2008]
⎡ Sg ⎤
(a) h = x ⎢1 − ⎥ (b) h = x ⎡⎣Sg − So ⎤⎦
⎣ So ⎦
⎡ Sg ⎤
(c) h = x ⎡⎣So − Sg ⎤⎦ (d) h = x ⎢ − 1⎥
⎣ So ⎦
Where x = manometer reading; Sg and So are the specific gravities of mercury
and oil, respectively.
IES-15. Ans. (d) Measurement of h using U tube manometer

Case 1. When specific gravity of manometric liquid is more than specific
gravity of liquid flowing
⎛ Sg ⎞
h=y⎜ − 1⎟
⎝ S0 ⎠
In m of liquid flowing through pipe ( i.e. m of light liquid)
Case 2. When specific gravity of manometric fluid is less than the specific
gravity of liquid flowing.
⎛ Sg ⎞
h = y ⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ S0 ⎠
In m of liquid flowing through pipe (i.e. m of heavy liquid)
Page 30 of 372
IES-16. The differential manometer connected to a Pitot static tube used for
measuring fluid velocity gives [IES-1993]
(a) Static pressure (b) Total pressure
(c) Dynamic pressure (d) Difference between total pressure and dynamic
pressure
IES-16. Ans. (c) Fig. 6 shows a Pitot static tube
used for measuring fluid velocity in a
pipe and connected through points A
and B to a differential manometer.
V2
Point A measures velocity head +
2g
static pressure.
Whereas point B senses static
pressure.
In actual practice point B is within the
tube and not separate on the pipe.
Thus manometer reads only dynamic
V2
pressure ( )
2g
IES-17. Assertion (A): U-tube manometer connected to a venturimeter fitted in

a pipeline can measure the velocity through the pipe. [IES-1996]
Reason (R): U-tube manometer directly measures dynamic and static
heads.
IES-17. Ans. (a)
IES-18. Pressure drop of water flowing through a pipe (density 1000 kg/m3)
between two points is measured by using a vertical U-tube manometer.
Manometer uses a liquid with density 2000 kg / m3. The difference in
height of manometric liquid in the two limbs of the manometer is
observed to be 10 cm. The pressure drop between the two points is:
[IES-2002]
(a) 98.1 N/m2 (b) 981 N/m2 (c) 1962 N/m2 (d) 19620 N/m2
IES-18. Ans. (b) P1 − P2 ⎛ Sm ⎞
= h⎜ −1⎟
pg ⎝ S ⎠
( P1 − P2 ) = 1000 × 0.1(2 − 1) = 981 N / m2
Page 31 of 372
IES-19. The manometer shown in the
given figure connects two
pipes, carrying oil and water
respectively. From the figure
one
(a) Can conclude that the pressures
in the pipes are equal.
(h) Can conclude that the pressure
in the oil pipe is higher.
(c) Can conclude that the pressure
in the water pipe is higher.
(d) Cannot compare the pressure in
the two pipes for want of
[IES-1996]
sufficient data.
IES-19. Ans. (b) Oil has density lower than that of water. Thus static head of oil of same
height will be lower. Since mercury is at same horizontal plane in both limbs,
the lower static head of oil can balance higher static head of water when oil
pressure in pipe is higher.
IES-20. ln order to increase sensitivity of U-tube manometer, one leg is usually

inclined by an angle θ . What is the sensitivity of inclined tube
compared to sensitivity of U-tube? [IES-2009]
1 1
( a ) sin θ (b ) (c ) ( d) tan θ
sin θ cos θ
IES-20. Ans. (b)
IES-21. A differential manometer is used to

measure the difference in pressure at
points A and B in terms of specific
weight of water, W. The specific
gravities of the liquids X, Y and Z are
respectively s1, s2 and s3. The correct
⎛P P ⎞
difference is given by ⎜ A − B ⎟:
⎝W W ⎠
(a) h3 s2 – h1 s1 + h2 s3
(b) h1 s1 + h2 s3 – h3 s2 [IES-1997]
(c) h3 s1 – h1 s2 + h2 s3
(d) h1 s1 + h2 s2 – h3 s3
IES-21. Ans (a) Use ‘hs’ formula
PA P P P
+h1 s1 - h 2 s3 − h3 s2 = B Or A − B = h3 s2 − h1 s1 + h 2 s3
w w w w
Page 32 of 372
P
Pressure
e and Its Measur
rements
S K Mon
ndal’s Chaptter 2
IES-2
22. A U-tube manometter is
conne ected to
o a pipeline
conve eying wate er as show wn in the
Figur re. The pressure
p h
head of
water r in the pip
peline is
(a) 7.12 m (b) 6.56 m
(c) 6.0 m (d) 5.12 m
[IES
S-2000]
IES-2
22. Ans. (c) Use ‘hs’ forrmula;
H + 0..56 ×1 − 0.45 ×13.6 − 0.5 × 0.88 = 0
IES-2
23. The reading of gauge
g ‘A’ sshown in
the giiven figure
e is:
(a) -31
1.392 kPa
(b) -1.9
962 kPa
(c) 31.392 kPa
(d) +199.62 kPa
[IES
S-1999]
23. Ans. (b)) Use ‘hs’ formula;
IES-2 f
H A − 4 × 0.8 + 0.255 × 13.6 = 0 Or
O H A = −0.2
2 m of water colunm
c
= -0.2 × 9.81×10000 N/m 2 = −1..962 kPa
IES-2
24. A mercury man nometer is fitted to o a
pipe. It is mou unted on the delive ery
line of
o a centriifugal pum mp, One lim mb
of thee manometter is conn nected to the
t
upstream side of the pip pe at 'A' anda
the other limb at 'B', just below the t
valve 'V' as sho own in the e figure. The
T
manometer rea ading 'h' varies with w
differrent valve positions.
p
Assertion (A): WithW gradu
ual closure e of
the va alve, the magnitude
m of 'h' will go
on in ncreasing and even n a situatiion
may arise wh hen mercu ury will be
sucke ed in by y the wa ater flowiing
aroun nd 'B'.
Reaso on (R): Witth the gra adual closu ure [IESS-1998]
of thee valve, the e pressure at 'A' will go
on inc creasing.
(a) Botth A and R are individu ually true and R is the correct expllanation of A
(b) Botth A and R are individu ually true but R is not tthe correct explanation
e n of A
(c) A iss true but R is false
IES-2
24. Ans. (a)) With grad dual closuree the valve,, the valve will be resttricted the flow of
liquid.. Then presssure at A wiill be increa
ased.
Page 33 of 372
IES-25. In the figure shown below air is
contained in the pipe and water is
the manometer liquid. The
pressure at 'A' is approximately:
(a) 10.14 m of water absolute
(b) 0.2 m of water
(c) 0.2 m of water vacuum
(d) 4901 pa
[IES-1998]
IES-25. Ans. (d) Use ‘hs’ formula;
H air + 0.2 × Sair (1.3 /1000) − 0.5 ×1 = 0 or H air = 0.49974 m of water column (Gauge)
= 0.49974 × 9.81×1000 Pa = 4902 Pa (gauge)
It is not 10.14 m of absolute because atmospheric pressure = 10.33 m of water
column if we add 0.49974 m gauge with atmosphere it will give us 10.83 m of
absolute pressure. Without any calculation we are able to give the same answer
as elevation of point A is lower than right limb then pressure at point A will be
more than atmospheric (10.33m of water column).
IES-26. A manometer is made of a tube of uniform bore of 0.5 cm2 cross-

sectional area, with one limb vertical and the other limb inclined at 300
to the horizontal. Both of its limbs are open to atmosphere and,
initially, it is partly filled with a manometer liquid of specific gravity
1.25.If then an additional volume of 7.5 cm3 of water is poured in the
inclined tube, what is the rise of the meniscus in the vertical tube?
[IES-2006]
(a) 4 cm (b) 7.5 cm (c) 12 cm (d) 15 cm
IES-26. Ans. (a) Let ‘x’ cm will be rise of the meniscus in the vertical tube. So for this ‘x’
cm rise quantity of 1.25 s.g. liquid will come from inclined limb. So we have to
lower our reference line = x sin30o = x/2. Then Pressure balance gives us
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 7.5 ⎞ o
⎜ x+ ⎟ ×1250×9.81= ⎜ ⎟ sin30 ×1000×9.81 or x = 4
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 0.5 ⎠
IES-27. The lower portion of a U-tube of uniform bore, having both limbs
vertical and open to atmosphere, is initially filled with a liquid of
specific gravity 3S. A lighter liquid of specific gravity S is then poured
into one of the limbs such that the length of column of lighter liquid is
X. What is the resulting movement of the meniscus of the heavier liquid
in the other limb? [IES-2008]
(a) X (b) X/2 (c) X/3 (d) X/6
IES-27. Ans. (d) (s) × (x) = (3s) × (y)
x
∴ y=
3
x
Resulting movement of meniscus =
6
Page 34 of 372
Piezometer
IES-28. A vertical clean glass tube of uniform bore is used as a piezometer to
measure the pressure of liquid at a point. The liquid has a specific
weight of 15 kN/m3 and a surface tension of 0.06 N/m in contact with air.
If for the liquid, the angle of contact with glass is zero and the capillary
rise in the tube is not to exceed 2 mm, what is the required minimum
diameter of the tube? [IES-2006]
(a) 6 mm (b) 8 mm (c) 10 mm (d) 12 mm
4σ cos θ 4 × 0.06 × cos 0o
IES-28. Ans. (b) h= ≤ 0.002 or d ≥ = 8 mm
ρ gd 15000 × 0.002
IES-29. When can a piezometer be not used for pressure measurement in pipes?
(a) The pressure difference is low [IES-2005]
(b) The velocity is high
(c) The fluid in the pipe is a gas
(d) The fluid in the pipe is highly viscous
IES-29. Ans. (c)
Mechanical Gauges
IES-30. In a pipe-flow, pressure is to be measured at a particular cross-section
using the most appropriate instrument. Match List-I (Expected
pressure range) with List-II (Appropriate measuring device) and select
the correct answer: [IES-2002]
List-I List-II
A. Steady flow with small position gauge 1. Bourdon pressure gauge
pressure 2. Pressure transducer
B. Steady flow with small negative and 3. Simple piezometer
positive gauge pressure 4. U-tube manometer
C. Steady flow with high gauge pressure
D. Unsteady flow with fluctuating pressure
(a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 1 4 3 2
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 1 2 3 4
IES-30. Ans. (c)
Pressure of a Fluid
IAS-1. The standard sea level atmospheric pressure is equivalent to
(a) 10.2 m of fresh water of ρ = 998 kg/m3 [IAS-2000]
(b) 10.1 m of salt water of ρ = 1025 kg/m3
Page 35 of 372
(c) 12.5 m of kerosene of ρ = 800 kg/m3
(d) 6.4 m of carbon tetrachloride of ρ = 1590 kg/m3
IAS-1. Ans. (b) ρgh must be equal to 1.01325 bar = 101325 N/m2
For (a) 998 × 9.81× 10.2 = 99862 N/m 2
(b) 1025 × 9.81× 10.1 = 101558 N/m 2
(c) 800 × 9.81×12.5 = 98100 N/m 2
(d) 1590 × 9.81× 6.4 = 99826 N/m 2
Hydrostatic Law and Aerostatic Law

IAS-2. Hydrostatic law of pressure is given as [IES 2002; IAS-2000]
∂p ∂p ∂p ∂p
(a) = ρg (b) =0 (c) =z (d) = const .
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
IAS-2. Ans. (a)
IAS-3. Match List-I (Laws) with List-II (Phenomena) and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists: [IAS-1996]
List-I List-II
A. Hydrostatic law 1. Pressure at a point is equal in all
directions in a fluid at rest
B. Newton's law 2. Shear stress is directly proportional to
velocity gradient in fluid flow
C. Pascal's law 3. Rate of change of pressure in a vertical
D. Bernoulli's law direction is proportional to specific
weight of fluid
(a) 2 3 - 1 (b) 3 2 1 -
(c) 2 - 1 3 (d) 2 1 - 3
IAS-3. Ans. (b)

IAS-4. The reading of the pressure gauge fitted on a vessel is 25 bar. The
atmospheric pressure is 1.03 bar and the value of g is 9.81m/s2. The
absolute pressure in the vessel is: [IAS-1994]
(a) 23.97 bar (b) 25.00 bar (c) 26.03 bar (d) 34.84 bar
IAS-4. Ans. (c) Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure + Gauge Pressure
= 25+1.03 = 26.03 bar
IAS-5. The barometric pressure at the base of a mountain is 750mm Hg and at

the top 600 mm Hg. If the average air density is 1kg/m3, the height of
the mountain is approximately [IAS-1998]
(a) 2000m (b) 3000 m (c) 4000 m (d) 5000 m
IAS-5. Ans. (a) Pressure difference = (750-600) = 150 mmHg ≡ H m of air column = height
of mountain. Therefore 0.150 × (13.6 × 103 ) × g = H × 1× g or H = 2040m ≈ 2000m
Page 36 of 372
Manometers
IAS-6. The pressure difference
between point B and A (as
shown in the above figure)
in centimeters of water is:
(a) -44 (b) 44
(c) -76 (d) 76
[IAS-2002]
IAS-6. Ans. (b) Use ‘hs’ formula
hA − 50 × 0.8 − 25 × 0.65 + 100 ×1 = hB or hB − hA = 43.75cm of water column
IAS-7. A double U-tube

manometer is
connected to two
liquid lines A and B.
Relevant heights and
specific gravities of
the fluids are shown
in the given figure.
The pressure
difference, in head of
water, between fluids
at A and B is
[IAS-2001]
(a) SAhA + S1hB – S3hB+SBhB
(b) SAhA - S1hB -S2(hA- hB) + S3hB - SBhB
(c) SAhA + S1hB +S2(hA- hB) - S3hB + SBhB
(d) hA S A − (hA − hB )( S1 − S3 ) − hB S B
IAS-7. Ans. (d) Use ‘hs’ formula
H A + hA S A − (hA − hB ) S1 + (hA − hB ) S3 − hB S B = H B
or, H B − H A = hA S A − (hA − hB )( S1 − S3 ) − hB S B
Page 37 of 372
IAS-8. The pressure gauge reading in
meter of water column shown
in the given figure will be
(a) 3.20 m (b) 2.72 m
(c) 2.52 m (d) 1.52 m
[IAS-1995]
IAS-8. Ans. (d) Use ‘hs’ formula;
H G + 1×1 + 0.2 ×1 − 0.2 ×13.6 = 0 or H G = 1.52 m of water column
Mechanical Gauges
IAS-9. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists: [IAS-1999]
List-I (Device) List-II (Use)
A. Barometer 1. Gauge pressure
B. Hydrometer 2. Local atmospheric pressure
C. U-tube manometer 3. Relative density
D. Bourdon gauge 4. Pressure differential
(a) 2 3 1 4 (b) 3 2 1 4
(c) 3 2 4 1 (d) 2 3 4 1
IAS-9. Ans. (d)
Page 38 of 372
Page 39 of 372
Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces
3. Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces

1. Hydrostatic forces on plane surface
2. Hydrostatic forces on plane inclined surface
3. Centre of pressure
4. Hydrostatic forces on curved surface
5. Resultant force on a sluice gate

6. Lock gate

1. The term hydrostatics means the study of pressure, exerted by a fluid at rest.
2. Total pressure (P) is the force exerted by a static fluid on a surface (either plane or
curved) when the fluid comes in contact with the surface.
For vertically immersed surface, P = wAx = ρ gAx
For inclined immersed surface, P = wAx = ρ gAx
Where, A = area of immersed surface, and
x = depth of centre of gravity of immersed surface from the free liquid surface.
3. ()
Centre of pressure h is the point through which the resultant pressure acts and is
always expressed in terms of depth from the liquid surface.
IG
For vertically immersed surface, h = +x
Ax
I G sin 2 θ
For inclined immersed surface, h= +x
Ax
Where, IG stands for moment of inertia of figure about horizontal axis through its
centre of gravity. x = depth of centre of gravity of immersed surface from the free
liquid surface.
4. The total force on a curved surface is given by
P= PH2 + PV2
where PH = horizontal force on curved surface
Page 40 of 372
= total pressure force on the projected area of the curved surface on the
vertical plane = wAx = ρ gAx
Pv = vertical force on submerged curved surface

= weight of liquid actually or imaginary supported by curved surface.
The direction of the resultant force P with the horizontal is given by
PV P
tan θ = or θ = tan −1 V
PH PH
5. Resultant force on a sluice gate P = P1 – P2

Where P1 = pressure force on the upstream side of the sluice gate, and
P2 = pressure force on the downstream side of the sluice gate.
6. For a lock gate, the reaction between two gates is equal to the reaction at the hinge,
i.e. N = R.
P
Also reaction between the two gates, N =
2 sin α
where, P = resultant water pressure on the lock gate = P1 – P2, and
α = inclination of the gate to normal of side of lock.
Page 41 of 372

GATE-1. The force F needed to support
the liquid of denity d and the
vessel on top is:
(a) gd[ha – (H – h) A]
(b) gdHA
(c) GdHa
(d) gd(H – h)A
[GATE-1995]
GATE-1. Ans. (b)
GATE-2. A water container is kept on a weighing balance. Water from a tap is

falling vertically into the container with a volume flow rate of Q; the
velocity of the water when it hits the water surface is U.At a particular
instant of time the total mass of the container and water is m.The force
registered by the weighing balance at this instant of time is:
[GATE-2003]
(a) mg + ρ QU (b) mg+2 ρ QU (c) mg+ ρ QU2/2 (d) ρ QU2/2
GATE-2. Ans. (a) Volume flow rate = Q
Mass of water strike = ρ Q
Velocity of the water when it hit the water surface = U
Force on weighing balance due to water strike
= Initial momentum-final momentum
= ρ QU – 0 = ρ QU
(Since final velocity is perpendicular to initial velocity)
Now total force on weighing balance = mg + ρ QU

IES-1. A tank has in its side a very small horizontal cylinder fitted with a
frictionless piston. The head of liquid above the piston is h and the
piston area a, the liquid having a specific weight γ . What is the force
that must be exerted on the piston to hold it in position against the
hydrostatic pressure? [IES-2009]
2γ ha γ ha
(a ) 2 γ h a (b ) γ h a (c) (d )
3 2
IES-1. Ans. (b) Pressure of the liquid above the piston = γh
∴ Force exerted on the piston to hold it in position = γha
IES-2. Which one of the following statements is correct? [IES-2005]

The pressure centre is:
(a) The cycloid of the pressure prism
Page 42 of 372
(b) A point on the line of action of the resultant force
(c) At the centroid of the submerged area
(d) Always above the centroid of the area
IES-2. Ans. (b)
IES-3. A semi-circular plane area of diameter 1 m, is subjected to a uniform

gas pressure of 420 kN/m2. What is the moment of thrust
(approximately) on the area about its straight edge? [IES-2006]
(a) 35 kNm (b) 41 kNm (c) 55 kNm (d) 82 kNm
π .12
IES-3. Ans. (a) Force (P) = p.A = 420 ×
4× 2
Moment (M) = P × h
π × 12 4 × (1 / 2 )
= 420 × × = 35 kNm
4× 2 3×π
IES-4. A horizontal oil tank is in the shape of a cylinder with hemispherical

ends. If it is exactly half full, what is the ratio of magnitude of the
vertical component of resultant hydraulic thrust on one hemispherical
end to that of the horizontal component? [IES-2006]
(a) 2/ π (b) π /2 (c) 4/(3 π ) (d) 3 π /4
⎛ π .r 2 ⎞ 4r 2
IES-4. Ans. (b) PH = ρgA x = ρg ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟. = ρgr 3
⎝ 4 × 2 ⎠ 3π 3
1 ⎛4 ⎞ P π
PV = ρg∀ = ρg . .⎜ πr 3 ⎟ ∴ V =
4 ⎝3 ⎠ PH 2
IES-5. A rectangular water tank, full to the brim, has its length, breadth and
height in the ratio of 2: 1: 2. The ratio of hydrostatic forces at the
bottom to that at any larger vertical surface is: [IES-1996]
(a) 1/2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
IES-5. Ans. (b) Hydrostatic force at bottom = ρ gAz = ρ g (2 x × 1x ) × 2 x (length = 2x;
breadth = 1x; height = 2x ) = 4 ρ gx3
Hydrostatic force at larger vertical surface = pg(2x × 2x) × 2x/2 = 4 ρ gx 3
:. Ratio of above time forces = 1
IES-6. A circular plate 1.5 m diameter is submerged in water with its greatest
and least depths below the surface being 2 m and 0.75 m respectively.
What is the total pressure (approximately) on one face of the plate?
[IES-2007, IAS-2004]
(a) 12kN (b) 16kN (c) 24kN (d) None of the above
⎛ π × 1.52 ⎞ ⎛ 0.75 + 2 ⎞
IES-6. Ans. (c) P = ρgA x = ρg ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ = 24 kN
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
IES-7. A tank with four equal vertical faces of width ι and depth h is filled up
with a liquid. If the force on any vertical side is equal to the force at
the bottom, then the value of h/ ι will be: [IAS-2000, IES-1998]
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 1/2
Page 43 of 372
h
IES-7. Ans. (a) Pbottom = Pside or hρg .t.t = ρgth.(h / 2) or =2
t
IES-8. The vertical component of the hydrostatic force on a submerged curved

surface is the [IAS-1998, 1995, IES-1993, 2003]
(a) Mass of liquid vertically above it
(b) Weight of the liquid vertically above it
(c) Force on a vertical projection of the surface
(d) Product of pressure at the centroid and the surface area
IES-8. Ans. (b)
IES-9. What is the vertical component of pressure force on submerged curved

surface equal to? [IES-2008]
(a) Its horizontal component
(b) The force on a vertical projection of the curved surface
(c) The product of the pressure at centroid and surface area
(d) The gravity force of liquid vertically above the curved surface up to the free
surface
IES-9. Ans. (d) The vertical component of the hydrostatic force on a submerged curved
surface is the weight of the liquid vertically above it.
[IAS-1998, 1995, IES-1993, 2003]
IES-10. Resultant pressure of the liquid in case of an immersed body acts

through which one of the following? [IES-2007]
(a) Centre of gravity (b) Centre of pressure
(c) Metacentre (d) Centre of buoyancy
IES-10. Ans. (b)
IES-11. In the situation shown in the given

figure, the length BC is 3 m and M is
the mid-point of BC. The hydrostatic
force on BC measured per unit width
(width being perpendicular to the
plane of the paper) with 'g' being the
acceleration due to gravity, will be
(a) 16500 g N/m passing through M
(b) 16500 g N/m passing through a point
between M and C
(c) 14250 g N/m passing through M
(d) 14250 g N/m passing through a point
[IES-1993]
between M and C
IES-11. Ans. (d) The hydrostatic force on BC =
FV2 + FH2 . Vertical component (Fv) =
weight over area BC (for unit width)
⎛ 4 + 5.5 ⎞ 3 3 3
=⎜ ⎟ × 2 × 10 g
⎝ 2 ⎠
=12.34 × 103 g N/m
FH = Projected area of BC, i.e. BD ×
depth upon centre of BD × 103 g
= 1.5 × 4.75 × 103 g (for unit width)
= 7.125 × 103 g N/m
Page 44 of 372
Resultant = 103 g 12.342 + 7.1252 = 14250 g N/m
2
This resultant acts at centre of pressure, i.e., at of BD or between M and C.
3
IES-12. A circular annular plate bounded by two concentric circles of diameter

1.2m and 0.8 m is immersed in water with its plane making an angle of
45o with the horizontal. The centre of the circles is 1.625m below the
free surface. What will be the total pressure force on the face of the
plate? [IES-2004]
(a) 7.07 kN (b) 10.00 kN (c) 14.14 kN (d) 18.00kN
π
IES-12. Ans. (b) ρ gAx = 1000 × 9.81 × (1.22 − 0.82 ) × 1.625 ≈ 10kN
4
IES-13. A plate of rectangular shape having the dimensions of 0.4m x 0.6m is

immersed in water with its longer side vertical. The total hydrostatic
thrust on one side of the plate is estimated as 18.3 kN. All other
conditions remaining the same, the plate is turned through 90o such
that its longer side remains vertical. What would be the total force on
one of the plate? [IES-2004]
(a) 9.15 kN (b) 18.3 kN (c) 36.6 kN (d) 12.2 kN
IES-13. Ans. (b)
IES-14. Consider the following statements about hydrostatic force on a

submerged surface: [IES-2003]
1. It remains the same even when the surface is turned.
2. It acts vertically even when the surface is turned.
Which of these is/are correct?
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
IES-14. Ans. (a)
IES-15. A cylindrical gate is holding

water on one side as shown in
the given figure. The
resultant vertical component
of force of water per meter
width of gate will be:
[IES-1997]
(a) Zero (b) 7700.8 N/m (c) 15401.7 N/m (d) 30803.4 N/m
IES-15. Ans. (c) Vertical component of force = Weight of the liquid for half cylinder
portion
⎛ π D2 ⎞ ⎛ π 22 ⎞
⎜ L ⎟ ⎜ ×1 ⎟
= Volume × ρ g = ⎜ 4 ⎟× ρg = ⎜ 4 ⎟ × 1000 × 9.81 = 15409.5 N/m
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
IES-16. The vertical component of force on a curved surface submerged in a

static liquid is equal to the [IES-1993]
(a) Mass of the liquid above the curved surface
(b) Weight of the liquid above the curved surface
(c) Product of pressure at C.G. multiplied by the area of the curved surface
Page 45 of 372
(d) Product of pressure at C.G. multiplied by the projected area of the curved
surface
IES-16. Ans. (b) The correct choice is (b) since the vertical component of force on a curved
surface submerged in a static liquid is the weight of the liquid above the curved
surface.
IES-17. The depth of centre of pressure for a rectangular lamina immersed

vertically in water up to height ‘h’ is given by: [IES-2003]
(a) h/2 (b) h/4 (c)2h/3 (d) 3h/2
IES-17. Ans. (c)
IES-18. The point of application of a horizontal force on a curved surface

submerged in liquid is: [IES-2003]
IG I G + Ah 2 Ah IG
(a) −h (b) (c) +h (d) + Ah
Ah Ah IG h
Where A = area of the immersed surface
h = depth of centre of surface immersed
IG= Moment of inertia about centre of gravity
IES-18. Ans. (b)
IES-19. What is the vertical distance of the centre of pressure below the centre
of the plane area? [IES-2009]
IG IG .sinθ IG .sin 2θ IG .sin 2θ
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2
A.h A.h A.h A.h
IES-19. Ans. (c)
IES-20. What is the depth of centre of pressure of a vertical immersed surface

from free surface of liquid equal to? [IES-2008]
IG IG A IG h Ah
(a) +h (b) +h (c) +h (d) +h
Ah h A IG
(Symbols have their usual meaning)
IES-20. Ans. (a) Without knowing the formula also you can give answer option (b), (c) and
(d) are not dimensionally homogeneous.
IES-21. Assertion (A): The centre of pressure for a vertical surface submerged
in a liquid lies above the centroid (centre of gravity) of the vertical
surface. [IES-2008]
Reason (R): Pressure from the free surface of the liquid for a vertical
surface submerged in a liquid is independent of the density of the
liquid.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
IES-21. Ans. (d) Centre of pressure lies always below the centre of gravity of vertical
ICG
surface h = x + . Therefore the distance of centre of pressure from free surface
Ax
is independent of density of liquid. So, (d) is the answer.
IES-22. Assertion (A): A circular plate is immersed in a liquid with its

periphery touching the free surface and the plane makes an angle θ
Page 46 of 372
with the free surface with different values of θ, the position of centre of
pressure will be different. [IES-2004]
Reason (R): Since the center of pressure is dependent on second
moment of area, with different values of θ, second moment of area for
the circular plate will change.
I G .sin 2θ
IES-22. Ans. (c)
A.h
IES-23. A rectangular plate 0·75 m × 2·4 m is immersed in a liquid of relative

density 0·85 with its 0·75 m side horizontal and just at the water
surface. If the plane of plate makes an angle of 60o with the horizontal,
what is the approximate pressure force on one side of the plate?
[IES-2008]
(a) 7·80 kN (b) 15·60 kN (c) 18·00 kN (d) 24·00 kN
IES-23. Ans. (b) Pressure force on one side of
plate = wAx
⎛ 2.4 sin 60 ⎞
= ( 0.85 × 9.81) × ( 0.75 × 2.4 ) × ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
= 15.60 kN
IES-24. The hydrostatic force on the curved

surface AB shown in given figure acts.
(a) Vertically downwards
(b) Vertically upwards
(c) Downwards, but at an angle with the
vertical plane.
(d) Upwards, but at an angle with the vertical
plane [IES-1994]
IES-24. Ans. (d) Total hydrostatic force on the curved surface is upwards, but at an angle
with the vertical plane.
IES-25. A dam is having a curved surface as shown in the figure. The height of
the water retained by the dam is 20m; density of water is 1000kg/m3.
Assuming g as 9.81 m/s2, the horizontal force acting on the dam per unit
length is: [IES-2002]
(a) 1.962 × 102 N (b) 2 × 105N
(c) 1.962 × 106 N (d) 3.924 × 106 N
IES-25. Ans. (c) PH = ρ gAx
= 1000 × 9.81 × (20 × 1) × (20 / 2)
= 1.962 × 106 N
Page 47 of 372
IES-26. A triangular dam of height h
and base width b is filled to
its top with water as shown in
the given figure. The
condition of stability
(a) b = h (b) b = 2.6 h
(c) b = 3h (d) b = 0.425 h
[IES-1999]
IES-26. Ans. (d) Taking moment about
topple point
h 2b
FH × = W ×
3 3
⎛ h⎞ h
⎜ ρw gh × 1× 2 ⎟ × 3
⎝ ⎠
⎛ bh ⎞ 2b
= ρw × 2.56 × g × ⎜ × 1⎟ ×
⎝ 2 ⎠ 3
or b = 0.442h
Nearest answer (d)
IES-27. What acceleration would cause the free surface of a liquid contained in
an open tank moving in a horizontal track to dip by 45°? [IES-2008]
(a) g/2 (b) 2g (c) g (d) (3/2)g
IES-27. Ans. (c)
IES-28. A vertical sludge gate, 2.5 m wide and weighting 500 kg is held in
position due to horizontal force of water on one side and associated
friction force. When the water level drops down to 2 m above the
bottom of the gate, the gate just starts sliding down. The co efficient of
friction between the gate and the supporting structure is: [IES-1999]
(a) 0.20 (b) 0.10 (c) 0.05 (d) 0.02
m 500
IES-28. Ans. (b) μP = W or μρgA x = mg or μ = = = 0.1
ρA x 1000 × (2 × 2.5) × (2 / 2)

IAS-1. A circular plate 1.5 m diameter is submerged in water with its greatest
and least depths below the surface being 2 m and 0.75 m respectively.
What is the total pressure (approximately) on one face of the plate?
[IES-2007, IAS-2004]
(a) 12kN (b) 16kN (c) 24kN (d) None of the above
⎛ π × 1.52 ⎞ ⎛ 0.75 + 2 ⎞
IAS-1. Ans. (c) P = ρgA x = ρg ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ = 24 kN
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Page 48 of 372
IAS-2. A tank with four equal vertical faces of width ι and depth h is filled up
with a liquid. If the force on any vertical side is equal to the force at
the bottom, then the value of h/ ι will be: [IAS-2000, IES-1998]
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 1/2
h
IAS-2. Ans. (a) Pbottom = Pside or hρg .t.t = ρgth.( h / 2) or =2
t
IAS-3. The vertical component of the hydrostatic force on a submerged curved

surface is the [IAS-1998, 1995, IES-1993, 2003]
(a) Mass of liquid vertically above it
(b) Weight of the liquid vertically above it
(c) Force on a vertical projection of the surface
(d) Product of pressure at the centroid and the surface area
IAS-3. Ans. (b)
IAS-4. What is the vertical component of pressure force on submerged curved

surface equal to? [IAS-1998, 1995, IES-1993, 2003]
(a) Its horizontal component
(b) The force on a vertical projection of the curved surface
(c) The product of the pressure at centroid and surface area
(d) The gravity force of liquid vertically above the curved surface up to the free
surface
IAS-4. Ans. (d) The vertical component of the hydrostatic force on a submerged curved
surface is the weight of the liquid vertically above it.
IAS-5. Consider the following statements regarding a plane area submerged

in a liquid: [IAS-1995]
1. The total force is the product of specific weight of the liquid, the
area and the depth of its centroid.
2. The total force is the product of the area and the pressure at its
centroid.
Of these statements:
(a) 1 alone is correct (b) 2 alone is correct
(c) Both 1 and 2 are false (d) Both 1 and 2 are correct
IAS-5. Ans. (d)
IAS-6. A vertical dock gate 2 meter wide remains in position due to horizontal
force of water on one side. The gate weights 800 Kg and just starts
sliding down when the depth of water upto the bottom of the gate
decreases to 4 meters. Then the coefficient of friction between dock
gate and dock wall will be: [IAS-1995]
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.05 (d) 0.02
IAS-6. Ans. (c) μP = W or μρg ( 4 × 2).( 4 / 2) = 800 × g or μ = 0.05
IAS-7. A circular disc of radius 'r' is submerged vertically in a static fluid up

to a depth 'h' from the free surface. If h > r, then the position of centre
of pressure will: [IAS-1994]
(a) Be directly proportional to h (b) Be inversely proportional of h
(c) Be directly proportional to r (d) Not be a function of h or r
IAS-7. Ans. (a)
Page 49 of 372
IAS-8. Assertion (A): The total hydrostatic force on a thin plate submerged in
a liquid, remains same, no matter how its surface is turned. [IAS-2001]
Reason (R): The total hydrostatic force on the immersed surface
remains the same as long as the depth of centroid from the free surface
remains unaltered.
IAS-8. Ans. (d) If x changes it also change. P = ρgA x
IAS-9. A rectangular tank of base 3 m × 3 m contains oil of specific gravity 0.8

upto a height of 8 m. When it is accelerated at 2.45 m/s2 vertically
upwards, the force on the base of the tank will be: [IAS-1999]
(a) 29400 N (b) 38240 N (c) 78400 N (d) 49050 N
IAS-9. Ans. (c)
Page 50 of 372
Page 51 of 372
Buoyancy and Flotation
4. Buoyancy and Flotation

1. Buoyancy
2. Equilibrium of floating bodies

3. Equilibrium of floating bodies
4. Metacentric height
5. Time period of rolling of a floating body

1. The tendency for an immersed body to be lifted up in the fluid, due to an upward
force opposite to action of gravity is known as buoyancy.
2. The floating bodies may have the following types of equilibrium:
(i) Stable equilibrium
(ii) Unstable equilibrium, and
(iii) Neutral equilibrium
3. The metacentre is defined as a point of intersection of the axis of body passing
through e.g. (G) and original centre of buoyancy (B), and a vertical line passing
through the centre of buoyancy (B1) the titled position of the body.
4. The distance between the centre of gravity (G) of a floating body and the metacentre
(M) is called metacentric height.
5. The metacentric height (GM) by experimental method is given by:
(i) GM = BM – BG when G is higher than B
= BM + BG when G is lower than B
I
And BM = ;
V
W . z.l ⎛ W1. z ⎞
GM = 1 =
⎜ W tan θ ⎟
W .d ⎝ ⎠
Where, W1= known weight.
z = distance through which W1 is shifted across the axis of the tilt,
I = length of the plumb bob, and
d = displacement of the plumb bob.
d
θ = angle of tilt (tan θ = )
l
Page 52 of 372
k2
6. Time of rolling, T = 2π [VIMP]
GM . g
Where, k = radius of gyration about c.g. (G), and
GM = metacentric height of the body.
Question: Show that, for small angle of tilt, the time period of oscillation of a
2 πk
ship floating in stable equilibrium in water is given by T =
GM.g
[AMIE (WINTER)-2001]
Answer: Consider a floating body in a liquid is given a small angular displacement θ

at an instant of time t. The body starts oscillating about its metacenter (M).
Rolling
Pitching
Yawing
Yawing
M
after, axis
Fore-and
W G
B W D
G
B B1
FB FB
a. Initial position b. Rolled position

Fig. Oscillation (Rolling ) of a floating body
Let, W = Weight of floating body.
θ = Angle (in rad) through which the body is depressed.
α = Angular acceleration of the body in rad/ s2
T = Time of rolling (i.e. one complete oscillation) in seconds.
k = Radius of gyration about G.
I = Moment of inertia of the body about it center of gravity G.
W 2
= .k
g
GM = Metacentric height of the body.
Page 53 of 372
When the force which has caused angular displacement is removed the body
is acted by an external restoring moment due to its weight and buoyancy
forces; acting parallel to each other GD apart. Since the weight and
buoyancy force must be equal and distance GD equals GM sin θ . The
external moment equals W. GM sin θ and acts so as to oppose the tilt θ .
d2 θ
∴ – W.GM sin θ = I 2
dt
W 2 d2 θ
or, W.GM sin θ = k
g d t2
d2 θ g
or, + GMsin θ = 0
d t2 k2
For θ is very small sin θ ≈ θ
d2 θ g.GM
∴ + .θ = 0
d t2 k2
The solution of this second order liner differential eqn
⎛ g.GM ⎞ ⎛ g.GM ⎞
θ =C1 sin ⎜ .t ⎟ + C2 cos ⎜ .t ⎟
⎜ k 2 ⎟ ⎜ k2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Boundary conditions (applying)
(i) θ = 0 at t = 0
∴0 =C1 sin 0 +C2 cos 0
∴C2 =0
T
(ii) When t = , θ =0
2
⎛ g.GM T ⎞
∴0 =C1 sin ⎜ . ⎟
⎜ k2 2 ⎟⎠
⎝
As C1 ≠ 0
⎛ g.GM T ⎞
∴ sin ⎜ . ⎟ =0
⎜ k2 2 ⎟⎠
⎝
g.GM T
or . =π
k2 2
k2
or T = 2π ×
g.GM
2π k
or T= requiredexpression.
GM.g
Page 54 of 372

GATE-1. Bodies in flotation to be in stable equilibrium, the necessary and
sufficient condition is that the centre of gravity is located below
the……………….. [GATE-1994]
(a) Metacentre (b) Centre of pressure
(c) Centre of gravity (d) Centre of buoyancy
GATE-1. Ans. (a)

IES-1. What is buoyant force? [IES-2008]
(a) Lateral force acting on a submerged body
(b) Resultant force acting on a submerged body
(c) Resultant force acting on a submerged body
(d) Resultant hydrostatic force on a body due to fluid surrounding it
IES-1. Ans. (d) When a body is either wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, a lift is
generated due to the net vertical component of hydrostatic pressure forces
experienced by the body. This lift is called the buoyant force and the
phenomenon is called buoyancy.
IES-2. Assertion (A): The buoyant force for a floating body passes through the
centroid of the displaced volume. [IES-2005]
Reason (R): The force of buoyancy is a vertical force & equal to the
weight of fluid displaced.
IES-2. Ans. (a) When a solid body is either wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, the
hydrostatic lift due to net vertical component of the hydrostatic pressure forces
experienced by the body is called the buoyant force. The buoyant force on a
submerged or floating body is equal to the weight of liquid displaced by the body
and acts vertically upward through the centroid of displaced volume known as
centre of buoyancy.
1
The x coordinate of the center of the buoyancy is obtained as x 8 = ∫∫∫ xd∀
∀ ∀
Which is the centroid of the displaced volume. It is due to the buoyant force is
equals to the weight of liquid displaced by the submerged body of volume and
the force of buoyancy is a vertical force.
IES-3. Which one of the following is the condition for stable equilibrium for a
floating body? [IES-2005]
(a) The metacenter coincides with the centre of gravity
(b) The metacenter is below the center of gravity
(c) The metacenter is above the center of gravity
Page 55 of 372
(d) The centre of buoyancy is below the center of gravity
IES-3. Ans. (c)
IES-4. Resultant pressure of the liquid in case of an immersed body acts

through which one of the following? [IES-2007]
(a) Centre of gravity (b) Centre of pressure
(c) Metacenter (d) Centre of buoyancy
IES-4. Ans. (b) For submerged body it acts through centre of buoyancy.
IES-5. Assertion (A): If a boat, built with sheet metal on wooden frame, has an
average density which is greater than that of water, then the boat can
float in water with its hollow face upward but will sink once it
overturns. [IES-1999]
Reason (R): Buoyant force always acts in the upward direction.
IES-5. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true, but R does not give sufficient explanation for
phenomenon at A. Location of Metacentre and centre of buoyancy decide about
floating of a body.
IES-6. Which of the following statement is true? [IES-1992]

(a) For an ideal fluid µ = 0, ρ = constant, K = 0
(b) A floating body is in stable, unstable or neutral equilibrium according to as
the metacentric height zero, positive or negative.
(c) The exact analysis of viscous flow problems can be made by Euler's equation
(d) The most economical diameter of a pipe is the one for which the annual fixed
cost and annual power cost (to overcome friction) are minimum.
IES-6. Ans. (d) Here (a) is wrong: For an ideal fluid μ = 0 , ρ = constant, K = const. (b) is
wrong: A floating body is in stable, unstable or neutral equilibrium according to
as the metacentric height positive or negative or zero respectively. (c) is wrong:
The exact analysis of viscous flow problems can be made by Navier stroke
equations. Euler's equation is valid for non-viscous fluid.
IES-7. A hydrometer weighs 0.03 N and has a stem at the upper end which is
cylindrical and 3 mm in diameter. It will float deeper in oil of specific
gravity 0.75, than in alcohol of specific gravity 0.8 by how much
amount? [IES-2007]
(a) 10.7 mm (b) 43.3 mm (c) 33 mm (d) 36 mm
W W W ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ π .(0.003) 2 h
IES-7. Ans. (d) Voil = and Val = Now Voil − Val = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ =
ρ oil g ρ al g g ⎝ ρ oil ρ al ⎠ 4
IES-8. A wooden rectangular block of length ι is made to float in water with

its axis vertical. The centre of gravity of the floating body is 0.15 ι above
the centre of buoyancy. What is the specific gravity of the wooden
block? [IES-2007]
(a) 0.6 (b) 0.65 (c) 0.7 (d) 0.75
Page 56 of 372
IES-8. Ans. (c)
0.7 / A ρw g = lA ρb g
ρb
∴ ρb = 0.7 ρw ⇒ = 0.7
ρw
IES-9. A body weighs 30 N and 15 N when weighed under submerged

conditions in liquids of relative densities 0·8 and 1·2 respectively. What
is the volume of the body? [IES-2009]
(a) 12.50 ι (b) 3.82 ι (c) 18.70 ι (d) 75.50 ι
IES-9. Ans. (d) W − Vρ1g = 30 .... ( i )
W − Vρ2 g = 15 .... ( ii )
W − V ( 800 )( 9.8 )
⇒ =2
W − V (1200 )( 9.8 )
⇒ W − V ( 800 )( 9.8 ) = 2W − 2V (1200 )( 9.8 )
⇒ W = 15680V
Putting the value of W in Equation (i)
15680 V – V(800)(9.8) = 30
⇒ V = 3.82 × 10−3m3 = 3.82 liters
IES-10. If B is the centre of buoyancy, G is the centre of gravity and M is the

Metacentre of a floating body, the body will be in stable equilibrium if
[IES-1994; 2007]
(a) MG = 0 (b) M is below G (c) BG=0 (d) M is above G
IES-10. Ans. (d)
IES-11. For floating bodies, how is the metacentric radius defined? [IES-2009]
(a) The distance between centre of gravity and the metacentre.
(b) Second moment of area of plane of flotation about centroidal axis
perpendicular to plane of rotation/immersed volume.
(c) The distance between centre of gravity and the centre of buoyancy.
(d) Moment of inertia of the body about its axis of rotation/immersed volume.
IES-11. Ans. (a) Metacentric Radius or Metacentric Height is the distance between
Centre of Gravity and the Metacentre.
IES-12. The metacentric height of a passenger ship is kept lower than that of a
naval or a cargo ship because [IES-2007]
(a) Apparent weight will increase
(b) Otherwise it will be in neutral equilibrium
(c) It will decrease the frequency of rolling
(d) Otherwise it will sink and be totally immersed
IES-12. Ans. (c)
Page 57 of 372
Bu
uoyancy and Flottation
S K Mo
ondal’ss Cha
apter 4
IE
ES-13. Consider thee followingg statementts: [IIES-1996]
Thhe metacenntric heightt of a floatting body depends
d
1. Directly on
o the shap pe of its wa ater-line area.
2. On the voolume of liqquid displa aced by the e body.
3. On the disstance between the metacentre
m e and the centre
c of gravity.
g
4. On the seccond mom ment of watter-line are ea.
Of these statements cor rrect are:
(a) 1 and 2 ( 2 and 3
(b) (c)) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 4
IE
ES-13. Ans. (b) The metacentric
m height of a floating body depend ds on (2) annd (3), i.e.
volume of liq
quid displacced by thee body and d on the distance bettween the
metacentre an
nd the centree of gravity.
IE
ES-14. A cylindrical
c l vessel havving its he
eight equall to its diammeter is fiilled with
liquid and moved
m horizzontally att acceleration equal tto accelera ation due
to gravity. Th
he ratio off the liquid
d left in thee vessel to the liquid
d at static
equuilibrium condition
c is: [IIES-2001]
(a) 0.2 ( 0.4
(b) (c)) 0.5 (d) 0.75
ES-14. Ans. (c)
IE
IE
ES-15. Hoow is the metacentric
m c height, G
GM expresssed? [IIES-2008]
(a) GM = BG − (I / V ) (b) GM = ( V / I) − BG
(c) GM = (I / V ) − BG B − ( V / I)
(d) GM = BG
Whhere I = Momment of inerrtia of the plan of the flloating body
y at the watter surface
V = Vollume of the body submeerged in wa ater
BG = Distance between thee centre of gravity (G G) and the centre of
b
buoyancy (B
B).
IE
ES-15. Ans. (c)
I
GM
M = BM – BG
G and BM =
V
IE
ES-16. Staability of a floating body
b can bee improved d by which
h of the folllowing?
1. Making itts width large [IIES-2008]
2. Making th he draft sm mall
3. Keeping the t centre of mass low
4. Reducing g its density y
Sellect the correct answ wer using tthe code giiven below w:
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1, 2 an
nd 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only y (d) 3 and 4 only
IE
ES-16. Ans. (b) Stabilitty of a floatiing body can
n be improv ved by makiing width la
arge which
willl increase.
I annd will thus increase thet metacen ntric height and keepin ng the centrre of mass
low
w and makin ng the draft small.
ES-17.
IE Thhe distance e from the centre off buoyancy y to the m
meta-centre e is given
by I/Vd where e Vd is the volume of fluid displlaced. [IIES-2008]
Whhat does I represent?
r ?
(a) Moment off inertia of a horizontall section of the body ta
aken at the surface of
the fluid
Page 58 of 372
(b) Moment of inertia about its vertical centroidal axis
(c) Polar moment of inertia
(d) Moment of inertia about its horizontal centroidal axis
I
IES-17. Ans. (a) BM = distance between centre of buoyancy to metacentre is given by ,
Vd
where Vd is volume of fluid displaced. I represents the Moment of Inertia of a
horizontal section of a body taken at the surface of the fluid.
IES-18. A 25 cm long prismatic homogeneous solid floats in water with its axis
vertical and 10 cm projecting above water surface. If the same solid
floats in some oil with axis vertical and 5 cm projecting above the
liquid surface, what is the specific gravity of the oil? [IES-2006]
(a) 0·60 (b) 0·70 (c) 0·75 (d) 0·80
15
IES-18. Ans. (c) Let Area is A cm 2 ∴ A × 25 × ss × g = A × 15 × sw × g or ss =
25
25 25 15
A × 25 × ss × g = A × 20 × soil × g or soil = ss = × = 0.75
20 20 25
IES-19. Consider the following statements: [IES-1997, 1998]

Filling up a part of the empty hold of a ship with ballasts will
1. Reduce the metacentric height.
2. Lower the position of the centre of gravity.
3. Elevate the position of centre of gravity.
4. Elevate the position of centre of buoyancy.
Of these statements
(a) 1, 3 and 4 are correct (b) 1 and 2 are correct
(c) 3 and 4 are correct (d) 2 and 4 are correct
IES-19. Ans. (d) Making bottom heavy lowers the c.g. of ship. It also increases displaced
volume of water and thus the centre of displaced water, i.e. centre of buoyancy
is elevated.
IES-20. Assertion (A): A circular plate is immersed in a liquid with its

periphery touching the free surface and the plane makes an angle θ
with the free surface with different values of θ , the position of centre
of pressure will be different. [IES-2004]
Reason (R): Since the centre of pressure is dependent on second
moment of area, with different values of θ , second moment of area for
the circular plate will change.
IES-20. Ans. (c)
IES-21. An open rectangular box of base 2m × 2m contains a liquid of specific

gravity 0.80 up to a height of 2.5m. If the box is imparted a vertically
upward acceleration of 4.9 m/s2, what will the pressure on the base of
the tank? [IES-2004]
(a) 9.81 kPa (b) 19.62 kPa (c) 36.80 kPa (d) 29.40 kPa
IES-21. Ans. (d) p = hρ ( g + a )
IES-22. Assertion (A): For a vertically immersed surface, the depth of the
centre of pressure is independent of the density of the liquid.
Page 59 of 372
Bu
uoyancy and Flottation
S K Mo
ondal’ss Cha
apter 4
Reason (R): Centre off pressure lies abov ve the cen
ntre of are ea of the
imm mersed surface. [IIES-2003]
ue and R is the
n of A
ue but R is not
n the correect explanattion of A
(c) A is true bu
ut R is false
(d) A is false but R is truee
IE
ES-22. Ans. (c)
IE
ES-23. Maatch List-I with List-III and sele ect the corrrect answeer: [IES-19 995, 2002]
Lisst-I (Stability) L
List-II (Conditions)
A. Stable equillibrium of a floating boody 1. Centre of buoyan ncy below
the centtre of gravity
B. Stable equilibrium of a submerged d body 2 Metacen
2. ntre above the
t centre
of gravitty
C. Unstable eqquilibrium of
o a floatingg body 3. Centre of buoyan ncy above
the centtre of gravity
D. Unstable eq quilibrium of
o a submerrged body 4. 4 Metacen ntre below the
t centre
of gravitty
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 4 1 2 3 (d) 2 1 4 3
IE
ES-23. Ans. (b)
IE
ES-24. A barge
b 30m long and 10m 1 wide has
h a draftt of 3m wh hen flowing g with its
sid
des in verttical posittion. If itss centre of o gravity is 2.5m above the
botttom, the nearest
n vallue of meta
acentric heeight is: [IIES-2001]
(a) 3.28m (b) 2.78mm (c) 1.78m
m (d) Zero
03
10
30×
1 12
2 = 2.778 m
IE
ES-24. Ans. (c) BM = =
Δ 30×10× ×3
wh
here I = leasst moment of o inertia
d Δ = displa
and acement
kB
B = 3/2 = 1.5
5m
kM
M = kB + BM M = 2.778 + 1.5
= 4.278 m
GM
M = kM – kG G = 4.278 – 2.5
= 1.778 m ≡ 1.78 m
IE
ES-25. A block
b of aluminium having
h maass of 12 kg nded by a wire and
g is suspen
low
wered untiil submerg ged into a tank containing oil of relative e density
0.8
8. Taking the relative e density of
o aluminiium as 2.4,, the tensioon in the
wirre will be (take
( g=10 m/s2) [IIES-2001]
(a) 12000N ( 800 N
(b) (c)) 120 N (d) 80N
ES-25. Ans. (d) T = mg − vρg
IE
Page 60 of 372
IES-26. A float of cubical shape has sides of 10 cm.
The float valve just touches the valve seat
to have a flow area of 0.5 cm2 as shown in
the given figure. If the pressure of water in
the pipeline is 1 bar, the rise of water level
h in the tank to just stop the water flow
will be:
(a) 7.5 cm (b) 5.0 cm
(c) 2.5 cm (d) 0.5 cm
[IES-2000]
IES-26. Ans. (b)
IES-27. Stability of a freely floating object is assured if its centre of

(a) Buoyancy lies below its centre of gravity [IES-1999]
(b) Gravity coincides with its centre of buoyancy
(c) Gravity lies below its metacenter
(d) Buoyancy lies below its metacenter
IES-27. Ans. (c)
IES-28. Match List-I with List-II regarding a body partly submerged in a liquid
and select answer using the codes given below: [IES-1999]
List-I List-II
A. Centre of pressure 1. Points of application of the weight of displace
liquid
B. Centre of gravity 2. Point about which the body starts oscillating
when tilted by a small angle
C. Centre of buoyancy 3. Point of application of hydrostatic pressure
force
D. Matacentre 4. Point of application of the weight of the body
(a) 4 3 1 2 (b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 3 4 2 1
IES-28. Ans. (c)
IES-29. A cylindrical piece of cork weighting 'W' floats with its axis in
horizontal position in a liquid of relative density 4. By anchoring the
bottom, the cork piece is made to float at neutral equilibrium position
with its axis vertical. The vertically downward force exerted by
anchoring would be: [IES-1998]
(a) 0.5 W (b) W (c) 2W (d) 3 W
IES-29. Ans. (d) Due to own weight of cylinder, it will float upto 1/4th of its height in
liquid of relative density of 4. To make it float in neutral equilibrium, centre of
gravity and centre of buoyancy must coincide, i.e. cylinder upto full height must
get immersed.
For free floating: Weight (W) = Buoyancy force (i.e. weight of liquid equal to 1/4th
volume cork)
The vertically downward force exerted by anchoring would be weight of liquid
equal to 3/4th volume cork = 3W.
IES-30. If a piece of metal having a specific gravity of 13.6 is placed in mercury

of specific gravity 13.6, then [IES-1999]
(a) The metal piece will sink to the bottom
Page 61 of 372
(b) The metal piece simply float over the mercury with no immersion
(c) The metal piece will be immersed in mercury by half
(d) The whole of the metal piece will be immersed with its top surface
just at mercury level.
IES-30. Ans. (d)
IES-31. A bucket of water hangs with a spring balance. if an iron piece is

suspended into water from another support without touching the sides
of the bucket, the spring balance will show [IES-1999]
(a) An increased reading
(b) A decreased reading
(c) No change in reading
(d) Increased or decreased reading depending on the depth of immersion
IES-31. Ans. (c)
IES-32. A large metacentric height in a vessel [IES-1997]

(a) Improves stability and makes periodic time to oscillation longer
(b) Impairs stability and makes periodic time of oscillation shorter
(e) Has no effect on stability or the periodic time of oscillation
(d) Improves stability and makes the periodic time of oscillation shorter
IES-32. Ans. (d) Large metacentric height improves stability and decreases periodic time
of oscillation.
IES-33. The least radius of gyration of a ship is 9 m and the metacentric height
is 750 mm. The time period of oscillation of the ship is: [IES-1999]
(a) 42.41 s (b) 75.4 s (c) 20.85 s (d) 85 s
k2 92
IES-33. Ans. (c) T = 2π = 2π = 20.85 s
GM .g 0.750 × 9.81
IES-34. What are the forces that influence the problem of fluid static?
[IES-2009]
(a) Gravity and viscous forces (b) Gravity and pressure forces
(c) Viscous and surface tension forces (d) Gravity and surface tension forces
IES-34. Ans. (b) Gravity and pressure forces influence the problem of Fluid statics.

IAS-1. A metallic piece weighs 80 N air and 60 N in water. The relative density
of the metallic piece is about [IAS-2002]
(a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 2
IAS-1. Ans. (c)
IAS-2. Assertion (A): A body with wide rectangular cross section provides a
highly stable shape in floatation. [IAS-1999]
Reason (R) The center of buoyancy shifts towards the tipped end
considerably to provide a righting couple.
IAS-2. Ans. (a)
Page 62 of 372
IAS-3. Match List-I (Nature of equilibrium of floating body) with List-II
(Conditions for equilibrium) and select the correct answer using the
codes given below the Lists: [IAS-2002]
List-I List-II
(Nature of equilibrium of floating body) (Conditions for equilibrium)
A. Unstable equilibrium 1. MG = 0
B. Neutral equilibrium 2. M is above G
C. Stable equilibrium 3. M is below G
4. BG = 0
(Where M,G and B are metacenter, centre of gravity and centre of gravity and
centre of buoyancy respectively)
Codes: A B C A B C
(a) 1 3 2 (b) 3 1 2
(c) 1 3 4 (d) 4 2 3
IAS-3. Ans. (b)
IAS-4. A float valve of the ‘ball-clock’

type is required to close an
opening of a supply pipe
feeding a cistern as shown in
the given figure.
The buoyant force FB
required to be exerted by the
float to keep the valve closed
against a pressure of 0.28
N/mm is:
(a) 4.4 N (b) 5.6N
(c) 7.5 N (d) 9.2 N [IAS-2000]
π ×10 2
IAS-4. Ans. (a) Pressure force on valve ( FV ) = Pressure×area = 0.28 × N = 22 N
4
Taking moment about hinge, FV ×100 = FB × 500 or FB = 4.4 N
IAS-5. Assertion (A): A body with rectangular cross section provides a highly
stable shape in floatation. [IAS-1999]
Reason (R): The centre of buoyancy shifts towards the tipped end
considerably to provide a righting couple.
IAS-5. Ans. (a)
IAS-6. A weight of 10 tonne is moved over a distance of 6m across the deck of a
vessel of 1000 tonne floating in water. This makes a pendulum of length
2.5m swing through a distance of 12.5cm horizontally. The metacentric
height of the vessel is: [IAS-1997]
(a) 0.8m (b) 1.0m (c) 1.2m (d) 1.4m
IAS-6. Ans. (c)
IAS-7. The fraction of the volume of a solid piece of metal of relative density
8.25 floating above the surface of a container of mercury of relative
density 13.6 is: [IAS-1997]
(a) 1.648 (b) 0.607 (c) 0.393 (d) 0.352
IAS-7. Ans. (c)
Page 63 of 372
IAS-8. If a cylindrical wooden pole, 20 cm in diameter, and 1m in height is
placed in a pool of water in a vertical position (the gravity of wood is
0.6), then it will: [IAS-1994]
(a) Float in stable equilibrium (b) Float in unstable equilibrium
(c) Float in neutral equilibrium (d) Start moving horizontally
IAS-8. Ans. (b)
IAS-9. An open tank contains water to depth of 2m and oil over it to a depth of
1m. If the specific gravity of oil in 0.8, then the pressure intensity at the
interface of the two fluid layers will be: [IAS-1994]
(a) 7848 N/m2 (b) 8720 N/m2 (c) 9747 N/m2 (d) 9750 N/m2
IAS-9. Ans. (a)
IAS-10. Consider the following statements [IAS-1994]

For a body totally immersed in a fluid.
I. The weight acts through the centre of gravity of the body.
II. The up thrust acts through the centroid of the body.
(a) Both I and II are true (b) I is true but II is false
(c) I is false but II is true (d) Neither I nor II is true
IAS-10. Ans. (b)
IAS-11. Consider the following statements regarding stability of floating

bodies: [IAS-1997]
1. If oscillation is small, the position of Metacentre of a floating body
will not alter whatever be the axis of rotation
2. For a floating vessel containing liquid cargo, the stability is reduced
due to movements of gravity and centre of buoyancy.
3. In warships and racing boats, the metacentric height will have to be
small to reduce rolling
(c) 2 alone is correct (d) 3 alone is correct
IAS-11. Ans. (c)
IAS-12. Assertion (A): To reduce the rolling motion of a ship, the metacentric
height should be low. [IAS-1995]
Reason (R): Decrease in metacentric height increases the righting
couple.
IAS-12. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false
Since high metacentric height will result in faster restoring action, rolling will
be more. Thus to reduce rolling metacentric height should be low. However
reason (R) is reverse of true statement.
Page 64 of 372
Page 65 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
5. Fluid Kinematics

1. Velocity
2. Acceleration
3. Tangential and Normal Acceleration
4. Types of Flow
5. Stream Line
6. Path Line
7. Streak Line
8. Continuity Equitation
9. Circulation and Vorticity
10. Velocity Potential Function
11. Stream Function
12. Flow Net
13. Acceleration in Fluid Vessel

1. A fluid motion may be analyzed by following one of the two alternative
approaches:
• Lagrangian approach: In this approach the observer concentrates on the
movement of a single particle. The path taken by the particle and the changes in
its velocity and acceleration are studied.
• Eulerian Approach: In this approach the observer concentrates on a point in
the fluid system.
Velocity, acceleration and other characteristics of the fluid at that particular point
are studied.
2. One dimensional flow: When the dependent variables are functions of only one
space co-ordinate say x.
The number of dependent variable does not matter.
• The axis of passage does not have to be a straight line.
• One dimensional flow may takes place in a curved passage
3. Two dimensional flow: Flow over a long circular cylinder is two-dimensional flow.
4. Axi-symmetric flow: Velocity profile is symmetrical about the axis of symmetry.
• Flow is invariant in the circumferential i.e. θ -direction
Page 66 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
∂
• Mathematically, =0
∂θ
• It is two dimensional flow, because the only independent co-ordinates are x and
y or r and z.
5. Steady flow: The dependent fluid variables at point in the flow do not change with
∂
time. i.e. {dependent fluid variables} ≡ 0
∂t
∂u ∂υ ∂w ∂p ∂ρ
i.e. = = =0= = etc.
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
• A flow is said to be steady when conditions do not change with time at any
point.
• In a converging steady flow, there is only convective acceleration.
• Local acceleration is zero in steady flow.
• The flow of a liquid at const. rate in a conically tapered pipe is classified as
steady, non-uniform flow.
• In a steady flow streamline, path line and streak line are coincident.
6. Uniform flow: A flow is said to be uniform at an instant of time if the velocity, in

magnitude, direction and sense, is identical throughout the flow field.
∂
i.e. {dependent fluid variables} ≡ 0
∂s
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂υ ∂υ
i.e. = = =0= = -----etc
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y
• Uniform flow occurs when the (spatial) rate of change of velocity is zero.
• Uniform flow can take place in a conical passage.
• In uniform flow constant velocity vector occure.
7. Acceleration in fluid flow:

Total acceleration = Convective acceleration + Local acceleration
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
ax = u +υ +w +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂υ ∂υ ∂υ ∂υ
ay = u +υ +w +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
az = u +υ +w +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
and a = a x iˆ + a y ˆj + a z kˆ
• In a natural co-ordinate system the acceleration an in a normal direction when
∂υ n υ 2
local and convective terms are present is given by an = +
∂t r
Page 67 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
8. Streamline: A streamline in a fluid flow is a line tangent to which at any point is in
the direction of velocity at that point at that instant.
• Since the component of velocity normal to a streamline is zero, there can be no
flow across a streamline.
• A streamline cannot intersect itself nor can any streamline intersect another
streamline.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Equation = =
u υ w
Above equation is valid for flow, steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform viscous
or non-viscous, compressible or incompressible.
• For a steady flow streamline, path line and streak lines are coincides.
• A streamline is defined in terms of stream function (ψ ) i.e. ψ =const.
• A flow has diverging straight streamlines. If the flow is steady, the flow has
convective tangential acceleration.
• A flow has parallel curved streamlines and is steady this flow as normal
convective acceleration.
• Streamline and velocity potential line must constitute orthogonal network.
9. Path line: A path line is the trace made by a single particle over a period of time.
i.e. It is the path followed by a fluid particle in motion.
Equation x = ∫ udt; y = ∫ υdt; z = ∫ wdt
10. Streak line: It is a curve which gives an instantaneous picture of the location of the
fluid particles which have passed through a given point.
Continuity Equation
ρAV = Const. in case of compressible fluid.
AV = Const. in case of incompressible fluid.
Differential form of continuity equation in Cartesian co-ordinates system.
∂u ∂υ ∂w
+ + = 0 , Vector form ∇.V = 0 , for incompressible flow
∂x ∂y ∂z
General form
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ρ
( ρu ) + ( ρυ ) + ( ρw) + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂ρ
Vector form ∇ .( ρV ) + =0
∂t
General form valid for
Viscous or Inviscid; steady or unsteady; uniform or non-uniform; compressible or
incompressible.
∂
∫
Integral form: ρV . dA +
s
∂t
∫ ρdv = 0
Differential form of continuity equation in cylindrical co-ordinate system

ur ∂ur 1 ∂uθ ∂uz
+ + + = 0, for incompressible flow.
r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
• The equation of continuity in fluid mechanics is an embodiment of the law of
conservation of mass.
• Existence of stream function resulting continuity of flow.
• For a possible case of fluid flow must satisfy continuity eqn.
Page 68 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
Question: Derive three dimensional general continuity equations in differential from
and extend it to 3-D in compressible flow (Cartesian Co-ordinates ).
y
Answer: Consider a fluid element (control
volume) – Parallelopiped with
sides dx, dy and dz as shown in
Fig. C G
Let ρ = mass density of the fluid
B F dy
at a particular instant t.
H
u, v , ω = components of velocity D
of the flow entering the three E dz

A
faces x, y and z respectively, of dx
the parallelepiped. x
∴ Rate of mass of fluid entering
the face ABCD (i.e. fluid influx)
= ρ x velocity in x-direction ×
z
Area ABCD = ρ u dy dz
and Rate of mass of fluid leaving the face EFGH (i.e. fluid efflux)
∂
= ρ udy dz + (ρ dy dz ) dx
∂x
The gain in mass per unit time due to flow in the x-direction is given by the
difference between the fluid influx and fluid efflux.
∴ Mass accumulated per unit time due to flow in x-direction
∂ ∂
= ρ u dy dz - ρ udy dz - (ρ udy dz ) dx = − (ρ u) dx dy dz
∂x ∂x
Similarly, the gain in fluid mass per unit time in the parallelepiped due to flow in Y
and z-directions.
∂
= − (ρ v ) dx dy dz (in Y-direction)
∂y
∂
= − (ρ ω) dx dy dz (in z-direction)
∂z
∴ The total (or net) gain in fluid mass per unit time for fluid flow along 3 co-
ordinate axes = Rate of change of mass of the parallelepiped (c. v.)
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∴ − (ρ u) dx dy dz − (ρ v ) dx dy dz − (ρ ω) dx dy dz = (ρ dx dy dz )
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ρ
or (ρ u) + (ρ v ) + (ρ ω) + = 0 General continuity eqn in 3-D
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂ρ
For incompressible fluid ρ = cos t ∴ =0
∂t
∂u ∂ v ∂ ω
∴ + + = 0 For 3-D incompressible flow.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Stream Function (ψ ):
∂ψ ∂ψ
u = - and υ =
∂y ∂x
Page 69 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
1 ∂ψ ∂ψ
In cylindrical co-ordinate system, u r = and uθ = −
r ∂θ ∂r
• A stream function is defined when the flow is continuous.
• Dimensions of ψ is [L2T-1]
• Existence of stream function implies that continuity of flow.
If ψ 2 andψ 1 is the values of stream function at point 2 and 1 respectively. The volume
rate of flow per unit depth across an element Δ s connecting 2 and 1 is given by Δ ψ .
• If a stream function ψ exists it implies that the function ψ represents a
possible flow field.
• If φ is the laplacian then ψ must exists.
• ψ = const. in the streamline.
Strain Component
∂u 1 ∂υ ∂u
ε xx = ε xy= { + }
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y
∂υ 1 ∂w ∂v
ε yy = ε yz= { + }
∂y 2 ∂y ∂z
∂w 1 ∂u ∂w
ε zz = ε xz= { + }
∂z 2 ∂z ∂x
Velocity Potential Function ( φ )
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
u = - , υ =- and w =-
∂x ∂y ∂z
Dimensions of φ is [L2T-1]
• If velocity potential ( φ ) exists, the flow should be irrotational.
• If ϕ1 and ϕ 2 are solution of Laplace equation then, φ1 − φ2 is also a solution of
Laplace eqn.
• The lines of constant φ are normal to the streamlines.
Cauchy – Riemann Equation

∂ϕ ∂ψ ∂ϕ ∂ψ
= and =−
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
If ψ is a Laplacian φ must exists.
Rotational or irrotational
Rotational components
Page 70 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
1 ⎡ ∂w ∂υ ⎤ 1 ⎡ ∂u ∂w ⎤ 1 ⎡ ∂υ ∂u ⎤
ω x= ⎢ − ⎥ ; ω y= ⎢ − ⎥ ; ω z= ⎢ − ⎥
2 ⎣ ∂y ∂z ⎦ 2 ⎣ ∂z ∂x ⎦ 2 ⎣ ∂x ∂y ⎦
1 1
ω = (∇ × V ) = curlV = Ω2
2 2
Ω or curl V is called vorticity
1
Rotation = vorticity.
2
• A flow is said to be rotational when every fluid element has finite angular
velocity about its mass centre.
∂υ ∂u
• A two dimensional flow in x-y plane is irrotational if =
∂x ∂y
• Irrotational flow implies zero vorticity
Circulation in a flow:
Along a closed contour in a flow field
∫ ∫
Γ = V .ds = (udx + υdy + wdz )
δΓ
= 2ω z = Ω z , the Vorticity.
δA
Circulation per unit area equals the vorticity in flow:

• Irrotational flow is such that circulation is zero.
• Circulation must be zero along a closed contour in an irrotational flow.
Flow net:
Streamline ψ = constant
Velocity potential line φ = constant
• The streamlines and velocity potential lines form an orthogonal net work in a
fluid flow.
• Observation of a flow net enables us to estimate the velocity variation.
• Streamline and velocity potential lines must constitute orthogonal net work
except at the stagnation points.
Page 71 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
Acceleration
GATE-1. In a two-dimensional velocity field with velocities u and v along the x
and y directions respectively, the convective acceleration along the x-
direction is given by: [GATE-2006]
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v
(a) u +v (b) u +v
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂v ∂u ∂u ∂u
(c) u +v (d) v +u
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
GATE-1. Ans. (a)
GATE-2. For a fluid flow through a divergent pipe of length L having inlet and
outlet radii of R1 and R2 respectively and a constant flow rate of Q,
assuming the velocity to be axial and uniform at any cross-section, the
acceleration at the exit is: [GATE-2004]
2Q( R1 − R2 ) 2Q 2 ( R1 − R2 )
(a) (b)
πLR2 3 πLR2 3
2Q 2 ( R1 − R2 ) 2Q 2 ( R2 − R1 )
(c) (d)
π 2 LR2 5 π 2 LR2 5
⎛ R − R1 ⎞
GATE-2. Ans (c) At a distance x from the inlet radius (Rx) = ⎜ R1 + 2 x⎟
⎝ L ⎠
∴ Area Ax = πRx2
Q Q
∴ u= = 2
Ax ⎛ R −R ⎞
π ⎜ R1 + 2 1 x ⎟
⎝ L ⎠
∂u ∂u ∂u
Total acceleration ax = u + for constant flow rate i.e. steady flow =0
∂x ∂t ∂t
R − R1
− 2Q 2
∂u Q L
∴ ax = u = × 3
∂x ⎛ R2 − R1 ⎞
2
⎛ R2 − R1 ⎞
π ⎜ R1 + x⎟ π ⎜ R1 + x⎟
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠
2Q 2 ( R1 − R2 )
at x = L it gives
π 2 LR2 5
Statement for Linked Answers & Questions Q3 and Q4:

The gap between a moving circular plate and a stationary surface is being
continuously reduced. as the circular plate comes down at a uniform speed V
Page 72 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
towards the stationary bottom surface, as shown in the figure. In the process,
the fluid contained between the two plates flows out radially. The fluid is
assumed to be incompressible and inviscid.
GATE-3. The radial velocity v, at any radius r, when the gap width is h, is:
[GATE-2008]
Vr Vr 2Vr Vr
(a) vr = (b) vr = (c) vr = (d) vr =
2h h h h
GATE-3. Ans. (a) At a distance r take a small strip of dr.
πr 2V volume of liquid will pass through 2πr of length within one second.
π r 2V rV
∴ vr = =
2π rh 2h
GATE-4. The radial component of the fluid acceleration at r = R is: [GATE-2008]

2 2 2 2
3V R V R V R V h
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4h 2 4h 2 2h 2
4R 2
∂ (vr ) ∂ ⎛ RV ⎞ RV ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ RV ∂h
GATE-4. Ans. (c) Acceleration (ar) = = ⎜ ⎟= . ⎜ ⎟=− 2.
∂t ∂t ⎝ 2h ⎠ 2 ∂t ⎝ h ⎠ 2h ∂t
∂h 2
V R
( = −V given) Therefore (ar) =
∂t 2h 2
Tangential and Normal Acceleration

GATE-5. For a fluid element in a two dimensional flow field (x-y plane), if it will
undergo [GATE-1994]
(a) Translation only (b) Translation and rotation
(c) Translation and deformation (d) Deformation only
GATE-5. Ans. (b)
Types of Flow
GATE-6. You are asked to evaluate assorted fluid flows for their suitability in a
given laboratory application. The following three flow choices,
expressed in terms of the two-dimensional velocity fields in the xy-
plane, are made available. [GATE-2009]
P. u = 2y, v = - 3x Q. u = 3xy, v = 0 R. u = -2x, v = 2y
Which flow(s) should be recommended when the application requires
the flow to be incompressible and irrotational?
(a) P and R (b) Q (c) Q and R (d) R
Page 73 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
∂u ∂ν
GATE-6. Ans. (d) + = 0 continuity
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂ν
= irrational
∂y ∂x
Stream Line
GATE-7. A two-dimensional flow field has velocities along the x and y directions
given by u = x2t and v = – 2xyt respectively, where t is time. The
equation of streamlines is: [GATE-2006]
(a) x2y = constant (b) xy2 = constant
(c) xy = constant (d) not possible to determine
dx dy dz dx dy dx 1 dy
u
=
v
=
w
or 2 =
x t − 2 xyt
integrating both side ∫ x
= − ∫ or ln( x 2 y ) = 0
2 y
GATE-7. Ans. (a)
GATE-8. In adiabatic flow with friction, the stagnation temperature along a

streamline [GATE-1995]
(a) Increases (b) Decreases (c) Remains constant (d) None
GATE-8. Ans. (c)
Streak Line
GATE-9. Streamlines, path lines and streak lines are virtually identical for
(a) Uniform flow (b) Flow of ideal fluids [GATE-1994]
(c) Steady flow (d) Non uniform flow
GATE-9. Ans. (c)
Continuity Equitation
GATE-10. The velocity components in the x and y directions of a two dimensional
∂u
potential flow are u and v, respectively. Then is equal to:
∂x
[GATE-2005]
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
(a) (b) (c) (d) −
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
GATE-10. Ans. (d) From continuity eq. + = 0 or =−
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
GATE-11. The velocity components in the x and y directions are given by:
3 4
u = λ xy3 − x 2 y and v = xy 2 − y
4
The value of λ for a possible flow field involving an incompressible
fluid is: [GATE-1995]
(a) -3/4 (b) –4/3 (c) 4/3 (d) 3
∂u ∂v
GATE-11. Ans. (d) Just use continuity eq. + =0
∂x ∂y
Page 74 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
GATE-12. The continuity equation in the form ΔV = 0 always represents an
incompressible flow regardless of whether the flow is steady or
unsteady. [GATE-1994]
∂ρ
GATE-12. Ans. True General continuity equation ∇.ρV + = 0 , if ρ = const. ΔV = 0
∂t
GATE-13. If V is velocity vector of fluid, then ΔV = 0 is strictly true for which of

the following? [IAS-2007; GATE-2008]
(a) Steady and incompressible flow
(b) Steady and irrotational flow
(c) Inviscid flow irrespective flow irrespective of steadiness
(d) Incompressible flow irrespective of steadiness
∂u ∂v ∂w
GATE-13. Ans. (d) ∇.V = 0 Or + + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
Circulation and Vorticity

GATE-14. Circulation is defined as line integral of tangential component of
velocity about a ....... [GATE-1994]
(a) Closed contour (path) in a fluid flow
(b) Open contour (path) in a fluid flow
(c) Closed or open contour (path) in a fluid flow
(d) None
GATE-14. Ans. (a)
Velocity Potential Function

GATE-15. Existence of velocity potential implies that [GATE-1994]
(a) Fluid is in continuum (b) Fluid is irrotational
(c) Fluid is ideal (d) Fluid is compressible
GATE-15. Ans. (b)
Stream Function
GATE-16. The 2-D flow with, velocity υ = (x + 2y + 2)i + (4 – y)j is: [GATE-2001]
(a) Compressible and irrotational (b) Compressible and not irrotational
(c) Incompressible and irrotational (d) Incompressible and not irrotational
GATE-16. Ans. (d) Continuity equation satisfied but ω z ≠ 0
Flow Net
GATE-17. In a flow field, the streamlines and equipotential lines [GATE-1994]
(a) Are Parallel (b) Are orthogonal everywhere in the flow field
(c) Cut at any angle (d) Cut orthogonally except at the stagnation points
GATE-17. Ans. (d)
Acceleration
IES-1. The convective acceleration of fluid in the x-direction is given by:
Page 75 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
∂u ∂v ∂ω ∂u ∂v ∂ω
(a) u +v +ω (b) + + [IES-2001]
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t ∂t ∂t
∂u ∂v ∂ω ∂u ∂u ∂u
(c) u +u +u (d) u +v +ω
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
IES-1. Ans. (d)
IES-2. For a steady two-dimensional flow, the scalar components of the

velocity field are Vx = – 2x, Vy = 2y, Vz = 0. What are the components of
acceleration? [IES-2006]
(a) ax = 0, ay = 0 (b) ax = 4x, ay =0
(c) ax = 0, ay = 4y (d) ax = 4x, ay = 4y
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
IES-2. Ans (d) ax = u +υ +w + Given u = Vx = –2x; v = Vy = 2y and w= Vz
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
=0
∂υ ∂υ ∂υ ∂υ
ay = u +υ +w +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
IES-3. A steady, incompressible flow is given by u = 2x2 + y2 and v = - 4xy. What

is the convective acceleration along x-direction at point (1, 2)?
(a) ax = 6 unit (b) ax = 24 unit [IES-2008]
(c) ax = - 8 unit (d) ax = - 24 unit
IES-3. Ans. (c) Convective acceleration along × direction at point (1, 2)
∂u ∂u
ax = u
∂x
+v
∂y
( )
= 2x 2 + y 2 ( 4x ) + ( −4xy )( 2y )
= ( 2 + 4 )( 4 ) + ( −4 ⋅ 1⋅ 2 )( 2 ⋅ 2 ) = 24 − 32 = − 8 unit
IES-4. The area of a 2m long tapered duct decreases as A = (0.5 – 0.2x) where
'x' is the distance in meters. At a given instant a discharge of 0.5 m3/s is
flowing in the duct and is found to increase at a rate of 0.2 m3/s2. The
local acceleration (in m/s2) at x = 0 will be: [IES-2007]
(a) 1.4 (b) 1.0 (c) 0.4 (d) 0.667
Q Q ∂u 1 ∂Q
IES-4. Ans.(c) ∴ u = = local acceleration = × at x = 0
Ax (0.5 − 0.2 x) ∂t (0.5 − 0.2 x) ∂t
∂u 1
= × 0.2 =0.4
∂t (0.5)
IES-5. Assertion (A): The local acceleration is zero in a steady motion.

Reason (R): The convective component arises due to the fact that a
fluid element experiences different velocities at different locations.
(c) A is true but R is false [IES-2009]
IES-5. Ans. (b) • A flow is said to be steady when conditions do not change with time at
any point.
• In a converging steady flow, there is only convective acceleration.
• Local acceleration is zero in steady flow.
Page 76 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
IES-6. The components of velocity in a two dimensional frictionless
incompressible flow are u = t2 + 3y and v = 3t + 3x. What is the
approximate resultant total acceleration at the point (3, 2) and t = 2?
[IES-2004]
(a) 5 (b) 49 (c) 59 (d) 54
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂υ ∂υ ∂υ
IES-6. Ans. (c) ax= u +υ + and ay = u +υ +
∂x ∂y ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂t
or ax = (t2 + 3y).(0) + (3t + 3x).(3) + 2t and ay = (t2+3y).(3)+(3t+3x).(0)+3
at x = 3, y = 2 and t = 2
a= a x2 + a y2 = 492 + 332 = 59.08
IES-7. Match List-I (Pipe flow) with List-II (Type of acceleration) and select
List-I List-II
A. Flow at constant rate passing through a bend 1. Zero acceleration
B. Flow at constant rate passing through a 2. Local and convective
straight uniform diameter pipe acceleration
C. Gradually changing flow through a bend 3. Convective acceleration
D. Gradually changing flow through a straight pipe 4. Local acceleration
(a) 3 1 2 4 (b) 3 1 4 2
(c) 1 3 2 4 (d) 1 3 4 2
IES-7. Ans. (a)
Types of Flow
IES-8. Match List-I (Flows Over or Inside the Systems) with List-II (Type of
Flow) and select the correct answer: [IES-2003]
List-I List-II
A. Flow over a sphere 1. Two dimensional flow
B. Flow over a long circular cylinder 2. One dimensional flow
C. Flow in a pipe bend 3. Axisymmetric flow
D. Fully developed flow in a pipe at 4. Three dimensional flow
constant flow rate
(a) 3 1 2 4 (b) 1 4 3 2
(c) 3 1 4 2 (d) 1 4 2 3
IES-8. Ans. (c)
IES-9. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code
List-I (Condition) List-II (Regulating Fact)
A. Existence of stream function 1. Irrotationality of flow
B. Existence of velocity potential 2. Continuity of flow
C. Absence of temporal Variations 3. Uniform flow
D. Constant velocity vector 4. Steady flow
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 4 1 2 3 (d) 2 3 4 1
IES-9. Ans. (b)
Page 77 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
IES-10. Irrotational flow occurs when: [IES-1997]
(a) Flow takes place in a duct of uniform cross-section at constant mass flow
rate.
(b) Streamlines are curved.
(c) There is no net rotation of the fluid element about its mass center.
(d) Fluid element does not undergo any change in size or shape.
IES-10. Ans. (c) If the fluid particles do not rotate about their mass centres while moving
in the direction of motion, the flow is called as an irrotational flow.

Irrotational flow is characterized as the one in which
(a) The fluid flows along a straight line
(b) The fluid does not rotate as it moves along
(c) The net rotation of fluid particles about their mass centres remains zero.
(d) The streamlines of flow are curved and closely spaced
IES-11. Ans. (c)
∂u ∂v
IES-12. In a two-dimensional flow in x-y plane, if = , then the fluid
∂y ∂x
element will undergo [IES-1996]
(a) Translation only (b) Translation and rotation
(c) Translation and deformation (d) Rotation and deformation.
∂u ∂v
IES-12. Ans. (a) In a two-dimensional flow in x-y plane, if = i.e. irrotational, then
∂y ∂x
the fluid element will undergo translation and deformation.
Remember: Any fluid element can undergo translation, rotation and RATE OF
∂u ∂v
deformation. As = i.e. irrotational flow, rotation is not there but not
∂y ∂x
translation and RATE OF deformation must be possible.
IES-13. Two flows are specified as [IES-2008]

(A) u = y, v = - (3/2) x (B) u = xy2, v = x2y
Which one of the following can be concluded?
(a) Both flows are rotational
(b) Both flows are irrotational
(c) Flow A is rotational while flow B is irrotational
(d) Flow A is irrotational while flow B is rotational
1 ⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ∂ ⎞
IES-13. Ans. (c) (A) ωz = ⎜ − ⎟= ⎜ − x − (y)⎟
2 ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ 2 ⎝ ∂x ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ∂y ⎠
1⎛ 3 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 5 ⎞ 5
= ⎜ − − 1⎟ = × ⎜ − ⎟ = − ≠ 0
2⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 4
∴ Flow A is rotational
1 ⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂ 2 ∂ ⎞ 1
(B) ωz = ⎜ − ⎟= ⎜
2 ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ 2 ⎝ ∂x
( )
x y −
∂y
( )
xy 2 ⎟ = ( 2xy − 2xy ) = 0
⎠ 2
∴ Flow (b) is irrotational
IES-14. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer: [IES-2002]
List-I (Example) List-II (Types of flow)
A. Flow in a straight long pipe with varying 1. Uniform, steady
Page 78 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
flow rate
B. Flow of gas through the nozzle of a jet engine 2. Non-uniform, steady
C. Flow of water through the hose of a fire 3. Uniform, unsteady
fighting pump
D. Flow in a river during tidal bore 4. Non-uniform, unsteady
(a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 3 2 1 4
(c) 1 2 3 4 (d) 3 4 1 2
IES-14. Ans. (b)
Stream Line
IES-15. A streamline is a line: [IES-2003]
(a) Which is along the path of the particle
(b) Which is always parallel to the main direction of flow
(c) Along which there is no flow
(d) On which tangent drawn at any point given the direction of velocity
IES-15. Ans. (d)
IES-16. Assertion (A): Stream lines are drawn in the flow field such that at a
given instant of time there perpendicular to the direction of flow at
every point in the flow field. [IES-2002]
Reason (R): Equation for a stream line in a two dimensional flow is
given by Vx dy – Vy dx = 0.
IES-16. Ans. (d) A streamline in a fluid flow is a line tangent to which at any point is in
the direction of velocity at that point at that instant.
IES-17. Assertion (A): Streamlines can cross one another if the fluid has higher
velocity. [IES-2003]
Reason (R): At sufficiently high velocity, the Reynolds number is high
and at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers, the structure of the flow is
turbulent type.
IES-17. Ans. (d)
IES-18. The streamlines and the lines of constant velocity potential in an

inviscid irrotational flow field form. [IES-1994]
(a) Parallel grid lines placed in accordance with their magnitude.
(b) Intersecting grid-net with arbitrary orientation.
(c) An orthogonal grid system
(d) None of the above.
IES-18. Ans. (c) Flow net:
Streamline ψ = const.
Velocity potential line φ = const.
Page 79 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
• The streamlines and velocity potential lines form an orthogonal net work
in a fluid flow.
• Observation of a flow net enables us to estimate the velocity variation.
• Streamline and velocity potential lines must constitute orthogonal net
work except at the stagnation points.
3 2
IES-19. A velocity field is given by u = 3xy and v =
2
( )
x − y 2 . What is the relevant
equation of a streamline? [IES-2008]

dx ( x − y2 ) (x2 − y2 )
2
3xy 2xy dx
(a) = (b) (c) (d) =
dy xy (x 2
−y 2
) (x 2
−y 2
) dy 2xy
3
IES-19. Ans. (c) u = 3xy v = x2 − y2
2
( )
Equation of streamline is given by
vdx = udy
dx u
⇒ =
dy v
dx 3xy
⇒ =
dy 3 2
2
x − y2 ( )
dx 2xy
⇒ = 2
dy x − y2( )
Path Line
IES-20. Consider the following statements regarding a path line in fluid flow:
1. A path line is a line traced by a single particle over a time interval.
2. A path line shows the positions of the same particle at successive
time instants. [IES-2006]
3. A path line shows the instantaneous positions of a number of a
particle, passing through a common point, at some previous time
instants.
Which of the statements given above are correctly?
(a) Only 1 and 3 (b) only 1 and 2

(c) Only 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
IES-20. Ans. (b) 3 is wrong because it defines Streak line.
(i) A path line is the trace made by a single particle over a period of time. i.e. It
is the path followed by a fluid particle in motion.
Equation x = ∫ udt; y= ∫ υdt ; z = ∫ wdt
(ii) Streak line indicates instantaneous position of particles of fluid passing
through a point.
Streak Line
IES-21. Which one of the following is the correct statement? [IES-2007]
Streamline, path line and streak line are identical when the
(a) Flow is steady
(b) Flow is uniform
(c) Flow velocities do not change steadily with time
(d) Flow is neither steady nor uniform
IES-21 Ans (a)
Page 80 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
IES-22. The differential form of continuity equation for two-dimensional flow
∂u ∂v
of fluid may be written in the following form ρ +ρ = 0 in which u
∂x ∂y
and v are velocities in the x and y-direction and ρ is the density. This is
valid for [IES-1995]
(a) Compressible, steady flow (b) Compressible, unsteady flow
(c) Incompressible, unsteady flow (d) Incompressible, steady flow
∂u ∂v
IES-22. Ans. (d) The equation is ρ +ρ = 0 valid for incompressible steady flow.
∂x ∂y
IES-23. The general form of expression for the continuity equation in a

Cartesian coordinate system for incompressible or compressible flow is
given by: [IES-1996]
∂u ∂v ∂w ∂ ( ρ u ) ∂ ( ρ v) ∂ ( ρ w)
(a) + + =0 (b) + + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ρ ∂ ( ρ u ) ∂ ( ρ v) ∂ ( ρ w) ∂ρ ∂ ( ρ u ) ∂ ( ρ v) ∂ ( ρ w)
(c) + + + =0 (d) + + + =1
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ρ ∂ ( ρ u ) ∂ ( ρ v) ∂ ( ρ w)
IES-23. Ans. (c) + + + = 0 general form valid for incompressible or
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
compressible flow, steady and unsteady flow.
∂ ( ρ u ) ∂ ( ρ v) ∂ ( ρ w)
+ + = 0 valid for incompressible or compressible flow but
∂x ∂y ∂z
steady flow.
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + = 0 valid for incompressible flow.
∂x ∂y ∂z
IES-24. Which of the following equations are forms of continuity equations?

( V is the velocity and ' ∀ ' is volume) [IES-1993]
∂u ∂v
1 1 = A2V2
1. AV 2. + =0
∂x ∂y
∂ 1 ∂ ( rvr ) ∂vz
3. ∫ ρV .dA + ∂t ∫ ρ d ∀ = 0
s ∀
4.
r ∂r
+
∂z
=0
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

Codes:
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1 and 2 (c) 3 and 4 (d) 2, 3and 4
IES-24. Ans. (b) ρAV = const. In case of compressible fluid.
AV = const. In case of incompressible fluid.
Differential form of continuity equation in Cartesian co-ordinates system.
∂u ∂υ ∂w
+ + = 0 , Vector form ∇.V = 0 , for incompressible flow
∂x ∂y ∂z
General form
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ρ
( ρu ) + ( ρυ ) + ( ρw) + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
Page 81 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
∂ρ
Vector form ∇ .( ρV ) + =0
∂t
General form valid for
Viscous or Inviscid; steady or unsteady; uniform or non-uniform; compressible
or incompressible.
∂
∫
Integral form: ρV .dA+
s
∂t
∫ ρdv = 0
Differential form of continuity equation in cylindrical co-ordinate system

u r ∂u r 1 ∂uθ ∂u z
+ + + = 0 , for incompressible flow.
r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
IES-25. Consider the following equations: [IES-2009]

∂u ∂v
1. A1v1 = A 2 v 2 2. + =0
∂x ∂y
∂⎛ ⎞ 1 ∂ ∂
3. ∫ ρv.dA+ ⎜ ∫ ρdV ⎟ = 0 4. (rvr ) + (vz ) = 0
s
∂t ⎝ ∨ ⎠ r ∂r ∂z
Which of the above equations are forms of continuity equations?
(Where u, v are velocities and V is volume)
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 and 4
IES-25. Ans. (b) General continuity in 3-D:
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ρ
( ρ u ) + ( ρ v ) + ( ρ ω) + = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂ρ
For incompressible fluid ρ = cos t ∴ =0
∂t
∴ ∂ u + ∂ v + ∂ w = 0 For 3-D incompressible flow.
∂x ∂y ∂z
∴ ∂ u + ∂ v = 0 For 2-D incompressible flow.
∂x ∂y
IES-26. In a two-dimensional incompressible steady flow, the velocity

component u = Aex is obtained. What is the other component v of
velocity? [IES-2006]
x
(a) v = Ae xy
(b) v = Ae y
(c) v = − Ae y + f ( x ) (d) v = − Ae y x + f ( y)
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
IES-26. Ans. (c)From continuity eq. + = 0 or =− = − Ae x or v = − Ae x y + f ( x)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
IES-27. For steady incompressible flow, if the u-component of velocity is u =

Aex, then what is the v-component of velocity? [IES-2008]
(a) Ae y (b) Ae x y (c) − Ae x y (d) − Ae x
IES-27. Ans. (c) Using continuity equation
⇒
du dv
+ =0 ⇒
(
d Ae x ) + dv = 0
dx dy dx dy
dv
⇒ Ae x + =0 ⇒ v = - Ae x y
dy
IES-28. Which one of the following stream functions is a possible irrotational

flow field? [IES-2003]
Page 82 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
(a) ψ = x 3 y (b) ψ = 2xy (c) ψ = Ax 2 y2 (d) ψ = Ax + By2
IES-28. Ans. (b) Use continuity equation
IES-29. Which one of the following stream functions is a possible irrotational

flow field ? [IES-2007]
(a) ψ = y2 − x 2 (b) ψ = A sin( xy ) (c) ψ = Ax 2 y2 (d) ψ = Ax + By2
IES-29 Ans. (a) Satisfy Laplace Equation.
IES-30. The continuity equation for a steady flow states that [IES-1994]
(a) Velocity field is continuous at all points in flow field
(b) The velocity is tangential to the streamlines.
(c) The stream function exists for steady flows.
(d) The net efflux rate of mass through the control surfaces is zero
IES-30. Ans. (c) It is a possible case of fluid flow therefore the stream function exists for
steady flows.

IES-31. Which of the following relations must hold for an irrotational two-
dimensional flow in the x-y plane? [IAS-2003, 2004, IES-1995]
∂v ∂u ∂u ∂w
(a) − =0 (b) − =0
∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x
∂w ∂v ∂v ∂u
(c) − =0 (d) − =0
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y
1 ⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞
IES-31. Ans. (d) i.e. ω z = ⎜ − ⎟=0
2 ⎜⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎟⎠
IES-32. Irrotational flow occurs when: [IES-1998]
(a) Flow takes place in a duct of uniform cross-section at constant mass flow
rate.
(b) Streamlines are curved.
(c) There is no net rotation of the fluid element about its mass center. [IES-
1998]
(d) Fluid element does not undergo any change in size or shape.
IES-32. Ans. (c) If the fluid particles do not rotate about their mass centre and while
moving in the direction of motion. The flow is called as an irrotational flow.
G
IES-33. ( )
The curl of a given velocity field ∇ × V indicates the rate of [IES-1996]
(a) Increase or decrease of flow at a point. (b) Twisting of the lines of flow.
(c) Deformation (d) Translation.
G
( )
IES-33. Ans. (c) The curl of a given velocity field ∇ × V indicates the rate of angular
deformation.
IES-34. If the governing equation for a flow field is given by V 2φ = 0 and the
velocity is given by V = ∇φ , then [IES-1993]
∂V
(a) ∇ × V = 0 (b) ∇ × V = 1 (c ) ∇ 2 × V = 1 ( )
(d ) V .∇ × V =
∂t
Page 83 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
IES-34. Ans. (a)

∂ 2ϕ ∂ 2ϕ
IES-35. The relation + = 0 for an irrotational flow is known as which
∂x 2 ∂y2
one of the following? [IES-2007]
(a) Navier - Stokes equation (b) Laplace equation
(c) Reynolds equation (d) Euler's equation
IES-35. Ans. (b)
IES-36. Consider the following statements: [IES-1994]

For a two-dimensional potential flow
1. Laplace equation for stream function must be satisfied.
2. Laplace equation for velocity potential must be satisfied.
3. Streamlines and equipotential lines are mutually perpendicular.
4. Stream function and potential function are not interchangeable.
(a) 1 and 4 are correct (b) 2 and 4 are correct
(c) 1, 2 and 3 are correct (d) 2, 3 and 4 are correct
IES-36. Ans. (c)
IES-37. Which of the following functions represent the velocity potential in a

two-dimensional flow of an ideal fluid? [IES-2004, 1994]
1. 2x + 3y 2. 4x – 3y
2 2 3. cos (x – y) 4. tan (x/y)
–1

(a) 1 and 3 (b) 1 and 4 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 2 and 4
∂ 2ϕ ∂ 2ϕ
IES-37. (a) Checking + = 0 for all the above.
∂x 2 ∂y 2
Stream Function
IES-38. If for a flow, a stream function exists and satisfies the Laplace
equation, then which one of the following is the correct statement?
(a) The continuity equation is satisfied and the flow is irrotational. [IES-2005]
(b) The continuity equation is satisfied and the flow is rotational.
(c) The flow is irrotational but does not satisfy the continuity equation.
(d) The flow is rotational.
IES-38. Ans (a) if a stream function exists means a possible case of flow, if it satisfies
the Laplace equation then flow is irrotational.
IES-39. In a two-dimensional flow, the velocity components in x and y

directions in terms of stream function (ψ ) are: [IES-1995]
(a) u = ∂ψ / ∂x, v = ∂ψ / ∂y (b) u = ∂ψ / ∂y , v = ∂ψ / ∂x
(c) u = ( − ) ∂ψ / ∂y, v = ∂ψ / ∂x (d) u = ∂ψ / ∂x, v = −∂ψ / ∂y
IES-39. Ans. (c) The stream function (ψ ) is defined as a scalar function of space and
time, such that its partial derivative with respect to any direction given the
velocity component at right angles (in the counter clockwise direction) to this
∂ψ ∂ψ
direction. Hence, = −U and = V.
∂y ∂x
Page 84 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
IES-40. Of the possible irrotational flow functions given below, the incorrect
relation is (where ψ = stream function and φ = velocity potential).
[IES-1995]
(a) ψ = xy (b) ψ = A( x − y )
2 2
u ⎛ 2⎞
(c) φ = ur cos θ + cos θ (d) φ = ⎜ r − ⎟ sin θ
r ⎝ r⎠
IES-40. Ans. (d) Equation at (d) is not irrotational. If the stream function satisfy the
Laplace equation the flow is irrotational, otherwise rotational.
∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ
If + = 0 (Laplace equation)
∂x 2 ∂y2
Then, ωz = 0
A. ψ = xy
∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ ∂ 2 ( xy ) ∂ 2 ( xy)
+ = + =0+0=0
∂x 2 ∂y2 ∂x 2 ∂y2
Satisfy the Laplace equation therefore flow is irrotational.
B. ψ = A( x 2 − y2 )
∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ ∂ 2 [ A( x 2 − y2 )] ∂ 2 [ A( x 2 − y2 )]
+ = + = 2A − 2A = 0 + 0 = 0
∂x 2 ∂y2 ∂y2 ∂y2
Satisfy Laplace equation, therefore flow is rotational.
C. ∇φ2 = 0
∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ ∂ 2 [ A( x 2 − y2 )] ∂ 2 [ A( x 2 − y2 )]
+ = + = 2A − 2A = 0 + 0 = 0
∂x 2 ∂y2 ∂y2 ∂y2
∂φ 1 ∂φ
Vr = and Ve = −
∂r r ∂θ
1 ∂ 1 ∂
2wz = (Vθ ) − 2 (Vr )
r ∂r r ∂θ
1 ∂ ⎡1 ∂φ ⎤ 1 ∂ ⎡ ∂φ ⎤
2wz = −
r ∂r ⎢⎣ r ∂θ ⎥⎦ r 2 ∂θ ⎢⎣ ∂r ⎥⎦
u
φ = ur cos θ + cos θ
r
∂φ u
Vr = − = −u cos θ + 2 cos θ
∂r r
1 ∂φ 1⎡ u ⎤
Ve = − = − ⎢ −ur sin θ − sin θ ⎥
r ∂r r⎣ r ⎦
u
Vθ = u sin θ + 2 sin θ
r
1 ∂ ⎡ u ⎤ 1 ∂ ⎡ u ⎤
2wz = ⎢u sin θ + 2 ⎥− 2 ⎢u cos θ + 2 ⎥
r ∂r ⎣ r sin θ ⎦ r ∂θ ⎣ r cos θ ⎦
1 ⎛ 2u ⎞ 1 ⎡ u ⎤
= ⎜ − 3 sin θ ⎟ − 2 ⎢ −u sin θ + 2 sin θ ⎥
r⎝ r ⎠ r ⎣ r ⎦
2u sin θ u sin θ u
=− − − 4 sin θ
r4 r2 r
⎛ 2⎞ ∂φ ⎡ 2⎤
D. φ = ⎜ r − ⎟ sin θ and Vt = − = − ⎢1 + 2 ⎥ sin θ
⎝ r⎠ ∂r ⎣ r ⎦
Page 85 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
1 ∂φ 1⎡ 2⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
Vθ = − = − ⎢r − ⎥ cos θ = − ⎢1 − 2 ⎥ cos θ
r ∂θ r⎣ r⎦ ⎣ r ⎦
1 ∂ 1 ∂
2D : (rVr ) + (Vθ )
r ∂r r ∂θ
1 ∂ ⎡⎛ 2⎞ ⎤ 1 ∂ ⎡⎛ 2⎞ ⎤
= ⎢ ⎜ −r − ⎟ sin θ ⎥ + ⎢ ⎜ −1 − ⎟ cos θ ⎥
r ∂r ⎣⎝ r⎠ ⎦ r ∂r ⎣⎝ r⎠ ⎦
1⎛ 2⎞ 1 ⎛ 2⎞
= ⎜ −1 − ⎟ sin θ + × ⎜1 − ⎟ sin θ
r⎝ r⎠ r ⎝ r⎠
2⎡ 2⎤
= ⎢ −1 + 2 ⎥ = 0
r⎣ r ⎦
IES-41. The velocity potential of a velocity field is given by = x2 – y2 + const. Its

stream function will be given by: [IES-2002]
(a) – 2xy + constant (b) + 2xy + constant
(c) – 2xy + f(x) (d) – 2xy + f(y)
IES-41. Ans. (b) Use Cauchy – Riemann equation
IES-42. The stream function in a 2-dimensional flow field is given by, ψ = xy.
The potential function is: [IES-2001]
x 2 + y2 x 2 − y2
(a) (b) (c) xy (d) x2 y + y2 x
2 2
∂ψ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂φ
IES-42. Ans (b) u= =x=− and v=− = −y = − therefore dφ =
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂φ ∂φ
dx + dy
∂x ∂y
IES-43. A stream function is given by (x2 – y2). The potential function of the
flow will be: [IES-2000]
(a) 2xy + f(x) (b) 2xy + constant (c) 2(x2 – y2) (d) 2xy + f(y)
IES-43. Ans. (b)
IES-44. The velocity components for a two dimensional incompressible flow of

a fluid are u = x – 4y and v = – y – 4x. It can be concluded that [IES-1992]
(a) The flow does not satisfy the continuity equation (b) The flow is rotational
(c) The flow is irrotational (d) None of the above
∂u
IES-44. Ans. (c) Since, u = x − 4 y; ∴ =1
∂x
∂v
and, v = − y − 4 x ; ∴ = −1
∂y
∂v ∂u
∴ − = 1 −1 = 0
∂y ∂y
Hence, the flow satisfics the continuily equation
∂v ∂u
Also, − = −4 − ( −4) = 0
∂y ∂y
Hence, the flow is irrotational.
IES-45. The stream function = x3 – y3 is observed for a two dimensional flow

field. What is the magnitude of the velocity at point (1, –1)?
Page 86 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
[IES-2004; IES-1998]
(a) 4.24 (b) 2.83 (c) 0 (d) – 2.83
∂ψ ∂ψ
IES-45. Ans. (a) u = = −3 y 2 = −3 and v=− = −3x 2 = -3 ∴ ( −3) 2 + ( −3) 2 =
∂y ∂x
4.24
IES-46. The stream function in a flow field is given by ψ = 2xy. In the same flow
field, what is the velocity at a point (2, 1)? [IES-2008]
(a) 4 unit (b) 5·4 unit (c) 1·73 unit (d) 4·47 unit
∂ψ ∂
IES-46. Ans. (d) u = − = − ( 2xy ) = − 2x
∂y ∂y
∂ψ ∂
v=− = ( 2xy ) = 2y
∂x ∂x
u ( 2, 1) = − 4 and v ( 2, 1) = 2
∴ Velocity at point ( 2, 1) = ( −4 ) 2 + 2 2 = 20 = 4.47 unit
IES-47. For irrotational and incompressible flow, the velocity potential and
steam function are given by, φ and ψ respectively. Which one of the
following sets is correct? [IES-2006]
(a) ∇ ϕ = 0, ∇ ψ = 0
2 2
(b) ∇ ϕ ≠ 0, ∇ ψ = 0
2 2
(c) ∇2ϕ = 0, ∇2ψ ≠ 0 (d) ∇2ϕ ≠ 0, ∇2ψ ≠ 0

IES-47. Ans. (a)
IES-48. Which one of the following statements is true to two- dimensional flow
of ideal fluids? [IES-1996]
(a) Potential function exists if stream function exists.
(b) Stream function may or may not exist.
(c) Both potential function and stream function must exist for every flow.
(d) Stream function will exist but potential function may or may not exist.
IES-48. Ans. (d) For a possible case of fluid flow Stream function will exist, but potential
function will exist only for irrotational flow. In this case flow may be rotational
or irrotational.
IES-49. The realisation of velocity potential in fluid flow indicates that the
(a) Flow must be irrotational [IES-1993]
(b) Circulation around any closed curve must have a finite value
(c) Flow is rotational and satisfies the continuity equation
(d) Vorticity must be non-zero
IES-49. Ans. (a) The realisation of velocity potential in fluid flow indicates that the flow
must be irrotational.
Flow Net
IES-50. For an irrotational flow, the velocity potential lines and the
streamlines are always. [IES-1997]
(a) Parallel to each other (b) Coplanar
(c) Orthogonal to each other (d) Inclined to the horizontal.
⎛ dy ⎞ v
IES-50. Ans. (c) Slope of velocity potential = ⎜ ⎟ =−
⎝ dx ⎠1 u
Page 87 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
⎛ dy ⎞ v
Slope of stream line ⎜
dx ⎟ =u
⎝ ⎠2
⎛ dy ⎞ ⎛ dy ⎞ v v
⎜ dx ⎟ × ⎜ dx ⎟ = − u × u = −1
⎝ ⎠1 ⎝ ⎠2
Hence, they are orthogonal to each other.
Acceleration in Fluid Vessel

IES-51. A cylindrical vessel having its height equal to its diameter is filled with
liquid and moved horizontally at acceleration equal to acceleration due
to gravity. The ratio of the liquid left in the vessel to the liquid at static
equilibrium condition is: [IES-2001]
(a) 0.2 (b) 0.4 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.75
IES-51. Ans. (c)
Tangential and Normal Acceleration

IAS-1. Which one of the following statements is correct? [IAS-2004]
A steady flow of diverging straight stream lines
(a) Is a uniform flow with local acceleration
(b) Has convective normal acceleration
(c) Has convective tangential acceleration
(d) Has both convective normal and tangential accelerations
IAS-1. Ans. (c)
Stream Line
IAS-2. In a two-dimensional flow, where u is the x-component and v is the y-
component of velocity, the equation of streamline is given by [IAS-1998]
(a) udx-vdy=0 (b) vdx-udy=0 (c) uvdx+dy=0 (d) udx+vdy=0
dx dy
IAS-2. Ans. (b) = or υdx − udy = 0
u υ
Streak Line
1. Streak line indicates instantaneous position of particles of fluid
passing through a point.
2. Streamlines are paths traced by a fluid particle with constant
velocity.
3. Fluid particles cannot cross streamlines irrespective of the type of
flow.
4. Streamlines converge as the fluid is accelerated, and diverge when
retarded.
Which of these statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 4 (b) 1, 3 and 4 (c) 1, 2 and 4 (d) 2 and 3
IAS-3. Ans. (b) 2 is wrong.
Page 88 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
IAS-4. Which one of the following is the continuity equation in differential
from? (The symbols have usual meanings) [IAS-2004; IAS-2003]
dA dV d ρ dA dV dρ
(a) + + = const. (b) + + =0
A V ρ A V ρ
A V ρ
(c) + + = const. (d) AdA + VdV + ρ d ρ = 0
dA dV d ρ
dA dV dρ
IAS-4. Ans. (b) + + =0
A V ρ
∴ Integrating, we get log A + log V + log P = log C
or, log( ρ AV) = log C
∴ ρ AV = C
which is the continuity equation
IAS-5. Which one of the following equations represents the continuity

equation for steady compressible fluid flow? [IAS-2000]
∂ρ ∂ρ
(a) Δ.ρV + =0 (b) Δ.ρV + =0 (c) ΔV
. =0 (d) Δ.ρV = 0
∂t ∂t
∂ρ
IAS-5. Ans. (d) General continuity equation ∇.ρV + =0
∂t
∂ρ
For steady flow = 0, and for compressible fluid the equation ∇.ρV = 0
∂t
∂ρ
For steady, incompressible flow = 0 and ρ =const. So the equation ∇.V = 0
∂t
δu δv δw
IAS-6. The continuity equation for 3-dimenstional flow + + = 0 is
δx δy δz
applicable to: [IAS-1999; IAS-1998, 1999]
(a) Steady flow (b) Uniform flow
(c) Ideal fluid flow (d) Ideal as well as viscous flow
IAS-6. Ans. (c)
IAS-7. In a steady, incompressible, two dimensional flow, one velocity

component in the x-direction is given by u = cx2/y2. The velocity
component in the y-direction will be: [IAS-1997]
(a) V = –c(x + y) (b) v = –cx/y (c) v = –xy (d) v = –cy/x
IAS-7. Ans. (b)
IAS-8. The components of velocity u and v along x- and y-direction in a 2-D

flow problem of an incompressible fluid are: [IAS-1994]
1. u = x2cosy; v = -2x sin y 2. u = x + 2; v = 1 – y
3. u = xyt; v = x3-y2t/2 4. u = lnx + y; v = xy – y/x
Those which would satisfy the continuity equation would include
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 2
∂u ∂v
IAS-8. Ans. (a) Checking + = 0 for all cases.
∂x ∂y
IAS-9. If V is velocity vector of fluid, then ΔV = 0 is strictly true for which of
the following? [IAS-2007; GATE-2008]
Page 89 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
(a) Steady and incompressible flow
(b) Steady and irrotational flow
(c) Inviscid flow irrespective flow irrespective of steadiness
(d) Incompressible flow irrespective of steadiness
∂u ∂v ∂w
IAS-9. Ans. (d) ∇.V = 0 Or + + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z

IAS-10. Which one of the following is the expression of the rotational
component for a two- dimensional fluid element in x-y plane?
1 ⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞
(a) ω z = ⎜ − ⎟ (b) ω z = ⎜ + ⎟ [IAS-2004; IAS-2003]
2 ⎜⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎟⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎟⎠
1 ⎛ ∂u ∂v ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂u ∂v ⎞
(c) ω z = ⎜ − ⎟ (d) ω z = ⎜ + ⎟
2 ⎜⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎟⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎟⎠
IAS-10. Ans. (a)
IAS-11. Which of the following relations must hold for an irrotational two-
dimensional flow in the x-y plane? [IAS-2003, 2004, IES-1995]
∂v ∂u ∂u ∂w
(a) − =0 (b) − =0
∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x
∂w ∂v ∂v ∂u
(c) − =0 (d) − =0
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y
1 ⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞
IAS-11. Ans. (d) i.e. ω z = ⎜ − ⎟=0
2 ⎜⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎟⎠
IAS-12. A liquid mass readjusts itself and undergoes a rigid body type of
motion when it is subjected to a [IAS-1998]
(a) Constant angular velocity (b) Constant angular acceleration
(c) Linearly varying velocity (d) Linearly varying acceleration
IAS-12. Ans. (a)

IAS-13. The velocity potential function in a two dimensional flow fluid is given
by φ = x2-y2.The magnitude of velocity at the point (1, 1) is: [IAS-2002]
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 2 2 (d) 4 2
∂φ ∂φ
IAS-13. Ans. (c) u = − = −2 x, υ = − = +2 y
∂x ∂y
V = u 2 + υ 2 = ( 2 x ) 2 + (2 y ) 2 = 2 2 + 2 2 = 2 2 unit
Stream Function
IAS-14. For a stream function to exist, which of the following conditions should
hold? [IAS-1997]
1. The flow should always be irrotational.
2. Equation of continuity should be satisfied.
3. The fluid should be incompressible.
Page 90 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
4. Equation of continuity and momentum should be satisfied.
Codes:
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1, 3 and 4 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 2 alone
IAS-14. Ans. (d)

1. For stream function to exit, the flow should be irrotational.
2. Potential functions are possible even though continuity is not
satisfied.
3. Streamlines diverge where the flow is accelerated.
4. Bernoulli’s equation will be satisfied for flow across a cross-section.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1, 3 and 4 (c) 3 and 4 (d) 2 only
IAS-15. Ans. (c) 1. Stream function is exist for possible case of fluid flow i.e. if continuity
is satisfied but flow may be rotational or irrotational, 1 is wrong.
2. Potential function will exist for possible and irrotational flow so both
continuity and irrotational must be satisfied, 2 is wrong.
Flow Net
IAS-16. Consider the following statements for a two dimensional potential flow:
1. Laplace equation for stream function must be satisfied. [IAS-2002]
2. Laplace equation for velocity potential must be satisfied.
3. Streamlines and equipotential lines are mutually perpendicular.
4. Streamlines can interest each other in very high speed flows.
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 4 (b) 2 and 4 (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 2, 3 and 4
IAS-16. Ans. (c) Streamlines never intersects each other.
Page 91 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
Page 92 of 372
Fluid Dynamics
6. Fluid Dynamics

1. Bernoulli’s Equation
2. Euler’s Equation
3. Venturimeter
4. Orifice Meter
5. Pitot Tube
6. Free Liquid Jet
7. Impulse Momentum Equation
8. Forced Vortex
9. Free Vortex
Page 93 of 372
Fluid Dynamics
1. Reynolds Transport Theorem
∫
N= nρdV = N (G , t )
dN ∂
= ∫ n( ρU .dA) + ∫ nρdV
dt cs ∂t cv
2. Euler’s momentum equation for [(i) Three dimensional, (ii) inviscid, (iii)
steady flow]
∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p
u +v +w = Bx −
∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂x
∂v ∂v ∂v 1 ∂p
u + v + w = By −
∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂y
∂w ∂w ∂w 1 ∂p
u +v +w = Bz −
∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂z
Equation for two-dimensional, steady flow of an inviscid fluid in a vertical plane
∂u ∂u 1 ∂p
u +w =−
∂x ∂z ρ ∂x
∂v ∂v 1 ∂p
u +w =− −g
∂x ∂z ρ ∂z
Euler’s momentum equation along streamline or irrigational flow
dp 1 ⎛ v2 ⎞
+ d ⎜ ⎟ + dz = 0
ρg g ⎝ 2 ⎠
Euler’s equation in the stream wise direction
1 dp dz du
+ g +u =0
ρ ds ds ds
Euler’s equation of motion
dp
+ V .dV + g.dz = 0
ρ
(i) Euler’s equation of motion is a statement of conservation of momentum for the
flow of an inviscid fluid.
(ii) Euler’s equation of motion for fluid flow refers to motion with acceleration in
general
(iii) Euler’s equation of motion is not applicable for viscous flow.
(iv) Euler’s equation of motion is a consequence of law of motion
Question: Derive from the first principles the Euler’s equation of motion for
steady flow along a streamline. Obtain Bernoulli’s equation by its
integration. State the assumptions made. [IES – 1997] [Marks-10]
Answer: Consider steady flow of an
ideal fluid along the stream
tube. Separate out a small
Page 94 of 372
Fluid Dynamics
element of fluid of cross-
w
lo
sectional area dA and length
f
of
dS from stream tube as a free
n
io
body from the moving fluid.
ct
re
Di
Streamline
Fig (below) shows such a
small element LM of fluid of
dS
cross section area dA and
M
length dS. θ
dS
Let, p = Pressure on the θ dz
element at L.
p + dp = Pressure on the L
element at M and dA dw = ρ g dA dS
V = velocity of fluid along
stream line. Fig: Force on a fluid element
The external forces tending to accelerate the fluid element in the direction of
stream line are as follows.
1. Net pressure force in the direction of flow is
p. dA – (p + dp) dA = - dp dA
2. Component of weight of the fluid element in the direction of flow is

= − ρg dA dS cos θ
= −ρg dA dS . ⎜
⎛ dZ ⎞ ⎡ dZ ⎤
⎟
⎝ dS ⎠ ⎢⎣∵ cos θ = dS ⎦⎥
= −ρg dA dS dZ
Mass of the fluid element = ρ dA dS
The acceleration of a fluid element
dv dv ds dv
a= = . =v. ( v along the direction of streamline )
dt ds dt ds
∴ According to Newton second law of motion
Force = mass × acceleration
dv
- dpdA - ρg dA dz = ρdA dS.v
dS
or - dpdA - ρg dA dz= ρdA.( v.dv )
Dividing both side by ρ dA
-dp
- gdz =v.dv
ρ
dp
or, + v.dv +gdz=0 Euler’s equation of motion for steady flow along a
ρ
stream line.
3. Bernoulli’s Equation
dp V 2
Generalized equation:
∫ ρg + 2 + Z = const.
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Fluid Dynamics
The assumptions made for Bernoulli’s equation [VIMP]
(i) The liquid is ideal (viscosity, surface tension is zero and incompressible)
(ii) The flow is steady and continuous
(iii) The flow is along the streamline (it is one-dimensional)
(iv) The velocity is uniform over the section and is equal to the mean velocity.
(v) The only forces acting on the fluid are the gravity force and the pressure force
The assumptions NOT made for Bernoulli’s equation [VIMP]
(i) The flow is uniform
(ii) The flow is irrotational
p V2
For incompressible fluid flow: + + Z = const.
ρg 2 g
γ p V2
For compressible undergoing adiabatic process: + + Z = const.
γ − 1 ρg 2 g
dp V 2
Bernoulli’s equation in the stream wise direction: ∫ ρg + 2 g + Z = const.
1 2 2
For forced Vortex flow: ρr ω + ρgz + p = const.
2
2 2
p1 V1 p V
For real fluid: + + Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2 + hL (loss of energy in between)
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
p V2
For an inviscid flow, not irrotational, the Bernoulli’s constants + +z=C
ρg 2 g
C1, C2,C3 have different values along different streamlines, whereas for irrotational
flow the Bernoulli’s constant C is same in the entire flow field.
Question: Derive Bernoulli’s Equation

Answer: Bernoulli’s equation is obtained by integrating the Euler’s equation of
motion as
dp
∫ + ∫ gdZ+ ∫ v dv =const.
ρ
∴ For incompressible flow ( ρ = const.)
2
p v
+gZ + =const
ρ 2
2
p v
or +Z+ =cost.
ρg 2g
2
p v
or + + z =cost. where w = unit weight (specific weight)
w 2g
⎛ p ⎞
For compressible flow ⎜ γ =c ⎟ undergoing adiabatic flow.
⎝ρ ⎠
γ
p =c.ρ
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Fluid Dynamics
c. γ. ρ γ − 1 dρ 1
or dp = c. γ. ρ γ − 1 dρ and ∫ ρg
+ ∫ v dv + ∫ dz=cost.
g
γ. c. v2
∫ ρ dρ +
γ−2
or + z =cost.
g 2g
γ. p ρ γ − 1 v 2
or . . + + z =const.
g ρ γ γ − 1 2g
γ p v2
or . + + z =const. For compressible flow undergoing adiabatic process.
γ − 1 ρ g 2g
⎛p ⎞
For compressible flow ⎜ =c ⎟ undergoing isothermal process
⎝ρ ⎠
p
ρ=
c
dρ
∴ c ∫ +g∫ dz+ ∫ v dv =cost
ρ
p v2
or .In p +gz+ =cost.
ρ 2
p In p v 2
or + + z =cost For compressible flow undergoing isothermal process.
ρ g 2g
Question: Define Bernoulli’s theorem and explain what corrections are to be

made in the equation for ideal fluid, if the fluid is a real fluid.
[AMIE (Win) 2002; AMIE MAY 1974]
Answer: Statement of Bernoulli’s Theorem: “It states that in a steady, ideal flow
of an incompressible fluid, the total energy at any point of the fluid is
constant”.
The total energy consists of
p
(i) Pressure energy =
ρg
v2
(ii) Kinetic energy = , and
2g
(iii) Datum or potential energy = z
Thus Mathematically, Bernoulli’s theorem is written as
p v2
+ + z = constant
ρ g 2g
Correction:
(i) Bernoulli’s equation has restriction of frictionless flow. For real fluid this
is accommodated by introducing a loss of energy term (hL ) i.e.
p1 v12 p v2
+ + z1= 2 + 2 + z 2 +hL
ρ g 2g ρ g 2g
(ii) Restriction of irrotational flow is waived in most of the cases.
4. Navier-Stokes Equation: (General momentum equation)

du ∂σ xx ∂τ xy ∂τ zx
ρ = ρB x + + +
dt ∂x ∂y ∂z
Page 97 of 372
Fluid Dynamics
dv ∂τ yx ∂σ yy ∂τ yx
ρ = ρB y + + +
dt ∂x ∂y ∂z
dw ∂τ ∂τ zy ∂σ zz
ρ = ρB z + zx + +
dt ∂x ∂y ∂z
And
∂u ∂v ∂w σ xx + σ yy + σ zz
σ xx = − p + 2μ ; σ yy = − p + 2μ ; σ zz = − p + 2μ ; ( p= − )
∂x ∂y ∂z 3
⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂w ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ∂w ⎞
τ xy = μ ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ ; τ zy = μ ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ ; τ zx = μ ⎜ + ⎟
⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂z ∂x ⎠
5. Navier-stokes momentum equation for a three dimensional incompressible

fluid flow
du ∂p
ρ = ρB x − + μ∇ 2 u
dt ∂x
dv ∂p
ρ = ρB y − + μ∇ 2 v
dt ∂y
dw ∂p
ρ = ρB z − + μ∇ 2 w
dt ∂z
6. Integral Momentum Equation
Total force = surface force + Body force
∂
∫
= U ( ρU .dA) +
s
∂t V∫
UρdV
7. Angular Momentum Equation

∂
M = ∫ {(r × U )( ρU .dA)} +
∂t ∫v
(r × U ) ρdV
s
8. Continuity Equation
∂ρ
∇.( ρU ) + =0
∂t
d
∫cs ρU .dA + dt cv∫ ρdV = 0
9. Force on Rectangular Sluice Gate/per unit width of the Gate

ρg
F= (h12 − h22 ) + ρq(U 1 − U 2 )
2
where, q = Volumetric flow per unit
width of the gate.
10. Steady Flow Energy Equation
Page 98 of 372
Fluid Dynamics
2
U2
+ gZ + h = q − ws Where h = enthalpy/kg; q = heat added/kg; ws = shaft work/kg
2 1
S.F.E.E must be satisfied for any fluid flow.
11. Unit of Bernoulli’s Equation

N.m
Unit of each term is energy per unit weight =J/kg of liquid= =m [VIMP]
N
12. Correction for non Uniform Flow

a) Average Velocity
1
A∫
U avg = udA
U max
For laminar flow through round pipe: = 2.0 [VIMP]
U avg
For plane Poiseuille flow (i.e. Laminar flow between two stationary plates:
U max
= 1.5
U avg
n
U ⎛ r ⎞ U max (1 + n)(2 + n)
For velocity distribution = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ ; =
U max ⎝ ro ⎠ U avg 2
n
⎛ r ⎞
u
Question: Velocity distribution in a pipe is given by = 1− ⎜ ⎟
umax ⎝ R⎠
Where, umax = Maximum velocity at the centre of pipe.
u = velocity at a distance r
R = radius of the pipe.
Obtain an expression for mean velocity in terms of umax and n.
[IES-1997; AMIE (summer)-1998, 2001]
Answer: Consider an elementary strip
at a distance r from the
center and thickness dr.
∴ Area, dA = 2 π r dr
As velocity is u at that point so discharge then the elementary ring

dQ=dA×u= 2 π r dr .u.
⎛ rn ⎞
∴ dQ = 2 π rumax ⎜ 1− n ⎟ dr
⎝ R ⎠
∴ Total flow Q is
R
⎛ rn ⎞
R
⎛ rn+ 1 ⎞
Q = ∫ dQ = ∫ 2 π umax r ⎜ 1− n ⎟ dr = 2 π umax ∫ ⎜ r − n ⎟ dr
0 ⎝ R ⎠ 0 ⎝
R ⎠
⎡R 2
R n+ 2
⎤ ⎛1 1 ⎞
= 2 π umax ⎢ − n⎥
= 2 π umax R 2 ⎜ − ⎟
⎣ 2 (n + 2)R ⎦ ⎝ 2 n+ 2 ⎠
⎛ n ⎞
= π umax R 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n+ 2 ⎠
If mean velocity is U then flow Q = π R 2 U
Page 99 of 372
Fluid Dynamics
n
∴ π R 2 U = π umax R 2
(n + 2 )
n
∴ U = umax ×
(n + 2 )
a) Kinetic energy correction factor ( α )
3
1 ⎛ U ⎞
α = ∫ ⎜⎜ ⎟ .dA
⎟
A ⎝ U avg ⎠
For α =1.0 the flow is uniform
For α >1.0 the flow is non uniform.
For laminar flow through round pipe α =2.0 [VIMP]
For turbulent flow through round pipe α =1.05
It is conventional to use a value α =1.0 for turbulent flow.
n
U ⎛ r ⎞ (1 + n) 3 (2 + n) 3
For velocity distribution = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ ; α =
U max ⎝ ro ⎠ 4(1 + 3n)(2 + 3n)
b) Momentum correction factor ( β )

2
1 ⎛ U ⎞
β = ∫ ⎜⎜ ⎟ dA
⎟
A ⎝ U avg ⎠
For β =1.0 the flow is uniform
For β >1.0 the flow is non uniform.
For laminar flow through round pipe β =1.33 [VIMP]
It is conventional to use a value β =1.0 for turbulent flow.
n
U ⎛ r ⎞ (1 + n)(2 + n) 2
For velocity distribution = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ ; β =
U max ⎝ ro ⎠ 4(1 + 2n)
⎛ p ⎞
13. Piezo-metric head = ⎜⎜ + z ⎟⎟
⎝ ρg ⎠
14. For a real fluid moving with uniform velocity the pressure is independent of
both depth and orientation.
15. Venturimeter
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Fluid Dynamics
A1 A2
Qact = C d × × 2 gh (Where A2<A1) [VIMP]
A12 − A22
(i) Co-efficient of discharge of Venturimeter ( C d ) varies between 0.96 to 0.98
(ii) Venturimeter is not suitable for very low velocities due to variation of C d
For any Venturimeter (Vertical, inclined, etc) if differential manometer is there we
⎛s ⎞
directly get ‘h’ i.e. h = y⎜⎜ h − 1⎟⎟ no correction need for its orientation.
⎝ sl ⎠
Question: Derive an expression for rate of flow through Horizontal
Venturimeter. What changes have to be made for vertical & inclined
Venturimeter? [IES-2003]
Answer: A venturimeter consists of
the following three parts F1
(i) A short converging 1
Corner rounded off
part (AB) for streamlining
(ii) Throat, B, and
(iii) Diverging part, BC
Fig (below) shows a d 1 d2 d1
venturimeter fitted in B
horizontal pipe through intel 2 C
which a incompressible 1 A Throat
fluid is flowing.
Horizontal Venturimeter
Let, d1 = diameter at inlet
⎛ π d2 ⎞
A1 = Area at inlet ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
p1 = Pressure at inlet
V1 = Velocity at inlet
and, d2 , A2, p2 and V2 are the corresponding values at throat.
Applying Bernoulli’s equation

p1 v12 p2 v 22
+ = +
ρ g 2g ρ g 2g
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Fluid Dynamics
p1 - p2 v 22 - v12
or =
ρg 2g
v 22 - v12
or h= [where h = difference of pressure head from manometer]
2g
or v 22 − v12 =2gh
Applying continuity equation

A1 V1 =A 2 V2
A2
or V1 = .V2
A1
∴ V22 - V12 =2gh
2
⎛ A2 ⎞ 2
or V22 - ⎜ ⎟ V2 =2gh
⎝ A1 ⎠
{ }
or V22 A 21 - A 22 = A 21 ×2gh
A1
or V2 = × 2gh
A 21 - A 22
A1A 2
∴ Discharge (Q) = A 2 V2 = . 2gh
A 21 - A 22
If co-efficient of discharge is Cd the actual discharge
A1A 2
Qactual =Cd × . 2gh
A 21 - A 22
16. Orifice Meter
⎡ ⎛ A2 ⎞
2 ⎤
⎢ 1− ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
A1 A2 ⎢ ⎝ A1 ⎠ ⎥
Qact = C d × × 2 gh ⎢ but here Cd = Cc × 2
⎥
A12 − A22 ⎢ 2 ⎛ A2 ⎞ ⎥
⎢ 1 − Cc × ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ A1 ⎠ ⎦⎥
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Fluid Dynamics
⎛d⎞
Therefore C d = f ⎜ ⎟
⎝D⎠
Question: Derive an expression for discharge through orifice meter.

Answer: It consists of a flat circular plate having a circular sharp edged hole (called
orifice) and a differential manometer is connected between section (1) and
vena contracta section (2)
1 2
Direction
of flow
A1 A0 A2
Pipe
Vena contracta
S1 orifice
y
Differential
manometer
Sm
: Orifice meter :
Let, A1 = Area of pipe
A 2 = Area of vena-contracta
A 0 = Orifice Area
p1 = Pressure at section (1)
p2 = Pressure at vena contracta, section (2)
V1 = Velocity at section (1)
V2 = Velocity at section (2)
⎛A ⎞
Cc = Co-efficient of contraction ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ A0 ⎠
⎡ ⎛A ⎞
2 ⎤
⎢ 1- ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎝ A1 ⎠ ⎥
Cd = Co-efficient of discharge ⎢Cd =Cc × ⎥
2
⎢ ⎛ A0 ⎞ 2
⎥
⎢ 1- ⎜ ⎟ .C c ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ A1 ⎠ ⎦⎥
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between section (1) and (2) we get
p1 V12 p V2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
⎛p ⎞ ⎛p ⎞ V2 V2
or ⎜ 1 +Z1 ⎟ - ⎜ 2 +Z 2 ⎟ = 2 - 1
⎝ ρg ⎠ ⎝ ρg ⎠ 2g 2g
V -V ⎡
2 2
⎧S ⎫⎤
or h= 2 1 ⎢ where h is the differential head (h ) = y ⎨ m -1⎬⎥
2g ⎣ ⎩S ⎭⎦
Using continuity equation A1 V1 =A 2 V2 andA 2 =A 0 .Cc
A A C
V1 = 2 .V2 = 0 c .V2
A1 A1
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Fluid Dynamics
A 20 C2c
∴ V22 - V22 =2gh
A 21
2gh
or V2 =
A 20
1- .C2c
A 21
∴ Discharge (Q) = A 2 V2 = A 0 Cc .V2
A 0 . Cc . 2gh Cd Cd . A1. A 0 . 2gh
= = A0. . 2gh =
2
A0 A02
A 21 - A 20
1- 2
.C2c 1-
A1 A 21
Cd A1 A 0 2gh
∴ Q=
A 21 - A 20
17. Drive the Expression Cd =CC ×C V

Actual disch arge (Q)
Cd =
Theoritical discharge (Q th )
Actual Area(A C )×actual velocity (V)
or Cd =
Theoritical Area(A)×Theoritical velocity ( 2 gH )
AC V
or Cd = ×
A 2 gH
or Cd =CC ×CV
18. Pitot tube

Pitot tube is a device to measure the velocity of flow.
Question: Describe the working principal of a pitot-static tube with the help of
neat sketch and explain how it can be used to measure the flow rate.
[IES-2002]
h
h Static tube or probe
Same fluid flow
d
2 d
v 1
v
2 1
A. Pitot-tube in a open channel B. Pitot-tube in Pipe flow
The ‘stagnation pressure’ at a point in a fluid flow is the total pressure

which would result if the fluid were brought to rest isentropically. In actual
practice, a stagnation point is created by bringing the fluid to rest at the
desired point and the pressure at the point corresponds to the stagnation
pressure as shown is above fig. A & B, ‘h’. A simple device to measure the
stagnation pr. is a tube with a hole in the front inserted in the flow such that
the velocity is normal to the plane of the hole.
Stagnation Pressure = static Pressure + dynamic Pressure
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Fluid Dynamics
ρ
∴ p0 = p + v 2
2
Applying Bernoulli’s equation
p1 v12 p v2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
p p
Here z1 = z 2 and V2 =0 and 1 =d and 2 = ( d+h)
ρg ρg
2
v
∴ d+ 1 =d+h
2g
or v1 = 2gh
Here v1 is theoretical velocity ∴ v actual = c v .c1 =c v 2gh

Where c v = co-efficient of velocity depends on tube.
∴ If velocity is known then
Discharge (Q) = A. v actual = c v A 2gh
18. What are Rotameter?

The Rotameter is an industrial flowmeter used to measure the flow rate of liquids and gases.
The Rotameter consists of a tube and float. The float response to flow rate changes is linear,
and a 10-to-1 flow range or turndown is standard. The Rotameter is popular because it has a
linear scale, a relatively long measurement range, and low pressure drop. It is simple to
install and maintain.
Principle of Operation
The Rota meter’s operation is based on the
variable area principle: fluid flow raises a
float in a tapered tube, increasing the area
for passage of the fluid. The greater the flow,
the higher the float is raised. The height of
the float is directly proportional to the flow
rate. With liquids, the float is raised by a
combination of the buoyancy of the liquid
and the velocity head of the fluid. With
gases, buoyancy is negligible, and the float
responds to the velocity head alone.
The float moves up or down in the tube in proportion to the fluid flow rate and the annular
area between the float and the tube wall. The float reaches a stable position in the tube
when the upward force exerted by the flowing fluid equals the downward gravitational force
exerted by the weight of the float. A change in flow rate upsets this balance of forces. The
float then moves up or down, changing the annular area until it again reaches a position
where the forces are in equilibrium. To satisfy the force equation, the Rotameter float
assumes a distinct position for every constant flow rate. However, it is important to note that
because the float position is gravity dependent, Rotameter must be vertically oriented and
mounted.
19. Vortex motion:

The pressure variation along the radial direction for vortex flow along a horizontal plane,
∂p ρυ 2
=
∂r r
and pressure variation in the vertical plane,
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Fluid Dynamics
∂p
= − ρg
∂z
Forced vortex flow:

--- Forced vortex flow is one in which the fluid mass is made to rotate by means of
some external agency.
υ =ω×r
υ 2 ω 2r 2 ω 2R2
z= = =
2g 2g 2g
Where z = height of the paraboloid formed, and
ω = angular velocity.
• For a forced vortex flow in an open tank:
Fall of liquid level at centre = rise of liquid level at the ends
• In case of a closed cylinder,
Volume of air before rotation = volume of air after rotation.
• If a closed cylindrical vessel completely filled with water is rotated about its vertical
axis, the total pressure force acting on the top and bottom are:
ρ
Ftop = ω 2πR 4
4
and Fbottom = Ftop + weight of water in cylinder = Ftop + w × πR 2 × H
Where, ω = angular velocity
R = radius of the vessel,
H = height of the vessel, and
⎛ w⎞
ρ = density of fluid ⎜⎜ = ⎟⎟
⎝ g⎠
Free vortex flow:
When no external torque is required to rotate the fluid mass, that type of flow is
called free vortex flow. In case of free vortex flow:
υ × r = constant
p1 υ 21 p υ 22
+ + z1 = 2 + + z2
ρg 2 g ρg 2g
Question: What is vortex flow? What is the difference between Free vortex flow
and forced vortex flow?
Answer: Vortex flow: A flow in which the whole fluid mass rotates about an axis. In
vortex flow streamlines are curved.
Forced vortex flow: Forced vortex flow is one in which the fluid mass is
made to rotate by means of some external agency.
v
Here angular velocity, ω = = constant
r
Example: Rotation of water through the runner of a turbine.
Free vortex flow: Free vortex flow is one in which the fluid mass rotates
without any external impressed contact force.
The whole fluid mass rotates either due to fluid pr. itself or the gravity or
due to rotation previously imparted.
Here Moment of Momentum = const.
i.e. V × r = constant
Example: A whirlpool in a river.
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Fluid Dynamics
20. Note: at a distance r, slope of the paraboloid
∂z 2rw2 rw2
= tan θ = =
∂r 2g g
21. Note:
(i) Volume of a cylinder = πR H
2
1 2
(ii) Volume of a paraboloid = .πR H
2
1
(iii) Volume of a cone = . πR H
2
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Fluid Dynamics
Bernoulli’s Equation
GATE-1. Bernoulli’s equation can be applied between any two points on a
streamline for a rotational flow field. [GATE-1994]
GATE-1. Ans. True
GATE-2. Water flows through a vertical contraction

from a pipe of diameter d to another of
diameter d/2. The flow velocity at the inlet
to the contraction is 2m/s and pressure 200
kN/m2 if the height of the contraction
measures 2m, the pressure at the exit of
the contraction will be very nearly
(a) 168 kN/m2 (b) 192 kN/m2
(c) 150 kN/m2 (d) 174 kN/m2 [GATE-1999]
GATE-2. Ans. (c)
GATE-3. Consider steady, incompressible and irrotational flow through a

reducer in a horizontal pipe where the diameter is reduced from 20 cm
to 10 cm. The pressure in the 20 cm pipe just upstream of the reducer is
150 kPa. The fluid has a vapour pressure of 50 kPa and a specific
weight of 5 kN/m3. Neglecting frictional effects, the maximum discharge
(in m3/s) that can pass through the reducer without causing cavitation
is: [GATE -2009]
(a) 0.05 (b) 0.16 (c) 0.27 (d) 0.38
GATE-3. Ans. (b) ρ g = 5000N/m3
A1V1 = A 2 V2 ......(1)
2
⎛ 20 ⎞
or V2 = ⎜ ⎟ × V1 = 4V1
⎝ 10 ⎠
150 × 103 V12 50 × 103 V22
+ = + ......(2)
5000 2g 5000 2g
V12 V2 V12
or 30 + = 10 + 2 16
2g 2g g
V12
or 20 = 15
2g
20 × 2 × g
or V1 =
15
Then Q = A1V1 = 0.16
Euler’s Equation
GATE-4. Navier Stoke’s equation represents the conservation of [GATE-2000]
(a) Energy (b) Mass (c) Pressure (d) Momentum
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Fluid Dynamics
GATE-4. Ans. (d)
Venturimeter
GATE-5. In a venturimeter, the angle of the diverging section is more than that
of converging section. [GATE-1994]
(a) True (b) False (c) Insufficient data (d) Can’t say
GATE-5. Ans. (b) The angle of diverging section is kept small to reduce the possibility of
flow separation. Due to this the angle of converging section is more as compared
to its diverging section.
GATE-6. A venturimeter of 20 mm throat diameter is used to measure the

velocity of water in a horizontal pipe of 40 mm diameter. If the
pressure difference between the pipe and throat sections is found to be
30 kPa then, neglecting frictional losses, the flow velocity is:
[GATE-2005]
(a) 0.2 m/s (b) 1.0 m/s (c) 1.4 m/s (d) 2.0 m/s
GATE-6. Ans. (d) We know,A1V1=A1V2
2
D1 16
⇒ V2= V = V1
2 1
D2 4
∴ V2=4V1
Applying Bernoulli’s Equation
2 2
P1 V1 P V
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
2 2
P1 − P2 V2 − V1
=
eg 2g
2
15V1 30 × 103
⇒ =
2 1000
⇒ V12 =4
⇒ V1=2.0m/s
So velocity of flow is 2.0m/sec.
GATE-7. Air flows through a venture and into atmosphere. Air density is ρ ;
atmospheric pressure Pa; throat diameter is Dt; exit diameter is D and
exit velocity is U. The throat is connected to a cylinder containing a
frictionless piston attached to a spring. The spring constant is k. The
bottom surface of the piston is exposed to atmosphere. Due to the flow,
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Fluid Dynamics
the piston moves by distance x. assuming incompressible frictionless
flow, x is: [GATE-2003]
⎛ D2 ⎞
(a) ( ρU 2 /2k) π Ds2 (b) ( ρU 2 / 8 k) ⎜⎜2
− 1⎟⎟πD 2 s
⎝D t ⎠
⎛ D2 ⎞ ⎛ D4 ⎞
(c) ( ρU / 2k ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟πD 2 s (d) ( ρU / 8k )⎜⎜ 4 − 1⎟⎟πD 2 s
2 2
2
⎝D t ⎠ ⎝D t ⎠
GATE-7. Ans. (d) Applying Bernoulli’s equation at points (1) and (2), we have
P1 υ1 P υ
2 2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
Since venturi is horizontal z1 = z2
⎛ P1 P2 ⎞ υ 2 2 υ12
Now, ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = −
⎝ ρg ρg ⎠ 2 g 2 g
ρg 2 ρ 2
(υ 2 − υ1 ) = (υ 2 − υ1 )
2 2
⇒ (P1-P2)=
2g 2
Since P2=Pa=atmospheric pressure
ρ
(υ 2 − υ1 )
2 2
∴ (P1-Pa)= ------- (i)
2
Applying continuity equation at points (i) and (ii), we have
A1 υ1 = A2υ 2
⎛A ⎞
⇒ υ1 = ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ υ 2 since V2=U
⎝ A1 ⎠
⎛π 2⎞
⎜ D ⎟ ⎛D ⎞
2
υ1 = ⎜ 4 ⎟U ⇒ υ1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ U
⎜π D2⎟ ⎝ Dt ⎠
⎜ t ⎟
⎝4 ⎠
From equation (i),

ρ⎡ ⎛ D ⎞ 2⎤
2
ρ 2 ⎡ D4 ⎤
P1-Pa= ⎢υ 2 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ U ⎥ = U ⎢1 − 4 ⎥
2⎢ ⎝ Dt ⎠ ⎥⎦ 2 ⎣ Dt ⎦
⎣
At point P: Spring force = pressure force due air
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Fluid Dynamics
π 2 ρU 4 ⎡
D4 ⎤
–kx= Ds × ⎢1 − ⎥
4 2 ⎣ Dt 4 ⎦
π Ds 2 ρU 2 ⎡ D 4 ⎤
⇒ x= ⎢1 − 4 ⎥
8 k ⎣ Dt ⎦
GATE-8. Determine the rate of flow of

water through a pipe 300 mm
diameter placed in an
inclined position where a
Venturimeter is inserted
having a throat diameter of
150 mm. The difference of
pressure between the main
and throat is measured by a
liquid of sp. gravity 0·7 in an
inverted V-tube which gives a
reading of 260 mm. The loss of
head between the main and
throat is 0·3 times the kinetic
head of the pipe.
[GATE-1985]
(a) 0.0222 m3/s (b) 0.4564 m3/s (c) 1.m3/s (d) m3/s
GATE-8. Ans. (a)
Free Liquid Jet

GATE-9. Two balls of mass m and 2 m are projected with identical velocities
from the same point making angles 30° and 60° with the vertical axis,
respectively. The heights attained by the balls will be identical.
[GATE-1994]
(a) True (b) False (c) None (d) Can’t say
GATE-9. Ans. (b)
Forced Vortex
GATE-10. Which combination of the following statements about steady
incompressible forced vortex flow is correct? [GATE-2007]
P: Shear stress is zero at all points in the flow.
Q: Vorticity is zero at all points in the flow
R: Velocity is directly proportional to the radius from the centre of the
vortex.
S: Total mechanical energy per unit mass is constant in the entire flow
field.
(a) P and Q (b) R and S (c) P and R (d) P and S
GATE-10. Ans. (b)
GATE-11. A closed cylinder having a radius R and height H is filled with oil of
density ρ . If the cylinder is rotated about its axis at an angular velocity
of ω , then thrust at the bottom of the cylinder is: [GATE-2004]
ρω 2 R 2
(a) πR 2 ρgH (b) πR 2
4
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Fluid Dynamics
⎛ ρω 2 R 2 ⎞
(c) πR 2 ( ρω 2 R 2 + ρgH ) (d) πR ⎜⎜ + ρgH ⎟⎟
2
⎝ 4 ⎠
GATE-11. Ans. (d) We know that
∂P ρυ 2 ρ .ω 2 r
= = = ρω 2 r.
∂r r r
[∵υ = ω × r ]
p r ρ
∴ ∫ ∂p = ∫ ρω 2rdr [p = ω 2r 2 ]
0 0
2
Area of circular ring = 2 πrdr
Force on elementary ring =
Intensity of pressure × Area of ring
ρ
= ω 2 r 2 2πrdr
2
∴ Total force on the top of the
cylinder
R ρ ρ R
= ∫
0 2
ω 2 r 2 2π rdr =
2
ω 2 2r ∫ r 3dr
0
ρ R4
ρ
= .ω 2 2π = ω 2 × πR 4
2 4 4
Thrust at the bottom of the cylinder
= Weight of water in cylinder+
Total force on the top of cylinder
ρ
= ρg × πR 2 × H + ω 2 × πR 4
4
⎡ ρω R ⎤ 2 2
= πR 2 ⎢ + ρgh⎥
⎣ 4 ⎦

IES-1. Bernoulli's equation represents the [IES-1994]
(a) Forces at any point in the flow field and is obtained by integrating the
momentum equation for viscous flows.
(b) Energies at any point in the flow field and is obtained by integrating the
Euler equations.
(c) Momentum at any point in the flow field and is obtained by integrating the
equation of continuity.
(d) Moment of momentum and is obtained by integrating the energy equation.
IES-1. Ans. (b)
IES-2. When is Bernoulli’s equation applicable between any two points in a
flow fields? [IES-2009]
(a) The flow is steady, incompressible and rotational
(b) The flow is steady, compressible and irrotational
(c) The flow is unsteady, incompressible and irrotational
(d) Tile flow is steady, incompressible and irrotalional
IES-2. Ans. (d) The assumptions made for Bernoulli’s equation.
Page 112 of 372

Fluid Dynamics
(i) The liquid is ideal (viscosity, surface tension is zero and incompressible)
(ii) The flow is steady and continuous
(iii) The flow is along the streamline (it is one-dimensional)
(iv) The velocity is uniform over the section and is equal to the mean velocity.
(v) The only forces acting on the fluid are the gravity force and the pressure
force
The assumptions NOT made for Bernoulli’s equation
(i) The flow is uniform
(ii) The flow is irrotational
IES-3. Assertion (A): Two table tennis balls hang parallelly maintaining a
small gap between them. If air is blown into the gap between the balls,
the balls will move apart. [IES-1994]
Reason (R): Bernoulli's theorem is applicable in this case.
IES-3. Ans. (c)
IES-4. Which of the following assumptions are made for deriving Bernoulli's
equation? [IES-2002]
1. Flow is steady and incompressible
2. Flow is unsteady and compressible
3. Effect of friction is neglected and flow is along a stream line.
4. Effect of friction is taken into consideration and flow is along a
stream line.
IES-4. Ans. (a)
IES-5. The expression (p + ρgz + ρv2/2) commonly used to express Bernoulli's

equation, has units of [IES-1995]
(a) Total energy per unit mass (b) Total energy per unit weight
(c) Total energy per unit volume (d) Total energy per unit cross - sectional
area of flow
N Nm ⎛ energy ⎞
IES-5. Ans. (c) The expression p + ρgz + ρv2/2, has units of 2
or ⎜ ⎟
m m 3 ⎝ volume ⎠
IES-6. The expression: [IES-2003]
∂φ ∂p 1
+ ∫ + | Δφ |2 + gz = constant
∂t ρ 2
represents :
(a) Steady flow energy equation
(b) Unsteady irrotational Bernoulli's equation
(c) Steady rotational Bernoulli's equation
(d) Unsteady rotational Bernoulli's equation
Page 113 of 372

Fluid Dynamics
IES-6. Ans. (b) ∂φ ∂ρ 1
+ ( ∇φ ) + gz = const.
2
∂t ∫ ρ 2
+
↓ ↓
Unsteady irrotational
IES-7. Which one of the following statements is correct? While using boundary
layer equations, Bernoulli’s equation [IES-2006]
(a) Can be used anywhere
(b) Can be used only outside the boundary layer
(c) Can be used only inside the boundary layer
(d) Cannot be used either inside or outside the boundary layer
IES-7. Ans. (b)
IES-8. Assertion (A): Bernoulli's equation is an energy equation. [IES-1997]

Reason (R): Starting from Euler's equation, one can arrive at
Bernoulli's equation.
IES-8. Ans. (b) Starting from Euler's equation, one can arrive at Bernoulli's equation. And
we know that Euler equation is a momentum equation and integrating Euler
equation we can arrive at Bernoulli’s equation.
IES-9. Assertion (A): After the fluid has re-established its flow pattern
downstream of an orifice plate, it will return to same pressure that it
had upstream of the orifice plate. [IES-2003]
Reason (R): Bernoulli’s equation when applied between two points
having the same elevation and same velocity gives the same pressure at
these points.
IES-9. Ans. (d) There is a loss of energy due to eddy formation and turbulence. This is the
reason for that pressure is less than that it had upstream of the orifice
plate.
Euler’s Equation
IES-10. Consider the following assumptions: [IES-1998]
1. The fluid is compressible
2. The fluid is inviscid.
3. The fluid is incompressible and homogeneous.
4. The fluid is viscous and compressible.
The Euler's equation of motion requires assumptions indicated in :
IES-10. Ans. (b)
IES-11. The Euler's equation of motion is a statement of [IES-2005]

(a) Energy balance
(b) Conservation of momentum for an inviscid fluid
Page 114 of 372

Fluid D
Dynamic
cs
S K Mo
ondal’ss Cha
apter 6
(c) Conservatiion of momeentum for ann incompresssible flow
(d) Conservatiion of momeentum for reeal fluid
IE
ES-11. Ans. (b)
ES-12.
IE Thhe Euler eq quations of motion for f the flow
w of an ide eal fluid iss derived
connsidering the
t princip ple of consservation of
o [IIES-1994]
(a) Mass and the
t fluid as incompresssible and invviscid.
(b) Momentum m and the fluuid as incom
mpressible and
a viscous..
(c) Momentum m and the fluuid as incom
mpressible and
a inviscid d.
(d) Energy andd the fluid as
a incompreessible and inviscid.
i
IE
ES-12. Ans. (c) For in
nviscid flows, the stead dy form of the momen ntum equattion is the
Euller equation
n. For an in
nviscid incom
mpressible fluid
f flowing through a duct, the
steady flow en
nergy equatiion reduces to Bernoullli equation.
Venturim
Ve meter
IE
ES-13. A horizonta
al pipe off cross-
ctional area
sec a c 2 is
5 cm
connnected too a venturimeter
of throat
t ea 3 cm2 ass shown
are
in the below figure. The
maanometer reading is
equuivalent to
o 5 cm off water.
Thhe dischar rge in cmm3/s is
neaarly: ES-1998]
[IE
(a) 0.45 ( 5.5
(b) (c)) 21.0 (d) 370
A1A2
urimeter forrmula: Qact = Cd ×
ES-13. Ans. (d) Just usse the Ventu
IE × 2gh
h
A12 − A22
ere Cd = 1.0; A1 = 5cm 2 ; A2 = 3cm 2 ; g = 981cm / s 2 and h = 5 cm

He
3x5
Qacct = 2 cm3 / s
× 2 × 981× 5 = 371.42
2 2
5 −3
ES-14.
IE Ann orifice me eter with Cd = 0.61 iss substitutted y Ventu urimeter with
w Cd =
0.9
98 in a pipeline carry ying crude e oil, havinng the samme throat diameter
as that of the orifice. ForF the sam me flow ra ate, the ra
atio of the pressure
droops for the e Venturim meter and the t orifice meter is: [IIES-2003]
(a) 0.61 / 0.98 (b) (0.61
1) 2 / (0.98) 2 (c) 0.98 / 0.61 (d) (0.98) 2 / (0.61) 2
ES-14. Ans. (b)
IE
IE
ES-15. A Venturime
V eter in an oil
o (sp. gr. 0.8) pipe is
i connected to a diffferential
maanometer in which th he gauge liiquid is meercury (sp..gr.13.6). For
F a flow
3
ratte of 0.16 m /s, the manometer
m registers a gauge diifferential of 20 cm.
Thhe oil-merccury mano ometer beiing unavailable, an air-oil diffferential
maanometer is conne ected to the same e venturim
meter. Ne eglecting
varriation of discharge
d coefficientt for the veenturimeter, what iss the new
gauuge differeential for a flow rate of 0.08 m3/s? / [IIES-2006]
(a) 64 cm (b) 68 cm
m (c) 80 cm (d) 85 cm
ES-15. Ans. (c)
IE
Page 115 of 372

Fluid Dynamics
Orifice Meter
IES-16. An orifice meter, having an orifice of diameter d is fitted in a pipe of
diameter D. For this orifice meter, what is the coefficient of discharge
Cd? [IES-2007]
(a) A function of Reynolds number only
(b) A function of d/D only
(c) A function of d/D and Reynolds number
(d) Independent of d/D and Reynolds number
2
⎛A ⎞
1 − ⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟
⎝ A1 ⎠ ⎛ A0 ⎞ ⎛ d ⎞
IES-16. Ans.(b) Cd= Cc × 2
or, CA=f ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =F ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎛ A ⎞ ⎝ A1 ⎠ ⎝ D ⎠
1 − Cc × ⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟
⎝ A1 ⎠
IES-17. A tank containing water has two orifices of the same size at depths of
40 cm and 90 cm below the free surface of water. The ratio of
discharges through these orifices is: [IES-2000]
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2: 3 (c) 4: 9 (d) 16: 81
IES-17. Ans. (b)
IES-18. How is the velocity coefficient Cv, the discharge coefficient Cd, and the
contraction coefficient Cc of an orifice related? [IES-2006]
(a) Cv = CcCd (b) Cc = CvCd (c) Cd = CcCv (d) CcCvCd = 1
IES-18. Ans. (c)
Pitot Tube
IES-19. The velocity of a water stream is being measured by a L-shaped Pilot-
tube and the reading is 20 cm.Then what is the approximate value of
velocity? [IES-2007]
(a) 19.6m/s (b) 2.0 m/s (c) 9.8 m/s (d) 20 cm/s
V2
IES-19. Ans. (b) =h or, V= 2 gh = 2 × 9.81× 0.2 = 1.981 m/s
2g
IES-20. A Prandtl Pilot tube was used to measure the velocity of a fluid of
specific gravity S1. The differential manometer, with a fluid of specific
gravity S2, connected to the Pitot tube recorded a level difference as h.
The velocity V is given by the expression. [IES-1995]
(a) 2 gh( S1 / S2 − 1) (b) 2 gh( S2 / S1 − 1) (c) 2 gh( S1 − S2 ) (d) 2 gh( S2 − S1 )
P1 hS2 P2
IES-20. Ans. (b) + y+ = + (h + y)
ρg S1 ρg
P2 − P1 ⎛S ⎞ V2
∴ = h ⎜ 2 − 1⎟ = 1
ρg ⎝ S1 ⎠ 2g
⎛S ⎞
∴ V1 = 2 gh ⎜ 2 − 1 ⎟
⎝ S1 ⎠
Page 116 of 372

Fluid Dynamics
IES-21. A Pitot-static tube (C = 1) is used to measure air flow. With water in the
differential manometer and a gauge difference of 75 mm, what is the
value of air speed if ρ = 1.16 kg/m3? [IES-2004]
(a) 1.21 m/s (b) 16.2 m/s (c) 35.6 m/s (d) 71.2 m/s
V2
IES-21. Ans. (c) =h or V = 2gh = 2 × 9.81× 64.58 = 35.6 m / s
2g
⎛s ⎞ ⎛ 1000 ⎞
h = y ⎜ h − 1⎟ = 0.075 ⎜ − 1⎟ = 64.58m of air colume
s
⎝ l ⎠ ⎝ 1.16 ⎠
IES-22. What is the difference in pressure head, measured by a mercury-oil

differential manometer for a 20 cm difference of mercury level?
(Sp. gravity of oil = 0.8) [IES-2009]
(a) 2.72 m of oil (b) 2.52 m of oil (c) 3.40 m of oil (d) 2.00 m of oil
IES-22. Ans. (c) Difference in pressure head in m of oil (i.e. light liquid) =
⎛S ⎞ ⎛ 13.6 ⎞
= ⎜ h − 1⎟ × y = ⎜ − 1⎟ × 0.2 = 3.2 m
⎝ Sl ⎠ ⎝ 0.8 ⎠
IES-23. Match List-I (Measuring Devices) with List-II (Measured Parameter)

and select the correct answer using the codes given below: [IES-2004]
List-I List-II
A. Pitot tube 1. Flow static pressure
B. Micro-manometer 2. Rate of flow (indirect)
C. Pipe band meter 3. Differential pressure
D. Wall pressure tap 4. Flow stagnation pressure
(a) 1 3 2 4 (b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 1 2 3 4 (d) 4 2 3 1
IES-23. Ans. (b)
IES-24. The instrument preferred in the measurement of highly fluctuating

velocities in air flow is: [IES-2003]
(a) Pitot-static tube (b) Propeller type anemometer
(c) Three cup anemometer (d) Hot wire anemometer
IES-24. Ans. (d)
IES-25. If a calibration chart is prepared for a hot-wire anemometer for

measuring the mean velocities, the highest level of accuracy can be:
(a) Equal to accuracy of a Pitot tube [IES-1996]
(b) Equal to accuracy of a Rotameter
(c) Equal to accuracy of a venturimeter
(d) More than that of all the three instruments mentioned above
IES-25. Ans. (d) Hot wire anemometer is more accurate than Pitot tube, rotanmeter, or
venturi meter.
IES-26. Which one of the following is measured by a Rotameter? [IES-2006]

(a) Velocity of fluids (b) Discharge of fluids
(c) Viscosity of fluids (d) Rotational speed of solid shafts
IES-26. Ans. (b)
IES-27. In a rotameter as the flow rate increase, the float [IES-1992]
Page 117 of 372

Fluid Dynamics
(a) Rotates at higher speed (b) Rotates at lower speed
(c) Rises in the tube (d) Drops in the tube
IES-27. Ans. (c)
IES-28. A Pitot static tube is used to measure the velocity of water using a
differential gauge which contains a manometric fluid of relative
density 1.4. The deflection of the gauge fluid when water flows at a
velocity of 1.2 m/s will be (the coefficient of the tube may be assumed to
be 1) [IES-2000]
(a) 183.5 mm (b) 52.4 mm (c) 5.24 mm (d) 73.4 mm
⎛s ⎞
IES-28. Ans. (a) Use V = 2gh where, h = y ⎜ h − 1 ⎟
⎝ sl ⎠
s
Given y = ? and V = 1.2 m/s, h =1.4
sl
IES-29. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes
List-I List-ll
(Discharge measuring device) (Characteristic feature)
A. Rotameter 1. Vena contracta
B. Venturimeter 2. End contraction
C. Orifice meter 3. Tapering tube
D. Flow nozzle 4. Convergent – divergent
5. Bell mouth entry
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 3 4 1 5
(c) 5 4 2 1 (d) 3 5 1 2
IES-29. Ans. (b)
IES-30. A glass tube with a 90° bend is open at both the ends. It is inserted into
a flowing stream of oil, S = 0.90, so that one opening is directed
upstream and the other is directed upward. Oil inside the tube is 50
mm higher than the surface of flowing oil. The velocity measured by
the tube is, nearly, [IES-2001]
(a) 0.89 m/s (b) 0.99 m/s (c) 1.40 m/s (d) 1.90 m/s
IES-30. Ans. (b)
IES-31. The speed of the air emerging from the blades of a running table fan is
intended to be measured as a function of time. The point of
measurement is very close to the blade and the time period of the speed
fluctuation is four times the time taken by the blade to complete one
revolution. The appropriate method of measurement would involve the
use of [IES-1993]
(a) A Pitot tube (b) A hot wire anemometer
(c) High speed photography (d) A Schlieren system
IES-31. Ans. (b) A Pitot tube is used for measuring speed in closed duct or pipe. Hot wire
anemometer is used for measuring fluctuation of speed. High speed photography
may by useful to measure blade speed but not of air.
Free Liquid Jet

IES-32. A constant-head water tank has, on one of its vertical sides two
identical small orifices issuing two horizontal jets in the same vertical
Page 118 of 372

Fluid Dynamics
plane. The vertical distance between the centres of orifices is 1.5 m and
the jet trajectories intersect at a point 0.5 m below the lower orifice.
What is the approximate height of water level in the tank above the
point o intersection of trajectories? [IES-2004]
(a) 1.0 m (b) 2.5 m (c) 0.5 m (d) 2.0 m
x2
IES-32. Ans. (b) Cv1 =
4 HY
x2 x2
∴ =
4 × 0.5 × (h + 1.5) 4 × 2 × h
∴ h = 0.5 m
Total height = 0.5 + 1.5 + 0.5 = 2.5 m
IES-33. The elbow nozzle assembly

shown in the given figure is
in a horizontal plane. The
velocity of jet issuing from
the nozzle is:
(a) 4 m/s (b) 16 m/s
(c) 24 m/s (d) 30 m/s
[IES-1999]
IES-33. Ans. (c)
Impulse Momentum Equation

IES-34. Which one of the following conditions will linearize the Navier-Stokes
equations to make it amenable for analytical solutions? [IES-2007]
(a) Low Reynolds number (Re << 1) (b) High Reynolds number (Re >> 1)
(b) Low Mach number (M << 1) (d) High Mach number (M >> 1)
IES-34. Ans. (c)
Forced Vortex
IES-35. Which one of the statements is correct for a forced vortex? [IES-2009]
(a) Turns in an opposite direction to a free vortex
(b) Always occurs in conjunction with a free vortex
(c) Has the linear velocity directly proportional to the radius
(d) Has the linear velocity inversely proportional to the radius
IES-35. Ans. (c) Forced vortex flow: Forced vortex flow is one in which the fluid mass is
made to rotate by means of some external agency. Where (v) = ω × r As ω is
constant linear velocity (v) is directly proportional to the radius (r).
IES-36. A right circular cylinder, open at the top is filled with liquid of relative
density 1.2. It is rotated about its vertical axis at such a speed that half
liquid spills out. The pressure at the centre of the bottom will be:
(a) Zero [IES-1998]
(b) One-fourth of the value when the cylinder was full
(c) Half of the value when the cylinder was full
(d) Not determinable from the given data
Page 119 of 372

Fluid Dynamics
IES-36. Ans. (a) When cylinder is rotated and liquid will rise at the wall of the
such that half of the liquid spills cylinder by the same amount as it falls
out. Then liquid left in cylinder at at the centre from its original level at
z rest.
height ,
2
IES-37. Assertion (A) : A cylinder, partly filled with a liquid is rotated about its
vertical axis. The rise of liquid level at the ends is equal to the fall of
liquid level at the axis. [IES-1999]
Reason (R) : Rotation creates forced vortex motion.
IES-37. Ans. (b)
IAS-38. For a real fluid moving with uniform velocity, the pressure [IES-1993]
(a) Depends upon depth and orientation
(b) Is independent of depth but depends upon orientation
(c) Is independent of orientation but depends upon depth
(d) Is independent of both depth and orientation
IAS-38. Ans. (d) In case of a real fluid moving with uniform velocity, the velocity head and
pressure head are dependent on each other and their total sum remains
constant. The pressure is thus independent of both depth and orientation, but in
case of fluids under static condition, the pressure would depend on depth.
IES-39. A right circular cylinder is filled with a liquid upto its top level. It is
rotated about its vertical axis at such a speed that halt the liquid spills
out then the pressure at the point of intersection of the axis and
bottom surface is: [IES-2001]
(a) Same as before rotation
(h) Half of the value before rotation
(c) Quarter of the value before rotation
(d) Equal to the atmospheric pressure
IES-39 Ans. (d)
IES-40. An open circular cylinder 1.2 m hight is filled with a liquid to its top.
The liquid is given a rigid body rotation about the axis of the cylinder
and the pressure at the centre line at the bottom surface is found to be
0.6 m of liquid. What is the ratio of Volume of liquid spilled out of the
cylinder to the original volume? [IES-2007]
(a) 1/4 (b) 3/8 (c) 1/2 (d) ¾
Page 120 of 372

Fluid Dynamics
Volume of paraboloid
IES-40. Ans. (a)
Total volume
=
(1 / 2) × A × 0.6 = 1
A × 1.2 4
Free Vortex
IES-41. Both free vortex and forced vortex can be expressed mathematically as
functions of tangential velocity V at the corresponding radius r. Free
vortex and forced vortex are definable through V and r as [IES-1993]
Free vortex Forced vortex
(a) V = r x const. Vr = canst.
(b) V x r = canst. V2 = r x canst.
(c) V x r = canst. V = r x canst.
(d) V2x r = canst. V = r x canst.
IES-41. Ans. (c) Free vortex can be expressed mathematically as Vx r = constant and the
forced votex as V = r x constant.
IES-42. An incompressible fluid flows radially outward from a line source in a

steady manner. How does the velocity in any radial direction vary?
[IES-2008]
(a) r (b) r2 (c) 1/r2 (d) 1/r
IES-42. Ans. (d) For an incompressible fluid flow radially outward from a line source in a
steady manner. Angular momentum is conserved.
constant
⇒ mvr = constant ⇒ vr = constant ⇒ v=
r
1
∴ v∝
r
IES-43. In a cylindrical vortex motion about a vertical axis, r1 and r2 are the
radial distances of two points on the horizontal plane (r2>r1). If for a
given tangential fluid velocity at r1, the pressure difference between
the points in free vortex is one-half of that when the vortex is a forced
one, then what is the value of the ratio (r2/r1)? [IES-2007]
(a) 3 / 2 (b) 2 (c) 3/2 (d) 3
IES-43. Ans. (b) For free vortex, ωr1 = const.(k )
c
For forced vortex, V1 = const .( k ) = Or c = ωr12
r1
(ΔP ) forced = ρω (ΔP ) free = ρc

2
⎡1 1⎤
2
[r22 − r12 ], ⎢ − ⎥ ∵ c = ωr1
2
2 2 ⎣ r12 r22 ⎦
2 (ΔP ) free = (ΔP ) forced Or

r2
= 2
r1
IES-44. An inviscid, irrotational flow field of free vortex motion has a

circulation constant Ω. The tangential velocity at any point in the flow
field is given by Ω/r, where, r is the redial distance form the centre. At
the centre, there is a mathematical singularity which can be physically
Page 121 of 372

Fluid Dynamics
substituted by a forced vortex. At the interface of the free and force
vortex motion (r = rc), the angular velocity ω is given by: [IES-1997]
(a) Ω / (rc )2 (b) Ω / rc (c) Ωrc (d) Ωrc2
IES-44. Ans. (a) Free vortex,
Vr = constant = Ω (given)
Ω
V =
r
Forced vortex,
V = rω
V
ω=
r
r = rc
Ω
V = (Free vortex)
rc
V
ω= (Forced vortex)
rc
⎛Ω⎞
⎜ ⎟
r Ω
ω=⎝ c⎠ ⇒ ω=
rc rc2

IAS-1. The Bernoulli’s equation refers to conservation of [IAS-2003]
(a) Mass (b) Linear momentum
(c) Angular momentum (d) Energy
IAS-1. Ans. (d)
p V2
IAS-2. Bernoulli’s equation + + gz = constant, is applicable to for
ρ 2
(a) Steady, frictionless and incompressible flow along a streamline [IAS-1999]
(b) Uniform and frictionless flow along a streamline when p is a function of p
(c) Steady and frictionless flow along a streamline when p is a function of p
(d) Steady, uniform and incompressible flow along a streamline
IAS-2. Ans. (a)
P V2
IAS-3. Bernoulli’s theorem + +Z= constant is valid [IAS-1996]
ρg 2 g
(a) Along different streamlines in rotational flow
(b) Along different streamlines in irrotational flow
(c) Only in the case of flow of gas
(d) Only in the case of flow of liquid
IAS-3. Ans. (a)
Venturimeter
IAS-4. Fluid flow rate Q, can be measured easily with the help of a venturi
tube, in which the difference of two pressures, ΔP , measured at an
Page 122 of 372

Fluid Dynamics
upstream point and at the smallest cross-section and at the smallest
cross-section of the tube, is used. If a relation ΔP∞ Qn exists, then n is
equal to: [IAS-2001]
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
3 2
Cd A1 A2 2 gh
IAS-4. Ans. (d) Q = ∴ Q 2αΔh or Q2 α Δρ
2 2
A1 − A2
IAS-5. Two venturimeters of different area rations are connected at different
locations of a pipeline to measure discharge. Similar manometers are
used across the two venturimeters to register the head differences. The
first venturimeters of area ratio 2 registers a head difference ‘h’, while
the second venturimeters registers ‘5h’.The area ratio for the second
venturimeters is: [IAS-1999]
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
Cd A1 A2 2 gh Cd A1 A2′ 2 g 5h
IAS-5. Ans. (b) Q = = A1=2A2 and A2= (A1/2)
2
A1 − A
1
2 ′2
2 A1 − A2
A1
That gives =4
A2'
Orifice Meter
IAS-6. If a fluid jet discharging from a 50 mm diameter orifice has a 40 mm
diameter at its vena contracta, then its coefficient of contraction will
be: [IAS-1996]
(a) 0.32 (b) 0.64 (c) 0.96 (d) 1.64
IAS-6. Ans. (b)
IAS-7. What is the percentage error in the estimation of the discharge due to
an error of 2% in the measurement of the reading of a differential
manometer connected to an orifice meter? [IAS-2004]
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
Cd A2 A2
IAS-7. Ans. (d) Q = × 2 gh = const. × h
2 2
A1 − A2
1
or, lnQ = ln(const.) + ln h
2
dQ dh 1
or, =2 = × 2 = 1%
Q h 2
Pitot Tube
IAS-8. A simple Pitot tube can be used to measure which of the following
quantities? [IAS-1994]
1. Static head 2. Datum head 3. Dynamic head
4. Friction head 5. Total head
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
Codes:
(a) 1, 2 and 4 (b) 1,3 and 5 (c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 5
IAS-8. Ans. (b)
Page 123 of 372

Fluid Dynamics
IAS-9. An instrument which offers no obstruction to the flow, offers no
additional loss and is suitable for flow rate measurement is: [IAS-1997]
(a) Venturimeter (b) Rotameter (c) Magnetic flow meter (d) Bend meter
IAS-9. Ans. (c)
IAS-10. The following instruments are used in the measurement of discharge

through a pipe: [IAS-1996]
1. Orifice meter 2. Flow nozzle 3. Venturimeter
Decreasing order of use:
(a) 1, 3, 2 (b) 1, 2, 3 (c) 3, 2, 1 (d) 2, 3, 1
IAS-10. Ans. (c)
IAS-11. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer: [IAS-2000]
List-I List-II
A. Orifice meter 1. Measurement of flow in a channel
B. Broad crested weir 2. Measurement of velocity in a pipe/ channel
C. Pitot tube 3. Measurement of flow in a pipe of any
inclination
D. Rotameter 4. Measurement of upward flow in a vertical pipe
(a) 3 1 4 2 (b) 1 3 2 4
(c) 3 1 2 4 (d) 1 3 4 2
IAS-11. Ans. (c)
IAS-12. Assertion (A): In a rotameter the fluid flows from the bottom of the
conical rotameter tube with divergence in the upward direction and
the position of the metering float indicated the discharge. [IAS-1996]
Reason (R): Rotameter float indicates the discharge in terms of its
rotation.
IAS-12. Ans. (c)
Free Liquid Jet

IAS-13. A liquid jet issues from a nozzle inclined at an angle of 60° to the
horizontal and is directed upwards. If the velocity of the jet at the
nozzle is 18m/s, what shall approximately be the maximum vertical
distance attained by the jet from the point of exit of the nozzle?
[IAS-2004]
(a) 4.2 m (b) 12.4 m (c) 14.3m (d) 16.5m
1 2
IAS-13. Ans. (b) H = u sin θ × t − gt
2
dH u sin θ
= u sin θ − gt or t =
dt g
u sin θ 1 ⎛ u 2 sin 2 θ ⎞ 182 sin 2 60
∴ H max = u sin θ × − g × ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = = 12.4m
g 2 ⎝ 2g ⎠ 2 × 9.8
Page 124 of 372

Fluid Dynamics
Page 125 of 372

Dimensional & Model Analysis
7. Dimensional & Model Analysis

1. Dimensional Analysis – Introduction
2. Dimensional Homogeneity
3. Methods of Dimensional Analysis
4. Rayleigh's Method
5. Buckingham's π -method/theorem
6. Limitations of Dimensional Analysis
7. Model Analysis – Introduction
8. Similitude
9. Forces Influencing Hydraulic Phenomena
10. Dimensionless Numbers and their Significance
11. Reynolds Number (Re)
12. Froude Number (Fr)
13. Euler Number (Eu)
14. Weber Number (We)
15. Mach Number (M)
16. Model (or Similarity) Laws
17. Reynolds Model Law
18. Froude Model Law
19. Euler Model Law
20. Weber Model Law
21. Mach Model Law
22. Types of Models (Undistorted models, distorted models)
23. Scale Effect in Models
24. Limitations of Hydraulic Similitude

1. It may be noted that dimensionally homogeneous equations may not be the correct
equation. For example, a term may be missing or a sign may be wrong. On the other
hand, a dimensionally incorrect equation must be wrong. The dimensional check is
therefore negative check and not a positive check on the correctness of an equation.
Question: Discuss the importance of Dimensional Analysis. [IES-2003]

Answer: 1. Dimensional Analysis help in determining a systematic arrangement of
the variable in the physical relationship, combining dimensional variable
to form meaningful non- dimensional parameters.
2. It is especially useful in presenting experimental results in a concise
form.
Page 126 of 372

3. Dimensional Analysis provides partial solutions to the problems that are
too complex to be dealt with mathematically.
4. Design curves can be developed from experimental data.
Rayleigh’s Method
This method gives a special form of relationship among the dimensionless group, and has
the inherent drawback that it does not provide any information regarding the number of
dimensionless groups to be obtained as a result of dimensional analysis. Due to this reason
this method has become obsolete and is not favoured for use.
:: Variables outside the ‘Show that’ are ‘least important’ and Generally Variables in the
numerator are ‘most important’
The Buckingham's π -theorem states as follows

"If there are n variables (dependent and independent variables) in a dimensionally
homogeneous equation and if these variables contain m fundamental dimensions (such, as;
M, L, T, etc.), then the variables are arranged into (n-m) dimensionless terms. These
dimensionless terms are called π -terms".
Each dimensionless π -term is formed by combining m variables out of the total n
variables, with one of the remaining (n-m) variables i.e. each π -terms contains (m+ 1)
variables. These m variables which appear repeatedly in each of π -terms are consequently
called repeating variables and are chosen from among the variables such that they
together involve all the fundamental dimensions and they themselves do not form a
dimensionless parameter.
Selection of repeating variables:

The following points should be kept in view while selecting m repeating variables:
1. m repeating variables must contain jointly all the dimensions involved in the
phenomenon. Usually the fundamental dimensions are M, L and T. However, if only
two dimensions are involved, there will be 2 repeating variables and they must
contain together the two dimensions involved.
2. The repeating variables must not form the non-dimensional parameters among
themselves.
3. As far as possible, the dependent variable should not be selected as repeating
variable.
4. No two repeating variables should have the same dimensions.
5. The repeating variables should be chosen in such a way that one variable contains
geometric property (e.g. length, I; diameter, d; height, H etc.), other variable contains
flow property (e.g. velocity, V; acceleration, a etc.) and third variable contains fluid
property (e.g. mass density, p; weight density, w, dynamic viscosity, μ etc.).
Note: Repeating variables are those which are ‘least Important’ in Rayleigh’s Method.
Question: Explain clearly Buckigham’s π –theorem method and Rayleigh’s

method of dimensional Analysis. [IES-2003]
Answer: Buckingham,s π – theorem: statement “If there are n variable (dependent
and independent) in a dimensionally homogeneous equation and if these
variable contain m fundamental dimensions, then the variables are
arranged into (n-m) dimensionless terms.”
These dimensionless terms are called π -terms.
Page 127 of 372

Mathematically, if any variables x1 , depends on independent variables,
x 2 , x3 ,....xn , the functional eqn may be written as
x1 =f ( x 2 ,x 3 ,....,xn )
or F ( x1,x 2 ,....,xn ) =0
It is a dimensionally homogeneous eqn and contains ‘n’ variables. If there

are m fundamental dimensions, then According to Buckingham’s π –theorem
it can be written in (n-m) numbers of π –terms (dimensionless groups)
∴ F ( π1, π2 , π3 ,...., πn-m ) =0
Each dimensionless π –term is formed by combining m variables out of the
total n variable with one of the remaining (n-m) variables. i.e. each π -term
contain (m+1) variables.
These m variables which appear repeatedly in each of π –term are
consequently called repeating variables and are chosen from among the
variable such that they together involve all the fundamental dimensions and
they themselves do not form a dimensionless parameter.
Let x 2 ,x 3 andx 4 are repeating variables then
π1 = x a21 x b31 x c41 . x1
π2 = x a2 2 x b3 2 x c42 . x 5
πn-m = x a2n-m x b3n-m x c4n-m . x n
Where a1,b1,c1 :a2 ,b2 ,c 2 etc are constant and can be determined by
considering dimensional homogeneity.
Rayleigh’s Method: This method gives a special form of relationship

among the dimensional group. In this method a functional relationship of
some variables is expressed in the form of an exponential equation which
must be dimensionally homogeneous.
Thus, if x is a dependent variable which depends x1, x 2 , x3 ,....xn The
functional equation can be written as:
x =f ( x1,x 2 ,x3 ,....,xn )
or x =c x a1 ,x b2 ,x c3 ,....,x nn
Where c is a non-dimensional const and a, b, c,…n, are the arbitrary powers.
The value of a, b, c,…n, are obtained by comparing the power of the
fundamental dimensions on both sides.
Limitations of Dimensional Analysis

Following are the limitations of dimensional analysis:
1. Dimensional analysis does not give any clue regarding the selection of variables. If
the variables are wrongly taken, the resulting functional relationship is erroneous. It
provides the information about the grouping of variables. In order to decide whether
selected variables are pertinent or superfluous experiments have to be performed.
2. The complete information is not provided by dimensional analysis; it only indicates
that there is some relationship between parameters. It does not give the values of co-
efficients in the functional relationship. The values of co-efficients and hence the
nature of functions can be obtained only from experiments or from mathematical
analysis.
Page 128 of 372

Similitude
In order that results obtained in the model studies represent the behaviour of prototype,
the following three similarities must be ensured between the model and the prototype.
1. Geometric similarity;
2. Kinematic similarity, and
3. Dynamic similarity.
Question: What is meant by similitude? Discuss. [AMIE-(Winter)-2002]

Answer: Similitude is the relationship between model and a prototype. Following
three similarities must be ensured between the model and the prototype.
1. Geometric similarity
2. Kinematic similarity, and
3. Dynamic similarity.
Question: What is meant by Geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarity?

Are these similarities truly attainable? If not why ?
[AMIE- summer-99]
Answer: Geometric similarity: For geometric similarity the ratios of corresponding
length in the model and in the prototype must be same and the include
angles between two corresponding sides must be the same.
Kinematic similarity: kinematic similarity is the similarity of motion. It

demands that the direction of velocity and acceleration at corresponding
points in the two flows should be the same.
(v ) (v )
For kinematic similarity we must have; 1 m = 2 m =v γ , velocity ratio
( v1 )P ( v 2 )P
( a1 )m ( a2 )m
and = =a , acceleration ratio.
( a1 )P ( a2 )P γ
Dynamic similarity: Dynamic similarity is the similarity of forces at the

corresponding points in the flows.
Then for dynamic similarity, we must have
(Finertia )m (Fviscous )m (Fgravity )m
= = =Fγ , Force ratio
(Finertia )P (Fviscous )P (Fgravity )P
Note: Geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarity are mutually
independent. Existence of one does not imply the existence of another
similarity.
No these similarity are not truly attainable.
Because:
(a) The geometric similarity is complete when surface roughness profiles are
also in the scale ratio. Since it is not possible to prepare a 1/20 scale
model to 20 times better surface finish, so complete geometric similarity
can not be achieved.
(b) The kinematic similarity is more difficult because the flow patterns
around small objects tend to be quantitatively different from those
around large objects.
(c) Complete dynamic similarity is practically impossible. Because Reynold’s
number and Froude number cannot be equated simultaneously.
Page 129 of 372

Question:
(i) Define (IES-03)
(ii) Significance (IES-02)
(iii) Area of application (IES-01)
of Reynolds number; Froude number; Mach number; Weber number;
Euler number.
Answer:
Sl. Dimension- Aspects
No less no. Symbol Group of Significance Field of application
. variable
1. Reynolds Re ρvL Intertia force Laminar viscous flow

number μ Viscous force in confined passages
(where viscous effects
are significant).
2. Froude’s Fr v Intertia force Free surface flows
number Lg Gravity force (where gravity effects
are important)
3. Euler’s Eu v Intertia force Conduit flow (where
Number P/ρ Pr essure force pressure variation are
significant)
4. Weber’s We ρ v2 L Intertia force Small surface waves,
Number σ Surface tension force capillary and sheet
flow (where surface
tension is important)
5. Mach’s M v Intertia force High speed flow
number k/ρ elastic force (where compressibility
effects are important)
Forces
(i) Interia force = ρ A v 2 =ρ L2 v 2
du v v
(ii) Viscous force = μ A = μ A = μ L2 = μ v L
dv L L
(iii) Gravity force = ρ × volume×g = ρ L3 g
(iv) Pressure force = PA = P L2
(v) Surface tension force = σ L
(vi) Elastic force = k A =k L2
(a) Reynolds Model Law

(i) Motion of air planes,
(ii) Flow of incompressible fluid in closed pipes,
(iii) Motion of submarines completely under water, and
(iv) Flow around structures and other bodies immersed completely under moving
fluids.
(b) Froude Model Law

(i) Free surface flows such as flow over spillways, sluices etc.
(ii) Flow of jet from an orifice or nozzle.
(iii) Where waves are likely to be formed on the surface
(iv) Where fluids of different mass densities flow over one another.
Vr = Tr = Lr And Qr = L2r.5 ; Fr = L3r
Page 130 of 372

(c) Weber Model Law
Weber model law is applied in the following flow situations:
(i) Flow over weirs involving very low heads;
(ii) Very thin sheet of liquid flowing over a surface;
(iii) Capillary waves in channels;
(iv) Capillary rise in narrow passages;
(v) Capillary movement of water in soil.
(d) Mach Model Law

The similitude based on Mach model law finds application in the following:
(i) Aerodynamic testing;
(ii) Phenomena involving velocities exceeding the speed of sound;
(iii) Hydraulic model testing for the cases of unsteady flow, especially water hammer
problems.
(iv) Under-water testing of torpedoes.
(e) Euler Model Law

(i) Enclosed fluid system where the turbulence is fully developed so that viscous
forces are negligible and also the forces of gravity and surface tensions are
entirely absent;
(ii) Where the phenomenon of cavitation occurs.
Question: Considering Froude number as the criterion of dynamic similarity

for a certain flow situation, work out the scale factor of velocity,
time, discharge, acceleration, force, work, and power in terms of
scale factor for length. [IES-2003]
Answer: Let, Vm = velocity of fluid in model.
Lm = Length (or linear dimension) of the model.
gm = acceleration due to gravity (at a place where model in tested,
and Vp , Lp and gp are the corresponding value of prototype.
According to Froude model law
(Fr )m = (Fr )p
Vm Vp
or =
gm Lm gp Lp
As site of model and prototype is same the gm = gp
Vm Vp
∴ =
Lm Lp
Vp Lp
or = = Lr
Vm Lm
1
∴ (i) Velocity ratio, Vr = (Lr ) 2
Tp Lp / Vp
= Lr . ( Lr ) = ( Lr )
−1/2 −1/2
(ii) Time scale ratio, Tr = = [∴Vr = L1/2
r ]
Tm Lm / Vm
(iii) Discharge scale ratio, Qr
L L3
Discharge (Q) = AV = L2 . =
T T
Page 131 of 372

3
Qp L3p /Tp
⎛ L ⎞ 1 L3
∴Qr = =⎜ p ⎟ ×
= = 1/2r =L2.5
r
Qm Lm /Tm ⎝ Lm ⎠ ⎛ Tp ⎞ Lr
3
⎜ ⎟
⎝ Tm ⎠
(iv) Acceleration ratio ( ar )
V
Acceleration, a =
t
ap Vp /Tp Vp 1 1
∴ar = = = × =L1/2
r × 1/2 =1
am Vm /Tm Vm ⎛ Tp ⎞ Lr
⎜ ⎟
⎝ Tm ⎠
(v) For scale ratio ( Fr )
V
Force, F = mass x acceleration = ρ L3 ×
T
Fp ρp L3p Vp / Tp 1
= (Lr ) ×L1/2 = ( Lr )
3 3
∴Fr = = ×
Fm ρm L Vm / Tm
3
m
r 1/2
Lr
(vi) Work done scale ratio or energy scale ratio ( Er )
1 1
Energy, E = mV 2 = ρL3 V 2
2 2
1
Ep 2 ρp Lp Vp
3 2
= (Lr ) × L1/2 ( )
3 2
∴Er = = = L4r
Em 1 ρ L3 V 2 r
2 m m m
(vii) Power scale ratio ( Pr )
1 mV 2 1 L3 V 2
Power = = ρ
2 T 2 T
1
ρp L3p Vp2 / Tp
Pp
∴Power Ratio, (Pr ) = = 2
Pm 1 ρ L3 V 2 / T
2 m m m m
3 2
⎛L ⎞ ⎛ V ⎞ 1 1
( )
2
=⎜ p ⎟ ⎜ p ⎟ × = Lr 3 L1/2 × = Lr 3.5
( Lr )
1/2
L V
⎝ m⎠ ⎝ m⎠ ⎛ Tp ⎞ r
⎜ ⎟
T
⎝ m⎠
Question: Obtain an expression for the length scale of a model, which has to
satisfy both Froude’s model law and Reynold’s model law.
[AMIE (winter) 2000]
Answer: (i) Applying Reynold’s model law
⎛ ρ VL ⎞ ⎛ ρ VL ⎞
⎜ μ ⎟ =⎜ μ ⎟
⎝ ⎠p ⎝ ⎠m
Vp ⎛ρ μ ⎞ ⎛L ⎞
or =⎜ m × p ⎟×⎜ m ⎟⎟
Vm ⎝ ρp μm ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ Lp
⎜
⎠
Vp L
or = C1 × m ...(i)
Vm Lp
C1 is unity for the same fluid used in the two flows, but it can be another
constant in accordance with the properties of the two fluids.
Page 132 of 372

Applying Froude’s model law:
⎛ V ⎞ ⎛ V ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ L g ⎠p ⎝ L g ⎠m
Vp Lp gp Lp
or = × = ...(ii) [∵gp = gm at same site]
Vm Lm gm Lm
Conditions (i) and (ii) are entirely different showing that the Reynolds
number and the Froude’s number cannot be equated simultaneously. i.e.
complete dynamic similarity is practically impossible.
Types of Models
1. Undistorted models;
2. Distorted models.
Undistorted Models
An undistorted model is one which is geometrically similar to its prototype.
Distorted Models
A distorted model is one which is not geometrically similar to its prototype. In such a
model different scale ratios for the linear dimensions are adopted. For example in case of a
wide and shallow river it is not possible to obtain the same horizontal and vertical scale
ratios, however, if these ratios are taken to be same then because of the small depth of flow
the vertical dimensions of the model will become too less in comparison to its horizontal
length. Thus in distorted models the plan form is geometrically similar to that of prototype
but the cross-section is distorted.
A distorted model may have the following distortions:
(i) Geometrical distortion.
(ii) Material distortion.
(iii) Distortion of hydraulic quantities.
Typical examples for which distorted models are required to be prepared are:
(i) Rivers,
(ii) Dams across very wide rivers,
(iii) Harbours, and
(iv) Estuaries etc.
Reasons for Adopting Distorted Models:

The distorted models are adopted for:
• Maintaining accuracy in vertical dimensions;
• Maintaining turbulent flow;
• Accommodating the available facilities (such as money, water supply, space etc.);
• Obtaining suitable roughness condition;
• Obtaining suitable bed material and its adequate movement.
Merits and Demerits of Distorted Models:

(a) Merits
1. Due to increase in the depth of fluid or height of waves accurate measurements are
made possible.
Page 133 of 372

2. The surface tension can be reduced to minimum.
3. Model size can be sufficiently reduced, thereby its operation is simplified and also the
cost is lowered considerably.
4. Sufficient tractive force can be developed to move the bed material of the model.
5. The Reynolds number of flow in a model can be increased that will yield better
results.
(b) Demerits
1. The pressure and velocity distributions are not truly reproduced. .
2. A model wave may differ in type and possibly in action from that of the prototype.
3. Slopes of river bends, earth cuts and dikes cannot be truly reproduced.
4. It is difficult to extrapolate and interpolate results obtained from distorted models.
5. The observer experiences an unfavorable psychological effect.
Scale Effect in Models

By model testing it is not possible to predict the exact behaviour of the prototype. The
behaviour of the prototype as predicted by two models with different scale ratios is
generally not the same. Such a discrepancy or difference in the prediction of behaviour of
the prototype is termed as "scale effect". The magnitude of the scale effect is affected by the
type of the problem and the scale ratio used for the performance of experiments on models.
The scale effect can be positive and negative and when applied to the results accordingly,
the corrected results then hold good for prototype.
Since it is impossible to have complete similitude satisfying all the requirements,
therefore, the discrepancy due to scale effect creeps in. During investigation of models only
two or three forces which are predominant are considered and the effect of the rest of the
forces which are not significant is neglected. These forces which are not so important cause
small but varying effect on the model depending upon the scale of the model, due to which
scale effect creeps in. Sometimes the imperfect simulation in different models causes the
discrepancy due to scale effect.
In ship models both viscous and gravity forces have to be considered, however it is not
possible to satisfy Reynolds and Froude's numbers simultaneously. Usually the models are
tested satisfying only Froude's law, then the results so obtained is corrected by applying
the scale effect due to viscosity.
In the models of weirs and orifices with very small scale ratio the scale effect is due to
surface tension forces. The surface tension forces which are insignificant in prototype
become quite important in small scale models with head less than 15 mm.
Scale effect can be known by testing a number of models using different scale ratios, and
the exact behaviour of the prototype can then be predicted.
Limitations of Hydraulic Similitude

Model investigation, although very important and valuable, may not provide ready
solution to all problems. It has the following limitations:
1. The model results, in general, are qualitative but not quantitative.
2. As compared to the cost of analytical work, models are usually expensive.
3. Transferring results to the prototype requires some judgment (the scale effect should
be allowed for).
4. The selection of size of a model is a matter of experience.
Page 134 of 372

Buckingham's π -method/theorem
GATE-1. If the number of fundamental dimensions equals 'm', then the repeating
variables shall be equal to: [IES-1999, IES-1998, GATE-2002]
(a) m and none of the repeating variables shall represent the dependent
variable.
(b) m + 1 and one of the repeating variables shall represent the dependent
variable
(c) m + 1 and none of the repeating variables shall represent the dependent
variable.
(d) m and one of the repeating variables shall represent the dependent variable.
GATE-1. Ans. (c)
Reynolds Number (Re)

GATE-2. In a steady flow through a nozzle, the flow velocity on the nozzle axis is
given by v = u0(1 + 3 × /L)i, where x is the distance along the axis of the
nozzle from its inlet plane and L is the length of the nozzle. The time
required for a fluid particle on the axis to travel from the inlet to the
exit plane of the nozzle is: [GATE-2007]
L L L L
(a) (b) In4 (c) (d)
u0 3u0 4u0 2.5u0
dx
GATE-2. Ans. (b) Velocity, V =
dt
dx ⎛ 3x ⎞ dx
∴ = u0 ⎜1 + ⎟ ⇒ = u0 dt
dt ⎝ L ⎠ ⎛ 3x ⎞
⎜ 1 +
⎝ L ⎟⎠
Integrating both side, we get
t L dx
u0 ∫ dt = ∫
0 0 ⎛ 3x ⎞
⎜1 + L ⎟
⎝ ⎠
L
L⎡ ⎛ 3x ⎞ ⎤
u0t = ⎢ In ⎜1 + ⎥
3⎣ ⎝ L ⎟⎠ ⎦ 0
L
u0t = In 4
3
L
t = In 4
3u0
GATE-3. The Reynolds number for flow of a certain fluid in a circular tube is
specified as 2500. What will be the Reynolds number when the tube
diameter is increased by 20% and the fluid velocity is decreased by 40%
keeping fluid the same? [GATE-1997]
(a) 1200 (b) 1800 (c) 3600 (d) 200
Page 135 of 372

ρVD
GATE-3. Ans. (b) R e =
μ
ρVD ρ ( 0.6V )(1.2D )
R e2 = = = 0.6 × 1.2 × 2500 = 1800
μ μ
Froude Number (Fr)

GATE-4. The square root of the ratio of inertia force to gravity force is called
[GATE-1994, IAS-2003]
(a) Reynolds number (b) Froude number
(c) Mach number (d) Euler number
GATE-4. Ans. (b)
Mach Number (M)

GATE-5. An aeroplane is cruising at a speed of 800 kmph at altitude, where the
air temperature is 0° C. The flight Mach number at this speed is nearly
[GATE-1999]
(a) 1.5 (b) 0.254 (c) 0.67 (d) 2.04
GATE-5. Ans. (c)
GATE-6. In flow through a pipe, the transition from laminar to turbulent flow
does not depend on [GATE-1996]
(a) Velocity of the fluid (b) Density of the fluid
(c) Diameter of the pipe (d) Length of the pipe
ρVD
GATE-6. Ans. (d) Re =
μ
GATE-7. List-I List-II [GATE-1996]

(A) Fourier number 1. Surface tension
(B) Weber number 2. Forced convection
(C) Grashoff number 3. Natural convection
(D) Schmidt number 4. Radiation
5. Transient heat conduction
6. Mass diffusion
(a) 1 2 6 4 (b) 4 5 2 1
(c) 5 1 3 6 (d) 4 2 3 1
GATE-7. Ans. (c)
Dimensions
IES-1. The dimensionless group formed by wavelength λ, density of fluid ρ,
acceleration due to gravity g and surface tension σ, is: [IES-2000]
(a) σ /λ2g ρ (b) σ /λ g2 ρ (c) σ g /λ2 ρ (d) ρ /λgσ
IES-1. Ans. (a)
IES-2. Match List-I (Fluid parameters) with List-II (Basic dimensions) and
Page 136 of 372

List-I List-II
A. Dynamic viscosity 1. M / t2
B. Chezy's roughness coefficient 2. M / L t2
C. Bulk modulus of elasticity 3. M / L t
D. Surface tension (σ) 4. L/t
(a) 3 2 4 1 (b) 1 4 2 3
(c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 1 2 4 3
IES-2. Ans. (c)
IES-3. In M-L-T system. What is the dimension of specific speed for a

rotodynamic pump? [IES-2006]
−3 3 1 1 −5 3 −3 3 3
(a) L 4 T 2 (b) M 2 L4 T 2
(c) L4 T 2
(d) L4 T 2
IES-3. Ans. (c)
IES-4. A dimensionless group formed with the variables ρ (density), ω

(angular velocity), μ (dynamic viscosity) and D (characteristic
diameter) is: [IES-1995]
(a) ρωμ / D 2
(b) ρω D μ
2
(c) ρωμ D 2
(d) ρωμ D
IES-4. Ans. (b) Let φ = ρ D µ ω
a b c
a b c
M O LOT O = ⎡⎣ ML−3 ⎤⎦ ⎣⎡L ⎦⎤ ⎡⎣ ML−1T −1 ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣T −1 ⎤⎦
a+c=0 (1)
−3a + b − c = 0 (2)
−c − 1 = 0 (3)
Hence, a = 1, b = 2, and c = −1
ρω D 2
∴φ=
µ
Alternate solution: check the dimensions individually.
IES-5. Which of the following is not a dimensionless group? [IES-1992]

Δp gH ρω D Δp 2
(a ) (b) 2 2 (c ) (d )
ρN D
2 2
N D μ ρV 3
Δρ [ ML−1T −2 ]
IES-5. Ans. (d) = = L−1T , hence dimensionless.
ρV 3 −3
[ ML ][ LT ] −1 3
IES-6. What is the correct dimensionless group formed with the variable ρ -
density, N-rotational speed, d-diameter and π coefficient of viscosity?
ρ N d 2
ρ N d
(a ) (b ) [IES-2009]
π π
Nd Nd 2
(c) (d)
ρπ ρπ
IES-6. Ans. (a)
IES-7. Match List-I (Fluid parameters) with List-II (Basic dimensions) and
List-I List-II
Page 137 of 372

A. Dynamic viscosity 1. M/t2
B. Chezy's roughness coefficient 2. M/Lt2
C. Bulk modulus of elasticity 3. M/Lt
D. Surface tension (σ) 4. L / t
(a) 3 2 4 1 (b) 1 4 2 3
(c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 1 2 4 3
IES-7. Ans. (c)
Rayleigh's Method
IES-8. Given power 'P' of a pump, the head 'H' and the discharge 'Q' and the
specific weight 'w' of the liquid, dimensional analysis would lead to the
result that 'P' is proportional to: [IES-1998]
(a) H Q w
1/2 2 (b) H Q w
1/2 (c) H Q w
1/2 (d) HQ w
IES-8. Ans. (d)
IES-9. Volumetric flow rate Q, acceleration due to gravity g and head H form
a dimensionless group, which is given by: [IES-2002]
gH 5 Q Q Q
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 3
Q gH gH g 2H
IES-9. Ans. (b)
Buckingham's π -method/theorem
IES-10. If the number of fundamental dimensions equals 'm', then the repeating
variables shall be equal to: [IES-1999, IES-1998, GATE-2002]
(a) m and none of the repeating variables shall represent the dependent
variable.
(b) m + 1 and one of the repeating variables shall represent the dependent
variable
(c) m + 1 and none of the repeating variables shall represent the dependent
variable.
(d) m and one of the repeating variables shall represent the dependent variable.
IES-10. Ans. (c)
IES-11. The time period of a simple pendulum depends on its effective length I
and the local acceleration due to gravity g. What is the number of
dimensionless parameter involved? [IES-2009]
(a) Two (b) One (c) Three (d) Zero
IES-11. Ans. (b) m = 3 (time period, length and acceleration due to gravity); n = 2 (length
and time). Then the number of dimensionless parameter = m – n.
IES-12. In a fluid machine, the relevant parameters are volume flow rate,
density, viscosity, bulk modulus, pressure difference, power
consumption, rotational speed and characteristic dimension. Using the
Buckingham pi ( π ) theorem, what would be the number of
independent non-dimensional groups? [IES-1993, 2007]
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) None of the above
IES-12. Ans. (c) No of variable = 8
No of independent dimension (m) = 3
∴ No of π term = n – m = 8 – 3 = 5
Page 138 of 372

IES-13. The variable controlling the motion of a floating vessel through water
are the drag force F, the speed v, the length l, the density ρ. dynamic
viscosity µ of water and gravitational constant g. If the non-
dimensional groups are Reynolds number (Re), Weber number (We),
Prandtl number (Pr) and Froude number (Fr), the expression for F is
given by: [IES-1997]
F F
(a) 2 2
= f (Re) (b) = f (Re,Pr)
ρv l ρv 2 l 2
F F
(c) 2 2
= f (Re,We ) (d) = f (Re, F r)
ρv l ρv 2l 2
IES-13. Ans. (d) To solve this problem we have to use Buckingham’s π -Theory.

1. Dimensional analysis is used to determine the number of variables
involved in a certain phenomenon
2. The group of repeating variables in dimensional analysis should
include all the fundamental units.
3. Buckingham's π theorem stipulates the number of dimensionless
groups for a given phenomenon.
4. The coefficient in Chezy's equation has no dimension.
Which of these are correct?
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2 and 3
IES-14. Ans. (d) 1 and 4 are wrong, coefficient in Chezy's equation has dimension [L1/2T-1]
Reynolds Number (Re)

IES-15. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct: [IES-1996]
List-I List-II
A. Reynolds Number 1. Film coefficient, pipe diameter, thermal
conductivity
B. Prandtl Number 2. Flow velocity, acoustic velocity
C. Nusselt Number 3. Heat capacity, dynamic viscosity, thermal
conductivity
D. Mach Number 4. Flow velocity, pipe diameter, kinematic
viscosity
(a) 4 1 3 2 (b) 4 3 1 2
(c) 2 3 1 4 (d) 2 1 3 4
ρVl μC p hl V
IES-15. Ans. (b) As. Re = Pr = Nu = M=
μ k k Va
Euler Number (Eu)

IES-16. Euler number is defined as the ratio of inertia force to: [IES-1997]
(a) Viscous force (b) Elastic force
(c) Pressure force (d) Gravity force
IES-16. Ans. (c) Euler number
Page 139 of 372

1
⎛ Inertia force ⎞ 2
V
Eu = ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ Pressure force ⎠ P
ρ
Weber number
1
V
W =⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ Surface force ⎠ σ
ρL
Mach number
1
V
M =⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ Elastic force ⎠ K
ρ
Mach Number (M)

IES-17. Match List-I (Dimensionless number) with List-II (Nature of forces
involved) and select the correct answer using the code given below the
lists: [IES-2008]
List-I List-II
A. Euler number 1. Surface tension
B. Weber number 2. Gravity
C. Mach number 3. Pressure
D. Froude number 4. Elastic
Code: A B C D
(a) 3 1 4 2
(b) 3 4 1 2
(c) 4 1 2 3
(d) 4 2 1 3
IES-17. Ans. (a)
Inertia force
1. Reynolds number
Viscous force
Inertia force
2. Froude’s number
Gravity force
Inertia force
3. Euler’s number
Pressure force
Inertia force
4. Weber’s number
Surface tension
Inertia force
5. Mach’s number
Elasitc force
IES-18. Match List-I (Dimensionless numbers) with List-II (Definition as the

ratio of) and select the correct answer: [IES-2001]
List-I List-II
A. Reynolds number 1. Inertia force and elastic force
B. Froude number 2. Inertia force and surface tension force
C. Weber number 3. Inertia force and gravity force
D. Mach number 4. Inertia force and viscous force
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 1 3 2 4 (d) 4 2 3 1
IES-18. Ans. (b)
Page 140 of 372

IES-19. Which one of the dimensionless numbers identifies the compressibility

effect of a fluid? [IES-2005]
(a) Euler number (b) Froude number
(c) Mach number (d) Weber number
IES-19. Ans. (c)
IES-20. It is observed in a flow problem that total pressure, inertia and gravity
forces are important. Then, similarly requires that [IES-2006]
(a) Reynolds and Weber numbers be equal
(b) Mach and Froude numbers be equal
(c) Euler and Froude numbers be equal
(d) Reynolds and Mach numbers be equal
IES-20. Ans. (c)
IES-21. Match List-I (Flow/Wave) with List-II (Dimensionless number) and

List-I List-II
A. Capillary waves in channel 1. Reynolds number
B. Testing of aerofoil 2. Froude number
C. Flow around bridge piers 3. Weber number
D. Turbulent flow through pipes 4. Euler number
5. Mach number
(a) 5 4 3 2 (b) 3 5 4 1
(c) 5 4 2 1 (d) 3 5 2 1
IES-21. Ans. (d)
IES-22. Match List-I (Predominant force) with List-II (Dimensionless numbers)

and select the correct answer [IES-1996]
List-I List-II
A. Compressibility force 1. Euler number
B. Gravity force 2. Prandtl number
C. Surface tension force 3. Mach number
D. Viscous force 4. Reynolds number
5. Weber number
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 3 2 5 4
(c) 3 1 4 5 (d) 2 3 5 1
IES-22. Ans. (b) When compressibility force is predominant, mach number is used; when
gravity force predominates, Froude number is adopted. Similarly for surface
tension force and viscous force, Weber number and Reynolds number are
considered.
IES-23. Match List-I (Forces) with List-II (Dimensionless groups) and select the
correct answer. [IES-1994]
List-I List-II
A. Viscous force 1. Reynolds number
B. Elastic force 2. Froude number
C. Surface tension 3. Waber number
Page 141 of 372

D. Gravity 4. Mach number
(a) 1 4 2 3 (b) 1 2 4 3
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 1 4 3 2
IES-23. Ans. (d)
IES-24. List-I gives 4 dimensionless numbers and List-II gives the types of
forces which are one of the constituents describing the numbers. Match
List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the lists: [IES-1993]
List-I List-II
A. Euler number 1. Pressure force
B. Froude number 2. Gravity force
C. Mach number 3. Viscous force
D. Webber number 4. Surface tension
5. Elastic force
(a) 2 3 4 5 (b) 3 2 4 5
(c) 2 1 3 4 (d) 1 2 5 4
IES-24. Ans. (d) Euler number is concerned with pressure force and this choice is
available for A in code (d) only. If one is confident, then there is no need to look
for items B, C and D. However a cross checks will show that Froude number is
concerned with gravity force, Mach number with elastic force, and Weber
number with surface tension. Hence the answer is (d) only.
IES-25. Match List-I (Type of Model) with List-II (Transference Ratio for
Velocity) and select the correct answer: [IES-2004]
List-I List-II
Kr
A. Reynolds model 1.
ρr
B. Froude model 2.
σr
( ρr lr )
C. Weber model 3.
μr
( ρr lr )
D. Mach model 4. g r lr
(Where symbols g, μ, ρ, σ and k have their usual meanings and
subscript r refers to the ratio)
(a) 3 1 2 4 (b) 3 4 2 1
(c) 2 1 3 4 (d) 2 4 3 1
IES-25. Ans. (b)
Model (or Similarity) Laws

1. For achieving dynamic similarity in model studies on ships, Froude
numbers are equated.
Page 142 of 372

2. Reynolds number should be equated for studies on aerofoil for
dynamic similarity.
3. In model studies on a spillway, the ratio of width to height is
equated for kinematic similarity.
What of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3
IES-26. Ans. (d) Mach number should be equated for studies on aerofoil for dynamic
similarity.
IES-27. Kinematic similarity between model and prototype is the similarity of

[IES-1996]
(a) Shape (b) Discharge (c) Stream line pattern (d) Forces
IES-27. Ans. (c) Kinematic similarity between a model and its prototype is said to exist if
the flow patterns are in geometric i.e. velocity, acceleration etc are similar.
Remember discharge is not related with kinematic similarity.
Reynolds Model Law

IES-28. Assertion (A): Reynolds number must be same for the model and
prototype immersed in subsonic flows. [IES-2003]
Reason (R): Equality of Reynolds number for the model and prototype
satisfies the dynamic similarity criteria.
IES-28. Ans. (b)
IES-29. A model test is to be conducted in a water tunnel using a 1: 20 model of

a submarine, which is to travel at a speed of 12 km/h deep under sea
surface. The water temperature in the tunnel is maintained, so that is
kinematic viscosity is half that of sea water. At what speed is the model
test to be conducted to produce useful data for the prototype?
[IES-2002]
(a) 12 km/h (b) 240 km/h (c) 24 km/h (d) 120 km/h
IES-29. Ans. (d) Apply Reynolds Model law.
IES-30. A sphere is moving in water with a velocity of 1.6 m/s. Another sphere
of twice the diameter is placed in a wind tunnel and tested with air
which is 750 times less dense and 60 times less viscous than water. The
velocity of air that will give dynamically similar conditions is:
[IES-1999]
(a) 5 m/s (b) 10 m/s (c) 20 m/s (d) 40 m/s
IES-30. Ans. (b)
IES-31. The model of a propel1er, 3 m in diameter, cruising at 10 m/s in air, is

tested in a wind tunnel on a 1: 10 scale model. If a thrust of 50 N is
measured on the model at 5 m/s wind speed, then the thrust on the
prototype will be: [IES-1995]
(a) 20,000 N (b) 2,000 N (c) 500 N (d) 200 N
Page 143 of 372

2 2
ρ m L2m Vm2 Fm ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
IES-31. Ans. (a) Force ratio = × 2 × 2; = 1× ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟
ρ p Lp V p Fp ⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
50 1 1
or = × ; Fp = 50 × 400 = 20000 N
Fp 100 4
Froude Model Law

IES-32. A 1.0 m log model of a ship is towed at a speed of 81 cm/s in a towing
tank. To what speed of the ship, 64 m long does this correspond to?
[IES-2004]
(a) 7.20 m/s (b) 6.48 m/s (c) 5.76 m/s (d) 3.60 m/s
Vm Vp
IES-32. Ans. (b) Apply Froude Model law (Fr)m = (Fr)p or =
gLm g .L p
Vm Lm 0.81 1
or = ⇒ =
Vp Lp Vp 64
IES-33. A ship model 1/60 scale with negligible friction is tested in a towing
tank at a speed of 0.6 m/s. If a force of 0.5 kg is required to tow the
model, the propulsive force required to tow the prototype ship will be:
[IES-1999]
(a) 5 MN (b) 3 MN (c) 1 MN (d) 0.5 MN
IES-33. Ans. (c)
IES-34. A1:256 scale model of a reservoir is drained in 4 minutes by opening the

sluice gate. The time required to empty the prototype will be: [IES-1999]
(a) 128 min (b) 64 min (c) 32 min (d) 25.4 min
IES-34. Ans. (b)
IES-35. A ship whose full length is 100 m is to travel at 10 m/s. For dynamic
similarity, with what velocity should a 1: 25 model of the ship be
towed? [IES-2004]
(a) 2 m/s (b) 10 m/s (c) 25 m/s (d) 250 m/s
IES-35. Ans. (a) For ship Froude Model law is used.
Vp Lp Lm 1
∴ = or Vm = VP × = 10 × = 2m / s
Vm Lm LP 25
1
IES-36. A model of a ship is to be tested for estimating the wave drag. If the
25
speed of the ship is 1 m/s, then the speed at which the model must be
tested is: [IES-1992, IAS-2002]
(a) 0.04 m/s (b) 0.2 m/s (c) 5.0 m/s (d) 25.0 m/s
Vm Vp
IES-36. Ans. (b) Apply Froude Model law (Fr)m = (Fr)p or =
gLm g .L p
Vm Lm 1 1 1
or = = = or Vm = = 0.2 m/s.
Vp Lp 25 5 5
Page 144 of 372

IES-37. In a flow condition where both viscous and gravity forces dominate
and both the Froude number and the Reynolds number are the same in
model and prototype; and the ratio of kinematic viscosity of model to
that of the prototype is 0.0894. What is the model scale? [IES-2004]
(a) 1: 3.3 (b) 3.3: 1 (c) 5: 1 (d) 1:5
V L ν
IES-37. Ans. (c) (R e )model = (Re )prototype gives m × m × p = 1 − − − −(i)
Vp Lp ν m
Vm Lm
and (Fr ) mode (Fr )prototype gives = − − − (ii)
Vp Lp
3/ 2
⎛L ⎞ νp Lm
(i) and (ii) gives ⎜ m ⎟ = = 0.0894 or = 0.2
⎜L ⎟ νm Lp
⎝ p⎠
Lm :Lp = 5 : 1
IES-38. A 1:20 model of a spillway dissipates 0.25 hp. The corresponding

prototype horsepower dissipated will be: [IES-1998]
(a) 0.25 (b) 5.00 (c) 447.20 (d) 8944.30
IES-38. Ans. (d) Pr = Lr3.5 = 203.5 Therefore Pp = 0.25 × 203.5 = 8944 hp
IES-39. A ship with hull length of 100 m is to run with a speed of 10 m/s. For
dynamic similarity, the velocity for a 1: 25 model of the ship in a towing
tank should be: [IES-2001]
(a) 2 m/s (b) 10 m/s (c) 20 m/s (d) 25 m/s
IES-39. Ans. (a) Use Vr = Lr
IES-40. A ship’s model, with scale 1: 100, has a wave resistance of 10 N at its
design speed. What is the corresponding prototype wave resistance in
kN? [IES-2007]
(a) 100 (b) 1000 (c) 10000
(d) Cannot be determined because of insufficient data
IES-40. Ans.(c) We know that Fr = Lr3
3 3
Fp ⎛ Lp ⎞ ⎛L ⎞
or, = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ or Fp=Fm × ⎜⎜ p ⎟⎟ = 10 × (100)3 N =10000 kN
Fm ⎝ Lm ⎠ ⎝ Lm ⎠
IES-41. A model test is to be conducted for an under water structure which

each likely to be exposed for an under water structure, which is likely
to be exposed to strong water currents. The significant forces are
known to the dependent on structure geometry, fluid velocity, fluid
density and viscosity, fluid depth and acceleration due to gravity.
Choose from the codes given below, which of the following numbers
must match for the model with that of the prototype: [IES-2002]
1. Mach number 2. Weber number
3. Froude number 4. Reynolds number.
(a) 3 alone (b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 3 and 4
IES-41. Ans. (d)
Types of Models (Undistorted models, distorted models)

Page 145 of 372

1. Complete similarity between model and prototype envisages
geometric and dynamic similarities only.
2. Distorted models are necessary where geometric similarity is not
possible due to practical reasons.
3. In testing of model of a ship, the surface tension forces are generally
neglected.
4. The scale effect takes care of the effect of dissimilarity between
model and prototype.
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 1, 2 and 4 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 2 and 4
IES-42. Ans. (c) 1 is wrong. Complete similarity between model and prototype envisages
geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarities only.
4 is also wrong. The scale effect takes care of the effect of dissimilarity (size
difference) between model and prototype.
Similitude
IAS-1. The drag force D on a certain object in a certain flow is a function of
the coefficient of viscosity μ , the flow speed v and the body dimension
L(for geometrically similar objects); then D is proportional to:[IAS-2001]
μ 2V 2 μL
(a) L μ V (b) 2
(c) μ 2 v 2 L2 (d)
L V
IAS-1. Ans. (a)
IAS-2. For a 1: m scale model of a hydraulic turbine, the specific speed of the
model Nsm is related to the prototype specific speed Nsp as [IAS-1997]
(a) Nsm = Nsp/m (b) Nsm = mNsp (c) Nsm = (Nsp)1/m (d) Nsm = Nsp
IAS-2. Ans. (d)
Froude Number (Fr)

IAS-3. The square root of the ratio of inertia force to gravity force is called
[GATE-1994, IAS-2003]
(a) Reynolds number (b) Froude number
(c) Mach number (d) Euler number
IAS-3. Ans. (b)
Froude Model Law

1
IAS-4. A model of a ship is to be tested for estimating the wave drag. If the
25
speed of the ship is 1 m/s, then the speed at which the model must be
tested is: [IES-1992, IAS-2002]
(a) 0.04 m/s (b) 0.2 m/s (c) 5.0 m/s (d) 25.0 m/s
Vm Vp
IAS-4. Ans. (b) Apply Froude Model law (Fr)m = (Fr)p or =
gLm g .L p
Page 146 of 372

Vm Lm 1 1 1
or = = = or Vm = = 0.2 m/s.
Vp Lp 25 5 5
Page 147 of 372

Page 148 of 372

Boundary Layer Theory
S K Mo
ondal’ss Cha
apter 8
8. Bou
undarry Lay
yer Theor
T ry
Co
ontents of this chaptter
1. Boundary Layyer Definitions and Characterristics
2. Boundary Layyer Thickness ( δ )
3. Displacement Thickness ( δ * )
4. Momentum Thickness
T (θ )
5. ness ( δ e )
Energy thickn
6. Momentum Equation
E for Boundary Layer by
b Von-karman
n
7. Laminar Boun
ndary Layer
8. Turbulent Boundary Layer
9. ue to Laminar and
Total Drag Du a Turbulent Layers
10. Boundary Layyer Separation and its Contro
ol
11. Thermal Boundary Layer
The
eory att a Gla
ance (ffor IES
S, GAT
TE, PSU
U)
1. When a viscous fluid (Real fluid) flow
ws past an im
mmersed boody, a thin boundary
layer is formed in the immed
diate neighb
borhood of solid surfacce. In the boundary
⎛ ∂u ⎞
layer thee velocity grradient ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ is very higgh.
⎝ ∂y ⎠
Boundary layer o
on a flat pllate
No
ote: —
• Thee boundary layer of a fllowing fluid d is the thin layer close to the wall
• In a flow field,, viscous strresses are veery promineent within this layer.
• Altthough the layer
l is thin
n, it is very iimportant to
t know the details of fllow within
it.
• Thee main-flow w velocity within
w this layer tendss to zero while approa aching the
walll (no-slip co
ondition).
• Alsso the gradient of this velocity
v com
mponent in a direction n normal to th he surface
is large as commpared to th he gradient iin the streaam wise direection.
Page 149 of 372

2. The resistance due to viscosity is confined only in the boundary layer. The fluid
outside the boundary layer may be considered as ideal.
3. Near the leading edge of a flat plate, the boundary layer is wholly laminar. For a
boundary layer velocity distribution is parabolic. The thickness of the boundary layer
( δ ) increases with distance the leading edge, as more and more fluid is slowed down
by the viscous boundary, becomes u and breaks into turbulent boundary layer over a
transition region.
4. For a turbulent boundary layer, if the boundary is smooth, the roughness projections
are covered a very thin layer which remains laminar, called laminar sublayer. The
velocity distribution in turbulent boundary layer is given by Log law or Prandtl's one-
seventh power law.
As compared to laminar boundary layers, the turbulent boundary layers are thicker.
Ux
5. For a flow, when Re = < 5 × 105 ... boundary layer is laminar, and
ν
Ux
When Re = > 5 × 105 ... boundary layer is called turbulent.
ν
Where U = free stream velocity, x = distance from the leading edge, and
ν = kinematic viscosity of fluid.
6. The thickness of the boundary layer is arbitrarily defined as that distance from the
boundary in which the velocity reaches 99 percent of the velocity of the free stream. It
is denoted by the symbol δ .
δ
⎛ u⎞
7. Displacement thickness, δ * = ⎜1 − ∫⎝
0
⎟dy
U⎠
It is the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary, by which the main/free
stream is displaced on account of formation of boundary layer.
or
It is an additional "wall thickness" that would have to be added to compensate for the
reduction in flow rate on account of boundary layer formation.
δ
u⎛ u⎞
8. Momentum thickness, θ = ∫ U ⎜⎝1 − U ⎟⎠dy
0
Momentum thickness is defined as the distance through which the total loss of
momentum per second is equal to if it were passing a stationary plate.
δ
u⎛ u2 ⎞
9. Energy thickness, δ e = ∫0 U ⎜⎝ U 2 ⎟⎟⎠dy
⎜ 1 −
Energy thickness is defined as the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary

of the solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the
reduction in K.E. of the flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation.
Displacement thickness δ *
10. Shape Factor = =
Momentum thickness θ
For linear distribution Shape Factor = 3.0
Page 150 of 372

11. Von Kaman momentum integral equation is given as
δ
τo dθ u⎛ u⎞
=
ρU 2 dx
Where θ = ∫ U ⎜⎝1 − U ⎟⎠dy , and τ
0
o = shear stress at surface.
This equation is applicable to laminar, transition and turbulent boundary layer flows.
L
12. Total drag on the plate of length L one side, FD = τ o Bdx ∫
0
τ0
Local co-efficient of drag or co-efficient of skin friction, C D* Or f =
1
ρU 2
2
FD
Average co-efficient of drag, CD =
1
ρAU 2
2
13. As per Blasius results: (Re < 3 × 105)

5x
The thickness of laminar boundary layer, δ = [VIMP]
Re x
(Where Rex = Reynolds number)
1.328
Average co-efficient of drag, CD =
Re x
0.664
Local co-efficient of drag or co-efficient of skin friction, CD Or f =
*
Re x
1/ 7
u ⎛ y⎞
14. For turbulent boundary layer, the velocity profile is given as: =⎜ ⎟
U ⎝δ ⎠
This equation is not valid very near the boundary where laminar sub-layer exists.
15. For turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate, the shear stress at the
1/ 4
⎛ μ ⎞
boundary is given as τ o = 0.0225 ρU 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ρUδ ⎠
16. In case of a turbulent boundary layer:

For 5 × 105 < Re < 107
0.371x 0.072 ρU 2 0.0576
δ= , CD = , and τ o = ×
(Re x )1 / 5 (Re L )1 / 5 2 (Re x )1 / 5
For 107 <Re< 109
0.455
CD = …… Prandtl- Schlichting empirical equation.
(log10 Re L )2.58
17. Total drag on a flat plate due to laminar and turbulent layers:
⎡ 0.455 1700 ⎤ LBρU 2
Ftotal = ⎢ − ⎥
⎣ (log10 Re L )
2.58
Re x ⎦ 2
Page 151 of 372

⎡ 0.455 1700 ⎤
Average co-efficient of drag, CD= ⎢ − ⎥
⎣ (log10 Re L )
2.58
Re x ⎦
18. Compare turbulent boundary layer with laminar boundary layer:

1. Turbulent boundary layers are thicker than laminar boundary layer
2. Velocity in turbulent boundary layers is more uniform
3. In case of a laminar boundary layer, the thickness of the boundary layer
increases more rapidly as the distance from the leading edge increases.
4. For the same local Reynolds number. Shear stress at the boundary is less in the
case of turbulent boundary layer.
19. Algorithm for conventional problem

Velocity distribution is given and calculates
(i) Boundary layer thickness, ( δ )
(ii) Shear stress ( τ o )
(iii) Local co-efficient of drag ( CD* ), and
(iv) Co-efficient of drag ( CD )
Step-I: First calculate θ

τo dθ dθ
Step-II: Use Von Kaman equation = or τ o = ρU 2 and solve until
ρU 2
dx dx
dδ
τ o = something × come.
dx
Step-III: (a) For laminar boundary layer use Newton’s Law of viscosity
⎛ ∂u ⎞
τ o = μ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and solve until τ 0 = a function of δ comes.
⎝ ∂y ⎠ y = 0
1/ 4
⎛ μ ⎞
(b) For turbulent boundary layer use τ o = 0.0225 ρU ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟
⎝ ρUδ ⎠
Step-IV: Equate above τ o from Step-II and Step-III and find δ is a function of
something × x
(Rex )something
Step-V: Put this value of δ in the τ o which is calculated in Step-III and rearrange it to a
function of Rex
τo
Step-VI: Calculate, C D* =
1
ρU 2
2
L
1
Step-VII: Calculate, CD = ∫ CD* dx
L0
20. Boundary Layer Separation (IES – 2009, 2010)

The velocity gradient, for a given velocity profile, exhibits the following characteristic
for the flow to remain attached, get detached or be on the verge of separation.
⎛ ∂u ⎞
(i) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ is + ive ….. Attached flow (The flow will not separate)
⎝ ∂y ⎠ y = 0
Page 152 of 372

⎛ ∂u ⎞
(ii) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ is zero …… The flow is on the verge of separation
⎝ ∂y ⎠ y = 0
⎛ ∂u ⎞
(iii) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ is − ive …… Separated flow.
⎝ ∂y ⎠ y = 0
Separation of boundary layer

21. Methods of preventing the separation of boundary Layer:
Following are some of the methods generally adopted to retard separation:
1. Streamlining the body shape.
2. Tripping the boundary layer from laminar to turbulent by provision roughness.
3. Sucking the retarded flow.
4. Injecting high velocity fluid in the boundary layer.
5. Providing slots near the leading edge.
6. Guidance of flow in a confined passage.
7. Providing a rotating cylinder near the leading edge.
8. Energizing the flow by introducing optimum amount of swirl in the incoming
flow.
22. Describe with sketches the methods to control separation. [UPSC-1997]
Methods to control separation:
1. Motion of solid boundary:
By rotating a circular cylinder lying in a stream of
fluid, so that the upper side of cylinder where the
fluid as well as the cylinder moves in the same
direction, the boundary layer does not form.
However on the lower side of cylinder where the
fluid motion is opposite to that of cylinder
separation would occur.
Page 153 of 372

2. Acceleration of fluid in the
boundary layer:
This method of controlling separation
consists of supplying additional energy
to particles of fluid which are being
retarded in the boundary layer. This
may be achieved either by injecting the Fig 1. Injecting fluid into
fluid into the region of boundary layer boundary layer
from the interior of the body with the
help of some available device as shown
in Fig.-1 or by diverting a portion of fluid
of the main stream from the region of
high pressure to the retarded region of
boundary layer through, a slot provided
in the body (Fig-2).
Fig 2. Slotting wing
.
3. Suction of fluid from the boundary layer:
In this method, the slow moving fluid in the
boundary layer is removed by suction through
slots or through a porous surface as shown in
the Fig.
4. Streamlining of body shapes: By the use of suitably shaped bodies the point of
transition of the boundary layer from laminar to turbulent can be moved downstream
which results in the reduction of the skin friction drag. Furthermore by streamlining
of body shapes, the separation may be eliminated.
23. Laminar sublayer: The laminar sublayer is usually very thin and its thickness δ '
ν
is found by experiments to be δ ' = 11.6
u*
Where u* = τ o / ρ =shear velocity.
If the roughness magnitude of a surface e is very small compared to δ ', i.e. ε << δ ',
then such a surface is said to be hydrodynamically smooth. Roughness does not have
any influence in such flows while the viscous effects predominate. Usually ε / δ '<
0.25 is taken as the criterion for hydrodynamically smooth surface (Fig.)
In the laminar sublayer thickness δ ' is very small compared to roughness height ε ,
i.e. ε << δ '), in such flows viscous effects are not important and the boundary is said
Page 154 of 372

to be hydrodynamically rough. Usually ε / δ '> 6 is taken as the criterion for
hydrodynamically rough boundaries.
In the region 0.25 < ε / δ '< 6, the boundary is in the transition regime and both
viscosity and roughness control the flow.
Page 155 of 372

Momentum Equation for Boundary Layer by Von-karman

GATE-1. For air flow over a flat plate, velocity (U) and boundary layer thickness
( δ ) can be expressed respectively, as [GATE-2004]
3
U 3 y 1⎛ y⎞ 4.64 x
= − ⎜ ⎟ ; δ=
Uα 2 δ 2 ⎝ δ ⎠ Re x
If the free stream velocity is 2 m/s, and air has kinematic viscosity of 1.5
× 10-5m2/s and density of 1.23kg/m3,then wall shear stress at x = 1 m, is
(a) 2.36 × 102N/m2 (b) 43.6 × 10-3N/m2
(c) 4.36 × 10 N/m
-3 2 (d) 2.18 × 10-3N/m2
μ
GATE-1. Ans. (c) Given: ρ =1.23kg/m3, v= = 1.5 ×10 −5 m 2 / s u= 2m/s, x=L=1m.
ρ
ρuL 2 × 1 2 ×1
Rex = = = = 1.34 × 105
μ ⎛ μ ⎞ 1.5 × 10.5
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ρ⎠
⎛ du ⎞
Now, shear stress, τ 0 = μ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ dy ⎠ y =0
u 3 y y3 du ⎡ 3 3 y2 ⎤
Where, = − 3 or =U⎢ − 3⎥
U 2 δ 2δ dy ⎣ 2δ 2 δ ⎦
⎛ du ⎞ 3U
Hence, ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =
⎝ dy ⎠ y =0 2δ
4.64 x 4.64 × x
Given: δ = =
Re x ρUx
μ
4.64
Putting x = 1, (δ ) x =1 = = 0.0127
2 ×1
1.5 × 10 −5
du 3 μU 3 (1.5 ×10 −5 ×1.23) × 2
∴ τ 0 = μ. = = × = 4.355 ×10 −3.N / M 2
dy 2 δ 2 0.0127
Laminar Boundary Layer

GATE-2. The thickness of laminar boundary layer at a distance ‘x’ from the
leading edge over a flat varies as [IAS-1999, IES-1993, GATE-2002]
1 1 4
(a) X (b) X 2 (c) X 5 (d) X 5
Page 156 of 372

δ 5 5x
GATE-2. Ans. (b) = or δα or δα x
x Re x ρvx
μ
Total Drag Due to Laminar and Turbulent Layers

GATE-3. Consider an incompressible laminar boundary layer flow over a flat
plate of length L, aligned with the direction of an oncoming uniform
free stream. If F the ratio of the drag force on the front half of the plate
to the drag force on the rear half, then [GATE-2007]
(a) F<1/2 (b) F = ½ (c) F = 1 (d) F > 1
l2
L/2 − 0 1
GATE-3. Ans. (d) FD = some Const × ∫ x −1/2dx . Therefore ratio = = >1
l1 L − L/2 2 −1
Statement for Linked Answer and Questions Q4–Q5:

A smooth flat plate with a sharp leading edge is placed along a gas stream
flowing at U= 10 m/s. The thickness of the boundary layer at section r-s is 10 mm,
the breadth of the plate is 1 m (into the paper) and the destiny of the gas ρ = 1.0
kg/m3. Assume that the boundary layer is thin, two-dimensional, and follows a
linear velocity distribution, u = U(y/ δ ), at the section r-s, where y is the height
from plate.
GATE-4. The mass flow rate (in kg/s) across the section q – r is: [GATE-2006]
(a) Zero (b) 0.05 (c) 0.10 (d) 0.15
GATE-4. Ans. (b) Mass entering from side q – p = Mass leaving from side q – r + Mass
leaving the side r – s.
GATE-5. The integrated drag force (in N) on the plate, between p – s, is:
[GATE-2006]
(a) 0.67 (b) 0.33 (c) 0.17 (d) Zero
GATE-5. Ans. (c) By momentum equation, we can find drag force.
Boundary Layer Separation and Its Control

GATE-6. Flow separation is caused by: [IAS-1996; IES-1994, 1997; 2000; GATE-2002]
(a) Reduction of pressure to local vapour pressure
(b) A negative pressure gradient
(c) A positive pressure gradient
(d) Thinning of boundary layer thickness to zero.
GATE-6. Ans. (c) i.e. an adverse pressure gradient.
⎛ ∂P ⎞
When the pressure goes increasing ⎜ > 0 ⎟ in the direction of flow, the
⎝ ∂x ⎠
pressure force acts against the direction of direction of flow thus retarding the
Page 157 of 372

flow. This has an effect of retarding the flow in the boundary layer and hence
thickenings the boundary layer more rapidly. This and the boundary shear
bring the fluid in the boundary layer to rest and causes back flow. Due to this
the boundary layer no more sticks to the boundary but is shifted away from the
boundary. This phenomenon is called as “Boundary Layer Separation”.
GATE-7. The necessary and sufficient condition which brings about separation
dp
of boundary layer is >0 [GATE-1994]
dx
dp ⎛ ∂u ⎞
GATE-7. Ans. False because Separation takes place where > 0 and ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0
dx ⎝ ∂y ⎠ y =0
Thermal Boundary Layer

GATE-8. The temperature distribution within thermal boundary layer over a
3
T − Tw 3⎛ y ⎞ 1⎛ y ⎞
heated isothermal flat plate is given by = ⎜ ⎟− ⎜ ⎟ , where
T∞ − Tw 2 ⎝ δ t ⎠ 2 ⎝ δ t ⎠
Tw and T∞ are the temperature of plate and free stream respectively,
and y is the normal distance measured from the plate. The local Nusselt
number based on the thermal boundary layer thickness δ t is given by
[GATE-2007]
(a) 1.33 (b) 1.50 (c) 2.0 (d) 4.64
hL ∂T i
GATE-8. Ans. (b) Nu = = i
kf ∂y yi =0
T − Tw y
where, T i = and yi =
T∞ − Tw δ
Where Tw is surface temperature and T∞ is free-stream temperature.
3 3⎛ y ⎞ 3 3
⇒ Nu = − ⎜ ⎟ = − yi = 1.5
2 2 ⎝ ∂ t ⎠ yi = 0 2 2 yi = 0
GATE-9. Consider a laminar boundary layer over a heated flat plate. The free
stream velocity is U ∞ . At some distance x from the leading edge the
velocity boundary layer thickness is δ t .If the Prandtl number is greater
than 1, then [GATE-2003]
(a) δ v > δ T (b) δ T > δ V (c) δ V
Molecular diffusivity of mom
GATE-9. Ans. (a) Prandtl number =
Molecular diffusivity of heat
From question, since Prandtl number>1
∴ Velocity boundary thickness (δv ) > 1 thermal boundary thickness.
GATE-10. A fluid flowing over a flat plate has the following properties:
Dynamic viscosity: 25 × 10-6 kg/ms [GATE-1992]
Specific heat: 2.0 kJ/kgK
Thermal conductivity: 0.05 W/mk
The hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness is measured to be 0.5 mm.
The thickness of thermal boundary layer would be:
Page 158 of 372

(a) 0.1 mm (b) 0.5 mm (c) 1.0 mm (d) None of the above
δ μcp 25 × 10−6 kg / ms × 2000 J / kgK
= (Pr ) if Pr = =1. So, δ = δ th
1/3
GATE-10. Ans. (b) =
δ th k 0.05kg / mK
GATE-11. For flow of fluid over a heated plate, the following fluid properties are
known: viscosity = 0.001 Pa.s ; specific heat at constant pressure = 1
kJ/kg.K; thermal conductivity = 1 W/m.K. [GATE-2008]
The hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness at a specified location on
the plate is 1 mm. The thermal boundary layer thickness at the same
location is:
(a) 0.001 mm (b) 0.01 mm (c) 1 mm (d) 1000 mm
δ
= (Pr ) .
1/ 3
GATE-11. Ans. (c) We know that
δ th
μc p 0.001× 1000
Here Prandlt number (Pr) = = = 1. So, δ = δ th .
k 1
GATE-12. For air near atmosphere conditions flowing over a flat plate, the
laminar thermal boundary layer is thicker than the hydrodynamic
boundary layer. [GATE-1994]
GATE-12. Ans. False
Boundary Layer Definitions and Characteristics

IES-1. Boundary layer is defined as [IES-1998]
(a) A thin layer at the surface where gradients of both velocity and temperature
are small
(b) A thin layer at the surface where velocity and velocity gradients are large
(c) A thick layer at the surface where velocity and temperature gradients are
large
(d) A thin layer at the surface where gradients of both velocity and temperature
are large
IES-1. Ans. (b)
• The boundary layer of a flowing fluid is the thin layer close to the wall
• In a flow field, viscous stresses are very prominent within this layer.
• Although the layer is thin, it is very important to know the details of flow
within it.
• The main-flow velocity within this layer tends to zero while approaching
the wall (no-slip condition).
• Also the gradient of this velocity component in a direction normal to the
surface is large as compared to the gradient in the stream wise direction.
IES-2. In the boundary layer, the flow is: [IES-2006]

(a) Viscous and rotational (b) Inviscid and irrotational
(c) Inviscid and rotational (d) Viscous and irrotational
IES-2. Ans. (a)
IES-3. Assertion (A): In the boundary layer concept, the shear stress at the
outer edge of the layer is considered to be zero. [IES-2008]
Page 159 of 372

Reason (R): Local velocity is almost equal to velocity in potential flow.
IES-3. Ans. (a)
IES-4. In the region of the boundary layer nearest to the wall where velocity
is not equal to zero, the viscous forces are: [IES-1993, 1995]
(a) Of the same order of magnitude as the inertial forces
(b) More than inertial forces
(c) Less than inertial forces
(d) Negligible
IES-4. Ans. (c) Reynold’s number = Inertia force / Viscous force
and it is more than one therefore the viscous forces are less than inertial forces.
IES-5. The critical value of Reynolds number for transition from laminar to
turbulent boundary layer in external flows is taken as: [IES-2002]
(a) 2300 (b) 4000 (c) 5 × 105 (d) 3 × 106
IES-5. Ans. (c)
IES-6. The development of boundary layer

zones labeled P, Q, R and S over a flat
plate is shown in the given figure.
Based on this figure, match List-I
(Boundary layer zones) with List-II
(Type of boundary layer) and select the
correct answer:
[IES-2000]
List-I List-II
A. P 1. Transitional
B. Q 2. Laminar viscous sub-layer
C. R 3. Laminar
D. S 4. Turbulent
(a) 3 1 2 4 (b) 3 2 1 4
(c) 4 2 1 3 (d) 4 1 2 3
IES-6. Ans. (a)
IES-7. The transition Reynolds number for flow over a flat plate is 5 × 105.
What is the distance from the leading edge at which transition will
occur for flow of water with a uniform velocity of 1 m/s? [For water, the
kinematic viscosity, ν = 0.858 × 10- 6 m2/s [IES-1994]
(a) 1 m (b) 0.43 m (c) 43 m (d) 103 m
Vx RN ×ν 5 ×105 × 0.858 ×10−6
IES-7. Ans. (b) RN = 5 × 105 , RN = , or x = = = 0.43 m
ν V 1
IES-8. The ‘velocity defect law’ is so named because it governs a [IES-1993]

(a) Reverse flow region near a wall
(b) Slip-stream flow at low pressure
Page 160 of 372

(c) Flow with a logarithmic velocity profile a little away from the wall
(d) Re-circulating flow near a wall
IES-8. Ans. (c) Figure shows the logarithmic
velocity profile a little away from
the wall. Velocity difference (Vmax –
V) is known as velocity defect. So
velocity defect law occurs due to
occurrence of flow with a
logarithmic velocity profile a little
away from the wall.
IES-9. Which one of the following velocity distributions of u/uα satisfies the
boundary conditions for laminar flow on a flat plate? (Here uα is the
free stream velocity, u is velocity at any normal distance y from the flat
plate, η = y / δ and δ is boundary layer thickness) [IES-1996]
(a) η − η 2 (b) 1.5η − 0.5η 3 (c) 3η − η 2 (d) cos(πη / 2)
3
u 3 y 1⎛ y⎞
IES-9. Ans. (b) The relation = − ⎜ ⎟ satisfies boundary condition for laminar
uα 2 δ 2 ⎝ δ ⎠
flow on a flat plate.
IES-10. The predominant forces acting on an element of fluid in the boundary

layer over a flat plate placed in a uniform stream include [IES-1996]
(a) Inertia and pressure forces (b) Viscous and pressure forces
(c) Viscous and body forces (d) Viscous and inertia forces
IES-10. Ans. (d) That so why we are using Reynold’s number for analysis.
Boundary Layer Thickness ( δ )

IES-11. The hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness is defined as the distance
from the surface where the [IES-1999]
(a) Velocity equals the local external velocity
(b) Velocity equals the approach velocity
(c) Momentum equals 99% of the momentum of the free stream
(d) Velocity equals 99% of the local external velocity
IES-11. Ans. (d)
IES-12. Assertion (A): The thickness of boundary layer is an ever increasing

one as its distance from the leading edge of the plate increases.
Reason (R): In practice, 99% of the depth of the boundary layer is
attained within a short distance of the leading edge. [IES-1999]
IES-12. Ans. (c) Why A is true? For laminar boundary layer:
Page 161 of 372

δ 5 5x
= or δα or δα x
x Re x ρvx
μ
For turbulent boundary layer:
δ 0.371 0.371 0.371 4 4
= 1
0r , δ = 1
= 1
×x 5
or, δ ∝ x 5
x (Re x) 5
⎛ ρVx ⎞ 5
⎛ ρV ⎞ 5
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ μ ⎠ ⎝ μ ⎠
Therefore for both the cases if x increases δ will increase.
Why R is false? There is no term in the boundary layer like “depth of the
boundary layer”. Till today we never heard about depth of the boundary layer.
IES-13. For the velocity profile u / u ∞ = , the momentum thickness of a

laminar boundary layer on a flat plate at a distance of 1 m from leading
edge for air (kinematic viscosity = 2 × 10–5 m2/s) flowing at a free stream
velocity of 2 m/s is given by: [IES-2001]
(a) 3.16 mm (b) 2.1 mm (c) 3.16 m (d) 2.1 m
5x 5x 5 ×1
IES-13. Ans. (b) Thickness of Boundary layer, δ = = = =
Re x Ux /ν 2 × 2 / 2 × 10− 5
δ
0.01118 m and for such velocity distribution θ = = 1.863 mm nearest ans. (b)
6
IES-14. A flat plate, 2m × 0.4m is set parallel to a uniform stream of air (density
1.2kg/m3 and viscosity 16 centistokes) with its shorter edges along the
flow. The air velocity is 30 km/h. What is the approximate estimated
thickness of boundary layer at the downstream end of the plate?
[IES-2004]
(a) 1.96 mm (b) 4.38 mm (c) 13.12 mm (d) 9.51 mm
IES-14. Ans. (b) Thickness of Boundary layer,
5x 5L 5 × 0.4
δ= = = = 4.38 mm
Re x UL 30 × (5 / 18) × 0.4
ν 16 × 10 −6
IES-15. A laminar boundary layer occurs over a flat plate at zero incidence to
the flow. The thickness of boundary layer at a section 2 m from the
leading edge is 2 mm. The thickness of boundary layer at a section 4 m
from the leading edge will be: [IES-1995]
(a) 2 × (2)2 mm (b) 2 × (2)1/2 mm (c) 2 × (2)4/5 mm (d) 2 × (2)1/5 mm
IES-15. Ans. (b) Thickness of boundary layer at 4 mm from leading edge = 2 × (4/2)1/2
= 2 × 21/2
Displacement Thickness ( δ * )
IES-16. If the velocity distribution in a turbulent boundary layer is given by
1/ 9
u ⎛ y⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ then the ratio of displacement thickness to nominal layer
u∞ ⎝δ ⎠
thickness will be: [IAS-1998; IES-2006]
(a) 1.0 (b) 0.6 (c) 0.3 (d) 0.1
Page 162 of 372

1
∫
IES-16. Ans. (d) Displacement thickness ( δ ) = δ (1 − z 1 / 9 )dz = 0.1δ
∗
IES-17. For linear distribution of velocity in the boundary layer on a flat plate,
what is the ratio of displacement thickness (δ*) to the boundary layer
thickness (δ)? [IES-2005]
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 2 5
IES-17. Ans. (c) Remember it.
Momentum Thickness (θ )
IES-18. If U ∞ = free stream velocity, u = velocity at y and δ = boundary layer
thickness, then in a boundary layer flow, the momentum thickness θ is
given by: [IES-1997; IAS-2004]
δ u ⎛ u ⎞ δ u ⎛ u2 ⎞
(a) θ = ∫ ⎜1 − ⎟ dy (b) θ = ∫ ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ dy
0 U U 0 U
∞ ⎝ ∞ ⎠ ∞ ⎝ U∞ ⎠
δ u2 ⎛ u ⎞ δ⎛ u ⎞
(c) θ = ∫ ⎜1 − ⎟ dy (d) θ = ∫ ⎜1 − ⎟ dy
0 U ∞2 ⎝ U∞ ⎠
0
⎝ U∞ ⎠
IES-18. Ans. (a)
IES-19. Given that [IES-1997]

δ = boundary layer thickness, δ * = displacement thickness
δ e = energy thickness θ = momentum thickness
The shape factor H of a boundary layer is given by
δ δ* δ δ
(a) H = e (b) H = (c) H = (d) H =
δ θ θ δ*
Displacement thickness
IES-19. Ans. (b) Shape factor =
Momentum thickness
IES-20. The velocity distribution in the boundary layer is given as u / us = y / δ,

where u is the velocity at a distance y from the boundary, us is the free
stream velocity and δ is the boundary layer thickness at a certain
distance from the leading edge of a plate. The ratio of displacement to
momentum thicknesses is: [IES-2001; 2004]
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
IES-20. Ans. (c) Remember it.
IES-21. The velocity profile in a laminar boundary layer is given by u/U = y/ δ.

The ratio of momentum thickness to displacement thickness for the
boundary is given by which one of the following? [IES-2008]
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 6 (d) 1 : 3
IES-21. Ans. (d) Velocity profile of laminar boundary layer is given
u y
=
U δ
Displacement thickness:
Page 163 of 372

δ δ δ
⎛ u⎞ ⎛ u⎞ ⎛ y⎞ δ
δ* = ∫ ⎜ 1 − ⎟ dy = δ* = ∫ ⎜ 1 − ⎟ dy = ∫ ⎜ 1 − ⎟ dy =
0⎝
U⎠ 0⎝
U⎠ 0⎝
δ⎠ 2
Momentum thickness:
δ δ
⎛ u⎞u ⎛ y ⎞⎛ y⎞ δ
θ = ∫ ⎜ 1 − ⎟ dy = ∫ ⎜ ⎟⎜ 1 − ⎟ dy =
0 ⎝ U ⎠ U 0 ⎝ δ ⎠⎝ δ ⎠ 6
θ 1
∴ *
=
δ 3
Energy Thickness ( δ e )
IES-22. The energy thickness for a laminar boundary layer flow depends on
local and free stream velocities within and outside the boundary layer
δ. The expression for the energy thickness is given by (symbols have
the usual meaning). [IES-1994]
δ δ
⎛ u ⎞ u ⎛ u ⎞
(a) ∫
0
⎜1 −
⎝ U∞ ⎠
⎟ dy (b) ∫U
0
⎜1 −
∞ ⎝
⎟ dy
U∞ ⎠
δ 2 δ
⎛ u ⎞ u ⎛ u2 ⎞
(c) ∫
0
⎜1 −
⎝ U∞ ⎠
⎟ dy (d) ∫0 U ∞ ⎝ U ∞2 ⎟⎠ dy
⎜ 1 −
IES-22. Ans. (d)
IES-23. Which one of the following is the correct relationship between the
boundary layer thickness δ , displacement thickness δ and the
*
momentum thickness θ ? [IAS-2004; IES-1999]

(a) δ > δ > θ (b) δ > θ > δ (c) θ > δ > δ (d) θ > δ > δ
* * * *
IES-23. Ans. (a) δ > δ > θ > δ

* **
IES-24. List-I give the different items related to a boundary layer while List-II
gives the mathematical expressions. Match List-I with List-II and select
the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: (symbols have
their usual meaning). [IES-1995]
List-I List-II
A. Boundary layer thickness 1. y = δ, u = 0.99 U ∞
δ
⎛
u ⎞
B. Displacement thickness 2.
0
∫ ⎜⎝1 − U
⎟ dy
∞ ⎠
δ
u ⎛ u ⎞
C. Momentum thickness 3. ∫ ⎜1 − ⎟ dy
0
U∞ ⎝ U∞ ⎠
δ
u ⎛ u2 ⎞
D. Energy thickness 4. ∫0 U ∞ ⎝ U ∞2 ⎟⎠ dy
⎜ 1 −
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 2 1 3 4 (d) 1 2 4 3
IES-24. Ans. (a)
Page 164 of 372

IES-25. According to Blasius law, the local skin friction coefficient in the
boundary-layer over a flat plate is given by: [IES-2001, 1994]
(a) 0.332/ Re (b) 0.664/ Re (c) 0.647/ Re (d) 1.328/ Re
IES-25. Ans. (b)
IES-26. Match List-I (Variables in Laminar Boundary layer Flow over a Flat
Plate Set Parallel to the Stream) with List-II (Related Expression with
usual notations) and select the correct answer using the codes given
below: [IES-2004; IAS-1999]
List-I List-II
A. Boundary layer thickness 1. 1.729 / Ux / v
B. Average skin-friction coefficient 2. 0.332 ρU 2 / Ux / v
C. Shear stress at boundary 3. 5 vx / U
D. Displacement thickness 4. 0.664 v / Ux
5. 1.328 / UL / v
(a) 3 5 4 2 (b) 2 4 1 3
(c) 3 5 2 1 (d) 5 4 1 2
IES-26. Ans. (c)
IES-27. The equation of the velocity distribution over a plate is given by

u = 2y – y2 where u is the velocity in m/s at a point y meter from the
plate measured perpendicularly. Assuming μ = 8.60 poise, the shear
stress at a point 15 cm from the boundary is: [IES-2002]
(a) 1.72 N/m2 (b) 1.46 N/m2 (c) 14.62 N/m2 (d) 17.20 N/m2
IES-27. Ans. (b)

IES-28. The thickness of laminar boundary layer at a distance ‘x’ from the
1 1 4
(a) X (b) X 2 (c) X 5 (d) X 5
δ 5 5x
IES-28. Ans. (b) = or δα or δα x
x Re x ρvx
μ
IES-29. For laminar flow over a flat plate, the thickness of the boundary layer
at a distance from the leading edge is found to be 5 mm. The thickness
of the boundary layer at a downstream section, which is at twice the
distance of the previous section from the leading edge will be:[IES-1994]
(a) 10 mm (b) 5 2 mm (c) 5 2 mm (d) 2.5 mm
IES-29. Ans. (b) Thickness of boundary layer for laminar flow over a flat plate is.
proportional to square root of ratio of distances from the leading edge. Thus new
thickness = 5 × 2 mm.
Page 165 of 372

IES-30. The laminar boundary layer thickness, δ at any point x for flow over a
flat plate is given by: δ / x = [IES-2002]
0.664 1.328 1.75 5.0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Re x Rex Rex Rex
IES-30. Ans. (d)
Turbulent Boundary Layer

IES-31. The velocity profile for turbulent layer over a flat plate is: [IES-2003]
1/7
u ⎛π y⎞ u ⎛ y⎞
(a) = sin ⎜ − ⎟ (b) =
U ⎝2 δ ⎠ U ⎜⎝ δ ⎟⎠
2 3
u ⎛ y⎞ ⎛ y⎞ u 3⎛ y⎞ 1⎛ y⎞
(c) = 2⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ (d) = −
U ⎝δ ⎠ ⎝δ ⎠ U 2 ⎜⎝ δ ⎟⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ δ ⎟⎠
IES-31. Ans. (b)
IES-32. The velocity distribution in a turbulent boundary layer is given by

u/U= (y/ δ)1/7. [IES-2008]
What is the displacement thickness δ*?
(a) δ (b) δ/7 (c) (7/8) δ (d) δ/8
δ
δ δ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 7y7⎞
1 8
∗ ⎛ u⎞ ⎛y⎞ 7
7 δ
IES-32. Ans. (d) δ = ∫ ⎜ 1 − ⎟ dy = ∫ ⎜⎜ 1 − ⎜⎝ δ ⎟⎠ ⎟ dy = ⎜ y − ⎟ = δ− δ=
U ⎟ ⎜ 8 δ 17 ⎟⎠ 8 8
0⎝ ⎠ 0⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 0
IES-33. The thickness of turbulent boundary layer at a distance × from the

leading edge over a flat plate varies as
[IAS-2003; 2004; 2007; IES-1996, 1997; 2000]
(a) x4/5 (b) x1/2 (c) x1/5 (d) x3/5
δ 0.371 0.371 0.371 4 4
IES-33. Ans. (a) = 1
0r , δ = 1
= 1
×x 5
or, δ ∝ x 5
x (Re x) 5
⎛ ρVx ⎞ 5
⎛ ρV ⎞ 5
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ μ ⎠ ⎝ μ ⎠
IES-34. For turbulent boundary layer low, the thickness of laminar sublayer 'δ'
is given by: [IES-1999]
(a) v / u* (b) 5 v / u* (c) 5.75 log v / u* (d) 2300 v / u*
IES-34. Ans. (b)
IES-35. Assertion (A): The 'dimples' on a golf ball are intentionally provided.
Reason (R): A turbulent boundary layer, since it has more momentum
than a laminar boundary layer, can better resist an adverse pressure
gradient. [IES-2009]
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
IES-35. Ans. (a)

IES-36. The boundary layer flow separates from the surface if [IES-1995, 2002]
(a) du/dy = 0 and dp/dx = 0
(b) du/dy = 0 and dp/dx > 0
(c) du/dy = 0 and dp/dx < 0
Page 166 of 372

S K Mo
ondal’ss Cha
apter 8
(d) The bounda
ary layer th
hickness is zzero
ES-36. Ans. (b)
IE
IE
ES-37. In a boundar ry layer developed a along the flow, the pressure
p decreases
d
in the
t downsstream dire ection. Thee boundary y layer thiickness wo
ould:
(a) Tend to deccrease (b) Remain constant [IIES-1998]
(c) Increase rapidly ase gradually
(d)Increa
ES-37. Ans.. (d) Consider point A to B wheere pressure decreasess in the doownstream
IE
direction but boundary
b yer thickness increasess.
lay
IE
ES-38. Floow separattion is caused by: [IA AS-1996; IE ES-1994, 199 97;2000; GAATE-2002]
(a) Reduction ofo pressure to local vappour pressurre
(b) A negative pressure grradient
(c) A positive pressure
p gra
adient
(d) Thinning of boundary layer thickn ness to zeroo.
IE
ES-38. Ans. (c) i.e. an adverse
a presssure gradieent.
⎛ ∂P ⎞
Wh hen the preessure goess increasing ⎜ > 0 ⎟ in the diirection of flow, the
⎝ ∂x ⎠
preessure force acts against the direcction of direection of flow thus retaarding the
flow
w. This hass an effect of
o retarding g the flow in n the bounddary layer and
a hence
thicckenings th he boundarry layer moore rapidly.. This and the bound dary shear
brinng the fluidd in the bou
undary layeer to rest an nd causes back flow. Due
D to this
thee boundary layer
l no moore sticks too the boundary but is sshifted awayy from the
bouundary. This phenomen non is called
d as “Bound dary Layer S
Separation”..
IE
ES-39. At the point of o boundar ry layer seeparation [IIES-1996]
(a) Shear stresss is maximum (b) Shearr stress is zeero
(c) Velocity is negative
n (d) Densiity variationn is maximu
um.
⎛ ∂u ⎞
IE
ES-39. Ans. (b) At the verge
v of sep
paration ⎜ ⎟ is zeroo
⎝ ∂y ⎠ y =0
⎛ ∂u ⎞
∴ Shear stresss, τ = µ ⎜ ⎟ is alsoo zero.
⎝ ∂y ⎠ y =0
Page 167 of 372

IES-40. Laminar sub-layer may develop during flow over a flat-plate. It exists
in [IES-1992]
(a) Laminar zone (b) Transition zone
(c) Turbulent zone (d) Laminar and transition zone
IES-40. Ans. (c)
IES-41. Consider the following statements regarding laminar sublayer of

boundary layer flow: [IES-2004]
1. The laminar sublayer exists only in a region that occurs before the
formation of laminar boundary layer
2. The laminar sublayer is a region next to the wall where the viscous
force is predominant while the rest of the flow is turbulent
3. The laminar sublayer occurs only in turbulent flow past a smooth
plate
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 (c) Only 2 (d) 1 and 3
IES-41. Ans. (c)
IES-42. Consider the following statements pertaining to boundary layer:

1. Boundary layer is a thin layer adjacent to the boundary where
maximum viscous energy dissipation takes place.
2. Boundary layer thickness is a thickness by which the ideal flow is
shifted.
3. Separation of boundary layer is caused by presence of adverse
pressure gradient.
Which of these statements are correct? [IES-2003]
IES-42. Ans. (c) 2 is wrong it defines displacement thickness.
Boundary layer thickness: The thickness of the boundary layer is arbitrarily
defined as that distance from the boundary in which the velocity reaches 99
percent of the velocity of the free stream. It is denoted by the symbol δ
δ
⎛ u⎞
∫⎝
Displacement thickness: δ * = ⎜1 −
0
⎟dy
U⎠
It is the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary, by which the
main/free stream is displaced on account of formation of boundary layer.
or,
It is an additional "wall thickness" that would have to be added to compensate
for the reduction in flow rate on account of boundary layer formation
IES-43. Drag on cylinders and spheres decreases when the Reynolds number is
in the region of 2 × 105 since [IES-1993]
(a) Flow separation occurs due to transition to turbulence
(b) Flow separation is delayed due to onset of turbulence
(c) Flow separation is advanced due to transition to turbulence
(d) Flow reattachment occurs
IES-43. Ans. (d) In the region of 2 × 105 (Reynolds number), the boundary layer on the
cylinders and sphere begins to become unstable and thus boundary layer is said
to reattach and the separation point moves back along the cylinder. Due to flow
reattachment, a pressure recovery takes place over the back side and thus the
drag force decreases.
Page 168 of 372

IES-44. During the flow over a circular cylinder, the drag coefficient drops
significantly at a critical Reynolds number of 2 × 105. This is due to
(a) Excessive momentum loss in the boundary layer [IES-1996]
(b) Separation point travelling upstream
(c) Reduction in skin-friction drag
(d) The delay in separation due to transition to turbulence
IES-44. Ans. (d) The drag co-efficient remains practically constant unit a Reynold’s
number of 2 × 105 is reached. At this stage the Cd drops steeply by a factor of 5.
This is due to the fact that the laminar boundary layer turns turbulent and
stays unseparated over a longer distance, then reducing the wake considerably.

For flow of an ideal fluid over a cylinder, from the front stagnation
point,
(a) Pressure first decreases then increases
(b) Velocity first decreases then increases
(c) Pressure remains the same
(d) Velocity remains the same
IES-45. Ans. (a) At the stagnation point pressure is maximum
∴ For flow past ideal fluid over a cylinder from front stagnation point pressure
first decreases then increases.
IES-46. What is the commonly used boundary layer control method to prevent
separation? [IES-2009]
(a) Use of smooth boundaries
(b) Using large divergence angle in the boundary
(c) Suction of accelerating fluid within the boundary layer
(d) Suction of retarded fluid within the boundary layer
IES-46. Ans. (d) Following are some of the methods generally adopted to retard
separation:
1. Streamlining the body shape.
2. Tripping the boundary layer from laminar to turbulent by provision
roughness.
3. Sucking the retarded flow.
4. Injecting high velocity fluid in the boundary layer.
5. Providing slots near the leading edge.
6. Guidance of flow in a confined passage.
7. Providing a rotating cylinder near the leading edge.
8. Energizing the flow by introducing optimum amount of swirl in the incoming
flow.
Thermal Boundary Layer

IES-47. Which non-dimensional number relates the thermal boundary layer
and hydrodynamic boundary layer? [IES-2008]
(a) Rayleigh number (b) Peclet number
(c) Grashof number (d) Prandtl number
IES-47. Ans. (d) Prandtl number relates the thermal boundary layer and hydrodynamic
boundary layer.
δ Hydrodynamic boundary layer
= (Pr )
1/3
=
δt Thermal boundary layer
IES-48. Thermal boundary layer is a region where [IES-1993]
Page 169 of 372

(a) Inertia terms are of the same order of magnitude as convection terms
(b) Convection terms are of the same order of magnitude as dissipation terms
(c) Convection terms are of the same order of magnitude as conduction terms
(d) Dissipation is negligible
IES-48. Ans. (b)
IES-49. The thickness of thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layer is equal if

(Pr = Prandtl number, Nu = Nusselt number) [IES-1993]
(a) Pr = 1 (b) Pr > 1 (c) Pr < 1 (d) Pr = Nu
δ
= (Pr ) if Pr = 1, δ = δ th
1/3
IES-49. Ans. (a)
δ th
IES-50. Hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thickness is equal for

Prandtl number [IES-1992]
(a) Equal (b) Less than (c) Equal to 1 (d) More than 1
δ
= (Pr ) if Pr = 1, δ = δ th
1/3
IES-50. Ans. (c)
δ th
IES-51. In a convective heat transfer situation Reynolds number is very large

but the Prandtl number is so small that the product Re × Pr is less than
one in such a condition which one of the following is correct?
(a) Thermal boundary layer does not exist [IES-2004, 2007]
(b) Viscous boundary layer thickness is less than the thermal boundary layer
thickness
(c) Viscous boundary layer thickness is equal to the thermal boundary layer
thickness
(d) Viscous boundary layer thickness is greater than the thermal boundary
layer thickness
δ
= (Pr ) if Pr < 1, δ < δ th
1/3
IES-51. Ans. (c)
δ th
IES-52. The ratio of the thickness of thermal boundary layer to the thickness of
hydrodynamic boundary layer is equal to (Prandtl number)n, where n
is: [IES-1994]
(a) –1/3 (b) –2/3 (c) 1 (d) –1
Thickness of thermal boundary layer
= ( Prandtl Number )
-1/3
IES-52. Ans. (a)
Thickness of hydrodynamic layers
IES-53. For flow over a flat plate the hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness
is 0.5 mm. The dynamic viscosity is 25 × 10-6 Pa s, specific heat is 2.0
kJ/(kgK) and thermal conductivity is 0.05 W/(m–K). The thermal
boundary layer thickness would be: [IES-2001]
(a) 0.1 mm (b) 0.5 mm (c) 1 mm (d) 2 mm
IES-53. Ans. (b)
IES-54. Prandtl number of a flowing fluid greater than unity indicates that
hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness is: [IES-2002]
(a) Greater than thermal boundary layer thickness
Page 170 of 372

(b) Equal to thermal boundary layer thickness
(c) Greater than hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness
(d) Independent of thermal boundary layer thickness
IES-54. Ans. (a)
IES-55. Consider the following conditions for heat transfer (thickness of

thermal boundary layer is δt, velocity of boundary layer is δ and
Prandtl number is Pr): [IES-2000]
1.δ t (t)=δ(x) if Pr =1 2. δ t (t)>>δ(x) if Pr <<1 3. δ t (t)<<δ(x) if Pr >>1
Which of these conditions apply for convective heat transfer?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2, and 3
δ
= (Pr )
1/ 3
IES-56. Ans. (d) We know that
δ th
Boundary Layer Definitions and Characteristics

IAS-1. Velocity defect in boundary layer theory is defined as [IAS-2003]
(a) The error in the measurement of velocity at any point in the boundary layer
(b) The difference between the velocity at a point within the boundary layer and
the free stream velocity
(c) The difference between the velocity at any point within the boundary layer
and the velocity nearer the boundary
(d) The ratio between the velocity at a point in the boundary layer and the free
stream velocity
IAS-1. Ans. (b)
IAS-2. Assertion (A): The thickness of boundary layer cannot be exactly

defined. [IAS-1996]
Reason (R): The Velocity within the boundary layer approaches the
inviscid velocity asymptotically.
IAS-2. Ans. (a)
IAS-3. Velocity distribution in a turbulent boundary layer follows [IAS-2003]

(a) Logarithmic law (b) Parabolic law (c) Linear law (d) Cubic law
IAS-3. Ans. (a)
Displacement Thickness ( δ * )
IAS-4. How is the displacement thickness in boundary layer analysis defined?
(a) The layer in which the loss of energy is maximum [IAS-2007]
(b) The thickness up to which the velocity approaches 99% of the free stream
velocity.
(c) The distance measured perpendicular to the boundary by which the free
stream is displaced on account of formation of boundary layer.
Page 171 of 372

(d) The layer which represents reduction in momentum caused by the boundary
layer.
IAS-4. Ans. (c)
IAS-5. The displacement thickness at a section, for an air stream ( ρ = 1.2

kg/m3) moving with a velocity of 10 m/s over flat plate is 0.5mm. What is
the loss mass rate of flow of air due to boundary layer formation in kg
per meter width of plate per second? [IAS-2004]
(a) 6 × 10-3 (b) 6 × 10-5 (c) 3 × 10-3 (d) 2 × 10-3
⎛ 0 .5 ⎞
IAS-5. Ans. (a) Q (loss per meter)= ρ × δ * × velocity= 1.2 × ⎜
−3
⎟ × 10 kg/ms = 6 ×10 kg/ms
⎝ 1000 ⎠
IAS-6. If the velocity distribution in a turbulent boundary layer is given by

1/ 9
u ⎛ y⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ then the ratio of displacement thickness to nominal layer
u∞ ⎝δ ⎠
thickness will be: [IAS-1998; IES-2006]
(a) 1.0 (b) 0.6 (c) 0.3 (d) 0.1
1
∫
IAS-6. Ans. (d) Displacement thickness ( δ ) = δ (1 − z 1 / 9 )dz = 0.1δ
∗
IAS-7. The velocity distribution in the boundary over the face of a high
0.25
u ⎛ y⎞
spillway found to have the following from = . An a certain
ua ⎜⎝ δ ⎟⎠
section, the free stream velocity u α was found to be 20m/s and the
boundary layer thickness was estimated to be 5cm.The displacement
thickness is: [IAS-1996]
(a) 1.0 cm (b) 2.0 cm (c) 4.0 cm (d) 5.0 cm
1
∫
IAS-7. Ans. (a) Displacement thickness ( δ ∗ ) = δ (1 − z 0.25 )dz = 0.2δ = 0.2 × 5 = 1.0cm
0
Momentum Thickness (θ )
IAS-8. If U ∞ = free stream velocity, u = velocity at y and δ = boundary layer
thickness, then in a boundary layer flow, the momentum thickness θ is
given by: [IES-1997; IAS-2004]
δ u ⎛ u ⎞ δ u ⎛ u2 ⎞
(a) θ = ∫ ⎜1 − ⎟ dy (b) θ = ∫ ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ dy
0 U∞ ⎝ U∞ ⎠
0 U∞ ⎝ U∞ ⎠
u2 ⎛
δ u ⎞ δ⎛ u ⎞
(c) θ = ∫ ⎜1 − ⎟ dy (d) θ = ∫ ⎜1 − ⎟ dy
0 U2 U∞ ⎠ ⎝ U∞ ⎠
0
∞ ⎝
IAS-8. Ans. (a)
Energy Thickness ( δ e )
IAS-9. Which one of the following is the correct relationship between the
boundary layer thickness δ , displacement thickness δ and the
*
momentum thickness θ ? [IAS-2004; IES-1999]

(a) δ > δ > θ (b) δ > θ > δ (c) θ > δ > δ (d) θ > δ > δ
* * * *
Page 172 of 372

IAS-9. Ans. (a) δ > δ * > θ > δ **

IAS-10. Match List-I (Variables in Laminar Boundary layer Flow over a Flat
Plate Set Parallel to the Stream) with List-II (Related Expression with
usual notations) and select the correct answer using the codes given
below: [IES-2004; IAS-1999]
List-I List-II
A. Boundary layer thickness 1. 1.729 / Ux / v
B. Average skin-friction coefficient 2. 0.332 ρU 2 / Ux / v
C. Shear stress at boundary 3. 5 vx / U
D. Displacement thickness 4. 0.664 v / Ux
5. 1.328 / UL / v
(a) 3 5 4 2 (b) 2 4 1 3
(c) 3 5 2 1 (d) 5 4 1 2
IAS-10. Ans. (c)
IAS-11. The equation of the velocity distribution over a plate is given by

u = 2y – y2 where u is the velocity in m/s at a point y meter from the
plate measured perpendicularly. Assuming μ = 8.60 poise, the shear
stress at a point 15 cm from the boundary is: [IES-2002]
(a) 1.72 N/m2 (b) 1.46 N/m2 (c) 14.62 N/m2 (d) 17.20 N/m2
IAS-11. Ans. (b)

IAS-12. The thickness of laminar boundary layer at a distance ‘x’ from the
1 1 4
(a) X (b) X 2 (c) X 5 (d) X 5
δ 5 5x
IAS-12. Ans. (b) = or δα or δα x
x Re x ρvx
μ
IAS-13. For laminar flow over a flat plate, the thickness of the boundary layer
at a distance from the leading edge is found to be 5 mm. The thickness
of the boundary layer at a downstream section, which is at twice the
distance of the previous section from the leading edge will be:[IES-1994]
(a) 10 mm (b) 5 2 mm (c) 5 2 mm (d) 2.5 mm
IAS-13. Ans. (b) Thickness of boundary layer for laminar flow over a flat plate is.
proportional to square root of ratio of distances from the leading edge. Thus new
thickness = 5 × 2 mm.
Page 173 of 372

Turbulent Boundary Layer
IAS-14. The thickness of turbulent boundary layer at a distance × from the
leading edge over a flat plate varies as
[IAS-2003; 2004; 2007; IES-1996, 1997; 2000]
(a) x4/5 (b) x1/2 (c) x1/5 (d) x3/5
δ 0.371 0.371 0.371 4 4
IAS-14. Ans. (a) = 1
0r , δ = 1
= 1
×x 5
or, δ ∝ x 5
x (Re x) 5
⎛ ρVx ⎞ 5
⎛ ρV ⎞ 5
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ μ ⎠ ⎝ μ ⎠
IAS-15. Consider the following statements comparing turbulent boundary

layer with laminar boundary layer: [IAS-1997]
1. Turbulent boundary layers are thicker than laminar boundary layer
2. Velocity in turbulent boundary layers is more uniform
3. In case of a laminar boundary layer, the thickness of the boundary
layer increases more rapidly as the distance from the leading edge
increases.
4. For the same local Reynolds number. Shear stress at the boundary
is less in the case of turbulent boundary layer.
(a) 1.2.3 and 4 are correct (b) 1 and 3 are correct
IAS-15. Ans. (a)
Total Drag Due to Laminar and Turbulent Layers

IAS-16. In a laminar boundary layer over a flat plate, what would be the ratio
of wall shear stresses τ 1 and τ 2 at the two sections which lie at distances
x1=30 cm and x2=90 cm from the leading edge of the plate? [IAS-2004]
τ1 τ1 1 τ1 τ1
(a) = 3. 0 (b) = (c) = (3.0)1/ 2 (d) = (3.0)1/ 3
τ2 τ2 3 τ2 τ2
μu 1
IAS-16. Ans. (c) τ o = 0.323 × Re x i.e. τ o α
x x
τ1 x 90
∴ = 2 = = (3)1/ 2
τ2 x1 30
IAS-17. Match List-I (Device) with List-II (Use) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the Lists: [IAS-2002]
List-I List-II
A. Pitot 1. Boundary shear stress
B. Preston tube 2. Turbulent velocity fluctuations
C. Flow nozzle 3. The total head
D. Hot wire anemometer 4. Flow rate
(a) 4 2 3 1 (b) 3 1 4 2
(c) 4 1 3 2 (d) 3 2 4 1
IAS-17. Ans. (b)
Page 174 of 372

IAS-18. Assertion (A): In an ideal fluid, separation from a continuous surface
would not occur with a positive pressure gradient. [IAS-2000]
Reason (R): Boundary layer does not exist in ideal fluid.
IAS-18. Ans. (a) In Ideal fluid viscosity is zero so no boundary layer is formed.
IAS-19. Flow separation is caused by: [IAS-1996; IES-1994, 1997;2000; GATE-2002]

(a) Reduction of pressure to local vapour pressure
(d) Thinning of boundary layer thickness to zero.
IAS-19. Ans. (c) i.e. an adverse pressure gradient.
⎛ ∂P ⎞
When the pressure goes increasing ⎜ > 0 ⎟ in the direction of flow, the
⎝ ∂x ⎠
pressure force acts against the direction of direction of flow thus retarding the
flow. This has an effect of retarding the flow in the boundary layer and hence
thickenings the boundary layer more rapidly. This and the boundary shear
bring the fluid in the boundary layer to rest and causes back flow. Due to this
the boundary layer no more sticks to the boundary but is shifted away from the
boundary. This phenomenon is called as “Boundary Layer Separation”.
IAS-20. Flow separation is caused by [IAS-2002]

(a) Thinning of boundary layer thickness to zero
(d) Reduction of pressure to local vapour pressure
dp ⎛ ∂u ⎞
IAS-20. Ans. (c) Separation takes place where > 0 and ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0
dx ⎝ ∂y ⎠ y =0
IAS-21. Boundary layer separation takes place when [IAS-2007]

⎛ du ⎞ ⎛ du ⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = +ve value (b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = -ve Value
⎝ dy ⎠ y = 0 ⎝ dy ⎠ y = 0
⎛ du ⎞ ⎛ du ⎞
(c) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0 (d) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0
⎝ dy ⎠ y =δ ⎝ dy ⎠ y = 0
∂p
IAS-21. Ans. (d) But >0
∂x
IAS-22. Flow separation is likely to take place when the pressure gradient in
the direction of flow is: [IAS-1998]
(a) Zero (b) Adverse
(c) Slightly favorable (d) Strongly favorable
IAS-22. Ans. (b)
Page 175 of 372

Page 176 of 372

Question from Conventional Paper
To solve the problems below use “Algorithm” from ‘Highlight’
1. Explain displacement and momentum boundary layer thickness. Assume

that the shear stress varies linearly in a laminar boundary layer such that
⎡ y⎤
τ = τ o ⎢1 − ⎥ . Calculate the displacement and momentum thickness in terms
⎣ δ ⎦
of δ . [IES-1998]
2. Derive the integral momentum equation for the boundary layer over a flat
plate and determine the boundary layer thickness δ , at a distance x from
the leading edge assuming linear velocity profile (u/U) = y/ δ where u is the
velocity at the location at a distance y from the plate, and U is the free
stream velocity. [IAS-1998]
3. When a fluid flows over a flat plate, the velocity profile within the boundary
⎡ 3 ⎛ y ⎞ 1 ⎛ y ⎞3 ⎤
layer may be assumed to be Vx = U ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ for y ≤ δ . [IES-1995]
⎣⎢ 2 ⎝ δ ⎠ 2 ⎝ δ ⎠ ⎦⎥
Where U is a constant and the boundary layer thickness δ is a function of x
1/2
⎛ μx ⎞
given by δ = 5 ⎜ ⎟ . Here μ and ρ denote the viscosity and density of the
⎝ ρU ⎠
fluid respectively. Derive an expression for the variation of Vy across the
boundary layer. i.e. calculate displacement thickness.
4. The velocity profile for laminar flow in the boundary layer of a flat plate is
u ⎛π y⎞
given by = sin ⎜ − ⎟ . Where u is the velocity of fluid in the boundary
U ⎝2 δ ⎠
layer at a vertical distance y from the plate surface and U is the free stream
velocity. Prove that the boundary layer thickness δ may be given by the
4.795 x
expression, δ = [IES-1992]
Re x
5. Explain briefly the Boundary Layer Theory as propounded by Prandtl.
Obtain an expression for the thickness of the boundary layer for laminar
2
u ⎛ y⎞ ⎛ y⎞
flow assuming the velocity distribution law as = 2⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ [IAS-1990]
U ⎝δ ⎠ ⎝δ ⎠
Where U = approach velocity of the stream, u= velocity of the stream in the
boundary layer at a distance y from the boundary and δ = thickness of the
boundary layer.
Page 177 of 372

Laminar Flow
9. Laminar Flow

1. Relationship between Shear Stress and Pressure Gradient
2. Flow of Viscous Fluid in Circular Pipes-Hagen Poiseuille Law
3. Flow of Viscous Fluid between Two Parallel Plates
Reynold
1. Reynolds number, Re < 2000 Laminar flow

Reynolds number, Re > 4000 Turbulent flow
2. In case of laminar flow: The loss of head ∞ V, where V is the velocity of flow.
In case of turbulent flow: The loss of head ∞ V2 (approx).
∞ Vn (more exactly), where n varies from 1.75 to 2.0
3. The Navier-stokes equation of motion is the general momentum equation

for compressible or incompressible, viscous or inviscid flows.
The Navier-stokes equation must be satisfied for any fluid flow.
The Navier-stokes equation is a consequence of the law of flow.
4. For a inviscid fluid, μ = ν = 0 , Navier-stokes equation reduces to the Euler’s form.

The Euler’s equation is, therefore, a special case of the Navier-stokes equation.
5. Relationship between shear stress and pressure gradient

∂τ ∂p
=
∂y ∂x
This equation indicates that the pressure gradient in the direction of flow is equal to
the shear gradient in the direction normal to the direction of flow.
This equation holds good for all types of flow and all types of boundary geometry.
6. In case of viscous flow through circular pipe, we have:
Page 178 of 372

Laminar Flow
∂p r
(i) Shear stress, τ = − .
∂x 2
1 ∂p 2 ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤
(ii) Velocity, u = − . ( R − r 2 ) = umax ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
4μ ∂x ⎣⎢ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎦⎥
1 ∂p 2 umax
Max. Velocity, umax = − . R ; Average Velocity, u = [VIMP]
4μ ∂x 2
32 μ uL Q
7. Loss of pressure head, hf = ; Average Velocity, u =
ρgD 2 πR 2
128μQL
or ΔP =
πD 4
16
8. For the viscous flow the co-efficient of friction is given by, f = [VIMP]
Re
2 2
32μ uL 16 × 4 Lu 16 4 Lu 16
hf = = = × therefore f =
ρgD 2
( )
ρ uD / μ 2 Dg Re 2 Dg Re
64
But Remember Friction Factor, f = 4 f = (Be careful) [VIMP]
Re
9. Entrance length:
It can be shown that for laminar incompressible flows, the velocity profile approaches
the parabolic profile through a distance Le from the entry of the pipe. This is known
as entrance length and is given by
Le UD
= 0.05Re WhereRe =
D ν
For a Reynolds number of 2000, this distance, the entrance length is about 100 pipe-
diameters. For turbulent flows, the entrance region is shorter, since the turbulent
boundary layer grows faster.
Question: Show that the friction factor is inversely proportional to the

Reynold’s number in case of laminar flow in circle pipes.
[IES-2003 AMIE (Summer)-1998]
Answer: Let, u = Velocity of flow at
radial distance.
µ = Dynamic visacuy of flow
fluid.
∂P
= Pressure gradient
∂x
R = Radius of pipe
U = Average velocity
1 ∂P
∴ U max = −
4 µ ∂x
(
⋅ R2 − r 2 )
U max 1 ⎛ 1 ∂P ⎞ 1 ∂P 2
U= = ×⎜− × × R2 ⎟ = R
2 2 ⎝ 4 µ ∂x ⎠ 8 µ ∂x
8 µU
−∂P = 2 ∂x
R
Integrating both side we get
Page 179 of 372

Laminar Flow
P2 x28 µU
− ∫ dP = ∫ dx
P1 x1 R2
8 µU
∴ ( P1 − P2 ) = ( x2 − x1 ) Let x2 − x1 = L (Length of pipe)
R2
8 µUL
∴ ΔP =
R2
8 µUL
∴ hf ρ g = where ( hf ) = head loss
R2
8 µUL 32 µUL
or, hf = or, hf =
⎛D⎞
2
ρ g × D2
ρg ×⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
fLV 2
Comparing with hf = for V = U and f = friction factor
2Dg
fLV 2 32 µUL 64 µ 64 64
∴ = ⇒ f= = =
2Dg ρ g × D2 ρVD ρVD Re
µ
1
∴ f∝
Re
i.e. friction factor is inversely proportional to Reynold’s number.
10. Flow of viscous fluid between two parallel plates:

(a) If one plate is moving and other at rest this flow is known as – Couette flow.
12μ uL
(b) Both plates at rest – Poiseuille flow ΔP =
b2
Page 180 of 372

Lamin
nar Flow
w
S K Mo
ondal’ss Cha
apter 9
OBJEC
CTIVE QUES S (GA
STIONS ATE, IES,
I IA
AS)
P
Previou
us 20-Y
Years GATE
E Questions
GA
ATE-1. In flow throu ugh a pipee, the tran
nsition from laminar r to turbulent flow
doe es not depend on [GA
ATE-1996]
(a) Velocity of the fluid (b) Density of the flu
uid
(c) Diameter off the pipe (d) Lengtth of the pip
pe
ρVD
GA
ATE-1. Anss. (d) It is tootally depen
nds on Reyn
nolds numbeer =
μ
Flow of Visc cous Fluid

F i
in Circ
cular Pipes-H
Hagen
Poiseuille Law
GA
ATE-2. Thhe velocityy profile in i fully d developed laminar fflow in a pipe of
dia
ameter D is given by u=u0 (1-4r r2/D2), wher
re is the ra
adial dista
ance from
thee centre. Iff the visco
osity of the µ the presssure drop across a
e fluid is µ,
len
ngth L of thhe pipe is: [GAATE-2006]
μu0 L 4 μu0 L 8μu0 L 16μu0 L
(a) 2
(
(b) (c)) (d)
D D2 D2 D2
GA
ATE-2. Anss. (d) By Ha
agen-Poiseu
uille law, forr steady lam
minar flow in
n circular piipes
∂u −∂P r
τ = −μ ⇒ τ= .
∂r ∂x 2
∂u ∂P r
μ = .
∂r ∂x 2
⎛ − 8r ⎞ P r ⎡ ⎛ 4r 2 ⎞ ⎤
μu0 ⎜ 2 ⎟
= . ---------- ⎢∴ u = u0 ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎥
⎝ D ⎠ L 2 ⎣ ⎝ D 2 ⎟⎠⎦
− 16 μLu
L 0
P= [
[(–) sign is due
d to drop]
D2
GA
ATE-3. Thhe velocity profile of a
fullly develop ped lamina ar
flow in a straighht
cir
rcular pipe e, as show wn
in the
t figure,, is given by b
thee expressio on
R2 ⎛ dpp ⎞⎛ r2 ⎞
u (r ) = − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜1 − 2 ⎟
4 μ ⎝ dxx ⎠ ⎝ R ⎠
[G
GATE-2009
9]
dp
Whhere is a constantt. The aver rage velociity of fluid
d in the pip pe is:
dx
R 2 ⎛ dp ⎞ R 2 ⎛ dp ⎞ R 2 ⎛ dp ⎞ R2 ⎛ dp
d ⎞
(a) − ⎜ ⎟ (c) − ⎜ ⎟ (b) − ⎜ ⎟ (d) − ⎜
8 μ ⎝ dx ⎠ 2 μ ⎝ dx ⎠ 4 μ ⎝ dx ⎠ d ⎟⎠
μ ⎝ dx
GA
ATE-3. Anss. (a)
Page 181 of 372

Laminar Flow
GATE-4. A fully developed laminar viscous flow through a circular tube has the
ratio of maximum velocity to average velocity as [IES-1994, GATE-1994]
(a) 3.0 (b) 2.5 (c) 2.0 d) 1.5
Maximum velocity
GATE-4. Ans. (c) Ratio = for fully developed laminar viscous flow
Average velocity
through a circular tube has value of 2.0
GATE-5. For laminar flow through a long pipe, the pressure drop per unit length
increases. [GATE-1996]
(a) In linear proportion to the cross-sectional area
(b) In proportion to the diameter of the pipe
(c) In inverse proportion to the cross-sectional area
(d) In inverse proportion to the square of cross-sectional area
ΔP 128μQ 1 1
GATE-5. Ans. (d) = ∞ 4 i.e. ∞ 2
L πD 4
D A
GATE-6. In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the head loss due to
friction is directly proportional to....... (Mean velocity/square of the
mean velocity). [GATE-1995]
(a) True (b) False (c) Insufficient data (d) None of the above
32μ uL
GATE-6. Ans. (a) hf =
ρgD 2

Hydrodynamic entrance length for
(a) Laminar flow is greater than that for turbulent flow
(b) Turbulent flow is greater than that for laminar flow
(c) Laminar flow is equal to that for turbulent flow
(d) A given flow can be determined only if the Prandtl number is known
IES-1. Ans. (a) Hydrodynamic entrance
length for laminar flow is
greater than that for turbulent
flow.
Fig. Velocity Distribution curves for

laminar and turbulent flow
IES-2. Which one of the following statements is correct for a fully developed
pipe flow? [IES-2009]
(a) Pressure gradient balances the wall shear stress only and has a constant
value.
(b) Pressure gradient is greater than the wall shear stress.
(c) The velocity profile is changing continuously.
(d) Inertia force balances the wall shear stress.
IES-2. Ans. (a) Relationship between shear stress and pressure gradient
Page 182 of 372

Laminar Flow
∂τ ∂p
=
∂y ∂x
This equation indicates that the pressure gradient in the direction of flow is
equal to the shear gradient in the direction normal to the direction of flow. This
equation holds good for all types of flow and all types of boundary geometry.
Relationship between Shear Stress and Pressure

Gradient
In a fully developed region of the pipe flow,
(a) The velocity profile continuously changes from linear to parabolic shape
(b) The pressure gradient remains constant in the downstream direction
(c) The pressure gradient continuously changes exceeding the wall shear stress
in the downstream direction
(d) The pipe is not running full
IES-3. Ans. (b) It can be said that in a fully developed flow, the pressure gradient
balances the wall shear stress only and has a constant value at any section.
IES-4. In a steady flow of an oil in the fully developed laminar regime, the
shear stress is: [IES-2003]
(a) Constant across the pipe
(b) Maximum at the centre an decreases parabolically towards the pipe wall
boundary
(c) Zero at the boundary and increases linearly towards the centre.
(d) Zero at the centre and increases towards the pipe wall.
∂p r
IES-4. Ans. (d) τ = − .
∂x 2
IES-5. A 40 mm diameter 2m long straight uniform pipe carries a steady flow

of water (viscosity 1.02 centipoises) at the rate of 3.0 liters per minute.
What is the approximate value of the shear stress on the internal wall
of the pipe? [IES-2004]
(a) 0.0166 dyne/cm2 (b) 0.0812 dyne/cm2
(c) 8.12 dyne/cm2 (d)0.9932 dyne/cm2

128μQL ΔP 128μQ 128 × (1.02 / 100) × (3000 / 60)
IES-5. Ans. (b) ΔP = or = = = 0.0812
πD 4
Δx πD 4 π × 44
ΔP R ΔP 2
τ =− . =− × = 0.0812 dyne/cm 2
Δx 2 Δx 2
IES-6. The pressure drop for a relatively low Reynolds number flow in a 600
mm, 30m long pipeline is 70 kPa. What is the wall shear stress?
[IES-2004]
(a) 0 Pa (b) 350 Pa (c) 700 Pa (d) 1400 Pa
∂p ΔP 70 × 103 ∂p R 0.6
IES-6. Ans. (b) − = = = 2333 ; τ o = − . = 2333 × = 350 Pa
∂x L 30 ∂x 2 4
IES-7. The pressure drop in a 100 mm diameter horizontal pipe is 50 kPa over
a length of 10 m. The shear stress at the pipe wall is: [IES-2001]
Page 183 of 372

Laminar Flow
IES-7. Ans. (b) τ = −

∂p R
. =−
( −50 × 103 ) × 0.100 / 2 = 125 N / m 2
∂x 2 10 2
Flow of Viscous Fluid in Circular Pipes-Hagen

Poiseuille Law
IES-8. Laminar developed flow at an average velocity of 5 m/s occurs in a pipe
of 10 cm radius. The velocity at 5 cm radius is: [IES-2001]
(a) 7.5 m/s (b) 10 m/s (c) 2.5 m/s (d) 5 m/s
⎡ ⎛r⎞
2
⎤ umax
IES-8. Ans. (a) Velocity, u = umax ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ and u =
⎢⎣ ⎝R⎠ ⎥⎦ 2
IES-9. In a laminar flow through a pipe of diameter D, the total discharge Q, is

⎛ dp ⎞
expressed as (µ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid and ⎜ − ⎟ is the
⎝ dx ⎠
pressure gradient). [IES-1994, 1995, 1996]
−π D ⎛ dp ⎞
4
−π D ⎛ dp ⎞
4
−π D ⎛ dp ⎞
4
−π D 4 ⎛ dp ⎞
(a) ⎜ ⎟ (b) ⎜ ⎟ (c) ⎜ ⎟ (d) ⎜ ⎟
128μ ⎝ dx ⎠ 64 μ ⎝ dx ⎠ 32 μ ⎝ dx ⎠ 16 μ ⎝ dx ⎠
IES-9. Ans. (a)
IES-10. The power consumed per unit length in laminar flow for the same
discharge, varies directly as Dn where D is the diameter of the pipe.
What is the value of ‘n’? [IES-2008]
(a) ½ (b) -1/2 (c) -2 (d) -4
IES-10. Ans. (d)
IES-11. A fully developed laminar viscous flow through a circular tube has the
ratio of maximum velocity to average velocity as [IES-1994, GATE-1994]
(a) 3.0 (b) 2.5 (c) 2.0 d) 1.5
Maximum velocity
IES-11. Ans. (c) Ratio = for fully developed laminar viscous flow
Average velocity
through a circular tube has value of 2.0
IES-12. Velocity for flow through a pipe, measured at the centre is found to be
2 m/s. Reynolds number is around 800.What is the average velocity in
the pipe? [IES-2007]
(a) 2 m/s (b) 1.7 m/s (c) 1 m/s (d) 0.5 m/s
IES-12. Ans. (c) Re = 800 i.e. < 2000 so it is laminar flow and for laminar flow through
U max U 2
pipe = 2 Or U avg = max = = 1 m / s
U avg 2 2
IES-13. The frictional head loss through a straight pipe (hf) can be expressed as
flv 2
hf = for both laminar and turbulent flows. For a laminar flow, 'f’ is
2 gD
given by (Re is the Reynolds Number based on pipe diameter)
[IES-1993]
(a) 24/Re (b) 32/Re (c) 64/Re (d) 128/Re
Page 184 of 372

Lamin
nar Flow
w
S K Mo
ondal’ss Cha
apter 9
IE
ES-13. Ans. (c) Here ‘f’ is friction factor.
f
IE
ES-14. A pipe
p friction test sh
hows that, over the range
r of speeds used for the
resst, the no on-dimensiional fricttion facto or 'f’ variies inversely with
Reynolds Nu umber. From m this, one
e can conc clude that the
t [IIES-1993]
(a) Fluid mustt be compresssible (b) Fluid must be ideeal
(c) Pipe must be
b smooth (d) Flow must
m be lam
minar
116
IE
ES-14. Ans. (d) For the w the co-effficient of fricction is giveen by, f =
e viscous flow
R
Re
IE
ES-15. A pipe
p of 20 cm
c diametter and 30 km length h transportts oil from a tanker
to the shore with a vellocity of 0.318 m/s. The
T flow iss laminar. If µ = 0.1
N-mm/s2, the poower required for th
he flow wouuld be: [IIES-2000]
(a) 9.25 kW ( 8.36 kW
(b) (c)) 7.63 kW (d) 10.13 kW
IE
ES-15. Ans. (c)
IE
ES-16. In a rough turbulent flow f in a p pipe, the friction
f fac
ctor would d depend
upon [IIES-1993]
(a) Velocity of flow (b) Pipe diameter
d
(c) Type of fluiid flowing (d) Pipe condition
c annd pipe diam
meter
IE
ES-16. Ans. (d) Fig. shoows a plot of
o log (frictioon factor 'f’)) and log (Reeynolds nummber 'Re').
It would
w be seeen that for smooth
s turb bulent flow,, ‘f’ varies in
nversely as Re.
R But in
casse of rough h pipes, behaviour
b cchanges de epending on value of relative
smoothness r/k k (radius/av
verage diammeter of sand d particles).
Thu
us friction factor ‘f’ foor rough tu
urbulent flow
w in a pipee depends upon
u pipe
64
con
ndition and pipe diameeter. Frictioon factor forr laminar flow
f f = , i.e. it is
Ree
ind
dependent off the relativ
ve roughnesss of pipe.
Howwever in thhe turbulen nt flow, thee friction fa
actor, as obbserved from several
exp
periments, is
i a function n of the relative roughhness, i.e. th
he pipe cond
dition and
pip
pe diameter.. Thus (d) iss the correctt choice.
Flow of Viscou
V s Fluid
d between Two
o Parallel Plate
es
IE
ES-17. Thhe shear sttress deveeloped in lubricating
l g oil, of viiscosity 9.81 poise,
fillled betwee part and moving with
en two parallel platess 10 cm ap h relative
vellocity of 2 m/s is: [IIES-2001]
(a) 20 N/m2 ( 19.62 N/m
(b) m2 (c)) 29.62 N/m
m2 (d) 40 N/m2
Page 185 of 372

Laminar Flow
du 9.81 2
IES-17. Ans. (b) τ = μ = × = 19.62 N/m2
dy 10 0.1

IAS-1. The lower critical Reynold number for a pipe flow is: [IAS-1995]
(a) Different for different fluids
(b) The Reynolds number at which the laminar flow changes to turbulent flow
(c) More than 2000
(d) The least Reynolds number ever obtained for laminar flow
IAS-1. Ans. (a) The Reynolds number at which the turbulent flow changes to laminar flow
is known as lower critical Reynolds number. The lower critical Reynolds number
for a pipe flow is different for different fluids.
Relationship between Shear Stress and Pressure

Gradient
IAS-2. Which one of the following is the characteristic of a fully developed
laminar flow? [IAS-2004]
(a) The pressure drop in the flow direction is zero
(b) The velocity profile changes uniformly in the flow direction
(c) The velocity profile does not change in the flow direction
(d) The Reynolds number for the flow is critical
IAS-2. Ans. (c)
IAS-3. The velocity distribution in laminar flow through a circular pipe

follows the [IAS-1996]
(a) Linear law (b) Parabolic (c) Cubic power law (d) Logarithmic law
1 ∂p 2 ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤
IAS-3. Ans. (b) Velocity, u = − . ( R − r 2 ) = umax ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
4μ ∂x ⎣⎢ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎦⎥
IAS-4. For flow through a horizontal pipe, the pressure gradient dp/dx in the
flow direction is: [IAS-1995]
(a) +ve (b) 1 (c) Zero (d) –ve
IAS-4. Ans. (d) For flow through a horizontal pipe, the pressure gradient dp/dx in the flow
∂p r
direction is –ve. τ = − .
∂x 2
Flow of Viscous Fluid in Circular Pipes-Hagen

Poiseuille Law
IAS-5. What is the discharge for laminar flow through a pipe of diameter
40mm having center-line velocity of 1.5 m/s? [IAS-2004]
3π 3 3π 3π 3π
(a) m /s (b) m3/s (c) m3/s (d) m3/s
59 2500 5000 10000
IAS-5. Ans. (d) Centre-line velocity= Umax=1.5m/s
U max 1.5
Therefore average velocity ( U ) = = m/ s
2 2
Page 186 of 372

Laminar Flow
Discharge (Q) = Area × Area × average velocity
2
π ⎛ 40 ⎞ 1.5 3 3π
= ×⎜ ⎟ × m /s = m3 / s
4 ⎝ 1000 ⎠ 2 10,000
IAS-6. The MINIMUM value of friction factor ‘f’ that can occur in laminar flow
through a circular pipe is: [IAS-1997]
(a) 0.064 (b) 0.032 (c) 0.016 (d) 0.008
64
IAS-6. Ans. (b) Friction Factor, f = 4 f = Where Max. Re = 2000.
Re
IAS-7. The drag coefficient for laminar flow varies with Reynolds number (Re)
as [IAS-2003]
(a) Re1/2 (b) Re (c) Re-1 (d) Re-1/2
16
IAS-7. Ans. (c) For the viscous flow the co-efficient of friction is given by, f =
Re
Page 187 of 372

Laminar Flow
Page 188 of 372

Turbulent Flow in Pipes
10. Turbulent Flow in Pipes

1. Characteristics of Turbulent Flow
2. Shear Stresses in Turbulent Flow
3. Prandtl's Mixing Length Theory
4. Resistance to Flow of Fluid in Smooth and Rough Pipes

2τ o
1. Co-efficient of friction in terms of shear stress, f = [VIMP]
ρV 2
2. The shear in turbulent flow is mainly due to momentum transfer.
3.
Fig. Velocity Distribution curves for laminar and turbulent flow
4. Characteristics of turbulent flow
Fig. Variation of u with time

Instantaneous velocity (u) = Average Velocity ( u ) + Velocity Fluctuation ( u′ )
Some equations for turbulent flow:
Page 189 of 372

∂(u + u ') ∂(v + v ') ∂(w + w ')
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂
⎛ ∂u ∂v ∂w ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ' ∂v ' ∂w ' ⎞
or, ⎜ + + ⎟+⎜ + + ⎟=0
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎜⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎟⎠
∂u ' ∂v ' ∂w '

Since, + + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂u ∂v ∂w
We can write + + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂u ' ∂v ' ∂w '
or, + + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
• It is evident that the time-averaged velocity components and the fluctuating
velocity components each satisfy the continuity equation for incompressible
flow.
• Imagine a two-dimensional flow in which the turbulent components are
independent of the z-direction.
∂u ' ∂v '
=−
∂x ∂y
It is postulated that if at an instant there is an increase in u' in the x -direction, it
will be followed by an increase in v' in the negative y -direction. In other words, u ' v '
is non-zero and negative.
5. Prandtl’s mixing length (l) is defined as the average lateral distance through
which a small mass of fluid particles would move from one layer to the other adjacent
layers before acquiring the velocity of the new layer.
du du
Total shear stress ( τ ) = τ la min ar + τ turbulence = μ +η Where η = eddy viscosity which
dy dy
is not a fluid property but depends upon turbulence conditions of the flow.
2
⎛ du ⎞
The turbulence shear stress ( τ t ) = ρl ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
2
[VIMP]
⎝ dy ⎠
Where mixing length (l) = k y and k= Karman’s Coefficient = 0.4
Reynolds stresses
The mean velocity components of turbulent flow satisfy the Navier-Stokes equations
for laminar flow. However, for the turbulent flow, the laminar stresses are increased
by additional stresses arising out of the fluctuating velocity components. These
additional stresses are known as apparent stresses of turbulent flow or Reynolds
stresses.
In analogy with the laminar shear stresses, the turbulent shear stresses can be
expressed in terms of mean velocity gradients and a mixing coefficient known as eddy
du
viscosity. The eddy viscosity (νt) can be expressed as, ν t = l2 where l is known as
dy
Prandtl's mixing length.
6. Universal velocity distribution equation

⎛ y⎞ ⎛ y⎞
u = umax + 2.5u f log e ⎜ ⎟ i.e. u = umax + 5.75u f log10 ⎜ ⎟ [VIMP]
⎝R⎠ ⎝R⎠
Page 190 of 372

S K Mo
ondal’ss Chap
pter 10
τo
Where Shear
S Velociity (uf ) =
ρ
(i) Bassed on Niikuradse's and Reich
hardt's expeerimental data, the empirical
nstants can be determin
con ned for a sm
mooth pipe as
a
u ⎛y⎞
= 2.5loge ⎜ ⎟ + 5.5
uf ⎝R⎠
(ii) In rough pipess experimen
nts indicatee that the velocity
v proffile may be expressed
as:
u ⎛y⎞
= 2.5loge ⎜ ⎟ + 8.5
uf ⎝R⎠
7. Hydro dynamicallly smooth

h and
rough boundary
b
uf k
Roughne
ess Reynold
ds Number,
ν
uf k
For Smoooth bounda
ary <4
ν
uf k
For roug
gh boundary
y > 100
0
ν
8. Co-effic
cient of fric
ction [VIMP]
Type off flow Pipe Reyn

nolds numb
ber Co-efficient of friction
Laminarr Sm
mooth or Rou
ugh < 2000 116
f =
R
Re
4000 to
t l lac 0.0791
f =
(Re )1 / 4
Sm
mooth 1 lac to
t 4 crore 0.05525
f = + 0.0008
Turbulen
nt (Re )0.237
Ro
ough > 2000 1
= 2 log10 ( R / K ) + 1.74
4f
Qu
uestion: Compare the velocitty profiles for lamina
ar flow and turbulen
nt flow in
pipe and comment
c on
o them. [IIES-2003]
Page 191 of 372

Turbulent Flow in Piipes
S K Mon
ndal’s Chapte
er 10
Answ
wer: Velocity distriibution in
lam
minar pip
pe flow
⎧⎪ ⎛ r ⎞ 2
⎫⎪
u = umax ⎨1− ⎜ ⎟ ⎬
⎪⎩ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎪⎭
Wh
here u = veelocity at
r frrom center. Fig. Velo
ocity distriibution cur
rves for la
aminar
Umax
m = maximum
m and turbulent flows in a pipe
vellocity at cen
nter line.
R = Ra
adius of pipee.
r = Distance from center.
⎛y⎞
Velocity distriibution in tu pe flow, u = umax + 2.5 uf log e ⎜ ⎟
urbulent pip
⎝R⎠
Wh
here u = vellocity at y frrom boundary.
Umax = maximum v
velocity.
uf = Sh
hear velocity
y τ0 ρ
y = disttance from boundary
b
Com
mments
s
(1) The velociity distributtion in turbu
ulent flow is more unifform than in
n laminar flow.
(2) In turbule
ent flow thee velocity gra
adient nearr the bounda
ary shall be quite largee
resulting in more she
ears.
(3) In turbule
ent flow thee flatness of velocity disstribution cu
urve in the core
c region away
from the wall
w is becau
use of the m
mixing of flu
uid layers an
nd exchange
e of momenttum
between them.
t
(4) The velociity distributtion which iis paraboloid in lamina
ar flow tendss to follow power
p
law and loogarithmic law
l in turbu
ulent flow.
Page 192 of 372

Shear Stresses in Turbulent Flow

GATE-1. As the transition from laminar to turbulent flow is induced a cross flow
past a circular cylinder, the value of the drag coefficient drops.
[GATE-1994]
(a) True (b) False (c) May true may false (d) None
GATE-1. Ans. (b) For turbulent flow total shear stress (τ ) =
du du
τ la min ar + τ turbulence = μ +η
dy dy
Prandtl's Mixing Length Theory

GATE-2. Prandtl’s mixing length in turbulent flow signifies [GATE-1994]
(a) The average distance perpendicular to the mean flow covered by the mixing
particles.
(b) The ratio of mean free path to characteristic length of the flow field.
(c) The wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency present in the flow
field.
(d) The magnitude of turbulent kinetic energy.
GATE-2. Ans. (a)
Characteristics of Turbulent Flow

IES-1. In a turbulent flow, u , v and w are time average velocity components.
The fluctuating components are u', v' and w’ respectively. The
turbulence is said to be isotropic if: [IES-1997]
(a) u = v = w (b) u + u ' = v + v ' = w + w '
( ) = (v ) = (w )
2 2 2
(c) u (d) None of the above situations prevails
IES-1. Ans. (d) Isotropic Turbulence: Turbulence whose properties, especially
statistical correlations, do not depend on direction.
Strictly speaking, isotropy, i.e. independence of orientation, implies
homogeneity, i.e. independence of position in space. In most situations, all the
averaged properties of isotropic turbulence can also be assumed to be invariant
under reflection in space.
( )
For Isotropic turbulence ( u ' ) = ( v ' ) = ( w ' ) and ui ' u j ' = 0 Where
2 2 2
(i ≠ j )
IES-2. When we consider the momentum exchange between two adjacent
layers in a turbulent flow, can it be postulated that if at an instant
there is an increase in u' in the x-direction it will be followed by a
change in v' in the y direction? [IES-1994]
Page 193 of 372

(a) Yes, in such a manner that u ' v ' = 0
(b) Yes, in such a manner that u ' v ' = non-zero and positive.
(c) Yes, in such a manner that u ' v ' = non-zero and negative.
(d) No, as u' and v' are not dependent on each other.
∂u ' ∂v '
IES-2. Ans. (c) =−
∂x ∂y
It is postulated that if at an instant there is an increase in u' in the x-direction,
it will be followed by an increase in v' in the negative y-direction. In other
words, u ' v ' is non-zero and negative.
∂u′ ∂v′
IES-3. If + = 0 for a turbulent flow then it signifies that [IES-1996]
∂x ∂y
(a) Bulk momentum transport is conserved (b) u'v' is non-zero and positive.
(c) Turbulence is anisotropic (d) None of the' above is true.
IES-3. Ans. (a) As it follow conserve continuity equations.
∂u ' ∂v '
=−
∂x ∂y
It is postulated that if at an instant there is an increase in u' in the x-direction,
it will be followed by an increase in v' in the negative y-direction. In other
words, u ' v ' is non-zero and negative.
IES-4. In fully-developed turbulent pipe flow, assuming 1/7th power law, the
ratio of time mean velocity at the centre of the pipe to that average
velocity of the flow is: [IES-2001]
(a) 2.0 (b) 1.5 (c) 1.22 (d) 0.817
R 1/ 7
1 1 ⎛r⎞ 14
IES-4. Ans. (d) U avg =
A ∫ udA = 2 ∫ umax ⎜ ⎟ 2πrdr = umax or without calculating
πR 0 ⎝R⎠ 15
this we may say that it must be less than one and option (d) is only choice.

IES-5. Reynolds stress may be defined as the [IES-1994]
(a) Stresses (normal and tangential) due to viscosity of the fluid.
(b) Additional normal stresses due to fluctuating velocity components in a
turbulent flow.
(c) Additional shear stresses due to fluctuating velocity components in a
turbulent flow.
(d) Additional normal and shear stresses due to fluctuating velocity components
in the flow field.
IES-5. Ans. (c) Reynolds stress may be defined as additional shear stresses due to
fluctuating velocity components in a turbulent flow.
IES-6. In turbulent flow over an impervious solid wall [IES-1993]

(a) Viscous stress is zero at the wall
(b) Viscous stress is of the same order of magnitude as the Reynolds stress
(c) The Reynolds stress is zero at the wall
(d) Viscous stress is much smaller than Reynolds stress
IES-6. Ans. (d)
IES-7. Shear stress in a turbulent flow is due to: [IES-1997]
Page 194 of 372

(a) The viscous property of the fluid.
(b) The fluid
(c) Fluctuation of velocity in the direction of flow
(d) Fluctuation of velocity in the direction of flow as well as transverse to it
IES-7. Ans. (d)
IES-8. The pressure drop in a 100 mm diameter horizontal pipe is 50 kPa over
a length of 10m. The shear stress at the pipe wall is: [IES-2001]
πD 2 ΔP × D
IES-8. Ans. (b) ( p1 − p2 ) = τ oπDL or, τ o =
4 4L
Prandtl's Mixing Length Theory

∂u
IES-9. In a turbulent flow, '/' is the Prandtl's mixing length and is the
∂y
gradient of the average velocity in the direction normal to flow. The
final expression for the turbulent viscosity ν t is given by:
[IES-1994, 1997]
2
⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ∂u
(a)ν t = l ⎜ (b) ν t = l 2 ⎜ (c) ν t = l 2 ⎜ (d) ν t = l
⎜ ∂y ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ∂y ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ∂y
2
⎛ du ⎞ du η ⎛ du ⎞
IES-9. Ans. (b) τ = ρ l ⎜ 2
⎟ and τ = η or ν t = = l2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜ dy ⎟ dy ρ
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ dy ⎠
IES-10. The universal velocity distribution for turbulent flow in a channel is

given by (u* is the friction velocity and η is given by yu*/v. The
kinematic viscosity is v and y is the distance from the wall). [IES-1994]
u u
(a) = 2.5 Inη + 5.5 (b) =η
u* u*
u d
(c) = 5.75 In η + 5.5 (d) = 5.75In η + 5.5
umax u
IES-10. Ans. (a) Universal velocity distribution equation
⎛ y⎞ ⎛ y⎞
u = umax + 2.5u f log e ⎜ ⎟ i.e. u = umax + 5.75u f log10 ⎜ ⎟ [VIMP]
⎝R⎠ ⎝R⎠
τo
Where Shear Velocity ( u f ) =
ρ
(i) Based on Nikuradse's and Reichardt's experimental data, the empirical
constants can be determined for a smooth pipe as
u ⎛y⎞
= 2.5loge ⎜ ⎟ + 5.5
uf ⎝R⎠
(ii) In rough pipes experiments indicate that the velocity profile may be
expressed as:
u ⎛y⎞
= 2.5loge ⎜ ⎟ + 8.5
uf ⎝R⎠
Page 195 of 372

Resistance to Flow of Fluid in Smooth and Rough Pipes
IES-11. Flow takes place and Reynolds Number of 1500 in two different pipes
with relative roughness of 0.001 and 0.002. The friction factor [IES-2000]
(a) Will be higher in the case of pipe with relative roughness of 0.001.
(b) Will be higher in the case of pipe having relative roughness of 0.002.
(c) Will be the same in both the pipes.
(d) In the two pipes cannot be compared on the basis of data given
64
IES-11. Ans. (c) The flow is laminar (friction factor, f = ) it is not depends on
Re
roughness but for turbulent flow it will be higher for higher relative roughness.
IES-12. In a fully turbulent flow through a rough pipe, the friction factor 'f' is
(Re is the Reynolds number and ξS / D is relative roughness)
[IES-1998; IES-2003]
(a) A function of Re (b) A function of Re and ξS / D
(c) A function of ξS / D (d) Independent of Re and ξS / D
1
IES-12. Ans. (b) = 2 log10 ( R / K ) + 1.74 ; f is independent of Reynolds number and
4f
depends only on relative roughness (k/D). This formula is widely used. But
experimental facts reveals that the friction factor 'f' is also depends on Reynolds
number. As many modern handbook uses empirical formula with Reynold’s
number our answer will be (b).

1. The friction factor in laminar flow through pipes is independent of
roughness.
2. The friction factor for laminar flow through pipes is directly
proportional to Reynolds number.
3. In fully turbulent flow, through pipes, friction factor is independent
of Reynolds number.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 2 only
IES-13. Ans. (b) The friction factor in laminar flow through pipes is given by the
64
expression which is independent of roughness.
Re
The friction factor for laminar flow through pipes is inversely proportional to
Reynolds number.
In fully turbulent flow through pipes friction factor is independent of Reynolds
number.
Characteristics of Turbulent Flow

IAS-1. While water passes through a given pipe at mean velocity V the flow is
found to change from laminar to turbulent. If another fluid of specific
gravity 0.8 and coefficient of viscosity 20% of that of water, is passed
Page 196 of 372

through the same pipe, the transition of flow from laminar to turbulent
is expected if the flow velocity is: [IAS-1998]
(a) 2V (b) V (c) V/2 (d) V/4
ρ wVw Dw 0.8ρ f × V f × D f
IAS-1. Ans. (d) Rew = = = 4 R fw
μw 0.2μt
Vw V
Vf = =
4 4

IAS-2. The shear stress in turbulent flow is: [IAS-1994]
(a) Linearly proportional to the velocity gradient
(b) Proportional to the square of the velocity gradient
(c) Dependent on the mean velocity of flow
(d) Due to the exchange of energy between the molecules
2τ o fρV 2
IAS-2. Ans. (b) f = or τ o =
ρV 2 2
Page 197 of 372

Page 198 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
11. Flow Through Pipes

1. Loss of Energy (or Head) in Pipes
2. Darcy-Weisbach Formula
3. Chezy's Formula for Loss of Head Due to Friction
4. Minor Energy Losses
5. Loss of Head Due to Sudden Enlargement
6. Loss of Head Due to Sudden Contraction
7. Loss of Head Due to Obstruction in Pipe
8. Loss of Head at the Entrance to Pipe
9. Loss of Head at the Exit of a Pipe
10. Loss of Head Due to Bend in the Pipe
11. Loss of Head in Various Pipe Fittings
12. Hydraulic Gradient and Total Energy Lines
13. Pipes in Series or Compound Pipes
14. Equivalent Pipe
15. Pipes in Parallel
16. Syphon
17. Power Transmission through Pipes
18. Diameter of the Nozzle for Transmitting Maximum Power
19. Water Hammer in Pipes
20. Gradual Closure of Valve
21. Instantaneous Closure of Valve, in Rigid Pipes
22. Instantaneous Closure of Valve in Elastic Pipes
23. Time Required by Pressure Wave to Travel from the Valve to the Tank and from Tank to Valve

1. Major Energy losses
(a) Darcy-Weisbach Formula:
4 flV 2
hf = here f is co-efficient of friction [VIMP]
2 gD
flV 2
or here f is friction factor
2 gD
Co-efficient of friction
Type of flow Pipe Reynolds number co-efficient of friction
Page 199 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
Laminar Smooth or Rough <2000 16
f =
Re
4000 to l lac 0.0791
f =
(Re )1 / 4
Smooth
1 lac to 4 crore 0.05525
Turbulent f = + 0.0008
(Re )0.237
Rough >2000 1
= 2 log10 ( R / K ) + 1.74
4f
(b) Chezy’s formula:

Mean Velocity, V= C mi
Where hydraulic mean depth or hydraulic radius,
A Area of flow
m= = dimension [L]
P Wetted perimeter
hf
Loss of head per unit length, i = it is dimensionless
L
So dimension of Chezy,s Constant , C is [L1/2 T-1]
Note: Darcy-Weisbach formula is used for flow through pipe.
Chezy’s formula is used for flow through open channel.
2. Minor Energy Losses

(V1 − V2 ) 2
Loss of head due to sudden enlargement, [VIMP]
2g
2
V2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ V2
Loss of head due to sudden contraction, k 2 = ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟ 2 [VIMP]
2 g ⎝ Cc ⎠ 2g
Where k is dynamic loss coefficient = 0.375 for Cc=0.62
2
⎡ A ⎤ V2
Loss of head due to obstruction in pipe, ⎢ ⎥
⎣ Cc ( A − a ) ⎦ 2 g
Where A= area of pipe, a= area of obstruction
V2
Loss of head at the entrance to pipe, 0.5
2g
V2
Loss of head at the exit of a pipe,
2g
V2
Loss of head due to bend in the pipe, k
2g
Where k depends on pipe diameter, radius of curvature and angle of bend
V2
Loss of head in various pipe fittings, k
2g
Where k depends on type pipe fittings
3. Equivalent pipe
It is defined as the pipe of uniform diameter having loss of head and discharge equal
to the loss of head and discharge of a compound pipe consisting of several pipes of
Page 200 of 372

F
Flow Thr
rough Piipes
S K Mo
ondal’ss Chap
pter 11
differentt lengths an
nd diameterrs. To determ
mine the sizze of the eq
quivalent pip
pe Dupit's
equationn is used.
L L L L
5
= 15 + 25 + 35 + .......
D D1 D2 D3
4. In case of parallell pipes

(i) Ratte of discharrge in the main
m line = ssum of the discharges
d iin each of th
he parallel
pip
pes.
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
(ii) Thee loss of hea
ad in each pipe
p is samee.
H
5. Power transmitte
t ed through um when, h f =
h pipes will be maximu [VIMP]
3
H − H /3
Thereforre η max = = 666.7%
H
1/ 4
⎛ D5 ⎞
Diameteer of nozzle for
f maximu ansmission,, d = ⎜⎜
um power tra ⎟⎟
⎝ 8 fL ⎠
P V2
6. (a) Energ
gy Gradien GL), EGL =
nt Line ( EG + +z
ρ g 2g
P
(b) Hydra GL =
aulic Gradient Line ((HGL), HG +z
ρg
7. Pipe neetwork
An interrconnected system
s of piipes is called a pipe nettwork. The flow to an outlet
o may
come fro
om differentt pipes. Figuure below sh hows a typiccal network.. In a netwo
ork:
(1) Floow into each
h junction must
m be equa al to flow ou
ut of each ju
unction.
(2) Alg gebraic sum
m of head losses round eache loop mu
ust be zero.
Typicall Pipe Netwwork

The head loss in ea
ach pipe is expressed a as hf = rQn. The coefficcient r depeends upon
pipe leng
gth, diameter and frictiion factor. F
For turbulen
nt flow n is of the orderr of 2.
8. Water hammer
h in
n pipes
Page 201 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
The phenomenon of sudden rise in pressure in a pipe when water flowing in it is
suddenly brought to rest by closing the valve is known as water hammer or hammer
blow.
2L
Valve closure is gradual when t >
C
2L
Valve closure is sudden when t <
C
K
Where, C = , C being the velocity of pressure wave produced due to water
ρ
hammer.
9. The intensity of pressure rise due to water hammer

If t = thickness of pipe wall, L = length of pipe, V = velocity of flow, K = bulk modulus
of water, and E = modulus of elasticity for pipe material
L
p = Vρ For gradual closing
t
p = VρC For Rigid pipe and instantaneous closing
ρ
p =V × For Elastic pipe and instantaneous closing
1 D
+
K Et
Question: (i) Derive Darcy-Weisbach equation for head loss in pipe due to
friction. [IES-2001]
or
4 f L V2
(ii) Show that the loss of head due to friction in pipe (hf ) =
2gD
[IES-1999]
Answer: When a fluid flows steadily 1 2
through a pipe of constant
diameter, the average velocity Q
at each cross section remains D
P1 P2
the same. This is necessary
from the condition of continuity 1 2
since the velocity V is given by, L
Q
V= .
A
The static pressure P drops along the direction of flow because the
stagnation pressure drops due to loss of energy in over coming friction as the
flow occurs.
Let, P1 = intensity of pr. at section 1
P2 = intensity of pr. at section 2
L = length of the pipe, between section 1 and 2.
D = Diameter of the pipe
Cd = co-efficient of drag.
f = co-efficient of friction (whose value depends on type of flow, material
of pipe and surface of pipe)
hf = loss of head due to friction.
Page 202 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
πD 2
Propelling pressure force on the flowing fluid along the flow = (P1 − P2 )
4
1
Frictional resistance force due to shearing at the pipe wall = Cd . ρ V 2 . π DL
2
Under equilibrium condition,
Propelling force = frictional resistance force
πD 2 1
(P1 − P2 ) = Cd . ρ V 2 . π DL
4 2
P1 − P2 4Cd L V 2
or =
ρg D.2g
P1 − P2
Noting is the head loss due to friction, hf and Cd equal the co-efficient
ρg
of friction.
4 f L V2
hf =
D.2g
This is known as Darcy-Weisbach equation and it holds good for all type of
flows provided a proper value of f is chosen.
Question: Develop an expression for the pressure loss across a conical

contraction of diameter D1 and D2 in a given length L for a laminar
flow. Explain the physical significant of equation. [IES-2004]
Answer: Let us consider a small
section from ‘x’ apex of the
cone and thickness ‘dx’
therefore. Velocity at that D1 D2 0
section.
flow
If flow rate is Q
Q
then V = [where
π 2
d L
4
d = diameter At section] x
dx
D1 D2 d
and = =
L+ x
D1 - D2 d
or =
L x
x
∴ d= (D1 - D2 )
L
Q 4 QL2
∴ V= =
× 2 (D1 − D2 ) π (D1 − D2 ) x
π x 2
2
2 2
4 L
The Darcy-weisbach equation in differential form can be written as:
4 f. V 2 .dx
dhf =
d×2g
4f 42 Q2 L4 × L
∴ dhf = × 2 dx
2g π (D1 − D2 )2 x 4 × x (D1 − D2 )
∴ Frictional loss
Page 203 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
L+ L+
4f 16 Q2 L5 1 32f Q2 L5 ⎡ 1 ⎤
hf = ∫ dhf = ∫ × dx = × ⎢− 4 ⎥
π2 (D1 − D2 ) g π (D1 − D2 ) ⎣ 4 x ⎦
5 5 5
2g x 2
8f Q2 L5 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ L+
= ⎢ 4 − ⎥ D2 = (D1 − D2 ) ,D1 = (D1 − D2 )
g π (D1 − D2 ) ⎢⎣ (L + ) ⎥⎦
5 4
2 L L
⎡ ⎤
2 5 ⎢ ⎥
8f Q L 1 1
= 2 ×⎢ − ⎥
g π (D1 − D2 ) ⎢ ⎧ ⎫
4
⎧L + ⎫ ⎥
4
⎢ ⎨ (D1 − D2 ) ⎬ ⎨ (D1 − D2 )⎬ ⎥
⎣ ⎩L ⎭ ⎩ L ⎭ ⎦
2
8f Q L ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= 2 × ⎢ 4 − 4 ⎥ required exp ression.
g π (D1 − D2 ) ⎣⎢ D 2 D 1 ⎦⎥
Question: Starting the assumption, deduce an expression for head loss due to
sudden expansion of streamline in a pipe. [AMIE (Winter)-1999, 2001]
Answer: Fig. shows a liquid flowing
through a pipe which has (s2 )
x
enlargement. Due to sudden
G
enlargement, the flow is (s1 )
decelerated abruptly and
eddies are developed resulting A1 P1 A2 ,D2
in loss of energy. D1 V1 P2
V2
Consider two section S1 – S1
(s1 ) P0
(before enlargement) and
S2 – S2 (after enlargement) x
(s2 )
and taking a fluid control Sudden Enlargement
volume S1S1S2S2
πD12
Let, A1 = area of pipe at section, is equal to
4
P1 = intensity of pr. at section S1 – S1
V1 = velocity of flow at section S1 – S1
and A 2 , P2 and V2 are corresponding values off section S2 – S2
P0 = intensity of pr. of liquid eddies on the area ( A 2 − A1 )
he = head loss due to sudden enlargement.
Applying the continuity equation
A1 V1 = A 2 V2 = Q
Applying integral momentum equation
P1A1 + P0 ( A 2 – A1 ) – P2 A 2 = ρQ ( V2 – V1 )
Assuming that P0 equals P1 because there cannot be an abrupt change of
pressure across the same section x – x.
∴ (P1 –P2 ) A 2 =ρQ ( V2 –V1 )
or
(P1 –P2 )
1
= V2 ( V2 –V1 ) ...(i) [∵ Q = A 2 V2 ]
ρg g
Applying Bernoulli’s to section S1 – S1 and S2 – S2
P1 V12 P V2
+ + Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2 +he
ρ g 2g ρ g 2g
Page 204 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
P1 − P2 V12 − V22
or he = + [∵ Z1 = Z 2 pipe being horizontal]
ρg 2g
1 V 2 − V22
=
g
⎡⎣ v 2 ( v 2 − v1 ) ⎤⎦ + 1
2g
[ from equation(i)]
( V1 - V2 )
2
=
2g
(V - V )
2
∴ he = 1 2
2g
Page 205 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
Darcy-Weisbach Formula
Data for Q1–Q2 are given below. Solve the problems and choose
correct answers.
A syringe with a frictionless plunger contains water and has at its end a 100 mm
long needle of 1 mm diameter. The internal diameter of the syringe is 10 mm.
Water density is 1000 kg/m3. The plunger is pushed in at 10 mm/s and the water
comes out as a jet.
GATE-1. Assuming ideal flow, the force F in Newton required on the plunger to
push out the water is: [GATE-2003]
(a) 0 (b) 0.04 (c) 0.13 (d) 1.15
GATE-1. Ans. (b)
GATE-2. Neglect losses in the cylinder and assume fully developed laminar
viscous flow throughout the needle; the Darcy friction factor is 64/Re.
Where Re is the Reynolds number. Given that the viscosity of water is
1.0 × 10-3 kg/s m, the force F in Newton required on the plunger is:
[GATE-2003]
(a) 0.13 (b) 0.16 (c) 0.3 (d) 4.4
GATE-2. Ans. (c) Given, υ = viscosity of water = 10 × 10-3 kg/sm

ρυ 2 d 1000 ×1× 0.001
Now, Re = = = Re = 1000---- since = υ 2 = 1
υ 1×10−3
64 64
Darcy’s friction factor, 4f = = = 0.064
Re 1000
flυ2 2 0.064 × 0.1× (1) 2
So head loss in needle = h t = = = 0.3265 m
2 gD 2 × 9.8 × 0.001
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at points 1 and 2, we have
P1 υ1
2
P υ2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + hL
ρg 2 g ρ g 2g
P υ − υ1
2 2
∴ 1 = 2 + hL [Since z1 = z2 and P2 = 0]
ρg 2g
ρ 1000 2
P1 = (υ 22 − υ12 ) + ρ ghL = [(1) − (0.01) 2 ] + 1000 × 9.8 × 0.3265
2 2
Page 206 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
π
Now force required on plunger = P1 × A1 = 3699.65 × × (0.01) 2 = 0.3N
4
GATE-3. Fluid is flowing with an average velocity of V through a pipe of

fLV 2
diameter d. Over a length of L, the “head” loss is given by h f = .
2g × D
The friction factor, f, for laminar flow in terms of Reynolds number
(Re) is........ [GATE-1994]
64
GATE-3. Ans.
Re
GATE-4. Water flows through a 0.6 m diameter, 1000 m long pipe from a 30 m
overhead tank to a village. Find the discharge (in liters) at the village
(at ground level), assuming a Fanning friction factor f = 0.04 and
ignoring minor losses due to bends etc. [GATE-2001]
fLV 2 0.04 × 1000 × V 2
GATE-4. Ans. (0.834 m3/s) h f = = Therefore ΔH = H − h f = 30 − h f
2 gD 2 × 9.81 × 0.6
V2 0.04 × 1000 × V 2
V = 2 g ΔH Or ΔH = = 30 − h f = 30 − ⇒ V = 2.95 m / s
2g 2 × 9.81 × 0.6
π D2 π × (0.6)2
Q = VA = V × = 2.95 × = 0.834 m3 / s
4 4
GATE-5. Water at 25°C is flowing through a 1.0 km long G.I. pipe of 200 mm
diameter at the rate of 0.07 m3/s. If value of Darcy friction factor for
this pipe is 0.02 and density of water is 1000 kg/m3, the pumping power
(in kW) required to maintain the flow is: [GATE-2009]
(a) 1.8 (b) 17.4 (c) 20.5 (d) 41.0
GATE-6. Ans. (b)
fLV 2
hf =
2gD
8fLQ12
=
π 2gD5
8 × 0.02 × 1000 × ( 0.07 )
2
= = 25.30
π 2 × 9.81× ( 0.2 )
5
Power =ρ gQ hf
= 1000 × 9.81× 0.07 × 25.30 W
Loss of Energy (or Head) in Pipes

IES-1. Which one of the following statements is true of fully developed flow
through pipes? [IES-1997]
Page 207 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
(a) The flow is parallel, has no inertia effects, the pressure gradient is of
constant value and the pressure force is balanced by the viscous force.
(b) The flow is parallel, the pressure gradient is proportional to the inertia force
and there is no viscous effect
(c) The flow is parallel, the pressure gradient is negligible and inertia force is
balanced by the viscous force.
(d) The flow is not parallel, the core region accelerates and the viscous drag is
far too less than the inertia force.
IES-1. Ans. (a) For fully developed flow through pipes, the flow is parallel, has no inertia
effect. The pressure gradient is of constant value and the pressure force is
balanced by the viscous force.
IES-2. Assertion (A): For a fully developed viscous flow through a pipe the
velocity distribution across any section is parabolic in shape.
Reason (R): The shear stress distribution from the centre line of the
pipe upto the pipe surface increases linearly. [IES-1996]
∂u
IES-2. Ans. (a) As τ = μ if u is second order τ must be linear.
∂y
For laminar flow through a circular pipe (Radius R)
⎛ ∂p ⎞ r
Shear stress distribution τ = ⎜ − ⎟ , i.e. τ ∝ r [linear variation]
⎝ ∂x ⎠ 2
Vel. distribution
1 ⎛ ∂P ⎞ 2 ⎡ r2 ⎤
u= − R ⎢1 − ⎥
4 µ ⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠ ⎣ R2 ⎦
⎛ r2 ⎞
u = U max ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ [Parabolic profile]
⎝ R ⎠
1 ⎛ ∂P ⎞ 2
Where, U max = − R
4 µ ⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠
This velocity distribution is derived from linear stress profile.
du ⎛ ∂P ⎞ r 1 ⎛ ∂P ⎞
τ = −µ = ⎜− ⎟ ⇒ rdr = du
dr ⎝ ∂x ⎠ 2 2 µ ⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠
Page 208 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
1 ⎛ ∂P ⎞ r 2
Integrating + c = u (1)
2 µ ⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠ 2
Boundary conditions
At r = R, u = 0 [Fixed plate/pipe]
1 ⎛ ∂P ⎞ R 2
+c =0
2 µ ⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠ 2
1 ⎛ ∂P ⎞ R 2
c=
2 µ ⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠ 2
Putting constant c in equation (1)
⎧ 1 ⎛ ∂P ⎞ r 2 ⎫ ⎧ −1 ⎛ ∂P ⎞ R 2 ⎫
⎨ ⎜ ⎟ ⎬+⎨ ⎜ ⎟ ⎬=u
⎩ 2 µ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ 2 ⎭ ⎩ 2 µ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ 2 ⎭
1 ⎛ ∂P ⎞ 2 1 ⎛ ∂P ⎞ 2 ⎡ r2 ⎤
⇒ u= ⎜ − ⎟ [ R − r2 ] ⇒ u= ⎜ − ⎟ R ⎢1 − 2 ⎥
4 µ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ 4 µ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎣ R ⎦
Parabolic distribution of velocity.
IES-3. Assertion (A): Nature of the fluid flow in a pipe does not depend
entirely on average velocity but it actually a function of the Reynolds
number. [IES-1995, 2001]
Reason (R): Reynolds number depends not only on average velocity but
also on the diameter of the pipe and kinematic viscosity of the fluid.
IES-3. Ans. (a) Reynold’s number decides the fluid flow is laminar or turbulent, i.e.
ρVD
Nature of fluid flow Re =
µ
IES-4. Aging of pipe implies [IES-1992]

(a) Pipe becoming smoother with time
(b) Relative roughness decreasing with time
(c) Increase in absolute roughness periodically with time
(d) Increase in absolute roughness linearly with time
IES-4. Ans. (d)
Darcy-Weisbach Formula
IES-5. The head loss in turbulent flow in pipe varies [IES-2007; IAS-2007]
(a) Directly as the velocity (b) Inversely as the square of the velocity
(c) Inversely as the square (d) Approximately as the square of the velocity
of the diameter
4 fLV 2
IES-5. Ans. (d) hf =
D × 2g
IES-6. The frictional head loss in a turbulent flow through a pipe varies
(a) Directly as the average velocity. [IES-1995]
(b) Directly as the square of the average velocity.
(c) Inversely as the square of the average velocity.
Page 209 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
(d) Inversely as the square of the internal diameter of the pipe.
IES-6. Ans. (b) Frictional head loss in turbulent flow varies directly as the square of
average velocity.
IES-7. How does the head loss in turbulent flow in pipe vary? [IES-2009]
(a) Directly as velocity
(b) Inversely as square of velocity
(c) Approximately as square of velocity
(d) Inversely as velocity
IES-7. Ans. (c) Head loss in the turbulent flow is Approximately proportional to square of
velocity. But Head loss in the Laminar flow is as proportional to velocity.
IES-8. The value of friction factor is misjudged by + 25% in using Darcy-

Weisbach equation. The resulting error in the discharge will be:
[IES-1999]
(a) + 25% (b) – 18.25% (c) – 12.5 % (d) +12.5%
4 fLV 2 Q 16Q 2
IES-8. Ans. (c) Correct method h f = WhereV = or V 2 = 2 4
2 gD A π D
64 fLQ 2 1 Q′ − Q f 1
or h f = Or Q∞ or = −1 = − 1 = −10.55%
2 gπ D
2 5
f Q f ′ 1.25
Nearest answer is (c)
But Paper setter calculates it in the way given below.
1 dQ 1 df 1
ln(Q) = − ln( f ) Or =− = − × 25 = −12.5%
2 Q 2 f 2
Note: This method is used only for small fluctuation and 25% is not small that
so why this result is not correct.
IES-9. A pipeline connecting two reservoirs has its diameter reduced by 20%
due to deposition of chemicals. For a given head difference in the
reservoirs with unaltered friction factor, this would cause a reduction
in discharge of: [IES-2000]
(a) 42.8% (b) 20% (c) 17.8% (d) 10.6%
4 fLV 2 Q 16Q 2 64 fLQ 2
IES-9. Ans. (a) h f = where V = or V 2 = 2 4 or h f = or Q∞D 5/2
2 gD A π D 2 gπ 2 D 5
⎛ Q ⎞
or ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ = 1 − (0.8) 2.5 = 42.75% (Reduction)
⎝ Q1 ⎠
IES-10. The pressure drop in a pipe flow is directly proportional to the mean
velocity. It can be deduced that the [IES-2006]
(a) Flow is laminar (b) Flow is turbulent
(c) Pipe is smooth (d) Pipe is rough
IES-10. Ans. (a)
Chezy's Formula for Loss of Head Due to Friction

IES-11. The hydraulic means depth (where A = area and P = wetted perimeter)
is given by: [IES-2002]
(a) P / A (b) P2 / A (c) A / P (d) A/P
Page 210 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
IES-12. Ans. (c)
IES-13. What is hydraulic diameter used in place of diameter for non-circular

ducts equal to? [IES-2008]
(a) A/m (b) 4A/ m (c) A/(4m) (d) 4m/A
Where A = area of flow and m = perimeter.
4A
IES-14. Ans. (b) Hydraulic diameter =
P
A
Note: Hydraulic mean depth =
P
4A
Hydraulic equivalent diameter =
P
Where A = area of flow and p = perimeter.
IES-15. Which one of the following is the correct expression for the area of flow
for a circular channel? (Where θ = half the angle subtended by water
surface at the center and R = radius of the circular channel) [IES-2004]
⎛ sin 2θ ⎞ ⎛ sin 2θ ⎞
(a) R 2 ⎜ 2θ − ⎟ (b) R 2 ⎜ θ −
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
(c) R 2 ( 2θ − sin 2θ ) (d) 2R 2 (θ − sin 2θ )
IES-16. Ans. (b)
IES-17. For a circular channel, the wetted parameter (where R = radius of

circular channel, θ = half the angle subtended by the water surface at
the centre) is given by: [IES-2003]
(a) Rθ / 2 (b) 3Rθ (c) 2Rθ (d) Rθ
IES-17. Ans. (c)
Loss of Head Due to Sudden Enlargement

IES-18. Assertion (A): In pipe flow, during sudden expansion, the loss of head is
(V1 − V2 )
2
[IES-1992]
2g
Reason (R): In pipe flow, the loss of head during gradual expansion is
fV 2
given by ∫ D2 g dL
IES-18. Ans. (b)
IES-19. If coefficient of contraction at the vena contract is equal to 0.62, then

what will be the dynamic loss coefficient in sudden contraction in air-
conditioning duct? [IES-2004]
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.375 (c) 0.55 (d) 0.65
IES-19. Ans. (b)
Page 211 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
Loss of Head Due to Bend in the Pipe
IES-20. Assertion (A): There will be a redistribution of pressure and velocity
from inside of the bend to the outside while a fluid flows through a
pipe bend. [IES-1995]
Reason (R): The spacing between stream lines will increase towards the
outside wall and decrease towards the inside wall of the bend and
thereby create a positive pressure gradient between outside wall to
inside wall of the bend.
IES-20. Ans. (a) A and R are correct. R is
also right reason for A.
IES-21. Assertion (A): In the case of flow around pipe bends, there will be
redistribution of pressure and velocity from inside bend to the outside
bend. [IES-1997]
Reason (R): Flow will be such that the streamline spacing will decrease
towards the inner bend resulting in decrease of pressure head and
increase of velocity head at the inner wall.
IES-21. Ans. (c) The velocity head at the inner wall will decrease and pressure head
increase.
IES-21. Ans.
(a)
Page 212 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
Loss of Head in Various Pipe Fittings
IES-22. A liquid flows downward through at tapped vertical portion of a pipe.
At the entrance and exit of the pipe, the static pressures are equal. If
for a vertical height 'h' the velocity becomes four times, then the ratio
of 'h' to the velocity head at entrance will be: [IES-1998]
(a) 3 (b) 8 (c) 15 (d) 24
IES-22. Ans. (c) Apply Bernoulli’s Equation:
V2 2 V12 (4V1 ) 2 V12 V12
− = z1 − z2 = h ⇒ − =h ⇒ 15 =h
2g 2g 2g 2g 2g
Hydraulic Gradient and Total Energy Lines

(a) Hydraulic grade line and energy grade line are the same in fluid problems
(b) Energy grade line lies above the hydraulic grade line and is always parallel
to it.
(c) Energy grade line lies above the hydraulic grade line and they are separated
from each other by a vertical distance equal to the velocity head.
(d) The hydraulic grade line slopes upwards meeting the energy grade at the
exit of flow.
IES-23. Ans. (c)
IES-24. If energy grade and hydraulic grade lines are drawn for flow through
an inclined pipeline the following 4 quantities can be directly observed:
1. Static head 2. Friction head [IES-1996]
3. Datum head 4. Velocity head
Starting from the arbitrary datum line, the above types of heads will:
(a) 3, 2, 1, 4 (b) 3, 4, 2, 1 (c) 3, 4, 1, 2 (d) 3, 1, 4, 2
IES-24. Ans. (d) Starting from the arbitrary datum line, the heads in sequence be in the
sequence will be 3-datum head, 1-static head 4-velocity head, and 2- friction
head.
IES-25. Which one of the following statements is appropriate for the free
surface, the hydraulic gradient line and energy gradient line in an
open channel flow? [IES-2009]
(a) Parallel to each other but they are different lines
(b) All coinciding
(c) Such that only the first two coincide
(d) Such that they are all inclined to each Other
IES-25. Ans. (a)
IES-26. Point A of head 'HA' is at a higher elevation than point B of head 'HB'.
The head loss between these points is HL. The flow will take place.
(a) Always form A to B (b) From A to B if HA + HL = HB [IES-1999]
(c) From B to A if HA + HL = HB (d) Form B to A if HB + HL = HA
IES-26. Ans. (c) Flow may take place from lower elevation to higher elevation. Everyday
we are pumping water to our water tank.
If flow is from point 1 to point 2 then
Total head at point 1 = Total head at point 2 + loss of head between 1 and 2
If flow is from point A to point B then
Page 213 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
Total head at point A (HA) = Total head at point B (HB) + Loss of head between
A and B (HL)
If flow is from point B to point A then
Total head at point B (HB) = Total head at point A (HA) + Loss of head between
B and A (HL)
IES-27. The energy grade line (EGL)

for steady flow in a uniform
diameter pipe is shown
above. Which of the following
items is contained in the box?
(a) A pump
(b) A turbine
(c) A partially closed valve
(d) An abrupt expansion [IES-2006]
IES-27. Ans. (a) Energy increased so box must add some hydraulic energy to the pipeline.
It must be a pump that converts Electrical energy to Hydraulic energy.
IES-28. A 12 cm diameter straight pipe is laid at a uniform downgrade and flow

rate is maintained such that velocity head in the pipe is 0.5 m. If the
pressure in the pipe is observed to be uniform along the length when
the down slope of the pipe is 1 in 10, what is the friction factor for the
pipe? [IES-2006]
(a) 0.012 (b) 0.024 (c) 0.042 (d) 0.050
fL V 2 f × 10
IES-28. Ans. (b) hf = ⋅ or, 1 = × 0.5 ⇒ f = 0.024
D 2g 0.12
Pipes in Series or Compound Pipes

IES-29. Two pipelines of equal length and with diameters of 15 cm and 10 cm
are in parallel and connect two reservoirs. The difference in water
levels in the reservoirs is 3 m. If the friction is assumed to be equal, the
ratio of the discharges due to the larger diameter pipe to that of the
smaller diameter pipe is nearly, [IES-2001]
(a) 3.375 (b) 2.756 (c) 2.25 (d) 1.5
IES-29. Ans. (b) Loss of head in larger diameter pipe = Loss of head in smaller diameter
pipe
4 fLV 2 Q 16Q 2 64 fLQ 2
hf = WhereV = or V 2 = 2 4 or h f = Or Q∞D 5/2
2 gD A π D 2 gπ D
2 5
5/2
Q1 ⎛ 15 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ = 2.756
Q2 ⎝ 10 ⎠
IES-30. A pipe is connected in series to another pipe whose diameter is twice

and length is 32 times that of the first pipe. The ratio of frictional head
losses for the first pipe to those for the second pipe is (both the pipes
have the same frictional constant): [IES-2000]
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1
4 fLV 2 Q 16Q 2 64 fLQ 2
IES-30. Ans. (d) h f = WhereV = or V 2 = 2 4 or h f =
2 gD A π D 2 gπ 2 D 5
Page 214 of 372

F
Flow Thr
rough Piipes
S K Mo
ondal’ss Chap
pter 11
5
hf 1 ⎛L ⎞ ⎛D ⎞
= ⎜ 1 ⎟ / ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 32 / 32
3 =1
hf 2 ⎝ L2 ⎠ ⎝ D2 ⎠
IE
ES-31. Thhe equiva alent leng gth of
ste
epped pipe eline shown n in the
bellow figu
ure, can be
exppressed in n terms of the
ameter 'D' as:
dia
(a) 5.25 L (b) 9.5 L
1 1
(c) 33 L (d) 33 L [IIES-1998]
32 8
Le L L 4L 1
ES-31. Ans. (d) 5 = 5 +
IE 5
+ 5
= 333 L
D D ( D / 2) (2 D) 8
IE
ES-32. Thhree identical pipes of length I, diamete er d and frriction fac ctor f are
connnected in n parallel between
b tw
wo reservo oirs. what iis the size of a pipe
of length I and a of the e same fric
ction factoor f equivalent to th he above
pip
pe? [IIES-2009]
(a) 1.55d (b)) 1.4d (c)) 3d (d
d) 1.732d
2
⎛Q ⎞
fL ⎜ ⎟ 2
IE
ES-32. Ans. (a) ⎝ 3 ⎠ = fLQ
12d 5 5
12deq
1 1
⇒ 5
= 5
9d deq
1
⇒ deq = ( 9 ) 5 d = 1.55d
IE
ES-33. A pipe
p flow system wiith flow
dir
rection iss shown in the
bellow figuree. The following
tab
ble gives the
t velocitties and
the
e corresponding area as:
Pippe No. Area (cmm2) Ve

elocity (cm//s) [IIES-1998]
1 50 10
2 50 V2
3 80 5
4 70 5
Thhe value of V2 is:
(a) 2.5 cm/s ( 5.0 cm/s
(b) (c)) 7.5 cm/s (d) 10.0 cm/s
IE
ES-33. Ans. (b) Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + Q4
50 × 10 + 50 × V2 = 80 × 5 + 70 × 5; V2 = 5 cm
m/sec
Page 215 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
IES-34. The pipe cross-sections and
fluid flow rates are shown in
the given figure. The velocity
in the pipe labeled as A is:
(a) 1.5 m/s (b) 3 m/s
(c) 15 m/s (d) 30 m/s
[IES-1999]
Q 6000
IES-34. Ans. (a) V = = =150cm / s = 1.5m / s
A 40
IES-35. The velocities and

corresponding flow areas of
the branches labeled 1 , 2 , 3 ,
4 and 5 for a pipe system
shown in the given figure are
given in the following table:
Pipe Label 1 Velocity Area

1 5 cm/s 4 sq cm
2 6 cm/s 5 sq cm
3 V3 cm/s 2 sq cm
4 4 cm/s 10 sq cm
5 V5 cm/s 8 sq cm
The velocity V5 would be: [IES-2000]
(a) 2.5 cm/s (b) 5 cm/s (c) 7.5 cm/s (d) 10 cm/s
IES-35. Ans. (a) Q1 + Q5 = Q4 or 5 × 4 + V5 × 8 = 4 × 10 or V5 = 2.5 cm/s
IES-36. A compound pipeline consists of two pieces of identical pipes. The

equivalent length of same diameter and same friction factor, for the
compound pipeline is L1 when pipes are connected in series, and is L2
when connected in parallel. What is the ratio of equivalent lengths
L1/L2? [IES-2006]
(a) 32 : 1 (b) 8 : 1 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 2 : 1
L1 L L
IES-36. Ans. (b) Pipes connected in series, 5
= 5 + 5 or L1 = 2L
D D D
Pipes connected in parallel,
Page 216 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
4 fLV 2
hf =
2 gD
Q
where V =
A
16Q 2
or V 2 = 2 4
π D
64 fLQ 2 64 fL2 (2Q) 2
or h f = =
2 gπ 2 D 5 2 gπ 2 D 5
L L 2L
L2 = ∴ 1 = =8
4 L2 L / 4
Power Transmission through Pipes

IES-37. For maximum transmission of power through a pipe line with total
head H, the head lost due to friction hf is given by: [IAS-2007; IES-2001]
(a) 0.1 H (b) H/3 (c) H/2 (d) 2H/3
IES-37. Ans. (b)
IES-38. Assertion (A): The power transmitted through a pipe is maximum when
the loss of head due to friction is equal to one-third of total head at the
inlet. [IES-2007]
Reason (R): Velocity is maximum when the friction loss is one-third of
the total head at the inlet.
IES-38. Ans. (c) Velocity is optimum when the friction loss is one-third of the total head at
the inlet.
IES-39. If H is the total head at inlet and h1 is the head lost due to friction,
efficiency of power transmission, through a straight pipe is given by:
[IES-1995]
(a) (H – h1)/H (b) H/(H+h1) (c) (H - h1)/(H+h1) (d) H/(H – h1)
H − h1
IES-39. Ans. (a) Efficiency of power transmission though a pipe =
H
Diameter of the Nozzle for Transmitting Maximum Power

IES-40. A 20 cm diameter 500 m long water pipe with friction factor uf = 0.025,
leads from a constant-head reservoir and terminates at the delivery
end into a nozzle discharging into air. (Neglect all energy losses other
than those due to pipe friction). What is the approximate diameter of
the jet for maximum power? [IES-2004]
(a) 6.67 mm (b) 5.98 mm (c) 66.7 mm (d) 59.8 mm
Page 217 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
1/4 1/4
⎛ D5 ⎞ ⎛ 0.205 ⎞
IES-40. Ans. (d) d =⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 0.0598 m = 59.8 mm , Here f is
⎝ 2 fL ⎠ ⎝ 2 × 0.025 × 500 ⎠
1/4
⎛ D5 ⎞
friction factor d = ⎜ ⎟ here, f is co-efficient of friction.
⎝ 8 fL ⎠
Water Hammer in Pipes

IES-41. Water hammer in pipe lines takes place when [IES-1995]
(a) Fluid is flowing with high velocity
(b) Fluid is flowing with high pressure
(c) Flowing fluid is suddenly brought to rest by closing a valve.
(d) Flowing fluid is brought to rest by gradually closing a valve.
IES-41. Ans. (c) Water hammer in pipe lines takes place when flowing fluid is suddenly
brought to rest by closing a valve. When the water flowing in a long pipe is
suddenly brought to rest by closing the value or by any similar cause, there will
be sudden rise in pressure due to the momentum or the moving water being
destroyed. This causes a wave of high pressure to be transmitted along the pipe
which creates noise known as knocking. This phenomenon of sudden rise in
pressure in the pipe is known as water hammer or hammer blow.
IES-42. Velocity of pressure waves due to pressure disturbances imposed in a

liquid is equal to: [IES-2003]
(a) ( E / ρ)1/2 (b) (E ρ)1/2 (c) (ρ / E) ½ (d) (1/ ρ E) 1/2
IES-42. Ans. (a)
IES-43. Which phenomenon will occur when the value at the discharge end of a
pipe connected to a reservoir is suddenly closed? [IES-2005]
(a) Cavitation (b) Erosion (c) Hammering (d) Surging
IES-43. Ans. (c)
Instantaneous Closure of Valve, in Rigid Pipes

IES-44. Which one of the following statements relates to expression ' ρ vc'?
(a) Pressure rise in a duct due to normal closure of valve in the duct [IES-2009]
(b) Pressure rise in a duct due to abrupt closure of valve in the duct
(c) Pressure rise in a duct due to slow opening of valve in the duct
(d) Pressure rise in a duct due to propagation of supersonic wave through the
duct
IES-44. Ans. (d)
Loss of Energy (or Head) in Pipes

IAS-1. Two identical pipes of length ‘L’, diameter ‘d’ and friction factor ‘f’ are
connected in parallel between two points. For the same total volume
flow rate with pipe of same diameter‘d’ and same friction factor ‘f’, the
single length of the pipe will be: [IAS-1999]
Page 218 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
L L L
(a) (b) (c) 2L (d)
2 2 4
4 fLV 2 1
IAS-1. Ans. (d) h f = for same diameter Velocity, V will be (V/2) ΔP Will be
2g × D 4
times.
IAS-2. The loss of head in a pipe of certain length carrying a rate of flow of Q
is found to be H. If a pipe of twice the diameter but of the same length
is to carry a flow rate of 2Q, then the head loss will be: [IAS-1997]
(a) H (b) H/2 (c) H/4 (d) H/8
4 fLV 2
IAS-2. Ans. (d) H =
2 gD
Q 16Q 2 64 fLQ 2
where V = or V 2 = 2 4 or H =
A π D 2 gπ 2 D 5
64 fL(2Q) 2 22 H
or H 2 = = 5 H=
2 gπ (2 D)
2 5
2 8
IAS-3. The coefficient of friction ‘f’ in terms of shear stress ‘ τ 0 ’ is given by

[IAS-2003]
ρv 2
τ0 2τ 0 2 ρv 2
(a) f = (b) f = (c) f = (d) f =
2τ 0 ρv 2 ρv 2 τ0
IAS-3. Ans. (c)
IAS-4. The energy loss between

sections (1) and (2) of the
pipe shown in the given
figure is:
(a) 1.276 Kg-m
(b) 1.00 Kg-m
(c) 0.724 Kg-m
(d) 0.15 Kg-m
[IAS-1995]
IAS-4. Ans. (c). Energy loss between sections 1 and 2
2 2
p1 − p2 V1 V2
= + − Also V1 × A1 = V2 × A2
ρg 2g 2g
π π
or 0.6 × × (0.1) 2 = V2 × (0.05) 2 or V2=0.6 × 4=2.4 m/s
4 4
(3.5 − 3.4) × 10000 × 9.81 0.62
Energy loss = + (1 − 16)
9.81 × 1000 2g
15 × 0.36
= 0.1 × 10 − = 1 − 0.266 = 0.724
2 × 9.81
Page 219 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
IAS-5. A laminar flow is taking place in a pipe. Match List-I (Term) with List-
II (Expression) and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the Lists: [IAS-2002]
List-I List-II
16μ
A. Discharge, Q 1.
ρVD
ΔP πd 2 Δp
B. Pressure drop, 2.
L 128μL
32μV
C. Friction factor, f 3.
D2
πd 4 Δp
4.
128μL
Codes: A B C A B C
(a) 2 3 4 (b) 4 3 1
(c) 4 1 3 (d) 1 4 2
64
IAS-5. Ans. (b) Here ‘C’ is wrong. Friction factor= and
Re
16
Coefficient of friction= so ‘C’ would be co-efficient of friction.
Re
IAS-6. From a reservoir, water is drained through two pipes of 10 cm and 20

cm diameter respectively. If frictional head loss in both the pipes is
same, then the ratio of discharge through the larger pipe to that
through the smaller pipe will be: [IAS-1998]
(a) 2 (b) 2 2 (c) 4 (d) 4 2
2 2
4 fLV 2 VR V V Dl 20
IAS-6. Ans. (d) hf = = S or l = = = 2
D × 2g DR Ds VS Ds 10
2 2
Ql AlVl Dl Vl Dl Dl
= = 2× = 2× = 4 2
Qs AsVs Ds Vs Ds Ds
or, we may directly use Q∞D 5/2
4 fLV 2 Q 16Q 2 64 fLQ 2
hf = WhereV = or V 2 = 2 4 or h f = Or Q∞D 5/2
2 gD A π D 2 gπ 2 D 5
IAS-7. Which one of the following expresses the hydraulic diameter for a
rectangular pipe of width b and height a? [IAS-2007]
ab ab 2ab a+b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2( a + b ) ( a + b) ( a + b) 2ab
4A 2ab
IAS-7. Ans. (c) Hydraulic diameter = =
P 2(a + b)
Ac
Note: Hydraulic mean depth =
P
4 Ac
Hydraulic equivalent diameter =
P
Page 220 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
Loss of Head Due to Sudden Contraction
IAS-8. Assertion (A): Head loss for sudden expansion is more than the head
loss for a sudden contraction for the same diameter ratio. [IAS-2003]
Reason (R): Head loss varies as the square of the upstream and
downstream velocities in the pipe fitted with sudden expansion or
sudden contraction.
IAS-8. Ans. (c)
IAS-9. Assertion (A): Energy grade line lies above the hydraulic grade line and
is always parallel to it. [IAS-2003]
Reason (R): The vertical difference between energy grade line and
hydraulic grade line is equal to the velocity head.
IAS-9. Ans. (a)
IAS-10. Two pipelines of equal lengths are connected in series. The diameter of
the second pipe is two times that of the first pipe. The ratio of frictional
head losses between the first pipe and the second pipe is: [IAS-1996]
(a) 1:32 (b) 1:16 (c) 1:8 (d) 1:4
4 fLV 2 Q 16Q 2 64 fLQ 2 1

IAS-10. Ans. (a) h f = WhereV = or V 2 = 2 4 or h f = Or h f ∞ 5
2 gD A π D 2 gπ D
2 5
D
2
hf 1 ⎛D ⎞
= ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ( 2 ) = 32
5
hf 2 ⎝ 1⎠
D
Equivalent Pipe
IAS-11. A pipeline is said to be equivalent to another, if in both [IAS-2007]
(a) Length and discharge are the same
(b) Velocity and discharge are the same
(c) Discharge and frictional head loss are the same
(d) Length and diameter are the same
L L L L
IAS-11. Ans. (c) 5
= 15 + 25 + 35 + .........
D D1 D2 D3
IAS-12. A stepped pipelines with four different cross-sections discharges water

at the rate of 2 litres per second. Match List-I (Areas of pipe in sq cm)
with List-II (Velocities of water in cm/s) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the Lists: [IAS-2001]
List-I List-II
A. 500 1. 4
B. 100 2. 5
C. 400 3. 10
Page 221 of 372

Flo
ow Throu
ugh Pipe
es
S K Mon
ndal’s Chapte
er 11
D. 200
0 4. 15
1
5. 20
2
Codess: A B C D A B C D
(a)) 5 1 2 3 (b) 1 5 2 3
(c)) 1 5 3 4 (d) 3 2 5 1
IAS-1
12. Ans. (b)) Volume flo
ow rate = A.V = 2000 cm
m3/sec
A1V1 = A2V2 = A3V3 = AAVA = 22000
IAS-1
13. A bra anched pip peline carr ries water as
shown n in the given figure. The cro oss-
sectio onal areas of the pipelines ha ave
also been
b indicated in the figure. The
T
correc ct sequen nce of the e decreasiing
order r of the magnitude
m of dischar
rge
for thhe four stattions is:
(a) 2, 3,
3 1, 4 (b) 3,
3 2, 1, 4
(c) 3, 2,
2 4, 1 (d) 2, 3, 4,1
[IAS
S-1996]
IAS-1
13. Ans. (d) Don’t connfuse with section
s 1 an
nd section 4 both has area
a =‘2A’ as
a it is
vertica
ally up so diischarge willl be less.
IAS-1
14. Pipe ‘1’
‘ branche
es to three
e pipes as shown
s in the given figure.
f Thee areas
ding velocitties are as given in the followin
and correspond ng table.
Velocity A
Area
Pip
pe
(cm
m per seconnd) (ssq cm)
1. 50 20
2. V2 10
3. 30 15
4. 20 10
The value
v of V2 in cm per second will be: S-1995]
[IAS
(a) 15 (b) 20 (cc) 30 (d)) 35
IAS-1
14. Ans. (d)) Q1 = Q2 + Q3 + Q4
50 × 20
0 = V2 × 10 + 30 × 15 + 20 × 10; oro 1000 = 10
0V2 + 450 + 200
2
10V2 = 1000 – 650 0 = 350 and V2 = 35 cm//sec.
Pow
wer Tra
ansmiss
sion thrrough Pipes
P
IAS-1
15. For maximum
m transmissiion of pow wer through a pipe line with h total
head H, the hea
ad lost due to friction
n hf is given n by: [IAS
S-2007; IES
S-2001]
(a) 0.1 H (b) H//3 (c) H//2 (d) 2H/3
IAS-1
15. Ans. (b))
IAS-1
16. What will be the maximum m efficiency of the ppipeline if one-third of the
availaable head in
i flow thrrough the pipeline
p is consumed d by frictio
on?
[IASS-2004]
(a) 33.33% (b) 50.00% (c) 66
6.66% (d) 75.00%
H H − hf 2
IAS-1
16. Ans. (c) hf = ∴η = ×1100 = ×1000 = 66.66%
3 H 3
Page 222 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
IAS-17. In a pipe flow, the head lost due to friction is 6 m. If the power
transmitted through the pipe has to be the maximum then the total
head at the inlet of the pipe will have to be maintained at [IAS-1995]
(a) 36 m (b) 30 m (c) 24 m (d) 18 m
IAS-17. Ans. (d) Head lost due to friction is 6 m. Power transmitted is maximum when
friction head is 1/3 of the supply head.
∴ Supply head should be 18 m.
Page 223 of 372

Flow Through Pipes
Page 224 of 372

Flow Through Orifices & Mouthpieces
12. Flow Through Orifices and

Mouthpieces
1. An orifice is an opening in a fluid container.
2. A mouthpiece is a short tube fitted in place of an orifice. The length of the
tube usually 2 to 3 times the diameter of the orifice. It is used to increase
the amount of discharge.
Area of jet at vena contracta
3. Co-efficient of contraction, Cc = ; generally = 0.64
Area of orifice opening
Actual velocity at vena contracta
4. Co-efficient of velocity, Cv = ; generally = 0.98
Ideal velocity of the jet
Actual discharge
5. Co-efficient of Discharge, Cd = ; generally = 0.60
Ideal discharge
6. Cd = Cc × Cv [VIMP]
7. Head lost in orifice = Head of theoretical velocity-Head of actual velocity
(V1 )th
2 2
V 2 ⎛ V ⎞ 1 V12 V12 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= − 1 =⎜ 1 ⎟ − = ⎜ 2 − 1⎟
2g 2 g ⎝ Cv ⎠ 2 g 2 g 2 g ⎝ Cv ⎠
2
8. Discharge through a large rectangular orifice, Q = Cd b 2 g ⎡⎣ H 23/ 2 − H13/2 ⎤⎦
3
2 A( H1 − H 2 )
9. Time of emptying a tank through an orifice at its bottom, T =
Cd .a. 2 g
10. Internal Mouthpiece is also known as Borda’s Mouthpiece
11. Co-efficient of discharge of internal mouthpiece (Cd)

(a) External mouthpiece, Cd = 0.855
(b) Internal mouthpiece, Running full, Cd = 0.707
Running free, Cd = 0.50
(c) Convergent-divergent mouthpiece, Cd = 1.0
Question: Prove that an internal mouthpiece running full discharges around
41.4 % more water than that when it runs free. [AMIE (Winter) 2001]
Page 225 of 372

Answer:
Mouthpiece running full Mouthpiece running free

Let, aC = area at vena-contracta,
a = area of orifice or mouthpiece.
VC = velocity of the liquid at C-C (vena-contracta)
V1 = velocity of the liquid at I-I (or outlet), and
H = height of liquid above mouthpiece.
For mouthpiece running full:
Applying continuity equation aC VC = aI VI
aI VI
or VC = ...(i)
aC
We know that co-efficient of contraction of an internet mouthpiece is 0.5
a
∴ CC = C = 0.5 ∴From equation(i); VC = 2 VI ... ( ii )
aI
The jet of liquid after passing through C-C suddenly enlarges at section I-I.
Therefore, there will be loss of head due to sudden en/assent
( V − VI ) = ( 2VI − VI ) = VI2
2 2
h2 = C
2g 2g 2g
Applying Bernoulli’s eq to free water surface in tank and section I-I and
n
assuming datum line passing through the centre line of mouth piece
V2
0 + 0 + H = 0 + 1 + 0 + h2
2g
n 2
V V
or H = I + I
2g 2g
V2
or H = I ∴VI = gH ...(iii)
2g
But theoretical velocity at (1) Vth,1 = 2gH
V1 gH 1
∴ Co-efficient of velocity, C V = = =
Vth,1 2gH 2
As the area of the jet at outlet is equal to the area of the mouthpiece, hence
co-efficient of contraction = 1.0
1 1
∴ Cd = CC ×C V =1× = =0.707
2 2
Discharge, QFI = Cd ×a× 2gH = 0.707 a 2gH ...(iv)
Mouthpiece Running Free:

Pressure of the liquid on the mouthpiece
Page 226 of 372

P = ρg H
And force acting on the mouthpiece = P × A = ρ g H A
Mass of liquid flowing per second = ρ aC VC
Momentum of flowing fluid/see = mass x velocity = ρ a C VC × VC = ρ a C VC2
Since the water is initially at rest, therefore initial momentum = 0
∴ Change of momentum = ρ aC VC2
∴ As per Newton’s second law of motion.
V2
ρ gH×a = ρ aC VC2 ∵H = C
2g
VC2
or ρ g× a = ρ aC VC2
2g
aC 1
∴ = = 0.5
a 2
aC
∴ Co-efficient of contraction CC = =0.5
a
Since there is no loss of head, co-efficient of velocity, CV =1.0
∴ Co-efficient of discharge Cd =C V ×CC =1×0.5 =0.5
∴ Discharge QFe = 0.5 a 2gH
QFI - QFe 0.707 - 0.5
∴ = =0.414 around 41.1% more water than that when it
QFe 0.5
runs free.
Page 227 of 372

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (IES, IAS)
Previous Years IES Questions
Flow through an Orifice

IES-1. Match List-I (Measuring device) with List-II (Parameter measured) and
select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:
List-I List-II [IES-1997]
A. Anemometer 1. Flow rate
B. Piezometer 2. Velocity
C. Pitot tube 3. Static pressure
D. Orifice 4. Difference between static and
stagnation pressure
(a) 1 3 4 2 (b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 2 4 3 1
IES-1. Ans. (c) Anemometer is an instrument for measuring wind force and velocity.
Discharge through an External Mouthpiece

IES-2. Given, H = height of liquid, b = width of notch, a = cross-sectional area,
a1 = area at inlet, A2 = area at the throat and Cd = coefficient of drag.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the Lists: [IES-1997]
List-I List-II
2
A. Discharge through Venturimeter 1. Cd b 2 g H 3/2
3
8
B. Discharge through an external mouthpiece 2. Cd b 2 g H 5/2
15
Cd a1a2
C. Discharge over a rectangular notch 3. 2 gH
a12 − a22
D. Discharge over right angled notch 4. 0.855 a 2gH
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 3 4 1 2
(c) 2 1 3 4 (d) 2 3 1 4
IES-2. Ans. (b)
IES-3. In a submerged orifice flow, the discharge is proportional to which one

of the following parameters? [IES-2009]
(a) Square root of the downstream head
(b) Square root of the upstream head
(c) Square of the upstream head
(d) Square root of the difference between upstream and downstream heads
IES-3. Ans. (d) A drowned or submerged orifice is one which does not discharge into open
atmosphere, but discharge into liquid of the same kind.
Page 228 of 372

A1A 2
Q = Cd 2g (h − hL )
A12 A 22
∴ In submerged orifice flow discharge is proportional to square root of the
difference b/w upstream and downstream heads.
Previous Years IAS Questions
Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd)

IAS-1. A fluid jet is discharging from a 100 mm nozzle and the vena contracta
formed has a diameter of 90 mm. If the coefficient of velocity is 0.95,
then the coefficient discharge for the nozzle is: [IAS-1994]
(a) 0.855 (b) 0.81 (c) 0.9025 (d) 0.7695
π 2
A (90)
IAS-1. Ans. (d) Cc = v = 4 = 0.81 , Cv = 0.95 ∴ Cd = Cc × Cd = 0.81 × 0.95 = 0.7695
A π
(100)2
4
Discharge through a Large Rectangular Orifice

IAS-2. Water discharges from a two-
dimensional rectangular opening
into air as indicated at A in the
given figure. At B water
discharge from under a gate onto
the floor. The ratio of velocities
VA to VB is:
5 1 1
(a) (b) (c ) 2 (d )
2 2 2
[IAS-1996]
IAS-2. Ans. (a) It is to be noted that the side of the reservoir having rectangular opening
into air (as denoted by two triangles) should have a average theoretical velocity
H + H2
of water given by, VA = 2 gH where H = 1
2
Theoretical velocity of water from under a gate onto the floor (see the figure) is
given by
VA H1 + H 2
Velocity ratio, =
VB 2H1
Page 229 of 372

Page 230 of 372

Flow Over Notches and Weirs
13. Flow Over Notches and Weirs

Question: Prove that the error in discharge due to error in the measurement of
dQ 5 dH
head over a triangular notch or weir is given by =
Q 2 H
Answer:
h
L N M
dh
H
θ/2
0
Let, H = head of water above the apex of the notch.
θ = angle of the notch.
Cd = Co-efficient of discharge.
Consider a horizontal strip of water of thickness dh, and at a depth h from
the water surface.
∴ Area of the strip (dA) = LM dh
= 2 LN dh From Δ LNO Triangle
= 2 (H – h) tan θ dh [LN = (H – h) tan θ ]
2 2
We know that theoretical velocity of water through the strip = 2gh
∴ Discharge though the strip, dQ = Cd ×area of strip× velocity
= Cd × 2(H-h)× tan θ ×dh× 2gh
2
H h
2 ∫( )
∴ Total discharge, Q = ∫ dQ = 2C d 2g × tan θ H h -h3 2 dh
0 0
⎡ H3 2 H5 2 ⎤
= 2Cd 2g × tan θ⎢H× − ⎥
2⎢ 3 5 ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦
5 ⎡2 2⎤
= 2Cd 2g × tan θ ×H 2 ⎢ − ⎥
2 ⎣3 5⎦
8 5
= Cd 2g × tan θ ×H 2
15 2
8
For a given notch Cd 2g × tan θ = cost (k)
15 2
5
∴ Q=kH 2
Page 231 of 372

Taking loge both side
5
InQ = Ink + InH
2
Differentiating both side
dQ 5 dH
=0+
Q 2 H
dQ 5 dH
∴ = Pr oved.
Q 2 H
Page 232 of 372

Discharge over a Rectangular Notch or Weir

IES-1. Which of the following is/are related to measure the discharge by a
rectangular notch? [IES-2002]
1. 2 / 3 Cd b 2 g H2 2. 2 / 3 Cd. b 2 g H3/2
3. 2 / 3 Cd. b 2 g H5/2 4. 2 / 3 Cd. b 2 g H1/2
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 2 alone (d) 4 alone
IES-1. Ans. (c)
IES-2. Match List-I (Measuring Instrument) with List-II (Variable to be

measured) and select the correct answer using the code given below
the lists: [IES-2007]
List-I List-II
A. Hot-wire anemometer 1. Discharge
B. Pitot-tube 2. Rotational speed
C. V-notch weir 3. Velocity fluctuations
D. Tachometer 4. Stagnation pressure
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 3 4 2 1
(c) 4 3 1 2 (d) 3 4 1 2
IES-2. Ans. (d)
IES-3. A standard 90° V-notch weir is used to measure discharge. The
discharge is Q1 for heights H1 above the sill and Q2 is the discharge for
a height H2– If H2 / H2 is 4, then Q2 / Q2 is: [IES-2001]
(a) 32 (b) 16 2 (c) 16 (d) 8
5
8 ⎛θ ⎞ 2
IES-3. Ans. (a) We know that for a V-notch, Q = 2g tan ⎜ ⎟ H
15 ⎝2⎠
5 5
Q ⎛H ⎞ 2 5
i .e. Q∞H2 ∴ 2 =⎜ 2⎟ =4 2 = 32
Q1 ⎝ H1 ⎠

Discharge over a Triangular Notch or Weir
IAS-1. A triangular notch is more accurate measuring device than the
rectangular notch for measuring which one of the following? [IAS-2007]
(a) Low flow rates (b) Medium flow rate
(c) High flow rates (d) All flow rates
IAS-1. Ans. (a)
Page 233 of 372

Page 234 of 372

Flow Around Submerged Bodies-Drag & Lift
14. Flow Around Submerged Bodies-

Drag and Lift
1. Force Exerted by a Flowing Fluid on a Body
2. Expressions for Drag and Lift
3. Stream-lined and Bluff Bodies
4. Terminal Velocity of a Body
5. Circulation and Lift on a Circular Cylinder
6. Position of Stagnation Points
7. Expression for Lift Co-efficient for Rotating Cylinder
8. Magnus Effect
9. Lift on an Airfoil

1. A body wholly immersed in a real fluid may be subjected to the following
forces:
Drag force (FD): It is the force exerted by fluid in the direction of flow (free stream).
Lift force (FL): It is the force exerted by fluid at the right angles to the direction of
flow.
2. The mathematical expressions for FD and FL are:

ρU 2 ρU 2
FD = CD × ×A and FL = CL × ×A
2 2
Where CD = Co-efficient of drag,
CL = Co-efficient of lift,
U = Free stream velocity of fluid,
ρ = Density of fluid, and
A = Projected area of the body.
Resultant force, F = FD2 + FL2
3. Total drag on a body = Pressure drag + Friction drag

Profile drag comprises two components. Surface friction drag and normal pressure
drag (form drag).
4. A body whose surface coincides with the streamlines when placed in a flow
is called a streamlined body. If the surface of the body does not coincide
with the streamlines, the body in called bluff body.
5. Stokes found out that for Re < 0·2 the total drag on a sphere is given by
FD = 3πμ DU ; and of the total drag
Page 235 of 372

2
Skin Friction drag = × 3πμ DU = 2πμ DU , and
3
1
Pressure drag = × 3πμ DU = πμ DU
3
6. For sphere, the values of CD for different Reynolds number are:

Reynolds number (Re) CD
24
(i) Less than 0.2
Re
24 ⎛ 3 ⎞
(ii) Between 0.2 and 5.0 ⎜1 + ⎟
Re ⎝ 16 Re ⎠
(iii) Between 5 and 1000 0.4
(iv) Between 1000 and 105 0.5
(v) Greater than 105 0.2
7. The terminal velocity is the maximum velocity attained by a falling body.

The terminal velocity of a body falling through a liquid at rest is calculated
from the following relation: W = FD + FB
Where FD and FB are the drag force and buoyant force respectively, acting vertically
upward.
8. The velocity of ideal fluid at any point on the surface of the cylinder is given
by uθ = 2U sin θ
Where uθ = tangential velocity on the surface of the cylinder,
U = uniform velocity (or free stream velocity),
θ = the angular distance of the point from the forward stagnation point.
9. The peripheral velocity on the surface of the cylinder due to circulation (uc)
is given by:
Γ
uc=
2π R
where Γ = circulation, and R = radius of the cylinder.
10. The resultant velocity on a circular cylinder which is rotated at a constant

speed in a uniform flow field is given by,
Γ
u = ue + uc = 2U sin θ +
2π R
11. The position of stagnation points is given by

Γ
sin θ = -
4π RU
For a single stagnation point, the condition is
Γ = 4π UR ---in terms of circulation
uC = 2U ...in terms of tangential velocity.
12. The pressure at any point on the cylinder surface (p) is given by
1 ⎡ ⎛ Γ ⎞ ⎤
2
p=po+ ρU 2 ⎢1 − ⎜ 2sin θ + ⎟ ⎥
2 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2π UR ⎠ ⎥⎦
Where po = the pressure in the uniform flow at some distance ahead of cylinder.
Page 236 of 372

13. When a circular cylinder is rotated in a uniform flow, a lift force (FL) is
produced on the cylinder. the magnitude of which is given by
FL= ρ LU Γ
This equation is known as Kutta-Joukowski equation.
14. The expression for lift co-efficient for a rotating cylinder in a uniform flow
is given by
Γ
CL = ... in terms of circulation
UR
uc
CL = 2π ... in terms of tangential velocity.
U
15. The generation of lift by spinning cylinder in a fluid stream is called

Magnus effect.
Flow about a rotating cylinder is equivalent to the combination of flow past a cylinder
and a vortex.
As such in addition to superimposed uniform flow and a doublet, a vortex is thrown
at the doublet centre which will simulate a rotating cylinder in uniform stream.
The pressure distribution will result in a force, a component of which will culminate
in lift force. The phenomenon of generation of lift by a rotating object placed in a
stream is known as Magnus effect.
16. Circulation developed on the airfoil is given by

Γ = π cU sin α
Where c = chord length. α = angle of attack.
17. The expression for co-efficient of lift for an airfoil is given by

CL = 2π sin α
The critical Mach number is defined as free stream Mach number at which Sonic flow
(M = 1) is first achieved on the airfoil surface.
18. When an aeroplane is in steady-state.

⎛ ρU 2 ⎞
(i) The weight of aeroplane (W) = the lift force ⎜ L
C × × A⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
(ii) The thrust developed by the engine = the drag force.
19. Mechanisms of Boundary Layer Transition

• One of the interesting problems in fluid mechanics is the physical mechanism of
transition from laminar to turbulent flow. The problem evolves about the
generation of both steady and unsteady vorticity near a body, its subsequent
molecular diffusion, its kinematic and dynamic convection and redistribution
downstream, and the resulting feedback on the velocity and pressure fields near
the body. We can perhaps realize the complexity of the transition problem by
examining the behaviour of a real flow past a cylinder.
Page 237 of 372

Fig. (a) in the side shows the flow past a
cylinder for a very low Reynolds number ∼ 1 .
The flow smoothly divides and reunites around
the cylinder.
At a Reynolds number of about 4, the flow

(boundary layer) separates in the downstream
and the wake is formed by two symmetric
eddies. The eddies remain steady and
symmetrical but grow in size up to a Reynolds
number of about 40 as shown in Fig. (b).
At a Reynolds number above 40 , oscillation

in the wake induces asymmetry and finally
the wake starts shedding vortices into the
stream. This situation is termed as onset of
periodicity as shown in Fig. (c) and the
wake keeps on undulating up to a Reynolds
number of 90 .
At a Reynolds number above 90 , the eddies
are shed alternately from a top and bottom
of the cylinder and the regular pattern of
alternately shed clockwise and
counterclockwise vortices form Von
Karman vortex street as in Fig. (d).
• Periodicity is eventually induced in the flow field with the vortex-shedding
phenomenon.
• The periodicity is characterized by the frequency of vortex shedding f.
• In non-dimensional form, the vortex shedding frequency is expressed
as fD / U ref known as the Strouhal number named after V. Strouhal, a
German physicist who experimented with wires singing in the wind. The
Strouhal number shows a slight but continuous variation with Reynolds number
around a value of 0.21. The boundary layer on the cylinder surface remains
laminar and separation takes place at about 81° from the forward stagnation
point.
At about Re = 500, multiple frequencies start showing up and the wake tends
to become Chaotic.
As the Reynolds number becomes higher,
the boundary layer around the cylinder
tends to become turbulent. The wake, of
course, shows fully turbulent characters
Fig (e).
For larger Reynolds numbers, the

boundary layer becomes turbulent. A
turbulent boundary layer offers greater
resistance to separation than a laminar
boundary layer. As a consequence the
separation point moves downstream and
Page 238 of 372

the separation angle is delayed to 1100
from the forward stagnation point Fig. (f ).
A very interesting sequence of events begins to develop when the Reynolds

number is increased beyond 40, at which point the wake behind the cylinder
becomes unstable. Photographs show that the wake develops a slow oscillation
in which the velocity is periodic in time and downstream distance. The
amplitude of the oscillation increases downstream. The oscillating wake rolls up
into two staggered rows of vortices with opposite sense of rotation.
• Karman investigated the phenomenon and concluded that a non-staggered row
of vortices is unstable, and a staggered row is stable only if the ratio of lateral
distance between the vortices to their longitudinal distance is 0.28. Because of
the similarity of the wake with footprints in a street, the staggered row of
vortices behind a blue body is called a Karman Vortex Street. The vortices
move downstream at a speed smaller than the upstream velocity U.
• In the range 40 < Re < 80, the vortex street does not interact with the pair of
attached vortices. As Re is increased beyond 80 the vortex street forms closer to
the cylinder and the attached eddies themselves begin to oscillate. Finally the
attached eddies periodically break off alternately from the two sides of the
cylinder.
• While an eddy on one side is shed, that on the other side forms, resulting in an
unsteady flow near the cylinder. As vortices of opposite circulations are shed off
alternately from the two sides, the circulation around the cylinder changes sign,
resulting in an oscillating "lift" or lateral force. If the frequency of vortex
shedding is close to the natural frequency of some mode of vibration of the
cylinder body, then an appreciable lateral vibration culminates.
Page 239 of 372

Force Exerted by a Flowing Fluid on a Body

IES-1. Whenever a plate is submerged at an angle with the direction of flow of
liquid, it is subjected to some pressure. What is the component of this
pressure in the direction of flow of liquid, known as? [IES-2007]
(a) Stagnation pressure (b) Lift (c) Drag (d) Bulk modulus
IES-1. Ans. (c)
IES-2. The drag force exerted by a fluid on a body immersed in the fluid is due
to: [IES-2002]
(a) Pressure and viscous forces (b) Pressure and gravity forces
(c) Pressure and surface tension forces (d) Viscous and gravity forces
IES-2. Ans. (a) Total drag on a body = pressure drag + friction drag
IES-3. The drag force exerted by a fluid on a body immersed in the fluid is due
to: [IES-2002]
(a) Pressure and viscous forces (b) Pressure and gravity forces
(c) Pressure and surface tension forces (d) Viscous and gravity forces.
IES-3. Ans. (a)
IES-4. Whenever a plate is submerged at an angle with the direction of flow of

liquid, it is subjected to some pressure. What is the component of this
pressure in the direction of flow of liquid, known as? [IES-2007]
(a) Stagnation pressure (b) Lift
(c) Drag (d) Bulk modulus
IES-4. Ans. (c)
IES-5. An automobile moving at a velocity of 40 km/hr is experiencing a wind

resistance of 2 kN. If the automobile is moving at a velocity of 50 km/hr,
the power required to overcome the wind resistance is: [IES-2000]
(a) 43.4 kW (b) 3.125 kW (c) 2.5 kW (d) 27.776 kW
ρV 2
IES-5. Ans. (a) Power, P = FD × V = CD × × A × V Or P∞V 3
2
3 3 3
P2 ⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎛V ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 50 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ or P2 = ( FD1 × V1 ) × ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ⎜ 2 × 40 × ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ = 43.4 kW
P1 ⎝ V1 ⎠ ⎝ V1 ⎠ ⎝ 18 ⎠ ⎝ 40 ⎠
IES-6. Which one of the following causes lift on an immersed body in a fluid
stream? [IES-2005]
(a) Buoyant forces.
(b) Resultant fluid force on the body.
(c) Dynamic fluid force component exerted on the body parallel to the approach
velocity.
(d) Dynamic fluid force component exerted on the body perpendicular to the
approach velocity.
Page 240 of 372

IES-6. Ans. (d)
Stream-lined and Bluff Bodies

IES--7. Which one of the following is correct? [IES-2008]
In the flow past bluff bodies
(a) Pressure drag is smaller than friction drag
(b) Friction drag occupies the major part of total drag
(c) Pressure drag occupies the major part of total drag
(d) Pressure drag is less than that of streamlined body
IES-7. Ans. (c) In the flow past bluff bodies the pressure drag occupies the major part of
total drag. During flow past bluff-bodies, the desired pressure recovery does not
take place in a separated flow and the situation gives rise to pressure drag or
form drag.
IES-8. Improved streaming produces 25% reduction in the drag coefficient of

a torpedo. When it is travelling fully submerged and assuming the
driving power to remain the same, the crease in speed will be:
[IES-2000]
(a) 10% (b) 20% (c) 25% (d) 30%
V2 C 100
IES-8. Ans. (a) CD1 × V13 = CD 2 × V23 or = 3 D1 = 3 = 1.10
V1 CD 2 75
IES-9. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer: [IES-2001]
List-I List-II
A. Stokes' law 1. Strouhal number
B. Bluff body 2. Creeping motion
C. Streamline body 3. Pressure drag
D. Karman Vortex Street 4. Skin friction drag
(a) 2 3 1 4 (b) 3 2 4 1
(c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 3 2 1 4
IES-9. Ans. (c) In non-dimensional form, the vortex shedding frequency is expressed as as
the Strouhal number named after V. Strouhal, a German physicist who
experimented with wires singing in the wind. The Strouhal number shows a
slight but continuous variation with Reynolds number around a value of 0.21.
List-I
List-II
A. Singing of telephone wires 1. Vortex flow
B. Velocity profile in a pipe is initially 2. Drag
parabolic and then flattens 3. Vortex shedding
C. Formation of cyclones 4. Turbulence
D. Shape of rotameter tube
(a) 3 1 4 2 (b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 2 4 1 3
IES-10. Ans. (c)
Page 241 of 372

Terminal Velocity of a Body
IES-11. A parachutist has a mass of 90 kg and a projected frontal area of 0.30
m2 in free fall. The drag coefficient based on frontal area is found to be
0.75. If the air density is 1.28 kg/m3, the terminal velocity of the
parachutist will be: [IES-1999]
(a) 104.4 m/s (b) 78.3 m/s (c) 25 m/s (d) 18.5 m/s
ρV 2
IES-11. Ans. (b) Total Drag ( FD ) = Weight (W ) or CD × × A = mg
2
2mg 2 × 90 × 9.81
orV = = = 78.3 m / s
CD × ρ × A 0.75 ×1.28 × 0.3
IES-12. For solid spheres fal1ing vertically downwards under gravity in a

viscous fluid, the terminal velocity, V1 varies with diameter 'D' of the
sphere as [IES-1995]
(a) V1∞D for al1 diameters
1/ 2
(b) V1∞D 2 for al1 diameters

(c) V1∞D1/ 2 for large D and V1∞D 2 for small D
(d) V1∞D 2 for large D and V1∞D1/2 for small D.
IES-12. Ans. (b) Terminal velocity V1∞D 2 for al1 diameters. Stokes’ formula forms the
basis for determination of viscosity of oils which consists of allowing a sphere of
known diameter to fail freely in the oil. After initial acceleration. The sphere
attains a constant velocity known as Terminal Velocity which is reached when
the external drag on the surface and buoyancy, both acting upwards and in
opposite to the motions, become equal to the downward force due to gravity.
Circulation and Lift on a Circular Cylinder

IES-13. The parameters for ideal fluid flow around a rotating circular cylinder
can be obtained by superposition of some elementary flows. Which one
of the following sets would describe the flow around a rotating circular
cylinder? [IES-1997]
(a) Doublet, vortex and uniform flow (b) Source, vortex and uniform flow
(c) Sink, vortex and uniform flow (d) Vortex and uniform flow
IES-13. Ans. (a)
IES-14. Assertion (A): When a circular cylinder is placed normal to the

direction of flow, drag force is essentially a function of the Reynolds
number of the flow. [IES-1993]
Reason (R): As Reynolds Number is about 100 and above, eddies formed
break away from either side in periodic fashion, forming a meandering
street called the Karman Vortex street.
IES-14. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R provides a correct explanation of A.
Page 242 of 372

IES-15. Match List-I (Types of flow) with List-II (Basic ideal flows) and select
the correct answer: [IES-2001, IAS-2003]
List-I List-II
A. Flow over a stationary cylinder 1. Source + sink + uniform flow
B. Flow over a half Rankine body 2. Doublet + uniform flow
C. Flow over a rotating body 3. Source + uniform flow
D. Flow over a Rankine oval 4. Doublet + free vortex + uniform flow
(a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 2 4 3 1
(c) 1 3 4 2 (d) 2 3 4 1
IES-15. Ans. (d)
Position of Stagnation Points

IES-16. A cylindrical object is
rotated with constant
angular velocity about
its symmetry axis in a
uniform flow field of an
ideal fluid producing
streamlines as shown in
the figure given above.
At which point(s), is the
pressure on the cylinder
surface maximum? [IES-2007]
(a) Only at point 3 (b) Only at point 2
(c) At points 1 and 3 (d) At points 2 and 4
IES-16. Ans. (d)
IES-17. A circular cylinder of 400 mm diameter is rotated about its axis in a

stream of water having a uniform velocity of 4 m/s. When both the
stagnation points coincide, the lift force experienced by the cylinder is:
[IES-2000]
(a) 160 kN/m (b) 10.05 kN/m (c) 80 kN/m (d) 40.2 kN/m
IES-17. Ans. (d) For single stagnation point, Circulation
0.400
( Γ ) = 4πVR = 4π × 4 × = 10.05 m2 / s
2
FL
And Lift force ( FL ) = ρ LV Γ = 1000 × L × 4 × 10.05 N ⇒ = 40.2kN / m
L
Caution: In this question “both the stagnation points coincide” is written
1
therefore you can’t just simply use ρ Av 2
2
IES-18. Flow over a half body is studied by utilising a free stream velocity of 5
m/s superimposed on a source at the origin. The body has a maximum
width of 2 m. The co-ordinates of the stagnation point are: [IES-1995]
(a) x = 0.32 m, y = 0 (b) x = 0, y = 0
(c) x = (–) 0.32 m, y = 0 (d) x = 3 m, y = 2 m
Page 243 of 372

Flow Ar
round Submerge
ed Bodie
es-Drag & Lift
S K Mon
ndal’s Chapte
er 14
IES-1
18. Ans. (c)) A is the stagnation
s point
and O is the origin.
q 2×5
−x = = = 0.32 m
2π v 2π × 5
x = −0.32
0 m and y = 0
Exp
pressio
on for Lift Co-e
efficient for Ro
otating Cylind
der
IES-1
19. Which h one of th he following sets off standard flows is superimpo
s sed to
represent the flow around d a rotating cylinder r? [IESS-2000]
(a) Dou ublet, vorteex and unifoorm flow (bb) Source, v
vortex and uniform
u flow
w
(c) Sin
nk, vortex an nd uniform flow (d
d) Vortex annd uniform flow
IES-1
19. Ans. (a))
IES-2
20. How could
c 'Maggnus effectt' be simula ated as a combinatio on? [IES
S-2009]
(a) Un
niform flow and
a doublett
(b) Un
niform flow, irrotationall vortex and
d doublet
(c) Uniform flow and
a vortex
(d) Un
niform flow and
a line sou urce
IES-2
20. Ans. (bb) Magnus Effect: Floow about a rotating ccylinder is equivalent to the
combin nation of flow
f past a cylinder and a vorttex. As succh in addittion to
superiimposed un niform flow and a doub blet, a vorttex is throw
wn at the doublet
d
centree which willl simulate a rotating cy
ylinder in u
uniform streeam. The prressure
distrib
bution will result in a force, a component off which willl culminatee in lift
force. The phenoomenon of g generation of lift by a rotating object
o placeed in a
streamm is known asa Magnus effect
IES-2
21. Consiider the folllowing sta atements: [IESS-2007]
1. The phenom menon of liift produc ced by imp posing cir
rculation over
o a
dooublet in a uniform fllow is know wn as Mag gnus effect.
2. Th he path-deviation off a cricket ball from m its originnal trajecttory is
duue to the Magnus
M effe
ect.
Which h of the sta
atement giiven above e is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (cc) Both 1 an
nd 2 (d)) Neither 1 nor 2
21. Ans. (c)
IES-2
Lift on an Airfoil
IES-2
22. Consiider the folllowing staatements: [IES
S-1999]
1. Th
he cause off stalling o of an aeroffoil is the boundary
b l
layer separation
an
nd formatio on of increeased zone of wake.
2. An
n aerofoil should have h a rouunded nosse in supersonic flow to
prevent form mation of new
n shock.
3. Whhen an aer rofoil operaates at an angle of inncidence greater
g tha
an that
of stalling, th
he lift decr
reases and d drag increase.
4. A rough
r balll when at c certain speeds can a attain long
ger range due
d to
red
duction off lift as the roughnesss induces e early separation.
Whichh of these statements
s s are corre
ect?
Page 244 of 372

IES-22. Ans. (d)
IES-23. Which one of the following is true of flow around a submerged body?
(a) For subsonic, non-viscous flow, the drag is zero [IES-1998]
(b) For supersonic flow, the drag coefficient is dependent equally on Mach
number and Reynolds number
(c) The lift and drag coefficients of an aerofoil is independent of Reynolds
number
(d) For incompressible flow around an aerofoil, the profile drag is the sum of
from drag and skin friction drag.
IES-23. Ans. (d) Profile drag comprises two components. Surface friction drag and normal
pressure drag (form drag).
IES-24. When pressure drag over a body is large as compared to the friction
drag, then the shape of the body is that of: [IES-2000]
(a) An aerofoil (b) A streamlined body
(c) A two-dimensional body (d) A bluff body
IES-24. Ans. (d)
IES-25. Assertion (A): Aircraft wings are slotted to control separation of

boundary layer especially at large angles of attack. [IES-2003]
Reason (R): This helps to increase the lift and the aircraft can take off
from, and land on, short runways.
IES-25. Ans. (c)
IES-26. The critical value of Mach number for a subsonic airfoil is associated
with sharp increase in drag due to local shock formation and its
interaction with the boundary layer. A typical value of this critical
Mach number is of the order of: [IES-1995]
(a) 0.4 to 0.5 (b) 0.75 to 0.85 (c) l.l to 1.3 (d) 1.5 to 2.0
IES-26. Ans. (c) The critical Mach number is defined as free stream Mach number at
which Sonic flow(M = 1) is first achieved on the airfoil surface. Critical value of
mach number for a subsonic airfoil is 1.1 to 1.3.
Expressions for Drag and Lift

IAS-1. Assertion (A): A body with large curvature causes a larger pressure
drag and, therefore, larger resistance to motion. [IAS-2002]
Reason (R): Large curvature diverges the streamlines, decreases the
velocity resulting in the increase in pressure and development of
adverse pressure gradient leading to reverse flow near the boundary.
Page 245 of 372

IAS-1. Ans. (a)
IAS-2. Assertion (A): In flow over immersed bodies. [IAS-1995]

Reason(R): Drag can be created without life. Life cannot be created
without drag.
IAS-2. Ans. (b). Both the statements of A and R are true, but R is not necessarily the
explanation for A.
IAS-3. Consider the following coefficients: (Re = Reynolds number) [IAS-1999]

1. 1.328 Re_ (0.5) for laminar flow 2. 2.072 Re_ (0.2) for turbulent flow
3. 0.072 Re _ (0.2) for turbulent flow 4. 1.028 Re _ (0.5) for laminar flow
The coefficient of drag for a flat would include
IAS-3. Ans. (c)
IAS-4. Match List-I (Types of flow) with List-II (Basic ideal flows) and select
the correct answer: [IES-2001, IAS-2003]
List-I List-II
A. Flow over a stationary cylinder 1. Source + sink + uniform flow
B. Flow over a half Rankine body 2. Doublet + uniform flow
C. Flow over a rotating body 3. Source + uniform flow
D. Flow over a Rankine oval 4. Doublet + free vortex + uniform flow
(a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 2 4 3 1
(c) 1 3 4 2 (d) 2 3 4 1
IAS-4. Ans. (d)
Magnus Effect
IAS-5. The Magnus effect is defined as [IAS-2002]
(a) The generation of lift per unit drag force
(b) The circulation induced in an aircraft wing
(c) The separation of boundary layer near the trailing edge of a slender body
(d) The generation of lift on a rotating cylinder in a uniform flow
IAS-5. Ans. (d)
Page 246 of 372

Page 247 of 372

Compressible Flow
15. Compressible Flow

1. Compressible Flow
2. Basic Thermodynamic Relations
3. Sonic Velocity
4. Mach Number
5. Propagation of Disturbance in Compressible Fluid
6. Stagnation Properties
7. Area-Velocity Relationship and Effect of Variation of Area for Subsonic, Sonic and Supersonic Flows
8. Flow of Compressible Fluid through a Convergent Nozzle
9. Flow through Laval Nozzle (Convergent-Divergent Nozzle)
10. Normal Shock Wave
11. Oblique Shock Wave
12. Fanno Line
13. Fanno Line Representation of Constant Area Adiabatic Flow
14. Rayleigh Line
15. Steam Nozzle
16. Supersaturated Flow

1. A fluid is said to be incompressible if its density does not change, or
changes very little, with a change in pressure.
If Mach number (M) < 0.3 the flow is incompressible flow.
A compressible flow is that flow in which the density of the fluid changes during
flow.
For Bernoulli’s equation we may use absolute or gauge pressure because the
atmospheric effect cancel out from both sides but for compressible flow always use
absolute pressure.
PV = mRT, P must be absolute pressure.
P
In Pressure head, , P must be absolute pressure.
ρg
2. Basic Thermodynamic Relations

γ R ⎛ ∂h ⎞ ⎛ ∂s ⎞
Specific heat at constant pressure, C p = =⎜ ⎟ =T⎜ ⎟ = a + kT
γ − 1 ⎝ ∂T ⎠ p ⎝ ∂T ⎠ p
R ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂s ⎞
Specific heat at constant volume, Cv = =⎜ ⎟ =T⎜ ⎟ = b + kT
γ − 1 ⎝ ∂T ⎠v ⎝ ∂T ⎠v
Runiv
C p − Cv = R and R =
M
Page 248 of 372

Compressible Flow
Cp
3. Adiabatic index ( γ ) = , if T ↑ then γ ↓
Cv
2
γ = 1 + , Where n in d.o.f of molecule
n
5
= = 1.67 , for monoatomic gas (n = 3)
3
7
= = 1.4 , for diatomic gas (n = 5)
5
4
= = 1.33 , for tri-atomic gas (n = 6)
3
For steam y = 1.3 for superheated steam
y = 1.135 for dry saturated steam
y = 1.035 + 0.1 × for wet steam, where ‘x’ is dryness fraction
dp K
4. Sonic velocity or velocity of sound, C = = = γ RT
dρ ρ
Velocity of fluid V inertia force
5. Mach number, M = = =
Velocity of sound C elastic force
6. Propagation of disturbance in compressible fluid
Case I: When M <1 (i.e. V < C). In this case since V < C the projectile lags behind the
disturbance/pressure wave and hence as shown in Fig.(a) the projectile at point B lies
inside the sphere of radius Ct and also inside other spheres formed by the
disturbances/ waves started at intermediate points.
Page 249 of 372

Compressible Flow
Fig. Nature of propagation of disturbances in compressible flow
Case II: When M = 1 (i.e. V = C). In this case, the disturbance always travels with
the projectile as shown in Fig. (b). The circle drawn with centre A will pass through
B.
Case III: When M > 1 (i.e. V > C). In this case the projectile travels faster than the
disturbance. Thus the distance AB (which the projectile has travelled) is more than
Ct, and hence the projectile at point 'B' is outside the spheres formed due to
formation and growth of disturbance at t = 0 and at the intermediate points Fig. (c).
If the tangents are drawn (from the point B) to the circles, the spherical pressure
waves form a cone with its vertex at B. It is known as Mach cone. The semi-vertex
angle a of the cone is known as Mach angle which is given by,
Ct C 1
sin α = = =
Vt V M
In such a case (M > 1), the effect of the disturbance is felt only in region inside the
Mach cone, this region is called zone of action. The region outside the Mach cone is
called zone of silence. It has been observed that when an aeroplane is moving with
supersonic speed, its noise is heard only after the plane has already passed over us.
7. Stagnation Properties
Page 250 of 372

Compressible Flow
The isentropic stagnation state is defined as the state a fluid in motion would reach if
it were brought to rest isentropically in a steady flow, adiabatic, zero work output
devices.
V2
ho = h +
2
V2
C pTo = C pT +
2
T V 2
γR
or o = 1 + where C p =
T 2C pT γ −1
To V 2 (γ − 1)
or = 1+
T 2γ RT
T (γ − 1) 2
or o = 1 + M
T 2
γ /( γ −1) γ /( γ −1)
po ⎛ To ⎞ ⎡ (γ − 1) 2 ⎤
= = ⎢ 1+
p ⎜⎝ T ⎟⎠
M ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦
1/( γ −1)
ρo ⎡ (γ − 1) 2 ⎤
= 1+ M ⎥
ρ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎦
ρV 2
po = p + , when compressibility effects are neglected.
2
8. Area-Velocity Relationship and Effect of Variation of Area for Subsonic,

Sonic and Supersonic Flows
dA dV
A
=
V
M 2 −1 ( )
or
dA
=
A ρV 2
dp
1− M 2 ( )
dM dV ⎡ γ − 1 2 ⎤
= 1+ M ⎥
M V ⎢⎣ 2 ⎦
dA ( M − 1) dM
2
=
A ⎛ γ −1 2 ⎞ M
⎜1 + M ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
dA = 0 or A = constant. So M = 1 occurs only at the throat and nowhere else, and this
happens only when the discharge is the maximum.
If the convergent – divergent duct acts as a nozzle, in the divergent part also, the
pressure will fall continuously to yield a continuous rise in velocity. The velocity of
the gas is subsonic before the throat, becomes sonic at the throat, and then becomes
supersonic till its exit in isentropic flow, provided the exhaust pressure is low enough.
Page 251 of 372

Compressible Flow
Fig. Subsonic flow (M < 1)
Fig. Supersonic flow (M > 1)
9. Flow of Compressible Fluid Through a Convergent Nozzle

γ −1
⎡ ⎤
2γ p1 ⎢ ⎛ p2 ⎞ γ ⎥
Exit Velocity (V2 ) = 1− ⎜ ⎟
(γ − 1) ρ1 ⎢ ⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
γ
*
⎛ p ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ γ −1
10. Critical value of pressure ratio, ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ [VVIMP]
⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎝ γ + 1 ⎠
* 1.4
⎛ p ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞1.4 −1
For air, γ =1.4 and ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 0. 528
⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎝ 1.4 + 1 ⎠
* 1.3
⎛ p ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞1.3−1
For superheated steam γ =1.3 and ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.546
⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎝ 1.3 + 1 ⎠
* 1.135
⎛p ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞1.135 −1
For dry saturated steam γ =1.135 and ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.577
⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎝ 1.135 + 1 ⎠
11. Normal shock wave
Whenever a supersonic flow (compressible) abruptly changes to subsonic flow a shock
wave (analogous to hydraulic jump in an open channel) is produced, resulting in a
sudden rise in pressure, density, temperature and entropy.
A shock wave takes place in the diverging section of a nozzle, in a diffuser, throat of a
supersonic wind tunnel, in front of sharp-nosed bodies.
Page 252 of 372

Compressible Flow
12. Characteristics of a normal shock:

• Shock occurs only when the flow is supersonic, and after the shock the flow
becomes subsonic, when the rest of the diverging portion acts as a diffuser.
[VIMP]
• The stagnation temperature remains the same across the normal shock and
hence all over the flow.
• Stagnation pressure and stagnation density decreases with M1 in the same
po 2 ρo 2
ratio, =
po1 ρo1
• Entropy increases across a shock with consequent decrease in stagnation
pressure and stagnation density across the shock.
(γ − 1) M12 + 2
Mach number relation , M 2 =
2
• [IMP]
2γ M12 − (γ − 1)
13. Shock strength

The strength of shock is defined as the ratio of pressure rise across the shock to the
upstream pressure.
p2 − p1 2γ
Strength of shock = = ( M 12 − 1)
p1 γ +1
14. Oblique shock wave

When a supersonic flow undergoes
a sudden turn through a small
angle α (positive), an oblique wave
is established at the corner.
Page 253 of 372

Compressible Flow
15. Equations in Normal shock
Continuity equation, G = ρ1V1 = ρ 2V2 Where G is mass velocity kg/m2s
Momentum equation, F = p1 A1 + ρ1 AV
1 1 = p2 A2 + ρ 2 A2V2
2 2
Where A1=A2
V12 V2
Energy equation: Stagnation enthalpy, ho = h1 + = h2 + 2
2 2
16. Fanno line

G2
Combining Continuity and Energy equation, h = ho −
2ρ 2
The line resenting the locus of points with the same mass velocity and stagnation
enthalpy is called a Fanno line. The end states of the normal shock must lie on the
Fanno line. Adiabatic flow in a constant area duct with friction, in a one dimensional
model, has both constant G and constant ho and hence must follow a Fanno line.
Fig. Fanno line on h – 1/ρ coordinate Fig. Fanno line on h-s diagram
17. Reyleigh line

F G2
Combining continuity and Momentum equation, Impulse pressure, I = = p+
A ρ
The line resenting the locus of points with the same impulse pressure and mass
velocity is called a Rayleigh line. The end states of the normal shock must lie on the
Rayleigh line.
The Rayleigh line is a model for flow in a constant area duct with heat transfer, but
without friction.
Fig. Fanno line on h-s plot Fig. Rayleigh line on h-s plot
From the above diagram it is clear when entropy is maximum Mach number is unity.
19. Isentropic flow through nozzles-Converging Nozzles
Page 254 of 372

Compressible Flow
• State 1: Pb = P0, there is no flow, and
pressure is constant.
• State 2: Pb < P0, pressure along nozzle
decreases. Also Pb > P* (critical).
• State 3: Pb = P*, flow at exit is sonic
(M = 1), creating maximum flow rate
called chocked flow. For the above states,
nozzle exit pr is same as exhaust
chamber pressure.
• State 4: Pb < P*, there is no change in
flow or pressure distribution in
comparison to state 3.
Here nozzle exit pressure Pe does not
decrease even when Pb is further reduced
below critical. This change or pressure
from Pe to Pb takes place outside the
nozzle exit through a expansion wave.
• State 5: Pb = 0, same as state 4.
20. Isentropic flow through nozzles-Converging-Diverging Nozzles

1. P0 > Pb > PC
Flow remains subsonic, and mass
flow is less than for choked flow.
Diverging section acts as diffuser.
2. Pb = PC
Sonic flow achieved at throat.
Diverging section acts as diffuser.
Subsonic flow at exit. Further
decrease in Pb has no effect on
flow in converging portion of
nozzle.
3. PC > Pb > PE
Fluid is accelerated to supersonic
velocities in the diverging section
as the pressure decreases.
However, acceleration stops at
Page 255 of 372

Compressible Flow
location of normal shock. Fluid
decelerates and is subsonic at
outlet. As Pb is decreased, shock
approaches nozzle exit.
4. PE > Pb > 0
Flow in diverging section is
supersonic with no shock forming
in the nozzle. Without shock, flow
in nozzle can be treated as
isentropic.
Page 256 of 372

Compressible Flow
Previous Years GATE Questions
Compressible Flow
GATE-1. Net force on a control volume due to uniform normal pressure alone
(a) Depends upon the shape of the control volume [GATE-1994]
(b) Translation and rotation
(c) Translation and deformation
(d) Deformation only
GATE--1. Ans. (c)

(A) Steam nozzle 1. Mach number
(B) Compressible flow 2. Reaction Turbine
(C) Surface tension 3. Biot Number
(D) Heat conduction 4. Nusselt Number
5. Supersaturation
6. Weber Number
GATE-2. Ans. (A) –5, (B) –1, (C) –6, (d) –3
Basic Thermodynamic Relations

GATE-3. Match List-I and List-II for questions below. No credit will be given for
partial matching in each equation. Write your answers using only the
letters A to D and numbers 1 to 6. [GATE-1997]
List-I List-II
(a) Steam nozzle 1. Mach Number
(b) Compressible flow 2. Reaction Turbine
(c) Surface tension 3. Biot Number
(d) Heat conduction 4. Nusselt Number
5. Supersaturation
6. Weber Number
GATE-3. Ans. (a) –5, (b) –1, (c) –6, (d) –3
Sonic Velocity
GATE-4. For a compressible fluid, sonic velocity is: [GATE-2000]
(a) A property of the fluid
(b) Always given by ( γ RT)1/2 where γ , R and T are respectively the ratio of
specific heats, gas constant and temperature in K
(c) Always given by ( ∂p / ∂p ) s1/ 2 . Where p, ρ and s are respectively pressure,
density and entropy.
(d) Always greater than the velocity of fluid at any location.
GATE-4. Ans. (a) ( γ RT)1/2 only when the process is adiabatic and (RT)1/2 when the process
is isothermal.
GATE-5. What is the speed of sound in Neon gas at a temperature of 500K (Gas
constant of Neon is 0.4210 kJ/kg-K)? [GATE-2002]
Page 257 of 372

Compressible Flow
(a) 492 m/s (b) 460 m/s (c) 592 m/s (d) 543 m/s
GATE-5. Ans. (c) ( )
C = γ RT = 1.67 × 0.4210 × 10 × 500 = 592 m / s
3
2
γ = 1+ for monoatomic gas N = 3, γ = 1 + 2 / 3 = 1.6
N
GATE-6. An aeroplane is cruising at a speed of 800 kmph at an altitude, where

the air temperature is 0°C. The flight Mach number at this speed is
nearly [GATE-1999]
(a) 1.5 (b) 0.254 (c) 0.67 (d) 2.04
800 × 1000
GATE-6. Ans. (c) V = 800km / hr = m / s = 222.22m / s
3600
C = γ RT = 1.4 × 287 × 273 = 331.2m / s
V 222.22
Mach Number (M) = = = 0.67
C 331.2
Stagnation Properties
GATE-7. In adiabatic flow with friction, the stagnation temperature along a
streamline.................. (increases/decreases/remains constant)
[GATE-1995]
GATE-7. Ans. Remains constant.
GATE-8. Subsonic and supersonic diffusers have the following geometry

(a) Divergent and convergent respectively [GATE-1992]
(b) Both divergent
(c) Both convergent
(d) Convergent and divergent respectively
GATE-8. Ans. (a)
GATE-9. In a steady flow through a nozzle, the flow velocity on the nozzle axis is
given by v = u0(1 + 3x/L), where x is the distance along the axis of the
nozzle from its inlet plane and L is the length of the nozzle. The time
required for a fluid particle on the axis to travel from the inlet to the
exit plane of the nozzle is: [GATE-2007]
L L L L
(a) (b) In 4 (c) (d)
u0 3u0 4u0 2.5u0
L
dx dx L
GATE-9. Ans. (b) dt = or T = ∫ dt = ∫ = ln 4
V ⎛ 3x ⎞ 3uo
0 uo ⎜ 1 + ⎟
⎝ L⎠
GATE-10. A correctly designed convergent-divergent nozzle working at a

designed load is: [GATE-2002]
(a) Always isentropic (b) Always choked
(c) Never choked (d) Never isentropic
GATE-10. Ans. (b) Divergent portion will be act as nozzle only if flow is supersonic for
that it must be choked.
GATE-11. A small steam whistle (perfectly insulated and doing no shaft work)
causes a drop of 0.8 kJ/kg in the enthalpy of steam from entry to exit. If
the kinetic energy of the steam at entry is negligible, the velocity of the
steam at exit is: [GATE-2001]
Page 258 of 372

Compressible Flow
(a) 4 m/s (b) 40 m/s (c) 80 m/s (d) 120 m/s
GATE-11. Ans. (b) V = 2000 × Δh m / s = 2000 × 0.8 m / s = 40 m / s
Compressible Flow
IES-1. Acoustic velocity in an elastic gaseous medium is proportional to:
(a) Absolute temperature [IES-2003]
(b) Stagnation temperature
(c) Square root of absolute temperature
(d) Square root of stagnation temperature
IES-1. Ans. (c)
IES-2. The concentration of pressure pulses created by an object moving at

Mach number of 0.5 is: [IES-2007]
(a) Larger ahead of the object (b) Larger behind the object
(c) Uniform within Mach cone (d) Uniform outside Mach cone
IES-2. Ans. (a) Pressure pulses moves with sonic velocity but object moves with half of
sonic velocity so concentration of pressure pulse become larger ahead of the
object.
IES-3. Assertion (A): In a supersonic nozzle, with sonic condition at the

throat, any reduction of downstream pressure will not be felt at the
inlet of the nozzle. [IES-2004]
Reason (R): The disturbance caused downstream of supersonic flows
travels at sonic velocity which cannot propagate upstream by Mach
cone.
IES-3. Ans. (a)
IES-4. If the velocity of propagation of small disturbances in air at 27°C is 330

m/s, then at a temperature of 54°C, its speed would be: [IES-1993]
327
(a) 600 m/s (b) 330 × 2 m / s (c) 330 / 2m / s (d) 330 × m/s
300
IES-4. Ans. (d) Velocity of propagation of small disturbance is proportional to T
327
So, new velocity of propagation will be 330 × m/s
300
Mach Number
IES-5. If a bullet is fired in standard air at 15°C at the Mach angle of 30°, the
velocity of the bullet would be: [IES-2000]
(a) 513.5 m/s (b) 585.5 m / s (c) 645.5 m / s (d) 680.5 m / s
Ct C 1
IES-5. Ans. (d) For Mach angle α, sin α = = =
Vt V M
Page 259 of 372

Co
ompressiible Flow
w
S K Mon
ndal’s Chapte
er 15
Wheree C = γ RT
T = 1.4 × 287 × (273 + 15
5) = 340m / s
C 340
0
∴V = = = 680 m / s
sin α sin 30
3
IES-6
6. The stagnation temperatu ure of an isentropic
i flow of air (k = 1.4) is 400
K. If the
t temper
rature is 20
00K at a seection, the
en the Mac ch number of the
flow will
w be: [IES
S-1998]
(a) 1.0
046 (b) 1.264 (cc) 2.236 (d)) 3.211
To (γ − 1) 2 400 (1.4 − 1) 2
IES-6
6. Ans. (c) =1+ M or,, =1+ M or M = 5 = 2.236
T 2 200 2
IES-7
7. An ae ero plane travels
t at 4
400 km/hr at sea lev vel where the
t temper rature
is 15°C. The vellocity of th
he aero plaane at the same Mac ch number r at an
altitude where a temperatture of – 25 5°C prevaiiling, would be: [IES S-2000]
(a) 1266.78 km/hr (b) 130.6 km/hr (cc) 371.2 km/hr (d)) 400.10 km
m/hr
IES-7
7. Ans. (c) For
F same Mach
M numberr
V1 V2 C T (273 − 25))
= ⇒ V2 = V1 × 2 = V1 × 2 = 400 × = 371.2 km
m / hr
C1 C2 C1 T1 (273 + 15))
IES-8
8. An aircraft is flying
f at a speed of 800 km/h at an altittude, where the
atmos spheric temmperature e is -20oC.W
What is thee approximmate value of the
Mach number of o the aircr raft? [IES
S-2004]
(a) 0.6
653 (b) 0.697 (cc) 0.240 (d)) 0.231
IES-8
8. Ans. (b) Sonic
S velocity (a) corressponding to temperaturre –20°C orr 253 K
or,
T γ RT
R
a = s ta
andard velocitty × ∵C =
To M
253 253
or a = 331
3 × m / s = 331×
273 273
5
velocityy of aircraft ( V ) = 800 × m / s = 222.2
2m/s
8
18
v 222.2
Thereffore Mach Num mber (M) = = = 0.697
c 253
3
331×
3
273
IES-9
9. A su upersonic aircraftt is
ascennding at an angle of 30°
to thhe horizon ntal. When n an
observer at the e ground h hears
its sound, the aircraft
a is seen
at ann elevationn of 60° too the
horizoontal. The e flight MMach
numb ber of the aircraft
a is Z
Zone
of sile
ence
(a) 2/ 3 (b) 3 /2
(c) 1/2 (d) 2
Page 260 of 372

Compressible Flow
[IES-1995]
⎛ 1 ⎞ 2
IES-9. Ans. (a) α = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟; ∴ Ma =
⎝ Ma ⎠ 3
IES-10. Match angle α and Mach number M are related as: [IES-1999]
⎛1⎞ ⎛ M 2 −1 ⎞
(a) M = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ (b) α = cos−1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝α ⎠ ⎜ M ⎟
⎝ ⎠
(
(c) α = tan −1 M 2 − 1 ) ⎛
(d) α = cosec −1 ⎜
1
⎝M ⎠
⎞
⎟
IES-10. Ans. (b) To confuse student this type of question is given.
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
See, sin α = or α = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ But it is not given.
M ⎝M ⎠
2
⎛ 1 ⎞ M 2 −1
cos2 α = 1 − sin 2 α = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝M ⎠ M2
M 2 −1 ⎛ M 2 −1 ⎞
or cos α = or α = cos−1 ⎜ ⎟
M ⎜ M ⎟
⎝ ⎠
IES-11. The Mach number for nitrogen flowing at 195 m/s when the pressure
and temperature in the undisturbed flow are 690 kN/m abs and 93°C
respectively will be: [IES-1992]
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.50 (c) 0.66 (d) 0.75
IES-11. Ans. (b) c = KRT = 1.4 × (297) × (273 + 93) = 390 m/s
195
∴ M= = 0.5
390
Propagation of Disturbance in Compressible Fluid

IES-12. An aircraft flying at an altitude where the pressure was 35 kPa and
temperature -38°C, stagnation pressure measured was 65.4 kPa.
Calculate the speed of the aircraft. Take molecular weight of air as 28.
[IES-1998]
IES-12. Ans. (349 m/s) Here γ is not given so compressibility is neglected
ρV 2 m pM 35 × 28
ps = p + where, ρ = = = = 0.5 kg / m3
2 V RT 8.314 × (273 − 38)
2( ps − p) 2(65.4 − 35) ×103
Therefore V = = = 349 m / s
ρ 0.5
IES-13. The eye of a tornado has a radius of 40 m. If the maximum wind

velocity is 50 m/s, the velocity at a distance of 80 m radius is: [IES-2000]
(a) 100 m /s (b) 2500 m /s (c) 31.25 m /s (d) 25 m /s
IES-13. Ans. (d) In a tornado angular momentum must conserve.
1 1 = mr2V2
mrV 1 1 = r2V2
or rV
IES-14. While measuring the velocity of air ( ρ = 1.2 kg/m3), the difference in the
stagnation and static pressures of a Pitot-static tube was found to be
380 Pa. The velocity at that location in m/s is: [IES-2002]
Page 261 of 372

Compressible Flow
(a) 24.03 (b) 4.02 (c) 17.8 (d) 25.17
ρV 2
IES-14. Ans. (d) po = p + , when compressibility effects are neglected
2
IES-15. Match List-I (Property ratios at the critical and stagnation conditions)
with List-II (Values of ratios) and select the correct answer using the
codes given below the Lists: [IES-1997]
List-I List-II
1
T* ⎛ 2 ⎞ γ −1
A. 1. ⎜ ⎟
T0 ⎝ γ +1 ⎠
ρ* 2
B. 2.
ρ0 γ +1
p*
C. 3. 1
p0
γ
S* ⎛ 2 ⎞ γ −1
D. 4. ⎜ ⎟
S0 ⎝ γ +1 ⎠
(a) 2 1 4 3 (b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 2 1 3 4 (d) 1 2 4 3
1
T* 2 ρ * ⎛ 2 ⎞ γ −1
IES-16. Ans. (a) (a) → (b) →⎜ ⎟
T0 γ +1 ρ0 ⎝ γ +1⎠
γ
p* ⎛ 2 ⎞ γ −1 S*
(c) →⎜ ⎟ (d) →1
p0 ⎝ γ +1⎠ S0
IES-17. In isentropic flow between two points, the stagnation:[IES-1998; IAS-2002]

(a) Pressure and stagnation temperature may vary
(b) Pressure would decrease in the direction of the flow.
(c) Pressure and stagnation temperature would decrease with an increase in
velocity
(d) Pressure, stagnation temperature and stagnation density would remain
constant throughout the flow.
IES-17. Ans. (d) Stagnation temperature cannot vary.
IES-18. Consider the following statements pertaining to isentropic flow:

1. To obtain stagnation enthalpy, the flow need not be decelerated
isentropically but should be decelerated adiabatically.
2. The effect of friction in an adiabatic flow is to reduce the stagnation
pressure and increase entropy.
3. A constant area tube with rough surfaces can be used as a subsonic
nozzle.
Of these correct statements are: [IES-1996]
IES-18. Ans. (d) To obtain stagnation enthalpy, the flow must be decelerated
isentropically.
Page 262 of 372

Compressible Fllow
S K Mo
ondal’ss Chap
pter 15
IE
ES-19. For adiabatic expansio on with fr
riction through a no ozzle, the following
f
remmains consstant: [IIES-1992]
(a) Entropy (b) Staticc enthalpy
(c) Stagnation enthalpy (d) Stagnnation pressure
IE
ES-19. Ans. (c)
Area-Vel
A locity Relatio
R nship aand Efffect of Variation of
Area
A forr Subsoonic, So ersonic Flows
onic and Supe
IE
ES-20. A compresssible fluid d flows
thr
rough a passage
p as shown
in the abov ve diagram
m. The
vellocity of the fluid at the
poiint A is 400
0 m/s.
Wh hich one of the folllowing iss correct? At the point p B, the
t fluid
expperiences [IIES-2004]
(a) An increase in velocityy and decreaase in presssure
(b) A decreasee in velocity and increasse in pressu
ure
(c) A decreasee in velocity and pressure
(d) An increase in velocityy and pressuure.
IE
ES-20. Ans. (a) Velocity may say it is supersoniic so above diagram
y at A is verry high we m d is
a divergent
d no
ozzle.
IE
ES-21. Whhich of th he followinng diagram ms correcttly depictt the beha
aviour of
com
mpressible e fluid flow
w in the giv
ven geometries? [IIES-1993]
Sellect the correct answwer using tthe codes given
g below
w:
Codes:
(a) 1 and 4 ( 2 and 4
(b) (c)) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3
ES-21. Ans. (c)
IE
IE
ES-22. Ma
atch List-I (Names) with
w List-III (Figures) given belo
ow the lists:
Page 263 of 372

Compressible Flow
Codes: [IES-2001]
A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 4 2 5 (b) 1 5 3 4
(c) 3 5 2 4 (d) 1 4 3 5
IES-22. Ans. (b)
IES-23. The Mach number at inlet of gas turbine diffuser is 0.3. The shape of
the diffuser would be: [IES-1992]
(a) Converging (b) Diverging
(c) Stagnation enthalpy (d) Stagnation pressure
IES-23. Ans. (b)
IES-24. For one-dimensional isentropic flow in a diverging passage, if the

initial static pressure is P1 and the initial Mach number is M1 ( (M1 < 1),
then for the downstream flow [IES-1993]
(a) M 2 < M 1 ; p2 < p1 (b) M 2 < M 1 ; p2 > p1
(c) M 2 > M 1 ; p2 > p1 (d) M 2 > M 1 ; p2 < p1
IES-24. Ans. (b) For down stream flow, M2 < M1 and P2 > P1 for diverging section and
subsonic flow conditions.

1. De Laval nozzle is a subsonic nozzle.
2. Supersonic nozzle is a converging passage.
3. Subsonic diffuser is a diverging passage.
Which of these statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 alone (d) 3 alone
IES-25. (d) Only third statement is correct, i.e. subsonic diffuser is a diverging passage.
IES-26. Which one of the following diagrams depicts, correctly the shape of a
supersonic diffuser? [IES-1999]
IES-26. Ans. (a) Supersonic diffuser has converging section.
Page 264 of 372

Compressible Fllow
S K Mo
ondal’ss Chap
pter 15
IE
ES-27. It is
i recomm mended tha at the diffuuser angle should be e kept less than 18°
beccause [IIES-2006]
(a) Pressure decreases in flow directiion and flow
w separation
n may occurr
(b) Pressure decreases in flow directiion and flow
w may becomme turbulen
nt
(c) Pressure in
ncreases in flow direction and floww separation
n may occur
(d) Pressure in
ncreases in flow direction and floww may becomme turbulent
IE
ES-27. Ans. (c)
IE
ES-28. If the
t cross-ssection of a nozzle iss increasin ng in the d
direction of
o flow in
suppersonic fllow, then in the down nstream direction [IIES-2005]
(a) Both pressuure and veloocity will in
ncrease
(b) Both pressuure and veloocity will deecrease
(c) Pressure wiill increase but velocityy will decrea
ase
(d) Pressure will
w decreasee but velocity will increase
IE
ES-28. Ans. (d)
IE
ES-29. In a subsonic c diffuser [IIES-2007]
(a) Static presssure increases with Maach numberr
(b) Mach number decreasses with incrreasing areaa ratio
(c) Static presssure decrea
ases with Mach numberr
(d) Area ratio decreases inn the flow d
direction
IE
ES-29. Ans. (a)
IE
ES-30. Wh hich one off the followwing is the correct sttatement? [IIES-2005]
To get supersonic velocity of stea am at nozz zle exit witth a large pressure
droop across it,
i the ductt must:
(a) Converge from
f inlet too exit
(b) Diverge froom inlet to exit
e
(c) First conveerge to the throat
t and tthen divergee till exit
(d) Remain con nstant in crross-section
IE
ES-30. Ans. (c)
IE
ES-31. Asssertion (A)): Gas and stream no ozzles are shaped
s at inlet in suuch a way
thaat the nozz zle converg ges rapidly y over the first portio
on of its le
ength.
Reason(R): This
T shape is provide ed so that velocity
v att inlet to th
he nozzle
is negligibly
n small in co omparison n with the exit
e velocity. [IIES-2005]
ue and R is the
n of A
(b) Both A and d R are indiv vidually tru n the correect explanation of A
ue but R is not
(c) A is true buut R is falsee
(d) A is false but
b R is truee
IE
ES-31. Ans. (c)
IE
ES-32. Waater flow through
a pipeline having
fou
ur d
different
dia
ameters at 4
sta
ations is sh
hown in
the
e given figu
ure. The
corrrect sequ
uence of
sta
ation num mbers in
the
e decreasinng order
of pressures
p is: [IIES-1996]
Page 265 of 372

Compressible Flow
(a) 3, 1, 4, 2 (b) 1, 3, 2, 4 (c) 1, 3, 4, 2 (d) 3, 1, 2, 4
IES-32. Ans. (d) It must be remembered that velocity and pressure head behave in
reverse fashion. Thus velocity will be maximum for least area and pressure will
be minimum. Pressure is least where velocity is highest and at larger cross-
section for constant discharge, velocity lowers.
Flow of Compressible Fluid through a Convergent Nozzle

⎛ P2 ⎞
IES-33. The critical pressure ratio ⎜ ⎟ for maximum discharge through a
⎝ P1 ⎠
nozzle is: [IAS-1999; IES-2002, 2004]
⎛ n −1 ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n −1 ⎞ ⎛ n +1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎝ n ⎠ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎝ n −1 ⎠ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎝ n ⎠ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎝ n ⎠
(a) ⎜ ⎟ (b) ⎜ ⎟ (c) ⎜ ⎟ (d) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n +1⎠ ⎝ n +1 ⎠ ⎝ n −1 ⎠ ⎝ n −1 ⎠
IES-33. Ans. (b)
IES-34. What is the critical pressure ratio for isentropic nozzle flow with ratio
of specific heats as 1.5? [IES-2004]
(a) (0.8)3 (b) (0.8)0.6 (c) (1.25)0.33 (d) (1.25)3
n
⎛ 2 ⎞ n −1
IES-34. Ans. (a) Just use ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n +1⎠
IES-35. The index of expansion of dry saturated steam flowing through a

nozzle is equal to 1.135, and then what is the critical pressure ratio for
this flowing steam in the nozzle? [IES-2009]
(a) 0.96 (b) 0.58 (c) 0.33 (d) 0.15
n ⎛ 1.135 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎛ 2 ⎞ n−1 ⎛ 2 ⎞⎝ 0.135 ⎠
IES-35. Ans. (b) Critical pressure ratio = ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 0.577
⎝ n + 1⎠ ⎝ 1.135 + 1 ⎠
IES-36. The critical pressure ratios for the flow of dry saturated and
superheated steam through a nozzle are respectively. [IES-1994]
(a) 0.5279 and 0.528 (b) 0.577 and 0.550
(c) 0.577 and 0.546 (d) 0.5279 and 0.546
IES-36. Ans. (c) Critical pressure ratio for dry saturated and superheated steam through
a nozzle are 0.577 and 0.546.
IES-37. In a De Laval nozzle expanding superheated steam from 10 bar to 0.1

bar, the pressure at the minimum cross-section will be: [IES-1993]
IES-37. Ans. (b) The isentropic index for superheated steam is 1.3 and throat pressure
n 1.3
p2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ n −1 p2 ⎛ 2 ⎞1.3−1
=⎜ ⎟ or =⎜ ⎟ or p2 = 5.46 bar
p1 ⎝ n + 1 ⎠ 10 ⎝ 1.3 + 1 ⎠
IES-38. If the cross-section of a nozzle is increasing in the direction of flow in

supersonic flow, then in the downstream direction. [IES-2005]
(a) Both pressure and velocity will increase.
(b) Both pressure and velocity will decrease.
(c) Pressure will increase but velocity will decrease.
Page 266 of 372

Compressible Flow
(d) Pressure will decrease but velocity will increase.
IES-38. Ans. (d)
Flow through Laval Nozzle (Convergent-Divergent Nozzle)

IES-39. At location-I of a horizontal line,
the fluid pressure head is 32 cm
and velocity head is 4 cm. The
reduction in area at location II is
such that the pressure head
drops down to zero. The ratio of
velocities at location -II to that at
location-I is: [IES-2001]
(a) 3 (b) 2.5 (c) 2 (d) 1.5
2 2
V V V2 32
IES-39. Ans. (a) 32 + 1
= 2
or = 2
+1 = 8 +1 = 3
2g 2g V1 V1 / 2 g

A convergent-divergent nozzle is said to be choked when
1. Critical pressure is attained at the throat.
2. Velocity at the throat becomes sonic.
3. Exit velocity becomes supersonic.
Of these correct statements are
IES-40. Ans. (b) A convergent divergent nozzle is said to be choked when critical pressure
is attained at the throat and velocity at the throat becomes sonic.

Choked flow through a nozzle means:
1. Discharge is maximum
2. Discharge is zero
3. Velocity at throat is supersonic
4. Nozzle exit pressure is less than or equal to critical pressure.
IES-41. Ans. (d)
IES-42. Steam pressures at the inlet and exit of a nozzle are 16 bar and 5·2 bar
respectively and discharge is 0·28 m3/s. Critical pressure ratio is 0.5475.
If the exit pressure is reduced to 3·2 bar then what will be the flow rate
in m3/s? [IES-2009]
(a) 0.280 (b) 0.328 (c) 0.356 (d) 0.455
IES-42. Ans. (a) Flow Ratio remains constant for chocked condition. Therefore flow rate
will remain same even when there is decrease in the pressure to 3.2 bar.
∴ Flow rate in m3 / sec = 0.280 m3 / sec
IES-43. Assertion (A): A correctly designed convergent divergent nozzle

working at designed conditions is always choked. [IES-2005]
Reason(R): In these conditions the mass flow through the nozzle is
minimum.
IES-43. Ans. (c)
Page 267 of 372

Compressible Flow
IES-44. Consider the following statements in relation to a convergent-
divergent steam nozzle operating under choked conditions: [IES-2002]
1. In the convergent portion steam velocity is less than sonic velocity
2. In the convergent portion steam velocity is greater than sonic
velocity
3. In the divergent portion the steam velocity is less them sonic
velocity
4. In the divergent portion the steam velocity is greater than sonic
velocity
IES-44. Ans. (b)

For incompressible flow a diverging section acts as a diffuser for
upstream flow which is:
(a) Subsonic only (b) Supersonic only
(c) Both subsonic and supersonic (d) Sonic
IES-45. Ans. (c) For incompressible flow a diverging section acts as a diffuser for both
subsonic and supersonic. For compressible flow a diverging section acts as a
diffuser for subsonic flow only.
IES-46. Assertion (A): For pressure ratio greater than the critical pressure
ratio, a convergent-divergent nozzle is required. [IES-1996]
Reason (R): Divergent portion increases the flow area which increases
the mass flow rate.
IES-46. Ans. (c) A is correct but R is wrong.
IES-47. Two identical convergent divergent nozzles A and B are connected in

series, as shown in the given figure, to carry a compressible fluid.
Which one of the following statements regarding the velocities at the
throats of the nozzles is correct? [IES-1994]
(a) Sonic and supersonic velocities exist at the throats of nozzles A and B
respectively.
(b) Sonic velocity can exist at throats of both nozzles A and B.
(c) Sonic velocity wi1l always exist at the throat of nozzle A while subsonic
velocity will exist at throat of nozzle B.
(d) Sonic velocity exists at the throat of nozzle B while subsonic velocity exists
at throat of nozzle A.
IES-47. Ans. (b)
IES-48. A convergent divergent nozzle is designed for a throat pressure 2.2

MPa. If the pressure at the exit is 2.3 MPa, then the nature of the flow
at the exit will be: [IES-1992]
(a) Supersonic (b) Sonic
Page 268 of 372

Compressible Flow
(c) Subsonic (d) Not predictable with the available data
IES-48. Ans. (c)
IES-49. Assertion (A): A convergent-divergent nozzle may give supersonic or

subsonic flow at the exit even if the throat is choked. [IES-2001]
Reason (R): Depending on the back pressure ratio Pb/Po the divergent
part of the nozzle may act as a supersonic nozzle or a subsonic diffuser.
IES-49. Ans. (a)
IES-50. Consider the following statements for compressible flow through a

varying area passage: [IES-2008]
1. For a convergent nozzle, if the exit pressure is less than critical,
external flow will not be isentropic.
2. Supersonic-subsonic diffuser would appear similar to nozzle and
works without irreversibility.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
IES-50. Ans. (c)
Normal Shock Wave

IES-51. Across a normal shock wave in a converging-diverging nozzle for
adiabatic flow, which of the following relations are valid? [IES-2007]
(a) Continuity and energy equations, equation of state, isentropic relation
(b) Energy and momentum equations, equation of state, isentropic relation
(c) Continuity, energy and momentum equations, equation of state
(d) Equation of state, isentropic relation, momentum equation, mass-
conservation Principle.
IES-51. Ans. (d)
IES-52. Which one of the following is proper for a normal shock wave?
(a) Reversible (b) Irreversible [IES-2009]
(c) Isentropic (d) Occurs in a converging tube
IES-52. Ans. (b)
IES-53. In a normal shock in a gas, the: [IES-1998; 2006]

(a) Upstream shock is supersonic
(b) Upstream flow is subsonic
(c) Downstream flow is sonic
(d) Both downstream flow and upstream flow are supersonic
IES-53. Ans. (a)
IES-54. Which of the following parameters decrease across a normal shock

wave? [IES-2006]
1. Mach number 2. Static pressure
3. Stagnation pressure 4. Static temperature
(a) Only 1 and 3 (b) Only 2 and 4 (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 2, 3 and 4
IES-54. Ans. (a)
Page 269 of 372

Compressible Flow
IES-55. If the upstream Mach number of a normal shock occurring in air

(k = 1.4) is 1.68, then the Mach number after the shock is: [IES-2000]
(a) 0.84 (b) 0.646 (c) 0.336 (d) 0.546
(γ − 1) M 12 + 2 (1.4 − 1) ×1.682 + 2
IES-55. Ans. (b) M 22 = = = 0.417
2γ M 12 − (γ − 1) 2 × 1.4 ×1.682 − (1.4 − 1)
or M 2 = 0.417 = 0.646
IES-56. Air from a reservoir is to be passed through a supersonic nozzle so that

the jet will have a Mach number of 2. If the static temperature of the jet
is not to be less than 27°C, the minimum temperature of air in the
reservoir should be: [IES-1999]
(a) 48.6°C (b) 167oC (c) 267°C (d) 367°C
TR (temperature of air in reservoir) ⎛ γ −1 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 1.4 − 1 ⎞ 2
IES-56. Ans. (c) = 1+ ⎜ ⎟ M N = 1+ ⎜ ⎟ × 2 = 1.8
Tj (static temperature of jet) ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
∴ TR = 300 ×1.8 = 540 K = 267°C
IES-57. In a normal shock in a gas: [IES-2002]

(a) The stagnation pressure remains the same on both sides of the shock
(b) The stagnation density remains the same on both sides of the shock.
(c) The stagnation temperature remains the same on both sides of the shock
(d) The Mach number remains the same on both sides of the shock.
IES-57. Ans. (c)
IES-58. A normal shock: [IES-2002]

(a) Causes a disruption and reversal of flow pattern
(b) May occur only in a diverging passage
(c) Is more severe than an oblique shock
(d) Moves with a velocity equal to the sonic velocity
IES-58. Ans. (b)
IES-59. The fluid property that remains unchanged across a normal shock
wave is: [IES-2003]
(a) Stagnation enthalpy (b) Stagnation pressure
(c) Static pressure (d) Mass density
IES-59. Ans. (a)

In the case of convergent nozzle for compressible flow,
1. No shock wave can occur at any pressure ratio.
2. No expansion wave can occur below a certain pressure ratio.
3. Expansion wave can occur below a certain pressure ratio
4. Shock wave can occur above a certain pressure ratio.
Which of the following statements given above are correct?
IES-60. Ans. (d)
Page 270 of 372

Compressible Flow
• State 1: Pb = P0, there is no flow, and
pressure is constant.
• State 2: Pb < P*, pressure along
nozzle decreases. Also Pb > P*
(critical).
• State 3: Pb = P*, flow at exit is sonic
(M = 1), creating maximum flow rate
called choked flow. For the above
states, nozzle exit pr is same as
exhaust chamber pressure.
• State 4: Pb < P*, there is no change
in flow or pressure distribution in
comparison to state 3.
Here, nozzle exit pressure Pe does not
decrease even when Pb is further
reduced below critical. This change of
pressure from Pe to Pb takes place
outside the nozzle exit through a
expansion wave.
• State 5: Pb = 0, same as state 4.
IES-61. The plot for the pressure

ratio along the length of
convergent-divergent nozzle
is shown in the given figure.
The sequence of the flow
condition labeled 1 , 2 , 3 and
4 in the figure is
respectively.
(a) Supersonic, sonic, subsonic
and supersonic
(b) Sonic, supersonic, subsonic
and supersonic
(c) Subsonic, supersonic, sonic [IES-2000]
and subsonic
(d) Subsonic, sonic, supersonic
and subsonic
IES-61. Ans. (d)
IES-62. Consider the following statements pertaining to one-dimensional

isentropic flow in a convergent-divergent passage [IES-2003]
1. A convergent-divergent passage may function as a supersonic
nozzle or a venturi depending on the back pressure.
2. At the throat, sonic conditions exits for subsonic or supersonic flow
at the outlet.
3. A supersonic nozzle discharges fluid at constant rate even if the exit
pressure is lower than the design pressure.
4. A normal shock appears in the diverging section of the nozzle if the
back pressure is above the design pressure but below a certain
minimum pressure for venturi operation.
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1, 3 and 4 (c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 2
Page 271 of 372

Compressible Flow
IES-62. Ans. (a) At the throat, sonic conditions not exits for subsonic flow when it is
venture.

In a normal shock wave in one dimensional flow,
(a) The entropy remains constant
(b) The entropy increases across the shock
(c) The entropy decreases across the shock
(d) The velocity, pressure and density increase across the shock
IES-63. Ans. (b) Entropy increases across a shock with consequent decrease in stagnation
pressure and stagnation density across the shock.

Across the normal shock, the fluid properties change in such a manner
that the
1. Velocity of flow is subsonic 2. Pressure increases
3. Specific volume decreases 4. Temperature decreases
Of these correct statements are
(a) 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1, 2 and 4 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2 and 3
IES-64. Ans. (d)
IES-65. Assertion (A): A normal shock wave can occur at any section in a
convergent-divergent nozzle. [IES-2008]
Reason (R): A normal shock wave occurs only when the flow of the fluid
is supersonic and the subsequent flow after the shock is subsonic.
IES-65. Ans. (d) A shock wave takes place in the diverging section of a nozzle, in a
diffuser, throat of a supersonic wind tunnel, in front of sharp-nosed bodies.
IES-66. Consider the curves in the

sketch shown below
(indicates normal shock)
Out of these curves, those
which are not correctly
drawn will include
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 and 4
(c) 2 and 4 (d) 1 and 5
[IAS-1998]
IES-66. Ans. (c)
IES-67. The given figure represents a schematic view of the arrangement of a

supersonic wind tunnel section. A normal shock can exist without
affecting the test conditions. [IES-1993]
Page 272 of 372

Compressible Flow
(a) Between sections 4 and 5 (b) At section 4

(c) Between sections 4 and 3 (d) Between sections 1 and 2
IES-67. Ans. (d) A normal shock can exist between 1 and 2 without affecting the test
conditions, as it can be swallowed through the second throat by making it larger
than the first.
IES-68. In a perfect gas having ratio of specific heats as 1.4 what is the strength
of a normal shock with upstream Mach number equal to 5.0? [IES-2004]
(a) 27 (b) 28 (c) 29 (d) 24
pressre rise across the shock ( ΔP )
IES-68. Ans. (b) Strength of normal shock =
upstream pressure (P1 )
2γ 2 × 1.4
= ⎡M2 − 1⎤ = × ⎡52 − 1⎤⎦ = 28
γ + 1⎣ 1 ⎦ 1.4 + 1 ⎣
IES-69. Assertion (A): A normal shock always makes a supersonic flow of a

compressible fluid subsonic, but an oblique shock may not ensure
subsonic flow after the shock. [IES-2003]
Reason (R): A normal shock reduces the stagnation pressure and
stagnation enthalpy considerably whereas the loss at oblique shock is
minimized.
IES-69. Ans. (c)
IES-70. Which one of the following is correct for tangential component of

velocities before and after an oblique shock? [IES-2009]
(a) Unity (b) Equal (c) Unequal (d) None of the above
IES-70 Ans. (b)
IES-71. Introduction of a Pitot tube in a supersonic flow would produce[IES-1994]

(a) Normal shock at the tube nose
(b) Curved shock at the tube nose
(c) Normal shock at the upstream of the tube nose
(d) Curved shock at the upstream of the tube nose
IES-71. Ans. (a)
Page 273 of 372

Compressible Flow
IES-72. In flow through a convergent nozzle, the ratio of back pressure to the
− γ / ( γ −1)
p ⎡ 2 ⎤
inlet pressure is given by the relation B = ⎢ [IES-1996]
p1 ⎣ γ + 1 ⎥⎦
If the back pressure is lower than PB given by the above equation, then
(a) The flow in the nozzle is supersonic.
(b) A shock wave exists inside the nozzle.
(c) The gases expand outside the nozzle and a shock wave appears outside the
nozzle.
(d) A shock wave appears at the nozzle exit.
IES-72. Ans. (c)
IES-73. At which location of a converging - diverging nozzle, does the shock-

boundary layer interaction take place? [IES-1995]
(a) Converging portion (b) Throat (c) Inlet (d) Diverging portion
IES-73. Ans. (d) Shock-boundary layer interaction takes place in diverging portion of
nozzle.
IES-74. A converging diverging nozzle is connected to a gas pipeline. [IES-2006]

At the inlet of the nozzle (converging section) the Mach number is 2. It
is observed that there is a shock in the diverging section. What is the
value of the Mach number at the throat?
(a) < 1 (b) Equal to 1 (c) > 1 (d) ≥ 1
IES-74. Ans. (b)
IES-75. Shock waves in nozzles would occur while turbines are operating
(a) At overload conditions (b) At part load conditions
(c) Above critical pressure ratio (d) At all off-design conditions
IES-75. Ans. (d)
Oblique Shock Wave

IES-76. For oblique shock, the downstream Mach number: [IES-1997]
(a) Is always more than unity (b) Is always less than unity
(c) May be less or more than unity (d) Can never be unity.
IES-76. Ans. (c) If M > 1, then weak shock wave,
If M < 1, then strong shock wave.
Fanno Line
IES-77. Assertion (A): In the case of Fanno line flow, in the subsonic region
friction causes irreversible acceleration. [IES-1997]
Reason (R): In the case of Fanno line, flow, decrease in entropy is not
possible either for supersonic or subsonic flows.
IES-77. Ans. (c)
IES-78. During subsonic, adiabatic flow of gases in pipes with friction, the flow
properties go through particular mode of changes. Match List-I (Flow
Page 274 of 372

Compressible Flow
properties) with List-II (Mode of changes) and select the correct
answer: [IES-2002]
List-I List-II
A. Pressure 1. Increase in flow direction
B. Density 2. Decreases with flow direction
C. Temperature
D. Velocity
(a) 1 1 2 2 (b) 2 2 2 1
(c) 2 2 1 2 (d) 2 1 1 2
IES-78. Ans. (d)
IES-79. The prime parameter causing change of state in a Fanno flow is:
[IES-1998]
(a) Heat transfer (b) Area change (c) Friction (d) Buoyancy
IES-79. Ans. (c)
IES-80. Fanno line low is a flow in a constant area duct: [IES-1997]

(a) With friction and heat transfer but in the absence of work.
(b) With friction and heat transfer and accompanied by work.
(c) With friction but in the absence of heat transfer or work.
(d) Without friction but accompanied by heat transfer and work.
IES-80. Ans. (c) Fanno line flow is the combination of momentum and continuity
equation. For constant area duct fanno line flow with friction but in the absence
of heat transfer and work.
IES-81. In the Fanno line shown in

the given figure
(a) Subsonic flow proceeds along
PQR.
(b) Supersonic flow proceeds
along PQR.
(c) Subsonic flow proceeds along
PQ and supersonic flow
proceeds along RQ.
(d) Subsonic flow proceeds along
RQ and supersonic flow
proceeds along PQ. [IES-1994]
Page 275 of 372

Compressible Flow
IES-81.Ans. (c)
Fanno Line Representation of Constant Area Adiabatic Flow

IES-82. Which one of the following statements is correct about the Fanno flow?
(a) For an initially subsonic flow, the effect of friction is to decrease the Mach
number towards unity [IES-2007]
(b) For an initially supersonic flow, the effect of friction is to increase the Mach
number towards unity
(c) At the point of maximum entropy, the Mach number is unity
(d) Stagnation pressure always increases along the Fanno line
IES-82. Ans. (c)

(a) The Mach number is less than 1 at a point where the entropy is maximum
whether it is Rayleigh or Fanno line.
(b) A normal shock can appear in subsonic flow
(c) The downstream Mach number across a normal shock is more than one
(d) The stagnation pressure across a normal shock decreases
IES-83. Ans. (d)
IES-84. The effect of friction on flow of steam through a nozzle is to:

(a) Decrease the mass flow rate and to increase the wetness at the exit
(b) Increase the mass flow rate and to increase the exit temperature
(c) Decrease the mass flow rate and to decrease the wetness of the steam
(d) Increase the exit temperature, without any effect on the mass flow rate
IES-84. Ans. (c) The effect of friction of flow of steam through a nozzle is to decrease the
mass flow rate and to decrease the wetness of the steam.
Rayleigh Line
IES-85. Rayleigh line flow is a flow in a constant area duct: [IES-1997]
(a) With friction but without heat transfer
(b) Without friction but with heat transfer
(c) With both friction and heat transfer
(d) Without either friction or heat transfer
IES-85. Ans. (b) Reyleigh line flow in a constant area duct without friction but with heat
transfer. Fanno line flow is a flow in a constant area duct with friction but in
the absence of heat transfer and work.
Page 276 of 372

Compressible Flow
IES-86. Which of the following assumptions/conditions are true in the case of
Rayleigh flow? [IES-2005]
1. Perfect gas 2. Constant area duct
3. Steady one-dimensional real flow 4. Heat transfer during the flow
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2 and 4
IES-86. Ans. (d) Assumption of Rayleigh flow
i. Perfect gas
ii. Constant area duct
iii. Heat transfer during flow
iv. Without friction during flow
IES-87. Air at 2 bar and 60°C enters a constant area pipe of 60 mm diameter
with a velocity of 40 m/s. During the flow through the pipe, heat is
added to the air stream. Frictional effects are negligible and the values
of Cp and Cv are that of standard air. The Mach number of the flow
corresponding to the maximum entropy will be: [IES-1999]
(a) 0.845 (b) 1 (c) 0.1212 (d) 1.183
IES-87.Ans. (b)
Fig. Rayleigh line on h-s plot
IES-88. Given k = ratio of specific heats, for Rayleigh line, the temperature is
maximum at a Mach number of: [IES-1994]
1
(a) (b) k (c) 1/k (d) k
k
IES-88. Ans. (a)
Steam Nozzle
IES-89. In a steam nozzle, to increase the velocity of steam above sonic velocity
by expanding steam below critical pressure [IES-2006]
(a) A vacuum pump is added
(b) Ring diffusers are used
(c) Divergent portion of the nozzle is necessary
(d) Abrupt change in cross-section is needed
IES-89. Ans. (c)
IES-90. Which of the following statement(s) is/are relevant to critical flow

through a steam nozzle? [IES-2001]
1. Flow rate through the nozzle is minimum
Page 277 of 372

Co
ompressiible Flow
w
S K Mon
ndal’s Chapte
er 15
2. Flo ow rate through the nozzle is maximum
m
3. Ve elocity at th
he throat iis super so
onic
4. Ve elocity at th
he throat iis sonic
Selectt the correect answer using the codes give en below:
Codess:
(a) 1 alone
a (b) 1 and
a 3 (c) 2 and
a 4 (d) 4 alone
IES-9
90. Ans. (c)
IES-9
91. In a steam
s nozz zle, inlet pressure
p o superheated steam
of m is 10 bar. The
exit pressure
p is decreased d from 3 ba ar to 1 bar.. The disch harge rate will:
[IESS-1999]
(a) Remain consta ant (b) Decrease (c) Increa
ase slightly
(d) Inccrease or decrease
d deepending on n whether the nozzle is converg gent or
con
nvergent-div vergent.
IES-9
91. Ans. (a)) Since exitt pressure iis less than that corressponding too critical pressure,
dischaarge rate remains unchanged with w furtherr decrease in exit pressure.
Statemment at (d) is
i also not correct.
c
IES-9
92. The to otal and sttatic presssures at the e inlet of a steam nozzle are 18 86 kPa
and 178 kPa res spectively. If the tota al pressure e at the exiit is 180 kPPa and
static
c pressure is 100 kPa a, then thee loss of ennergy per unit
u mass in the
nozzle e will be: [IESS-1997]
(a) 78 kPa (b) 8 kPa
k (c) 6 kPa
k (d) 2 kPa
IES-9
92. Ans. (c)) Loss = Tootal pressurre of inlet – Total presssure at exit = 186 – 180
1 = 6
kPa.
IES-9
93. Under r ideal con
nditions, tthe velocitty of steam m at the ou utlet of a nozzle
n
for a heat
h drop of 400 kJ/k kg will be approxima
a ately. [IESS-1998]
(a) 12000 m/s (b
b) 900 m/s
(c) 600
0 m/s (d
d) The samee as the son
nic velocity
IES-9
93. Ans. (b)) V = 2×en nthalpy drop(in J/kg) = 2×400×10000 = 900 m/ss
IES-9
94. Consiider the folllowing sta atements: S-1997]
[IES
When n dry satur rated or sllightly supperheated steam exp pands thro
ough a
nozzle e,
1. Th he coefficieent of dischharge is gr
reater than n unity.
2. It is dry upto o Wilson's line
3. Ex xpansion is s isentropiic througho out.
Of the ese statemments
(a) 1, 2 and 3 are correct (b
b) 1 and 2 a
are correct
(c) 1 an
nd 3 are corrrect (d
d) 2 and 3 a
are correct
IES-9
94. Ans.. (b) It is
superssaturated flow.
When steam expa ands from
superhheated statte to the
two-phhase wet reegion in a
nozzlee, the expansion
e
occurss so rapidly
y that the
vapourr does not condense
immed diately as it
i crosses
the dry saturatedd line, but
somewwhat later. Fig. Slow and
a isentropic expansiion of steam
m from
the superheated into
i the two
o phase reg
gion
Page 278 of 372

Compressible Flow
(at x = 0.96 to 0.97),
when all the vapour suddenly condenses into liquid. Beyond the dry saturation
line till the state when the vapour condenses, the flow is said to be
supersaturated and the system is in metastable equilibrium, which means that
it is stable to small disturbances but unstable to large disturbances. Wilson line
(x = 0.96 to 0.97) is the locus of states below the dry saturation line where
condensation within the vapour occurs at different pressures.
IES-95. A nozzle has velocity head at outlet of 10m. If it is kept vertical the
height reached by the stream is: [IES-1992]
1
(a) 100 m (b) 10 m (c) 10 m (d)
10
IES-95. Ans. (b)
IES-96. The following lists refer to fluid machinery. Match List-I with List-II
and select the correct answer. [IES-1994]
List-I List-II
A. Draft tube 1. Impulse turbine
B. Surging 2. Reciprocating pump
C. Air vessel 3. Reaction turbine
D. Nozzle 4. Centrifugal pump
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 3 4 2 1
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 4 3 1 2
IES-96. Ans. (b) The correct matching is Draft tube-reaction turbine, surging-centrifugal
pump, air vessel-reciprocating pump, and nozzle - impulse turbine.
IES-97. Consider the following statements [IES-2000]

For supersaturated flow through a steam nozzle, the
1. Enthalpy drop reduces further 2. Exit temperature increases
3. Flow rate increases
IES-97. Ans. (a)
IES-98. When compared to stable flow, for supersaturated flow of steam

through a nozzle the available enthalpy drop. [IES-1994]
(a) Remains the same (b) Increases
(c) Decreases (d) Is unpredictable
IES-98. Ans. (c)
IES-99. Wilson line is associated with which one of the following? [IES-2006]
(a) Total steam consumption with respect to power output.
(b) Supersonic flow of steam through a nozzle
(c) Nozzle flow with friction
(d) Supersaturated flow of steam through a nozzle
IES-99. Ans. (d)

IAS-1. The velocity of sound in an ideal gas does not depend on [IAS-2002]
(a) The specific heat ratio of the gas (b) The molecular weight of the gas
Page 279 of 372

Compressible Flow
(c) The temperature of the gas (d) The density of the gas
γ RT
IAS-1. Ans. (d) V = [R is universal gas constant]
M
IAS-2. The velocity of sound in an ideal gas does not depend on [IAS-2002]
(a) The specific heat ratio of the gas
(b) The molecular weight of the gas
(c) The temperature of the gas
(d) The density of the gas
γRT
IAS-2. Ans. (d): C =
M
IAS-3. In isentropic flow between two points [IES-1998; IAS-2002]

(a) The stagnation pressure decreases in the direction of flow.
(b) The stagnation temperature and stagnation .pressure decrease with increase
in the velocity.
(c) The stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure may vary.
(d) The stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure remain constant.
IAS-3. Ans. (d) Pressure and temperature may varied but Stagnation pressure and
Stagnation temperature remains constant.
IAS-4. Steam enters a diffuser at Mach number 2.5 and exit at Mach number
1.8. The shape of the diffuser is: [IAS-2000]
(a) Divergent (b) Convergent
(c) Convergent divergent (d) Divergent convergent
IAS-4. Ans. (b) Supersonic diffuser = subsonic nozzle.

A tube, with the section diverging in the direction of flow, can be used
as
1. Supersonic nozzle 2. Subsonic nozzle
3. Supersonic diffuser 4. Subsonic diffuser
Codes:
(a) 1 alone (b) 3 alone (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2 and 3
IAS-5. Ans. (c)
IAS-6. Match List-I (Variable area devices) with List-II (Name of device) and
select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:[IAS-1995]
List-I List-II
A. Pr increases 1. Supersonic nozzle
B. Pr increases 2. Supersonic diffuser
C Pr decreases 3. Rayleigh flow device
D. Pr decreases 4. Subsonic nozzle
5. Subsonic diffuser
(a) 5 1 4 2 (b) 5 4 3 1
(c) 2 4 1 3 (d) 5 2 4 1
IAS-6. Ans. (d)
Page 280 of 372

Compressible Flow
Flow of Compressible Fluid through a Convergent Nozzle
⎛ P2 ⎞
IAS-7. The critical pressure ratio ⎜ ⎟ for maximum discharge through a
⎝ P1 ⎠
nozzle is: [IAS-1999; IES-2002, 2004]
⎛ n −1 ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n −1 ⎞ ⎛ n +1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎝ n ⎠ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎝ n −1 ⎠ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎝ n ⎠ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎝ n ⎠
(a) ⎜ ⎟ (b) ⎜ ⎟ (c) ⎜ ⎟ (d) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n +1 ⎠ ⎝ n +1 ⎠ ⎝ n −1 ⎠ ⎝ n −1 ⎠
IAS-7. Ans. (b)
IAS-8. Assertion (A): In convergent-divergent nozzle, once sonic conditions

are established at the throat. Any amount of reduction of pressure at
the exit will not be effective in increasing the flow rate. [IAS-1995]
Reason (R): The reduction of upstream pressure caused by the
depletion of the reservoir compensates for the acceleration of flow due
to lowering of back pressure.
IAS-8. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
IAS-9. A nozzle is said to have choked flow when [IAS-2002]

1. Discharge is maximum.
2. Throat velocity is sonic.
3. Nozzle exit pressure is more than the critical pressure.
4. Discharge is zero.
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 (c) 4 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
IAS-9. Ans. (b)
IAS-10. Assertion (A): When the pressure ratio (p2 /p1) in a nozzle reaches
critical pressure ratio, the discharge becomes zero. [IAS-2004]
Reason (R): The nozzle gets choked.
IAS-10. Ans. (d) Discharge become maximum.
IAS-11. The variation of flow through a convergent-divergent nozzle with

variation in exit pressure is represented as [IAS-1999]
IAS-11. Ans. (a)
Page 281 of 372

Compressible Flow
IAS-12. Out of the four curves (I, II,
III and IV) shown in the given
figure, the one which
represents isentropic flow
through a convergent-
divergent nozzle is:
(a) I (b) II
(c) III (d) IV
[IAS-1996]
IAS-12. Ans. (d)
IAS-13. In a convergent-divergent steam nozzle, the flow is supersonic at which

location? [IAS-2007]
(a) Entrance of the nozzle (b) Throat
(c) Converging portion of the nozzle (d) Diverging portion of the nozzle
IAS-13. Ans. (d)
IAS-14. Assertion (A): A convergent-divergent nozzle is used to deliver stream

to the turbine or blades at high pressure. [IAS-2000]
Reason (R): A stream nozzle is a passage of varying cross-sectional area
in which th d energy of steam is converted into kinetic energy.
IAS-14. Ans. (d) Nozzle is used for high velocity not high pressure.
IAS-15. In a normal shock wave in one-dimensional flow [IAS-2003]

(a) Pressure, density and temperature increase
(b) Velocity, temperature and density increase
(c) Pressure, density and temperature decrease
(d) Velocity, pressure and density decrease
IAS-15. Ans. (a)
IAS-16. Which of the following is caused by the occurrence of a normal shock in

the diverging section of a convergent-divergent nozzle? [IAS-2004]
(1) Velocity jump (2) Pressure jump
(3) Velocity drop (4) Pressure drop
IAS-16. Ans. (c)
IAS-17. Consider the curves in the

sketch shown below
(indicates normal shock)
Out of these curves, those
which are not correctly
drawn will include
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 and 4
(c) 2 and 4 (d) 1 and 5
Page 282 of 372

Compressible Flow
[IAS-1998]
IAS-17. Ans. (c)
IAS-18. In a convergent-divergent nozzle, normal shock can generally occur

(a) Along divergent portion and throat (b) Along the convergent portion
(c) Anywhere along the length (d) Near the inlet [IAS-1996]
IAS-18. Ans. (a)
IAS-19. Consider the following statements: [IAS 1994]

1. Almost all flow losses take place in the diverging part of a nozzle.
2. Normal shocks are likely to occur in the converging part of a nozzle.
3. Efficiency of reaction turbines is higher than that of impulse
turbines.
Of these statements
IAS-19. (d)
IAS-20. Steam flows at the rate of 10 kg/s through a supersonic nozzle. Throat
diameter is 50 mm. Density ratio and velocity ratio with reference to
throat and exit are respectively 2.45 and 0.8. What is the diameter at
the exit? [IAS-2004]
(a) 122.5 mm (b) 58 mm (c) 70 mm (d) 62.5 mm
Ae ρ oVo
IAS-20. Ans. (c) W = ρ o AoVo = ρ e AeVe or = = 2.45 × 0.8
Ao ρ eVe
de
or = 1.96 = 1.4 or d e = 1.4 × d o = 70 mm
d0
IAS-21. Total enthalpy of stream at the inlet of nozzle is 2800 kJ while static
enthalpy at the exit is 2555 kJ. What is the steam velocity at the exit if
expansion is isentropic? [IAS-2004]
(a) 70 m/s (b) 245 m/s (c) 450 m/s (d) 700 m/s
IAS-21. Ans. (d) V = 2000 × h = 2000 × ( 2800 − 2555 ) = 700 m / s
IAS-22. If the enthalpies at the entry and exit of a nozzle are 3450 kJ/kg and
2800 kJ/kg and the initial velocity is negligible, then the velocity at the
exit is: [IAS-2002]
(a) 806.2 m/s (b) 25.5 m/s (c) 36 m/s (d) 1140.2 m/s
IAS-22. Ans. (d) V = 2000(h1 − h2 ) = 130 ×100 As 11 < 130 < 12 Therefore answer must
2 2
be between 1100 and 1200 so choice is (d).
IAS-23. At the inlet of a steam nozzle, stagnation enthalpy of steam is 787.30

kcal/kg at exit, the static enthalpy of steam is 738.00 kcal/kg. For a
frictionless adiabatic flow, the velocity of steam at the exit will be
(assume 1 kcal = 4.18 kJ) [IAS-1997]
(a) 582.2 m/s (b) 600.6 m/s (c) 620 m/s (d) 640.5 m/s
IAS-23. Ans. (d) V = 2000 × ( Δh ) [ Δh = ( 787.30 − 738 ) × 4.18 kJ = 206.074 kJ]
= 2000 × 206.074 = 642 m / s nearest
Page 283 of 372

Compressible Flow
IAS-24. An isentropic nozzle is discharging steam at the critical pressure ratio.
When the back pressure is further decreased, which one of the
following will take place? [IAS-2007]
(a) Nozzle flow decreases
(b) Nozzle flow increases
(c) Nozzle flow will first increase, reach a maximum and then decrease
(d) Nozzle flow will remain unaltered
IAS-24. Ans. (d) It is a case of chocked flow. If Back pressure decreases then velocity of
steam will increase but mass flow rate will be constant.

1. Actual mass flow rate of steam will be less than the theoretical value
in all cases of flow through a nozzle.
2. Mass flow of steam cannot be increased beyond a certain value in the
case of flow through a nozzle.
3. Actual velocity of steam at the exit of a nozzle will always be less
than the theoretical value.
(c) 2 and 3 are correct (d) 1 ad 3 are correct
IAS-25. Ans. (c)
IAS-26. A nozzle is discharging steam through critical pressure ratio. When the
back pressure is further decreased, the nozzle flow rate will: [IAS-2001]
(a) Decrease (b) Increase
(c) Remain unaltered (d) First increase to a maximum and then will decrease
IAS-26. Ans. (c)
IAS-27. Assertion (A): The steam discharge through a nozzle can be increased
only after the pressure at throat attains a value equal to critical
pressure. [IAS-1995]
Reason (R): A maximum discharge is obtained at the critical pressure
ratio.
IAS-27. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true
IAS-28. Consider the following statements in respect of nozzles: [IAS-2007]

1. The nozzle efficiency is defined as the ratio of the actual enthalpy
drop to the isentropic enthalpy drop between the same pressures.
2. Velocity coefficient is defined as the ratio of exit velocity when the
flow is isentropic, to the actual velocity.
3. The included angle of divergence is usually kept more than 20°.
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
IAS-28. Ans. (a)
Supersaturated Flow
IAS-29. In flow through steam nozzles, the actual discharge will be greater
than the theoretical value when [IAS-1996]
Page 284 of 372

Compressible Flow
(a) Steam at inlet is superheated (b) Steam at inlet is saturated
(c) Steam gets supersaturated (d) Steam at inlet is wet
IAS-29. Ans. (c)
IAS-30. With reference to supersaturated flow through a steam nozzle, which of

the following statements are true? [IAS 1994]
1. Steam is subcooled
2. Mass flow rate is more than the equilibrium rate of flow.
3. There is loss in availability
4. Index of expansion corresponds to wet steam conditions.
Codes:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4
IAS-30. Ans. (a)
IAS-31. Assertion (A): The actual discharge from the nozzle is slightly greater
than the theoretical value. [IAS-2007]
Reason (R): The converging part of the nozzle is so short and steam
velocity is so high that the molecules do not have sufficient time to
collect and form droplets. Hence normal condensation does not take
place.
IAS-31. Ans. (a) This condition is called supersaturated flow through nozzle.
IAS-32. During an expansion process, steam passes through metastable

conditions (supersaturated flow). Which of the following would
DECREASE as result of the effects of super-saturation? [IAS-1997]
1. Enthalpy drop 2. Specific volume at exit
3. Final dryness fraction 4. Entropy
Codes:
(a) 1 and 2 (c) 3 and 4 (b) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 4
IAS-32. Ans. (a)
IAS-33. How does entropy change when the supersaturation occurs in a steam
nozzle? [IAS-2007]
(a) The entropy decreases
(b) The entropy increases
(c) The entropy decreases and then increases
(d) The entropy increases and then decreases
IAS-33. Ans. (b) For any spontaneous process entropy will increase as large amount of
irreversibility is present there.
IAS-34. In the case of supersaturated steam flow through a nozzle, which of the
following statements are correct? [IAS-2003]
1. Availability increases.
2. Mass flow coefficient is greater than unity.
3. Nozzle velocity coefficient is less than unity.
4. A flexible layout is preferred.
Select the correct answer using the codes given:
Page 285 of 372

Compressible Flow
Codes:
IAS-34. Ans. (a)
Page 286 of 372

Compressible Flow
Page 287 of 372

Flow Through Open Channel
16. Flow Through Open Channel

1. Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow
2. Sub-critical Flow, Critical Flow and Supercritical Flow
3. Most Economical Section of Channel
4. Most Economical Trapezoidal Channel Section
5. Hydraulic Jump or Standing Wave

1. An open channel may be defined as a passage in which liquid flows with its
upper surface exposed to atmosphere.
2. Flow in a channel is said to be uniform, if the depth, slope, cross-section and

velocity remain constant over a given length of the channel. Flow in a
channel is said to be non-uniform (or varied) when the channel depth varies
continuously from one section to another.
3. The flow in the open channel may be characterized as laminar or turbulent

depending upon the value of Reynold's number:
when Re < 500 ...flow is laminar; when Re > 2000 ... flow is turbulent.
when 500 < Re < 2000 --- flow is transitional.
4. If Froude number (Fr) is less than 1.0, the flow is sub-critical or streaming.
If Fr is equal to 1.0, the flow is critical. If Fr is greater than 1.0, the flow is
super-critical or shooting.
5. Velocity by Chezy's formula is given by

V = C mi where C = Chezy's constant,
A (area)
m = hydraulic radius (or hydraulic mean depth) =
P (wetted permeter)
i = slope of the bed.
6. Empirical relations for the Chezy's constant, C

157.6
(i) C= − − − Bazin ' s formula
K
1.81 +
m
where K = Bazin' s constant,
m = hydraulic radius (or hydraulic mean depth)
Page 288 of 372

0.00155 1
23 + +
(ii) C= S N ---- Kutter’s formula
⎛ 0.00155 ⎞ N
1 + ⎜ 23 + ⎟
⎝ S ⎠ m
Where N = Kutter's constant, and S = bed slope.
7. The most economical section (also called the best section or most efficient
section) is one which gives the maximum discharge for a given amount of
excavation.
8. Conditions for maximum discharge through different channel sections:

(a) Rectangular section
(i) b = 2y;
y
(ii) R=
2
(b) Trapezoidal section
(i) Half top width = sloping side
b + 2ny
or = y n2 + 1
2
y
(ii) m=
2
(iii) A semi-circle drawn from the mid-point of the top width with radius equal to
depth of flow will touch the three sides of the channel. Best side slope for most
economical trapezoidal section is
1 1
θ = 60° or n = =
3 tan θ
(c) Triangular section
(i) Each sloping side makes an angle of 45° with the vertical.
y
(ii) Hydraulic radius, m =
2 2
(d) Circular section.
(i) Condition for maximum discharge:
Depth of flow, y = 0.95 diameter of circular channel
Hydraulic radius, R = 0.29 times channel diameter
(ii) Condition for maximum velocity:
Depth of flow, y = 0.81 diameter of circular channel,
Hydraulic radius, R = 0.305 diameter
9. For a circular channel,

⎛ sin 2θ ⎞
r 2 ⎜θ − ⎟
2 ⎠
⎛
Area of flow, A=r2 ⎜ θ −
sin 2θ ⎞ ∴ hydraulic mean depth = ⎝
⎟ 2rθ
⎝ 2 ⎠
Wetted perimeter, P = 2r θ
Where r = radius of circular channel,
θ = half the angle subtended by the water surface at the centre.
10. Channel sections of constant velocity are designed particularly in the case
of large sewers in which the discharge ranges from a certain minimum
value that flows daily to a very large value during rainy season.
Page 289 of 372

11. The total energy of flow per unit weight of liquid is given by
V2
Total energy = z + y +
2g
12. Specific energy of a flowing liquid per unit weight,

V2
E=y+
2g
13. The flow at which specific energy is minimum is called critical depth, which
is given by
1/3
⎛ q2 ⎞ Q
yc = ⎜ ⎟ , where q = discharge per unit width. q= m2 / s
⎝ g ⎠ b
14. The velocity of flow at critical depth is known as critical velocity, which is
given by
Vc = g × yc
15. Minimum specific energy is given by

3
Fmin = yc = critical depth
2
16(i) A flow corresponding to critical depth (or when Froude number, Fr = 1) is

known as critical flow.
(ii) When the depth of flow in a channel is greater than critical depth (when
Fr < 1) the flow is said to be sub-critical or streaming flow.
(iii) The flow is supercritical (or shooting or torrential) when the depth of flow
in a channel is less than critical depth (when Fr > 1).
17. The condition for maximum discharge for given value of specific energy is
that the depth of flow should be critical.
18. Hydraulic jump: In an open channel when rapidly flowing stream abruptly changes
to slowly flowing stream, a distinct rise or jump in the elevation of liquid surface
takes place, this phenomenon is known as hydraulic jump. The hydraulic jump is also
known as ‘standing wave’.
The depth of flow after the jump is given by
y1 y12 2q 2
y2 = – + + ----- (in terms of q)
2 4 2 gy1
y1 y12 2V12 y1
=– + + ----- (in terms of V1)
2 4 g
y1
= ( 1 + 8Fr12 − 1) ----- (in terms of Fr1)
2
(Where y1=depth of flow of water before the jump)
Page 290 of 372

Height of hydraulic jump, Hj=y2-y1
Length of hydraulic jump,Lj=5 to 7 Hj
(y − y )
3
Loss of energy due to hydraulic jump, EL = 2 1

4 y1 y2
19. Gradually varied flow (G.V.F.) is one in which the depth changes gradually
over a long distance. Equation of gradually varied flow is given by
du S −S
= b 2e --------- (in terms of V)
dx ⎛ V ⎞
⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ gy ⎠
S −S
= b 2e ----- (in terms of Fr)
(
1 − Fr )
du
Where = Slope of free water surface,
dx
Sb = Slope of the channel bed,
Se = Slope of the energy line, and
V = Velocity of flow.
20. Afflux is the increase in water level due to some obstruction across the
flowing liquid; the curved surface of the liquid with its concavity upwards,
is known as ‘back water curve’.
E2 − E1
Length of back water curve, ι =
Sb − Se
⎛ V12 ⎞ ⎛ V22 ⎞
where E1 ⎜ = y1 + ⎟ and E2⎜ = y 2 + ⎟ represent the specific energies at the
⎝ 2g ⎠ ⎝ 2g ⎠
beginning and end of back water curve.
Page 291 of 372

Flow Th
hrough Open
O Ch
hannel
S K Mon
ndal’s Chapte
er 16
OBJECT
TIVE QUEST
TIONS (GAT
TE, IE
ES, IA
AS)
P
Previou
us Yea
ars GA
ATE Qu
uestion
ns
Lam
minar Flow and Turbu
ulent Flow
Statement fo
or linked answer Q
Question
n: 1 to 2: [GATE
E-2007]
Consider a steady
incom
mpressible
e flow thrrough a
channel as show
wn below:
The velocity profile
p is uniform
with a value of
o u0 at the t inlet
sectio
on A. The velocity profile
p at
sectio
on B downnstream is:
⎧ y ⎫
⎪ Vm δ 0≤ y≤δ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
u=⎨ Vm δ ≤ y ≤ H −δ ⎬
⎪ H−y ⎪
⎪ Vm H −δ ≤ y ≤ H⎪
⎩ δ ⎭
GATE
E-1. The ratio Vm/u0 is:
1 1 1
(a) (b) 1 (cc) (d))
1 − 2(δ / H ) 1 − (δ / H ) 1 + (δ / H )
1
GATE c) Continuitty equation gives, uo × b × H = Vm × b × ( H − 2δ ) +
E-1. Ans. (c × b × 2δ
2
Vm H 1
or = =
u0 H − δ 1 − δ / H
pA − pB
GATE
E-2. The ratio
r (where
e pA and pB are the pressures
p a section A and
at
1
ρ u02
2
B, resspectively, and is the e density off the fluid)) is:
1 1
(a) −1 (b
b) −1
(1 − (δ / H )) 2
[1 − (δ / H )]2
1 1
(c) −1 (d
d) −1
(1 − (2δ / H ))2 1 + (2δ / H )
GATE
E-2. Ans. (aa)
Previo
ous Ye
ears IE
ES Que
estions
s
IES-1
1. Chezy
y's formulla is given n by (m, i, C and V are, respectively, the
hydra
aulic mean n depth, sslope of tthe chann
nel, Chezy''s constan
nt and
avera
age velocity
y of flow) [IES
S-1993]
Page 292 of 372

(a) V = i mC (b) V = C im (c) V = m iC (d) V = miC
IES-1. Ans. (b)
Sub-critical Flow, Critical Flow and Supercritical Flow

IES-2. Match List-I (Flow depth) with List-II (Basic hydraulic condition
associated there with) and select the correct answer: [IES-2004]
List-I List-II
A. Conjugate depth 1. Uniform flow
B. Critical depth 2. Same specific energy
C. Alternate depth 3. Minimum specific energy
D. Normal depth 4. Same specific force
5. Same bed slope
(a) 3 5 4 2 (b) 2 4 1 3
(c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 5 4 1 2
IES-2. Ans. (c) Only one matching (B with 3) will give us ans. (c) The depth of flow at
which specific energy is minimum is called critical depth.
IES-3. An open channel of symmetric right-angled triangular cross-section is

conveying a discharge Q. Taking g as the acceleration due to gravity,
what is the critical depth? [IES-2006]
1 1 1 1
⎛ Q2 ⎞3 ⎛ 2Q 2 ⎞ 3 ⎛ Q2 ⎞5 ⎛ 2Q 2 ⎞ 5
(a) ⎜ ⎟ (b) ⎜ ⎟ (c) ⎜ ⎟ (d) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ g ⎠ ⎝ g ⎠ ⎝ g ⎠ ⎝ g ⎠
IES-3. Ans. (a) Note: Here Q = discharge per unit width (m2/s) and not m3/s.
IES-4. The critical depth of a rectangular channel of width 4.0 m for a

discharge of 12 m3/s is, nearly, [IES-2001]
(a) 300 mm (d) 30 mm (c) 0.972 m (d) 0.674 m
Q 12
IES-4. Ans. (c) Discharge per unit width, q = = = 3.0 m2 / s
b 4
1/3 1/3
⎛ q2 ⎞ ⎛ 32 ⎞
Critical depth, yc = ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 0.972 m
⎝ g ⎠ ⎝ 9.81 ⎠
Most Economical Section of Channel

IES-5. How is the best hydraulic channel cross-section defined? [IES-2005]
(a) The section with minimum roughness coefficient.
(b) The section that has a maximum area of a given flow.
(c) The section that has a minimum wetted perimeter
(d) The section that has a maximum wetted area.
IES-5. Ans. (c)
IES-6. Velocity of air passing through a rectangular duct and a circular duct
is same. Which one of the following is the correct expression for the
equivalent diameter of the circular duct in respect of a rectangular
duct for the same pressure loss per unit length? (a and b are the length
and breath of the rectangular duct cross-section) [IES-2004]
Page 293 of 372

a+b 2ab 2a 2b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
ab a+b a −b a+b
A ab
IES-6. Ans. (b) We know that Hydraulic mean depth (Rm) = =
P 2 (a + b)
π d2 d
Hydraulic mean depth of circular cross section (Rm) =
4×πd 4
ab 2ab
Equivalent diameter ( de ) = 4 × =
2 (a + b) (a + b)
Alternatively: Dimensional analysis gives answer (b) only ‘b’s dimension is [L]
Most Economical Trapezoidal Channel Section

IES-7. For hydraulically most efficient symmetric trapezoidal section of an
open channel, which one of the following is the false characterization?
[IES-2008]
(a) Wetted perimeter is minimum for a given area of flow section
(b) Hydraulic radius is half the flow depth
(c) Width at top liquid is twice the hydraulic depth
(d) Discharge is maximum for given area of flow, bed slope and roughness
IES-7. Ans. (c) Trapezoidal section
b + 2ny
(i) Half top width = sloping side or = y n2 + 1
2
y
(ii) Hydraulic radius, m =
2
(iii) A semi-circle drawn from the mid-point of the top width with radius equal
to depth of flow will touch the three side of the channel. Best side slope for
most economical trapezoidal section is
1 1
θ = 60° or n = =
3 tan θ
IES-8. Assertion (A): To have maximum hydraulic efficiency, the trapezoidal

section of an open channel should be a half-hexagon. [IES-1999]
Reason (R): For any cross-section, a hexagon has the lest-perimeter.
IES-8. Ans. (c) We all knows that for any cross-section, a circular section has the lest-
perimeter. So R is false.
IES-9. A trapezoridal open

channel has the cross-
section as shown in the
given figure. In order to
have maximum hydraulic
efficiency, the hydraulic
radius, R and the length of
the side, L should be. [IES-1994]
d 2 d 2
(a) and d respectively (b) and d respectively
4 3 4 3
Page 294 of 372

d 2 d 2
(c) and d respectively (d) and d respectively
2 3 2 3
IES-9. Ans. (c) For trapezoidal open channel, for maximum hydraulic efficiency, the
hydraulic radius R = d/2 and length of side L = 2d/ 3 .
Hydraulic Jump or Standing Wave

IES-10. A sluice gate discharges water into a horizontal rectangular channel
with a velocity of 12 m/s and depth of flow of 1 m. What is the depth of
flow after the hydraulic jump? [IES-2009]
(a) 6.42 m (b) 5·84 m (c) 4.94 m (d) 2.21 m
v 12
IES-10. Ans. (c) =F ⇒ F = = 3.83
gy 9.8 ×1
∵ y1 = 1 m
y2 1 ⎡
= ⎢ −1 + 1 + 8 F 2 ⎤⎥ ⇒ y2 = 4.94 m
y1 2⎣ ⎦
IES-11. A hydraulic jump occurs in a channel [IES-1997]

(a) Whenever the flow is supercritical
(b) If the flow is controlled by a sluice gate
(c) If the bed slope changes from mild to steep
(d) If the bed slope changes from steep to mild
IES-11. Ans. (a) If the flow changes from supercritical to sub-critical. The hydraulic jump
is defined as the sudden and turbulent passage of water from a supercritical
state.
IES-12. Consider the following statements regarding a hydraulic jump:

1. There occurs a transformation of super critical flow to sub-critical
flow. [IES-1999]
2. The flow is uniform and pressure distribution is due to hydrostatic
force before and after the jump.
3. There occurs a loss of energy due to eddy formation and turbulence.
IES-12. Ans. (a)
IES-13. An open channel flow encounters a hydraulic jump as shown in the

figure. The following fluid flow conditions are observed between A and
B: [IES-2001]
1. Critical depth
2. Steady non-uniform flow
3. Unsteady non-uniform flow
4. Steady uniform flow.
The correct sequence of the flow conditions in the direction of flow is:
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 1, 4, 2, 3 (c) 2, 1, 4, 3 (d) 4, 2, 3, 1
IES-13. Ans. (b)
Page 295 of 372


A hydraulic jump occurs in an open channel
1. When the Froude number is equal to or less than one.
2. At the toe of a spillway.
3. Downstream of a sluice gate in a canal.
4. When the bed slope suddenly changes.
Which of these are correct?
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1, 2 and 3 (c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 4
IES-14. Ans. (c) Only 1 is wrong so (a), (b) and (d) out.
IES-15. Match the following: [IES-1992]

List-I List-II
A. Circular sewer maximum discharge 1. y = 0.938 D
B. Maximum velocity in circular sewer 2. y = 0.81 D
4 Vc2 yc
C. Triangular Channel 3. yc = E, =
5 2g 4
2 Vc2 yc
D. Rectangular Channel 4. yc = E, =
3 2g 2
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 3 4 1 2
(c) 2 3 1 4 (d) 1 4 2 3
IES-15. Ans. (d)

IAS-1. A hydraulic jump is formed in a 5.0 m wide rectangular channel with
sequent depths of 0.2 m and 0.8 m. The discharge in the channel, in
m3/s, is: [IAS-1998]
(a) 2.43 (b) 3.45 (c) 4.43 (d) 5.00
( y2 + y1 )
IAS-1. Ans. (c) q = gy1 y2 = 0.8854; Q = qL = 0.8854 × 5 = 4.43 m3/s
2
Page 296 of 372

Force Exerted on Surfaces
17. Force Exerted on Surfaces

1. A fluid jet is a stream of fluid issuing from a nozzle with a high velocity and
hence a high kinetic energy.
2. The force exerted by a jet of water on a stationary plate (Fx):

Fx = ρ aV 2 ... for a vertical plate,
= ρ aV 2 sin 2 θ ... for an inclined plate,
= ρ aV (1 + cos θ )
2
... for a curved plate and jet strikes at the centre,
= 2 ρ aV cos θ
2
... for a curved plate and jet strikes at one of the tips of the jet.
Where, V = velocity of the jet,
θ = angle between the jet and the plate for inclined plate, and
= angle made by the jet with the direction of motion for curved plates
3. The force exerted by a jet of water on a moving plate in the direction of the
motion of the plate (Fx):
Fx = ρ a (V − u ) 2 ... for a moving vertical plate,
= ρ a (V − u ) 2 sin 2 θ … for an inclined moving plate,
= ρ a (V − u ) (1 + cos θ )
2
… when jet strikes the curved plate at the centre.
4. When a jet of water strikes a curved moving vane at one of its tips and
comes curved out at the other tip, the force exerted and work done is given
by (from inlet and outlet velocity triangles):
Force exerted, Fx = ρ aVr1 (Vw1 ± Vw 2 )
Work done per second = ρ aVr1 (Vw1 ± Vw 2 ) x u
+ ive sign is taken when β < 90° (i.e. 13 is an acute angle)
– ive sign is taken when β > 90° (i.e. 13 is an obtuse angle)
Vw2 = 0 when β = 90°
1
Work done per second per N of fluid = (Vw1 + Vw 2 ) × u
g
For series of vanes:
Force exerted, Fx = ρ aV1 (Vw1 ± Vw 2 )
Work done per second = ρ aV1 (Vw1 ± Vw 2 ) x u
1
Work done per sec. per N of fluid = (Vw1 + Vw 2 ) × u
g
Where V1 = absolute velocity of jet at inlet,
Vwl = velocity of whirl at inlet,
Vw2 = velocity of whirl at outlet, and
u = velocity of the vane.
5. For series of radial curved vanes:
Page 297 of 372

Work done per second on the wheel = ρ aV1 (Vw1 × u1 ± Vw2 × u2 )
ρ aV1 (Vw1u1 ± Vw 2u2 ) 2(Vw1u1 ± Vw 2u2 )
Efficiency of the radial curved vane, ηvane = =
1 V12
( ρ aV1 ) × V12
2
Where u1 = tangential velocity of vane at inlet, and
u2 = tangential velocity of vane at outlet
6. Jet propulsion of ships:

Case I. When the inlet orifices are at right angles to the direction of motion of the
ships
2Vu
Efficiency of propulsion, η =
(V + u ) 2
dη
Conditions for maximum efficiency, = 0, i.e. u = V
du
ηmax = 50 % (neglecting loss of head due to friction etc. in the intake and ejecting
pipes)
Case II. When the inlet orifices face the direction of motion of the ship
2u
Efficiency of propulsion, η =
V + 2u
Page 298 of 372

Introduction
IES-1. A circular jet of water
impinges on a vertical flat
plate and bifurcates into two
circular jets of half the
diameter of the original. After
hitting the plate
(a) The jets move at equal
velocity which is twice of the
original velocity
(b) The jets move at equal
velocity which is 3 times of
the original velocity
[IES-2006]
(c) Data given is insufficient to calculate velocities of the two outgoing jets
(d) The jets move at equal velocity which is equal to the original velocity
IES-1. Ans. (d)
Fig. Velocity distribution through a circular jet
Force Exerted on a Curved Vane when the Vane is

Moving in the Direction of Jet
IES-2. The force of impingement of a jet on a vane increases if: [IES-2002]
(a) The vane angle is increased (b) The vane angle is decreased
(c) The pressure is reduced (d) The vane is moved against the jet
IES-2. Ans. (d)
Page 299 of 372

IES-3. A symmetrical stationary
vane experiences a force 'F' of
100 N as shown in the given
figure, when the mass flow
rate of water over the vane is
5 kg/s with a velocity 'V' 20
m/s without friction. The
angle 'α' of the vane is:
(a) Zero (b) 30°
(c) 45° (d) 60o
[IES-2001]
IES-3. Ans. (d)
Force Exerted on a Stationary Flat Plate Held Normal

to the Jet
IAS-1. A vertical jet of water ‘d’ cm in
diameter leaving the nozzle with a
velocity of V m/s strikes a disc
weighing ‘W’ kgf as shown in the
given figure. The jet is then
deflected horizontally. The disc
will be held in equilibrium at a
distance 'y' where the fluid
velocity is ‘u’, when ‘y’ is equal to:
( )
(a) V 2 − u2 / 2 g (b) V 2 / 2 g
(c) W / V 2 (d) W / u2
[IAS-1996]
IAS-1. Ans. (a)
IAS-2. A jet of water issues from a nozzle with a velocity of 20 m/s and it
impinges normally on a flat plate moving away from it at 10 m/s. If the
cross-sectional area of the jet is 0.02 m2 and the density of water is
taken as 1000 kg/m2, then the force developed on the plate will be:
[IAS 1994]
(a) 10 N (b) 100 N (c) 1000N (d) 2000N
IAS-2. Ans. (d) Force on plate = wa (V – u) (V – u) =1000 × 0.02 ×(10)2 = 2000 N.
IAS-3. A jet of water issues from a nozzle with a velocity of 20 m/s and it
impinges normally on a flat plate moving away from it at 10 m/s.If the
cross-sectional area of the jet is 0.02 m2 and the density of water is
taken as 1000 kg/m2, then the force developed on the plate will be:
[IAS-1994]
(a) 10 N (b) 100N (c) 1000N (d) 2000N
IAS-3. Ans. (d)
Page 300 of 372

Page 301 of 372

Hydraulic Turbine
18. Hydraulic Turbine

1. Introduction
2. Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
3. Impulse Turbines – Pelton Wheel
4. Work Done and Efficiency of a Pelton Wheel
5. Definitions of Heads and Efficiencies
6. Design Aspects of Pelton Wheel
7. Reaction Turbine
8. Design of a Francis Turbine Runner
9. Propeller Turbine
10. Kaplan Turbine
11. Draft Tube
12. Specific Speed
13. Model Relationship
14. Runaway Speed
15. Cavitation
16. Surge Tanks
17. Performance Characteristics
Introduction
GATE-1. In a Pelton wheel, the bucket peripheral speed is 10 m/s, the water jet
velocity is 25 m/s and volumetric flow rate of the jet is 0.1m3/s. If the jet
deflection angle is120° and the flow is ideal, the power developed is:
[GATE-2006]
(a) 7.5kW (b) 15.0 kW (c) 22.5kW (d) 37.5kW
GATE-2. Water, having a density of

1000 kg/m 3 , issues from a
nozzle with a velocity of 10
m/s and the jet strikes a
bucket mounted on a Pelton
wheel. The wheel rotates at
10 rad/s. The mean diameter
of the wheel is I m. The jet is
split into two equal streams
For 2013 (IES, GATE & PSUs) Page 1 of 54 Rev.1

Hydraulic Turbine
by the bucket, such that each
stream is deflected by 120°, as
shown in the figure. Friction
in the bucket may be
neglected. Magnitude of the
torque exerted by the water on the wheel, per unit mass flow rate of
the incoming jet, is: [GATE-2008]
(a) 0 (N.m) / (kg/s) (b) 1.25 (N.m) / (kg/s)
(c) 2.5(N.m) / (kg/s) (d) 3.75(N.m) / (kg/s)
GATE-3. Kaplan turbine is: [GATE-1997]

(a) A high head mixed flow turbine (b) A low head axial flow turbine
(c) An outward flow reaction turbine (d) An impulse inward flow turbine
GATE-4. The specific speed of an impulse hydraulic turbine will be greater than
the specific speed of a reaction type hydraulic turbine. [GATE-1995]
(a) True (b) False (c) Can’t say (d) None
GATE-5. At a hydro electric power plant site, available head and flow rate are
24.5 m and 10.1 m3/s respectively. If the turbine to be installed is
required to run at 4.0 revolution per second (rps) with an overall
efficiency of 90%, then suitable type of turbine for this site is:
[GATE-2004]
(a) Francis (b) Kaplan (c) Pelton (d) Propeller
GATE-6. In a hydroelectric station, water is available at the rate of 175 m3/s

under a head of 18 m. The turbines run at speed of 150 rpm with overall
efficiency of 82%. Find the number of turbines required if they have the
maximum specific speed of 460 …………………. 2 (two) [GATE-1996]
GATE-6(i) A hydraulic turbine develops 1000 kW power for a head of 40 m. If the head
is reduced to 20 m, the power developed (in kW) is [GATE-2010]
(a) 177 (b) 354 (c) 500 (d) 707
GATE-7. Specific speed of a Kaplan turbine ranges between [GATE-1993]

Model Relationship
GATE-8. A large hydraulic turbine is to generate 300 kW at 1000 rpm under a
head of 40 m. For initial testing, a 1: 4 scale model of the turbine
operates under a head of 10 m. The power generated by the model (in
KW) will be: [GATE-2006; 1992]
(a) 2.34 (b) 4.68 (c) 9.38 (d) 18.75
Cavitation
GATE-9. Cavitation in a hydraulic turbine is most likely to occur at the turbine
[GATE-1993]
(a) Entry (b) Exit (c) Stator exit (d) Rotor exit
GATE-10. Match List-I (Phenomena) with List-II (Causes) and select the correct
answer: [GATE-1996]

Hydraulic Turbine
List-I List-II
A. Shock wave 1. Surface tension
B. Flow separation 2. Vapour pressure
C. Capillary rise 3. Compressibility
D. Cavitation 4. Adverse pressure gradient
(a) 3 1 2 4 (b) 4 2 1 3
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 4 1 2 3

IES-1. Of all the power plants, hydel is more disadvantageous when one
compares the [IES-1996]
(a) Nearness to load centre (b) Cost of energy resource
(c) Technical skill required (d) Economics that determine the choice of plant.
IES-2 Euler equation for water turbine is derived on the basis of [IES-1995]
(a) Conservation of mass
(b) Rate of change of linear momentum
(c) Rate of change of angular momentum
(d) Rate of change of velocity
IES-3. If H is the head available for a hydraulic turbine, the power, speed and
discharge, respectively are proportional to: [IES-2002]
(a) H1/2, H1/2, H3/2 (b) H3/2, H1/2, H1/2 (c) H1/2, H3/2, H1/2 (d) H1/2, H1/2, H
IES-5. A Francis turbine is coupled to an alternator to generate electricity

with a frequency of 50 Hz. If the alternator has 12 poles, then the
turbine should be regulated to run at which one of the following
constant speeds? [IES-2004]
(a) 250 rpm (b) 500 rpm (c) 600 rpm (d) 1000 rpm
IES-6. The gross head on a turbine is 300 m. The length of penstock supplying
water from reservoir to the turbine is 400 m. The diameter of the
penstock is 1 m and velocity of water through penstock is 5 m/s. If
coefficient of friction is 0.0098, the net head on the turbine would be
nearly [IES-2001]
(a) 310 m (b) 295 m (c) 200 m (d) 150 m

A water turbine governor
1. Helps in starting and shutting down the turbo unit
2. Controls the speed of turbine set to match it with the hydroelectric
system
3. Sets the amount of load which a turbine unit has to carry
IES-7(i) In a reaction turbine [IES-2011]

(a) It is possible to regulate the flow without loss
(b) It must be placed at the foot of the fall and above the tail race

Hydraulic Turbine
(c) Work done is purely by the change in the kinetic energy of the jet
(d) Only part of the head is converted into velocity before the water enters
the wheel.
IES-7(ii) Which of the following hydraulic turbines are reaction turbines ? [IES-2011]
1. Francis
2. Kaplan
3. Propeller
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only
List-I List-II
A. Pelton turbine 1. Specific speed from 300 to 1000 axial
flow with fixed runner vanes
B. Francis turbine 2. Specific speed from 10 to 50 Tangential
flow
C. Propeller turbine 3. Specific speed from 60 to 300 mixed flow
D. Kaplan turbine 4. Specific speed from 300 to 1000 axial
flow with adjustable runner vanes
(a) 2 1 3 4 (b) 4 1 3 2
(c) 2 3 1 4 (d) 4 3 1 2
IES-9. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer [IES-1996]
List-I List-II
A. Pelton wheel (single jet) 1. Medium discharge, low head
B. Francis Turbine 2. High discharge, low head
C. Kaplan Turbine 3. Medium discharge, medium head
4. Low discharge, high head
Codes: A B C A B C
(a) 1 2 3 (b) 1 3 4
(c) 4 1 3 (d) 4 3 2
IES-10. Match List-I (Types of turbines), List-II (Characteristics of turbines)

and select the correct answer. [IES-1994]
List-I List-II
A. Propeller 1. Inward flow reaction
B. Francis 2. Tangential flow impulse
C. Kaplan 3. Axial flow reaction with fixed vanes
D. Pelton 4. Axial flow reaction with adjustable vanes
(a) 2 4 1 3 (b) 3 4 1 2
(c) 2 1 4 3 (d) 3 1 4 2
IES-11. Match List-I (Flow parameter) with List-II (Type of turbine) and select
List-I List-II
A. High head 1. Francis turbine
B. Axial flow 2. Pelton wheel
C. Mixed flow 3. Kaplan turbine
D. High specific speed

Hydraulic Turbine
(a) 1 2 3 1 (b) 1 2 3 2
(c) 2 3 1 3 (d) 2 2 1 3

1. Pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse turbine
2. Francis turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine
3. Kaplan turbine is a radial flow reaction turbine
Which of the above statements is/ are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 1 alone (c) 2 alone (d) 3 alone
IES-13. Consider the following types of water turbines: [IES-2003]

1. Bulb 2. Francis 3. Kaplan 4. Pelton
The correct sequence of order in which the operating head decreases
while developing the same power is
(a) 4 – 2 – 3 – 1 (b) 3 – 4 – 1 – 2 (c) 2 – 1 – 4 – 3 (d) 1 – 3 – 2 – 4
IES-14. Which of the following types of turbine is/are suitable for tidal power
plants? [IES-2005]
1. Tubular turbine 2. Kaplan turbine
3. Bulb turbine 4. Francis turbine
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 (c) 2 and 4 (d) 4 only
IES-15. Which one of the following turbines is used in underwater power

stations? [IES-1998]
(a) Pelton turbine (b) Deriaz turbine
(c) Tubular turbine (d) Turgo-impulse turbine
IES-16. Assertion (A): For the same power, the rotor of an impulse turbine need
not be as large as that of a reaction turbine. [IES-2004]
Reason (R): In the case of a reaction turbine, water has to be admitted
to the runner around its entire circumference.
IES-17. A Pelton wheel is ideally suited for [IES-1998]

(a) High head and low discharge (b) High head and high discharge
(c) Low head and low discharge (d) Medium head and medium discharge
IES-18. Consider the following energies associated with a Pelton turbine:

1. Mechanical energy 2. Kinetic energy 3. Potential energy
The correct sequence of energy conversion starting from the entry of
fluid is: [IES-2003]
(a) 1 – 2 – 3 (b) 2 – 3 – 1 (c) 3 – 2 – 1 (d) 1 – 3 – 2
IES-19. The maximum number of jets generally employed in an impulse turbine

without jet interference is: [IES-2001]
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 12
IES-20. Which one of the following statements regarding an impulse turbine is

correct? [IES-1997]

Hydraulic Turbine
(a) There is no pressure variation in flow over the buckets and the fluid fills the
passageway between the buckets
(b) There is no pressure variation in flow over the buckets and the fluid does not
fill the passageway between the buckets
(c) There is pressure drop in flow over the buckets and the fluid fills the
(d) There is pressure drop in flow over the buckets and the fluid does not fill the
Work Done and Efficiency of a Pelton Wheel

IES-21. Euler equation of turbine giving energy transfer per unit mass E0
(where U, Vw, Vr and V represents the peripheral, whirl, relative and
absolute velocities respectively. Suffix 1 and 2 refer to the turbine inlet
and outlet respectively) is given by: [IES-2003]
(a) E0 = U1 Vw1 – U2 Vw2 (b) E0 = U1 Vr1 – U2 Vr2
(c) E0 = U1 V1 – U2 V2 (d) E0 = V1 Vw1 – V2 Vw2
IES-22. The speed ratio of a Pelton wheel operating under a head of 900 m is
0.45. What is the peripheral velocity of the turbine wheel? [IES-2009]
(a) 28 m/s (b) 96 m/s (c) 42 m/s (d) 60 m/s
IES-23. A Pelton wheel with single jet rotates at 600 rpm. The velocity of the jet
from the nozzle is 100m/s. If the ratio of the vane velocity to jet velocity
is 0.44, what is the diameter of the Pelton wheel? [IES-2005]
(a) 0.7 m (b) 1.4 m (c) 2.1 m (d) 2.8 m
IES-24. If α is the blade angle at the outlet, then the maximum hydraulic
efficiency of an ideal impulse turbine is: [IAS-1999; IES-2005]
1 + cos α 1 − cos α 1 − sin α 1 + sin α
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
IES-25. The maximum efficiency in the case of Pelton wheel is (angle of
deflection of the jet = 180 – β) [IES-2002]
1 − cos β 1 + cos β cos β 1 + cos β
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 4
IES-26. What should be the ratio of blade speed of jet speed for the maximum
efficiency of a Pelton wheel? [IES-2002, 2005]
1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
4 2 4
Definitions of Heads and Efficiencies

IES-27. The overall efficiency of a Pelton turbine is 70%. If the mechanical
efficiency is 85%, what is its hydraulic efficiency? [IES-2007]
(a) 82.4% (b) 59.5% (c) 72.3% (d) 81.5%
IES-28. The gross head available to a hydraulic power plant is 100 m. The
utilized head in the runner of the hydraulic turbine is 72 m. If the
'hydraulic efficiency of the turbine is 90%, the pipe friction head is
estimated to be: [IES-2000]
(a) 20 m (b) 18 m (c) 16.2 m (d) 1.8 m

Hydraulic Turbine
IES-29. A reaction turbine discharges 30 m3/s of water under a head of 10 m
with an overall efficiency of 92%. The power developed is: [IES-1997]
(a) 2952 kW (b) 2870 kW (c) 2760 kW (d) 2652 kW
IES-30. As water flows through the runner of a reaction turbine, pressure

acting on it would vary from: [IES-1997]
(a) More than atmospheric pressure to vacuum
(b) Less than atmospheric pressure to zero gauge pressure
(c) Atmospheric pressure to more than atmospheric pressure
(d) Atmospheric pressure to vacuum
Design of a Francis Turbine Runner

IES-31. Which of the following advantages is/are possessed by a Kaplan turbine
over a Francis turbine? [IES-2006]
1. Low frictional losses.
2. Part load efficiency is considerably high.
3. More compact and smaller in size.
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 1 and 2 (c) Only 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
IES-32. A Francis turbine working at 400 rpm has a unit speed of 50 rpm and
develops 500 kW of power. What is the effective head under which this
turbine operates? [IES-2009]
(a) 62.5 m (b) 64.0 m (c) 40.0 m (d) 100 m
Kaplan Turbine
IES-32(i) An adjustable blade propeller turbine is called as
(a) Banki turbine (b) Pelton turbine [IES-2012]
(c) Kaplan turbine (d) Francis-Pelton turbine
IES-32(ii): A Kaplan turbine is a [IES-2011]

(a) Outward flow reaction turbine
(b) Inward flow impulse turbine
(c) Low head axial flow turbine
(d) High head mixed flow turbine
IES-33. Consider the following statements in respect of Kaplan Turbine:

1. It is a reaction turbine. [IES-2008]
2. It is a mixed flow turbine.
3. It has adjustable blades.
IES-34. Assertion (A): A Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine with
its vanes fixed to the hub. [IES-2001]
Reason (R): Water flows parallel to the axis of rotation of the turbine
and a part of the pressure energy gets converted to kinetic energy
during its flow through the vanes.

Hydraulic Turbine
IES-34(i) When a hydraulic turbine is operated, it is found that it has high design
efficiency and this efficiency remains constant over a wide range of regulation
from the design condition. The turbine is [IES-2012]
(a) Francis turbine (b) Propeller turbine (c) Pelton turbine (d) Kaplan turbine
IES-35. What is the range of the speed ratio for Kaplan turbine for its most
efficient operation? [IES-2004]
(a) 0.10 to 0.30 (b) 0.43 to 065 (c) 085 to 120 (d) 1.40 to 200
Draft Tube
IES-36. The use of a draft tube in a reaction type water turbine helps to:
(a) Prevent air from entering [IES-1996; 2002; 2007]
(b) Increase the flow rate
(c) Convert the kinetic energy to pressure energy
(d) Eliminate eddies in the downstream
IES-36(i) Assertion (A) : A draft tube is used to reduce the pressure at the runner exit in
order to get the increased value of working tail race [IES-2011]
Reason (R) : A portion of the exit kinetic energy is recovered which otherwise
goes waste to the tail race
IES-36(ii) Consider the following statements regarding a draft tube used

in water turbines: [IES-2010]
1. It reduces the discharge velocity of water to minimize the
loss of kinetic energy at the outlet.
2. It permits the turbine to be set above the tail race without
any appreciable drop in available head.
3. It is used in both impulse and reaction type of water
turbines.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 only
IES-37. The level of runner exit is 5 m above the tail race, and atmospheric
pressure is 10.3 m. The pressure at the exit of the runner for a
divergent draft tube can be: [IES-2001]
(a) 5 m (b) 5.3 m (c) 10 m (d) 10.3 m
IES-38. Which of the following water turbines does not require a draft tube?
(a) Propeller turbine (b) Pelton turbine [IES-2006]
(c) Kaplan turbine (d) Francis turbine

1. A draft tube may be fitted to the tail end of a Pelton turbine to
increase the available head.
2. Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine with adjustable
vanes on the hub.
3. Modern Francis turbine is a mixed flow reaction turbine.

Hydraulic Turbine
IES-40. Which one of the following forms of draft tube will NOT improve the
hydraulic efficiency of the turbine? [IES-1998]
(a) Straight cylindrical (b) Conical type
(c) Bell-mouthed (d) Bent tube
IES-41. A hydraulic power station has the fol1owing major items in the
hydraulic circuit: [IES-1995]
1. Draft tube 2. Runner 3. Guide wheel
4. Penstock 5. Scroll case
The correct sequence of these items in the direction of flow is:
(a) 4,2,3,1,5 (b) 4,3,2,5,1 (c) 1,2,3,5,4 (d) 1,3,24,5
IES-42. Match the following [IES-1992]

List-I List-II
A. Wicket gates 1. Gradually converts the velocity head to pressure
head
B. Volute tube 2. Pressure head recovery
C. Draft tube 3. High value of N and Ns
D. Axial flow pumps 4. Adjustable by governor according to load
(a) 4 1 2 3 (b) 1 3 2 4
(c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 2 3 1 4
IES-43. The movable wicket gates of a reaction turbine are used to: [IES-1995]
(a) Control the flow of water passing through the turbine.
(b) Control the pressure under which the turbine is working.
(c) Strengthen the casing of the turbine
(d) Reduce the size of the turbine.
IES-44. A hydraulic reaction turbine working under a head of 16 m develops

640 kW of power. What is the unit power of the turbine? [IES-2009]
(a) 10 kW (b) 40 kW (c) 60 kW (d) 160 kW
Specific Speed
IES-45. Consider the following statements pertaining to specific speed of turbo
machines: [IES-2008]
1. Specific speed varies with shape of the runner and other parts of
the machine.
2. Machines with higher specific speeds are limited to low heads.
3. Specific speed is dimensionless and is independent of variation of
type of fluid used.
IES-46. The specific speed (Ns) of a water turbine is expressed by which one of
the following equations? [IES-1997, 2007; IAS-1996]
N P N P N Q N Q
(a) Ns = (b) Ns = (c) Ns = (d) Ns =
H 5/ 4 H 3/ 4 H 5/ 4 H 3/ 4
IES-47. Specific speed of a pump and specific speed of a turbine an (symbols

have the usual meaning). [IES-1994]

Hydraulic Turbine
N Q N P N Q N P
(a) 3/ 4
and respectively (b) and respectively
H H 5/4 H 3/4
H 3/ 4
N Q N P N Q N P
(c) 5/ 4
and respectively (d) and respectively
H H 5/ 4 H 5/ 4
H 3/4
IES-47(i) The specific speed of a hydraulic turbine depends upon [IES-2012]

(a) speed and power developed (b) discharge and power developed
(c) speed and head of water (d) speed, power developed and head of water
IES-48. Assertion (A): For higher specific speeds, radial flow type pumps have
the greatest efficiency. [IES-2004]
Reason (R): Pumps having larger discharge under smaller heads have
higher specific speeds.
IES-49. In the statement, "in a reaction turbine installation, the head of water
is decreased and the rpm is also decreased at a certain condition of
working. The effect of each of these changes will be to X power
delivered due to decrease in head and to Y power delivered due to
N Q
decrease in rpm", , X and Y stand respectively for [IES-1993]
H 3/ 4
(a) Decrease and increase (b) Increase and increase
(c) Decrease and decrease (d) Increase and decrease

If the number of jets in a Pelton turbine is n, then the specific speed is:
(a) ∞ n2 (b) ∞ n (c) ∞ n1/ 2 (d) Independent of n
IES-51. The specific speed of a turbine is defined as the speed of a member of

the same homologous series of a such a size that it [IES-1996]
(a) Delivers unit discharge at unit head.
(b) Delivers unit discharge at unit power.
(c) Delivers unit power at unit discharge.
(d) Produces unit power under a unit head.

Specific speed of a fluid machine
(a) Refers to the speed of a machine of unit dimensions.
(b) Is a type-number representative of its performance?
(c) Is specific to the particular machine.
(d) Depends only upon the head under which the machine operates.
IES-53. An impulse turbine operating with a single nozzle has a specific speed
of 5. What will be the approximate specific speed of the turbine if the
turbine is operated with one more additional nozzle of the same size?
[IES-2004]
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 10

Hydraulic Turbine
IES-54. Two Pelton wheels A and B have the same specific speed and are
working under the same head. Wheel A produces 400 kW at 1000 rpm. If
B produces 100 kW, then its rpm is: [IES-2003]
(a) 4000 (b) 2000 (c) 1500 (d) 1250
IES-55. Match List-I (Specific speed) with List-II (Expression/Magnitude) and

List-I List-II
A. Specific speed of turbine 1. N Q / H 3/4
B. Specific speed of pump 2. N P / H 5/4
C. Specific speed of Pelton wheel 3. 50 – 250
D. Specific speed of Francis turbine 4. 10 – 50
(a) 3 4 1 2 (b) 3 2 1 4
(c) 2 1 4 3 (d) 1 2 4 3
IES-56. Assertion (A): The specific speed of a Pelton turbine is low. [IES-2002]
Reason (R): Pelton turbine works under a high head and handles low
discharge.
IES-57. Consider the following turbines/wheels [IES-1998, 1999, 2000, 2001]

1. Francis turbine
2. Pelton wheel with two or more jets
3. Pelton wheel with a single jet
4. Kaplan turbine
The correct sequence of these turbines/wheels in increasing order of
their specific speeds is:
(a) 2, 3, 1, 4 (b) 3, 2, 1, 4 (c) 2, 3, 4, 1 (d) 3, 2, 4, 1
IES-58. If the full-scale turbine is required to work under a head of 30 m and to

run at 428 r.p.m., then a quarter-scale turbine model tested under a
head of 10 m must run at: [IES-2000]
(a) 143 r.p.m. (b) 341 r.p.m. (c) 428 r.p.m. (d) 988 r.p.m.
IES-59. A centrifugal pump operating at 1000 rpm develops a head of 30 m. If

the speed is increased to 2000 rpm and the pump operates with the
same efficiency, what is the head developed by the pump? [IES-2004]
(a) 60 m (b) 90 m (c) 120 m (d) 150 m
IES-60. Which one of the following statements is not correct in respect of

hydraulic turbines? [IES-2008]
(a) (Speed) is proportional to (1/Diameter)
(b) (Power) is proportional to (Speed)3
(c) (Power) is proportional to (Head)3/2
(d) (Speed) is proportional to (Head)1/2

Hydraulic Turbine
Runaway Speed
IES-61. Assertion (A): Runaway speed of a turbine is the speed under
maximum head at full gate opening when the load is disconnected
suddenly. [IES-2007]
Reason (R): The various rotating components of the turbine are
designed to remain safe at the runaway speed.
IES-62. In fluid machinery, the relationship between saturation temperature

and pressure decides the process of [IES-2001]
(a) Flow separation (b) Turbulent mixing (c) Cavitation (d) Water hammer
IES-63. Chances of occurrence of cavitation are high if the [IES-1993]

(a) Local pressure becomes very high
(b) Local temperature becomes low
(c) Thoma cavitation parameter exceeds a certain limit
(d) Local pressure falls below the vapour pressure
p − p′
IES-64. The cavitation number of any fluid machinery is defined as σ =
ρV 2 / 2
(where, p is absolute pressure, ρ is density and V is free stream
velocity). [IES-2000]
The symbol p' denotes:
(a) Static pressure of fluid (b) Dynamic pressure of fluid
(c) Vapour pressure of fluid (d) Shear stress of fluid

Cavitation in hydraulic machines occurs at the
1. Exit of a pump 2. Entry of the pump 3. Exit of a turbine
Of these correct statements are:
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3 (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 2 and 3
IES-66. In the phenomenon of cavitation, the characteristic fluid property

involved is: [IES-2002]
(a) Surface tension (b) Viscosity
(c) Bulk modulus of elasticity (d) Vapour pressure
IES-67. Match the following [IES-1992]

List-I List-II
A. Wave drag of a ship 1. Cavitation in pumps and turbines
2. ρ r.L r
3
B. Pressure coefficient
C. Thoma number 3. Re ≈ 0.1
Δp
D. Stokes law 4.
ρV 2 / 2
(a) 1 2 4 3 (b) 4 3 1 2
(c) 1 3 4 2 (d) 2 4 1 3

Hydraulic Turbine
IES-68. Match List-I (Fluid properties) with List-II (Related terms) and select
the correct answer. [IES-1996]
List-I List-II
A. Capillarity 1. Cavitation
B. Vapour pressure 2. Density of water
C. Viscosity 3. Shear forces
D. Specific gravity 4. Surface tension
(a) 1 4 2 3 (b) 1 4 3 2
(c) 4 1 2 3 (d) 4 1 3 2
IES-70. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code
List I List II
A. Lubrication 1. Capillary
B. Rise of sap in trees 2. Vapour pressure
C. Formation of droplets 3. Viscosity
D. Cavitation 4. Surface tension
Code:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 4 1 3 (b) 3 4 1 2
(c) 2 1 4 3 (d) 3 1 4 2

A surge tank provided on the penstock connected to a water turbine
1. Helps in reducing the water hammer
2. Stores extra water when not needed
3. Provides increased demand of water
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 1, 2 and 3
Performance Characteristics
IES-72. Which of the fo1lowing water turbines maintain a high efficiency over
a long range of the part load? [IES-2006]
1. Francis turbine 2. Kaplan turbine
3. Pelton turbine 4. Propeller turbine
(a) 1 and 4 (b) Only 2 and 3 (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 2, 3 and 4
IES-73. Which one of the following turbines exhibits a nearly constant

efficiency over a 60% to 140% of design speed? [IES-2005]
(a) Pelton turbine (b) Francis turbine
(c) Deriaz turbine (d) Kaplan turbine
IES-74. When a hydraulic turbine is operated, it is found that it has high design
efficiency and this efficiency remains constant over a wide range of
regulation from the design condition. What is the type of this turbine?
[IES-2005]
(a) Pelton (b) Francis (c) Kaplan (d) Propeller

Hydraulic Turbine
IES-75. For a water turbine,
running at constant head
and speed, the operating
characteristic curves in
the given figure show that
upto a certain discharge 'q'
both output power and
efficiency remain zero. The
discharge 'q' is required to:
(a) Overcome initial inertia (b) Overcome initial friction [IES-2001]
(c) Keep the hydraulic circuit full (d) Keep the turbine running at no load
IES-76. Which one of the following graphs correctly represents the relations
between Head and Specific speed for Kaplan and Francis turbine?
[IES-2003]
(a) (b
(c) (d
IES-77. What does Euler's equation of turbo machines relate to? [IES-2008]
(a) Discharge and power (b) Discharge and velocity
(c) Head and power (d) Head and velocity
IES-78 Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below
the lists : [JWM-2010]
List I List II
A. Degree of reaction 1. Power given by water to runner
B. Net head 2. Inverse of H , where H is head on turbine
C. Flow ratio 3. Change of total energy inside the runner
D. Hydraulic efficiency 4. Friction between water and penstock
Code :
(a) A B C D A B C D
3 2 4 1 (b) 1 2 4 3
(c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 1 4 2 3

Hydraulic Turbine
Classification of Hydraulic Turbines

IAS-1. Assertion (A): In many cases, the peak load hydroelectric plants supply
power during average load as also during peak load, whenever require.
Reason (R): Hydroelectric plants can generate a very wide range of
electric power, and it is a simple exercise to restart power generation
and connecting to the power grid. [IAS-1996]
IAS-2. Assertion (A): In many cases, the peak load hydroelectric plants supply
power during average load as also during peak load, whenever require.
Reason(R): Hydroelectric plants can generate a very wide range of
electric power, and it is a simple exercise to restart power generation
and connecting to the power grid. [IAS-1996]
IAS-3. Match List-I (Water turbines) with List-II (Application) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below the lists: [IAS-1999]
List-I List-II
A. Pelton 1. High head and low discharge
B. Francis 2. High head and high discharge
C. Kaplan 3. Medium head and medium discharge
4. Low head and high discharge
Codes: A B C A B C
(a) 1 3 2 (b) 1 3 4
(c) 2 4 3 (d) 3 2 4
Impulse Turbines – Pelton Wheel

IAS-4. In the case of Pelton turbine installed in a hydraulic power plant, the
gross head available is the vertical distance between [IAS-1994]
(a) Forebay and tail race (b) Reservoir level and turbine inlet
(c) Forebay and turbine inlet (d) Reservoir level and tail race.
IAS-5. In a simple impulse turbine, the nozzle angle at the entrance is 30°.
What is the blade-speed ratio (u/V) for maximum diagram efficiency?
[IAS-2004]
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.433 (d) 0.866
IAS-5(i) What is the speed ratio of a Pelton turbine for a maximum hydraulic efficiency?
1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 [IAS-2010]
2 4 4

Hydraulic Turbine
IAS-6. If α is the blade angle at the outlet, then the maximum hydraulic
efficiency of an ideal impulse turbine is: [IAS-1999; IES-2005]
1 + cos α 1 − cos α 1 − sin α 1 + sin α
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
IAS-7. In a hydroelectric power plant, forebay refers to the [IAS-1997]
(a) Beginning of the open channel at the dam
(b) End of penstock at the valve house
(c) Level where penstock begins
(d) Tail race level at the turbine exit
Design Aspects of Pelton Wheel

IAS-8. Assertion (A): For high head and low discharge hydraulic power plant,
Pelton wheel is used as prime mover. [IAS-2004]
Reason(R): The non-dimensional specific speed of Pelton wheel at
designed speed is high.
Reaction Turbine
IAS-9. Which one of the following is an example of a pure (100%) reaction
machine? [IAS-1998]
(a) Pelton wheel (b) Francis turbine (c) Modern gas turbine (d) Lawn sprinkler
V3
IAS-10. In the case of Francis turbine, velocity ratio is defined as where
2 gH
H is the available head and V3 is the [IAS-1997]
(a) Absolute velocity at the draft tube inlet
(b) Mean velocity of flow in the turbine
(c) Absolute velocity at the guide vane inlet
(d) Flow velocity at the rotor inlet
IAS-10(i) Consider the following statements: [IAS-2010]

1. The specific speed decreases if the degree of reaction is
decreased.
2. The degree of reaction is zero for Pelton wheel.
3. The degree of reaction is between zero and one for Francis
turbine
4. The degree of reaction is between 0.5 and one for Kaplan turbine.
(a) 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 3 and 4 only
Propeller Turbine
IAS-11. In which of the following hydraulic turbines, the efficiency would be
affected most when the flow rate is changed from its design value?
(a) Pelton wheel (b) Kaplan turbine [IAS-2007]
(c) Francis turbine (d) Propeller turbine

Hydraulic Turbine
IAS-12. Which one of the following is not correct regarding both Kaplan and
propeller turbines? [IAS-1998]
(a) The runner is axial (b) The blades are wing type
(c) There are four to eight blades (d) The blades can be adjusted
IAS-13. Which one of the following is not correct regarding both Kaplan and
propeller turbines? [IAS-1998]
(a) The runner is axial (b) The blades are wing type
(c) There are four to eight blades (d) The blades can be adjusted
IAS-14. Based on the direction of flow, which one of the following turbines is
different from the other three? [IAS-1998]
(a) Pelton turbine (b) Kaplan turbine
(c) De laval turbine (d) Parson’s turbine
IAS-15. The function of the draft tube in a reaction turbine is: [IAS-2002]
(a) To enable the shaft of the turbine to be vertical
(b) To transform a large part of pressure energy at turbine outlet into kinetic
energy
(c) To avoid whirl losses at the exit of the turbine
(d) To transform a large part of kinetic energy at the turbine outlet into
pressure energy
IAS-16. Assertion (A): A draft tube is used along with high head hydraulic
turbines to connect the water reservoir to the turbine inlet. [IAS-2002]
Reason(R): A draft tube is used to increase both the output and the
efficiency of the turbine.
IAS-17. Assertion (A): Pelton turbine is provided with a draft tube. [IAS-2001]
Reason(R): Draft tube enables the turbine to be set at a convenient
height above the tail race without loss of head.
given below the Lists: [IAS-2002]
List-I List-II
A. Head race 1. Channel, tunnel or pipes through which water is
carried from reservoir to the turbine
B. Tail race 2. Reservoir water level
C. Penstock 3. Diverging tube discharging water from the
turbine to the atmosphere
D. Draft tube 4. The level at which water is discharged at
atmospheric pressure
(a) 1 3 2 4 (b) 2 4 1 3
(c) 1 4 2 3 (d) 2 3 1 4

Hydraulic Turbine
IAS-19. The specific speed (Ns) of a water turbine is expressed by which one of
the following equations? [IES-1997, 2007; IAS-1996]
N P N P N Q N Q
(a) Ns = (b) Ns = (c) Ns = (d) Ns =
H 5/ 4 H 3/ 4 H 5/ 4 H 3/ 4
IAS-20. Match List-I (Turbines) with List-II (Specific speeds in MKS units) and
select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists
[IAS-2004]
List-I List-II
A. Kaplan turbine 1. 10 to 35
B. Francis turbine 2. 35 to 60
C. Pelton wheel with single jet 3. 60 to 300
D. Pelton wheel with two or more jets 4. 300 to 1000
(a) 4 3 1 2 (b) 3 4 2 1
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 4 3 2 1
IAS-21. Consider the following statements with regard to the specific speeds of
different types of turbine: [IAS-2004]
1. High specific speed implies that it is a Pelton wheel
2. Medium specific speed implies that it is an axial flow turbine
3. Low specific speed implies that it is a Francis turbine
Which of these statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) None
IAS-22. The specific speed of a hydraulic turbine is 40. What is the type of that
turbine? [IAS-2007]
(a) Single jet Pelton turbine (b) Multiple Pelton turbine
(c) Francis turbine (d) Kaplan turbine
IAS-23. Cavitation damage in the turbine runner occurs near the [IAS-2001]
(a) Inlet on the concave side of the blades
(b) Outlet on the concave side of the blades
(c) Outlet on the convex side of the blades
(d) Inlet on the convex side of the blades
Surge Tanks
IAS-24. What is the purpose of a surge tank in high head hydroelectric plants?
(a) To act as a temporary storage during load changes [IAS-2007]
(b) To improve the hydraulic efficiency
(c) To prevent surges in generator shaft speed
(d) To prevent water hammer due to sudden load changes
IAS-25. Which one of the following is the purpose of a surge tank in a Pelton
Turbine station? [IAS-2004]
(a) It acts as a temporary storage during load change
(b) It prevents hydraulic jump
(c) It prevents surges at the transformer
(d) It prevents water hammer due to sudden reduction in load

Hydraulic Turbine
IAS-26. In hydraulic power-generation systems, surge tanks are provided to
prevent immediate damage to: [IAS-2001]
(a) Draft tube (b) Turbine (c) Tail race (d) Penstocks
IAS-27. The location of a surge tank in a high head hydraulic power plant
would be: [IAS-1999]
(a) Nearer to the dam (b) At the powerhouse
(c) Nearest to the powerhouse (d) Immaterial
IAS-28. Match List-I (Water turbines) with List-II (Application) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below the lists: [IAS-1999]
List-I List-II
A. Pelton 1. High head and low discharge
B. Francis 2. High head and high discharge
C. Kaplan 3. Medium head and medium
4. Low head and high discharge
Codes: A B C A B C
(a) 1 3 2 (c) 2 4 3
(b) 1 3 4 (d) 3 2 4
given below the lists [IAS-1994]
List-I List-II
A. Propeller turbine 1. Impulse turbine
B. Tangential turbine 2. Kaplan turbine
C. Reaction is zero 3. Gas turbine
D. Reaction turbine 4. Pelton turbine
(a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 2 4 1 3 (d) 3 4 2 1

1. A reverse jet protects Pelton turbine from over-speeding
2. Runner blades of Francis turbine are adjustable.
3. Draft tube is used invariably in all reaction turbine installations.
4. Surge shaft is a protective device on penstock.
(c) 3 and 4 are correct (d) 1and 4 are correct

Hydraulic Turbine
OBJECTIVE ANSWERS (GATE, IES, IAS)
GATE-1. Ans. (c) From velocity triangle, Power developed = ∫ Q(Vw1+ Vw2) × u = 22.5 KW
W (Vw1 + Vw2 )u
GATE-2. Ans. (d) ω = =
mg g
Vw1 = V1 = 10 m/s, u = rw = 0.5 × 10 = 5m/s
Vw2 = (V1 – u) cos φ − u = (10 – 5)cos(180 – 120) – 5 = –2.5m/s
ω =
(10 − 2.5) × 5 = 3.82
9.81
GATE-3. Ans. (b)
GATE-4. Ans. (b) Specific speed of impulse hydraulic turbine 10 – 35 rpm
Specific speed of a reaction hydraulic turbine 300 – 1000 rpm
GATE-5. Ans. (a) Given: H = 24.5 m, Q = 10.1 m3/s; N = 4 rev/s = 4 × 60 = 240 r.p.m.
η0 = 0.90 ∴ Power generated = ρ gQH × 0.9
= 1000 × 9.81 × 10.1 × 24.5 × 0.9 = 2184.7 kW
N P 240 2184.7
Again, Ns = = = 205.80; 51 < Ns < 255, hence turbine is
H 5/ 4 (24.5)5 / 4
Francis.
GATE-6. Ans. Total Power generated = ρ gQH × 0.9=1000 × 9.81 × 175 × 18 × 0.82 =
25313 kW
N P 150 P 25313
Again, Ns= 5/4
= 460 = 5/4
or P = 12927 kW ;So no of Turbine = ≈2
H (18) 12927
GATE-6(i). Ans. (b)
GATE-7. Ans. (c & d)
H P P ⎛ P ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
GATE-8. Ans. (a) = const. and 3 5 = const. gives = const. so, ⎜ 3 ⎟ =⎜ P ⎟
N 2 D2 ND 3
⎜ 2 2⎟ ⎜ 3
⎟
H D2
2
⎝ H D ⎠m ⎝ H 2 D2 ⎠ p
3/ 2 2 3/2 2
⎛H ⎞ ⎛ Dm ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
or Pm = Pp ⎜ m ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 300 × ⎜ 40 ⎟ × ⎜ 4 ⎟ = 2.34
⎜H
⎝ p ⎠ ⎝ Dp ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
GATE-9. Ans. (b) In hydro projects Rotor is the part of generator. Correct option is runner
exit.
GATE-10. Ans. (c)
IES
IES-1. Ans. (a) Of all the power plants, hydel is more disadvantageous when one
compares the nearness to load centre because it is in hilly areas.
IES-2. Ans. (c) Eulers equation for water turbine is:
U 22 − U12 U 22 + U12 U r21 − U r22
H = + +
2g 2g 2g
⎛ Centrifugal ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎛
⎜
Kinetic ⎞⎟ ⎛ Relative velocity ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎜ head ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ head ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ head ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
IES-3. Ans. (b)

120f 120 × 50
IES-5. Ans. (b) n = = = 500rpm
P 12
IES-6. Ans. (b)

Hydraulic Turbine
IES-7. Ans. (a)
IES-7(i) Ans. (d)
IES-7(ii) Ans. (a)
IES-8. Ans. (c)
IES-9. Ans. (d) Pelton wheel:
i. Impulse turbine
ii. High head turbine (300 – 2000 m)
iii. Low specific discharge
iv. Axial flow turbine
v. Low specific speed turbine (4 – 70 rpm)
Francis turbine:
i. Reaction turbine
ii. Medium head turbine (30 – 500 m)
iii. Medium specific discharge
iv. Radial flow turbine, but modern francis turbine are mixed flow turbine
v. Medium specific speed turbine (60 – 400 rpm)
Kaplan turbine:
i. Reaction turbine (2 – 70 m)
ii. Low head turbine
iii. High specific discharge
iv. Axial flow
v. High specific speed (300 – 1100 rpm)
IES-10. Ans. (d)
IES-11. Ans. (c)
IES-12. Ans. (b)
IES-13. Ans. (a)
IES-14. Ans. (b) See theory of bulb and tubular turbine in the theory section.
IES-15. Ans. (c)
Dimpulse 3
IES-16. Ans. (d) = where n = no. of jets.
DRe action n
For Pelton wheel n is generally 4 to 6 so Dimpulse > DReaction
IES-17. Ans. (a)
IES-18. Ans. (c)
IES-19. Ans. (b)
IES-20. Ans. (b)
IES-21. Ans. (a)
u
IES-22. Ans. (d) Speed Ratio =
2 gH
π DN
IES-23. Ans. (b) Vane velocity = 0.44 × 100 = 44m / s =
60
44 × 60
or D = = 1.4m
⎛ 22 ⎞
⎜ 7 ⎟ × 600
⎝ ⎠
IES-24. Ans. (a)
IES-25. Ans. (b)
IES-26. Ans. (b)
η o 0.70
IES-27. Ans. (a) η o = η m ×η h Or η h = = = 0.8235
η m 0.85
IES-28. Ans. (a)
IES-29. Ans. (c)

Hydraulic Turbine
Power(kW) ρQgH 1000×30×9.81×10
η= or Power(kW) = η× = 0.92× = 2707 kW
ρQgH 1000 1000
1000
IES-30. Ans. (a) Pressure of water in reaction turbine runner varies from more than
atmospheric to vacuum. At runner inlet the pressure is more than atmospheric
pressure and at runner outlet pressure is less than atmospheric (vacuum).
IES-31. Ans. (d)
IES-32. Ans. (b) Unit speed of the turbine is given by
N 400
= 50 ⇒ = 50 ⇒ Η = 64 m
H H
IES-32(i) Ans. (c)
IES-32(ii) Ans. (c)
IES-33. Ans. (c) Kaplan turbine is axial flow reaction turbine. It has got adjustable
blades. Whereas propeller turbines have fixed blades.
IES-34. Ans. (d)
IES-34(i) Ans. (d)
u
IES-35. Ans. (d) Speed ration, K u = ; Ku ranges from 1.40 to 2.0.
2 gH
IES-36. Ans. (c)
IES-36(i) Ans. (a)
IES-36(ii) Ans. (b)
IES-37. Ans. (b)
IES-38. Ans. (b)
IES-39. Ans. (c) In a Pelton turbine, draft tube can't help to increase the available head
since the jet from nozzle gets exposed to atmospheric air.
IES-40. Ans. (a)
IES-41. Ans. (b) The sequence of various items in hydraulic plant is penstock, guide
wheel, runner, scroll case, draft tube.
IES-42. Ans. (a)
IES-43. Ans. (a) The movable wicket gates of a reaction turbine are used to control the
flow of water passing through the turbine.
IES-44. Ans. (a) Unit power of the turbine
P 640 640
= 3 = 3
= = 10 kW
H 2 ( )
16 2
64
IES-45. Ans. (b) (i) Specific speed varies with shape of the runner and other parts of the
machine.
(ii) Machines with higher specific speeds have low heads
N P
NS =
H54
(iii) Specific speed is not a dimensionless quantity. It is different in MKS
and SI units also.
IES-46. Ans. (a)
IES-47. Ans. (a)
IES-47(i) Ans. (d)
N Q
IES-48. Ans. (a) NS = if Q ↑ : H ↓ and NS ↑
H3/ 4
IES-49. Ans. (a) We have to find the effect of decrease of head and decrease of speed on
power developed.
For hydraulic reaction turbines, P ∞ H
3/2
Thus decrease of head would result in decrease of power delivered.

Hydraulic Turbine
1 1
The speed N ∞ or P ∞ 2
P N
Thus decrease in speed will result in increase of power.
IES-50. Ans. (c) Specific speed (Ns): of a turbine is defined as the speed of a geometrically
turbine which would develop unit power when working under a unit head. It is
N P
given by the relation, Ns = where, P = shaft power, and H = net head on
H5/ 4
the turbine. In shaft if number of jet increases then power will increase. Shaft
power (P) = n.p
N np
Ns =
H5/4
IES-51. Ans. (d) The specific speed of a turbine is defined as the speed of member of the
same homologous series of such a size that it produces unit power under a unit
head.
Specific speed: It is defined as the speed of a similar turbine working under a
head of 1 m to produce a power output of 1 kW. The specific speed is useful to
compare the performance of various type of turbines. The specific speed differs
per different types of turbines and is same for the model and actual turbine.
N P
Ns =
H 5/4
IES-52. Ans. (c) It is not depends only on head.
IES-53. Ans. (c) Power will be double with additional nozzle.
N P
NS = as N & H are const
HS/ 4
(NS )2 P2 P
NSα P or = or (NS )2 = (NS )1 × 2 = 5 × 2 = 7
(NS )1 P1 P1
N P
IES-54. Ans. (b) N s =
H 5/4
NA PA = N B PB ⇒ 1000 400 = N B 100 ⇒ N B = 2000 rpm
IES-55. Ans. (c)
IES-56. Ans. (b)
IES-57. Ans. (b) Specific speed of propeller is around 300 – 1000, Francis 60 – 300, and
Pelton 10 – 60.
H ⎛ H ⎞ ⎛ H ⎞ ⎛ H ⎞ ⎛ Dp ⎞
IES-58. Ans. (d) 2 2
= const. or ⎜ 2 2 ⎟ = ⎜ 2 2 ⎟ or N m = N p ⎜⎜ m ⎟⎟ × ⎜ ⎟
N D ⎝ N D ⎠m ⎝ N D ⎠ p ⎝ H p ⎠ ⎝ Dm ⎠
⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
N m = 428 ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ = 988 rpm
⎝ 30 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
H
IES-59. Ans. (c) = const. as d = const. Hα N 2
N 2 D2
2 2
H2 ⎛ N2 ⎞ ⎛ 2000 ⎞
or =⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =4 or H 2 = 30 × 4 = 120m
H1 ⎝ N1 ⎠ ⎝ 1000 ⎠
IES-60. Ans. (a) ( DN ) ∝ H 1/2 ; Power ∝ D5 N 3 ; Power ∝ D2 H 3/2 ; N ∝ H 1/2
IES-61. Ans. (b)
IES-62. Ans. (c)

Hydraulic Turbine
IES-63. Ans. (d) Chances of occurrence of cavitation are high whenever the local pressure
falls below the vapour pressure when the water bubbles are formed and these on
rupture cause cavitation.
IES-64. Ans. (c)
IES-65. Ans. (d)
IES-66. Ans. (d)
IES-67. Ans. (d)
IES-68. Ans. (d) It may be noted that capillarity is related with surface tension, vapour
pressure with cavitation, viscosity with shear forces, and specific gravity with
density of water.
IES-70. Ans. (d)
IES-71. Ans. (d)
IES-72. Ans. (b)
IES-73. Ans. (d)
IES-74. Ans. (c)
IES-75. Ans. (b)
IES-76. Ans. (b)
IES-77. Ans. (a) Euler’s equation of turbo machines relate to discharge and power.
IES-78 . Ans. (c)
IAS
IAS-1. Ans. (a)
IAS-2. Ans. (a)
IAS-3. Ans. (b)
IAS-4. Ans. (b)
u cos α cos30 u
IAS-5. Ans. (b) = = = 0.433 ⇒ = 0.45
V 2 2 2 × 9.8 × 900
⇒ u = 0.45 2 × 9.8 × 900 = 60 m/sec.
IAS-5(i) Ans. (a)
IAS-6. Ans. (a)
IAS-7. Ans. (c) What is a sediment forebay: A sediment forebay is a small pool located
near the inlet of a storm basin or other stormwater management facility. These
devices are designed as initial storage areas to trap and settle out sediment and
heavy pollutants before they reach the main basin. Installing an earth beam,
gabion wall, or other barrier near the inlet to cause stormwater to pool
temporarily can form the pool area. Sediment forebays act as a pretreatment
feature on a stormwater pond and can greatly reduce the overall pond
maintenance requirements.
Why consider a sediment forebay: These small, relatively simple devices add
a water quality benefit beyond what is accomplished by the basin itself.
Forebays also make basin maintenance easier and less costly by trapping
sediment in one small area where it is easily removed, and preventing sediment
buildup in the rest of the facility.

Hy
ydraulic
c Turbine
e
S K Mon
ndal’s Chapte
er 18
PLAN
N view of fo
orebay
Pro
ofile of foreebay
IAS-8
8. Ans. (c) The non-diimensional specific spe eed of Peltoon wheel at designed sp peed is
low.
IAS-9
9. Ans. (d)
IAS-1
10. Ans. (d))
IAS-1
10(i) Anns. (c) The specific sspeed INCR REASES iff the degre ee of reacttion is
decreeased. The degree of reaction is i between n zero and one for Francis
turbinne and Kap plan Turbiine.
IAS-1
11. Ans. (d))
IAS-1
12. Ans. (d))
IAS-1
13. Ans. (d))
IAS-1
14. Ans. (a))
IAS-1
15. Ans. (d))
IAS-1
16. Ans. (d)) A is false. A penstock
k is used in hydraulic tuurbine to co
onnect reserrvoir to
the turrbine inlet.

Hydraulic Turbine
IAS-17. Ans. (d) For Pelton turbine no draft tube needed.
IAS-18. Ans. (b)
IAS-19. Ans. (a)

IAS-20. Ans. (a)
IAS-21. Ans. (d) 1 is wrong. Low specific speed implies that it is a Pelton wheel
2 is wrong, High specific speed implies that it is an axial flow turbine
3 is wrong, Medium specific speed implies that it is a Francis turbine.
IAS-22. Ans. (b) Specific speed of Pelton Turbine: Single Jet 10–30
Multi Jet 30–60
IAS-23. Ans. (c)
IAS-24. Ans. (d)
IAS-25. Ans. (d)
IAS-26. Ans. (d)
IAS-27. Ans. (c)
IAS-28. Ans. (b) There is no any turbine for High head and high discharge.
IAS-29. Ans. (c)
IAS-30. Ans. (c)

Centrifugal Pump
19. Centrifugal Pump

1. Centrifugal Pump
2. Classification of Pumps
3. Advantage of Centrifugal Pump over Displacement (Reciprocating) Pump
4. Component Parts of a Centrifugal Pump
5. Working of a Centrifugal Pump
6. Work Done by the Impeller (or Centrifugal Pump) on Liquid
7. Heads of a Pump
8. Losses and Efficiencies of a Centrifugal Pump
9. Losses in Centrifugal Pump
10. Efficiencies of a Centrifugal Pump
11. Effect of Outlet Vane Angle on Manometric Efficiency
12. Minimum Speed for Starting a Centrifugal Pump
13. Pumps in Parallel
14. Effect of Variation of Discharge on the Efficiency
15. Effect of number of Vanes of Impeller on Head and Efficiency
16. Working Proportions of Centrifugal Pumps
17. Multi-stage Centrifugal Pumps
18. Pumps in Series
19. Specific Speed
20. Model Testing and Geometrically Similar Pumps
21. Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps
22. Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
23. Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps
24. Priming of a Centrifugal Pump
25. Selection of Pumps
26. Operational Difficulties in Centrifugal Pumps
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (GATE, IES, XIAS)

(A) High head, low flow rate (1) Streamlined body
(B) Low head, high flow rate (2) Boundary layer
(C) Heat transfer (3) Orifice meter
(D) Low drag (4) Centrifugal pump
(5) Axial flow pump
(6) Nusselt number

Centrifugal Pump
Work Done by the Impeller (or Centrifugal Pump) on Liquid
GATE-2. When the speed of a centrifugal pump is doubled, the power required
to drive the pump will: [GATE-2000]
(a) Increase 8 times (b) Increase 4 times
(c) Double (d) Remain the same
Heads of a Pump
Common Data Question No. 3 & 4.
A centrifugal pump has an efficiency of 80%. The specifications of the pump are:
Discharge = 70 m3/hr, head = 7 m, speed = 1450 rmp and diameter = 2000 mm. If
the speed of this pump is increased to 1750 rpm.
GATE-3. Discharge and head developed are given respectively: [GATE-2002]
(a) 84.48 n m3/Hr and 10.2 m (b) 48.8 m3/Hr and 20 m
(c) 48.8 m /Hr and 10.2 m
3 (d) 58.4 m3/Hr and 12 m
GATE-4. Power input required is given by: [GATE-2002]

(a) 1.66 kW (b) 1.066 kW (c) 2.12 kW (d) 20 kW
Losses in Centrifugal Pump

GATE-5. A centrifugal pump is required to pump water to an open water tank
situated 4 km away from the location of the pump through a pipe of
diameter 0.2 m having Darcy’s friction factor of 0.01.The average speed
of water in the pipe is 2m/s.If it is to maintain a constant head of 5 m in
the tank, neglecting other minor losses, then absolute discharge
pressure at the pump exit is: [GATE-2004]
GATE-6. In terms of speed of rotation of the impeller (N), discharge (Q) and
change in total head through the machine, the specific speed for a
pump is........... [GATE-1994]
GATE-7. The following is the arrangement of rotary pumps in descending order

of specific speed at their best efficiency: [GATE-1992]
(a) Positive displacement, centrifugal, axial
(b) Centrifugal, positive displacement, axial
(c) Axial, centrifugal, positive displacement
(d) Axial, positive displacement, centrifugal
GATE-8. A centrifugal pump running at 500 rpm and at its maximum efficiency
is delivering a head of 30 m at a flow rate of 60 litres per minute. If the
rpm is changed to 1000, then the head H in metres and flow rate Q in
litres per minute at maximum efficiency are estimated to be:
(a) H = 60, Q = 120 (b) H = 120, Q = 120 [GATE-2003]
(c) H = 60, Q = 480 (d) H = 120, Q = 30

Centrifugal Pump
GATE-9. A horizontal-shaft centrifugal
pump lifts water at 65°C. The
suction nozzle is one meter
below pump centerline. The
pressure at this point equals
200 kPa gauge and velocity is
3 m/s. Stream tables show
saturation pressure at 65°C is
25 kPa, and specific volume
of the saturated liquid is
0.001020 m3/kg. The pump Net
Positive Suction Head
(NPSH) in meters is: [GATE-2006]
(a) 24 (b) 26 (c) 28 (d) 30
Priming of a Centrifugal Pump

GATE-10. Match the items in columns I and II [GATE-2007]
Column I Column II
P: Centrifugal compressor 1: Axial flow
Q: Centrifugal pump 2: Surging
R: Pelton wheel 3. Priming
S: Kaplan turbine 4. Pure impulse
Codes: P Q R S P Q R S
(a) 2 3 4 1 (b) 2 3 1 4
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 1 2 3 4
Classification of Pumps
In positive displacement pumps, the slip can sometimes be negative
when the actual discharge is greater than the theoretical discharge.
This happens in
(a) Small suction pipes coupled with a low delivery head
(b) Small suction pipes coupled with a medium delivery head
(c) Long suction pipes coupled with a low delivery head
(d) Long suction pipes coupled with medium delivery head
IES-2. Which one of the following pumps is not a positive displacement pump?
(a) Reciprocating pump (b) Centrifugal pump [IES 2007]
(c) Vane pump (d) Lobe pump
IES-3. Assertion (A): The efficiency of a pump is generally less than that of a
turbine. [IES-2000]
Reason (R): Although the losses in the two types of machines are of the
same kind, the losses in pumps are more due to eddy and turbulence.

Centrifugal Pump
IES-4. Assertion (A): Pump lifts water from a lower level to a higher level.
Reason (R): In pump, mechanical energy is converted into pressure
energy. [IES-1997]
IES-5. Match List-I (Type of model) With List-II (Liquid handled) and select
List-I List-II
A. Closed impeller pump 1. Sandy water
B. Semi-open impeller pump 2. Acids
C. Open impeller pump 3. Sewage water
Codes: A B C A B C
(a) 1 3 2 (b) 3 1 2
(c) 2 3 1 (d) 1 2 3
IES-6. Match List-I (Industrial needs) with List-II (Type of pump) and select
the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists: [IES-2003]
List-I List-II
A. Combustible fluid to be pumped 1. Single stage centrifugal
B. High head but small discharge needed 2. Multi-stage centrifugal
C. Low head but large discharge needed 3. Positive displacement
D. High head and high discharge needed 4. Jet pump
(a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 4 3 1 2
(c) 3 1 4 2 (d) 4 3 2 1
Advantage of Centrifugal Pump over Displacement

(Reciprocating) Pump
IES-7. Centrifugal pumps have which of the following advantages? [IES-2008]
1. Low initial cost
2. Compact, occupying less floor space
3. Easy handling of highly viscous fluids
Component Parts of a Centrifugal Pump

IES-8. The correct sequence of the centrifugal pump components through
which the fluid flows is: [IES-2002]
(a) Impeller, Suction pipe, Foot valve and strainer, Delivery pipe
(b) Foot valve and strainer, Suction pipe, Impeller, Delivery pipe
(c) Impeller, Suction pipe, Delivery pipe, Foot valve strainer
(d) Suction pipe, Delivery pipe, Impeller, Foot valve and strainer
IES-9. For attaining a non-overloading characteristic in centrifugal pumps.
(a) Backward bent vanes are preferred over forward bent vanes. [IES-1995]
(b) Forward bent vanes are preferred over backward bent vanes.
(c) Forward bent vanes are preferred over vanes radial at outlet.
(d) Vanes radial at outlet are preferred over backward vanes.

Centrifugal Pump
IES-10. What will be the shape of the velocity triangle at the exit of a radial
bladed centrifugal impeller, taking into account slip? [IES-1998]
(a) Right-angled (b) Isosceles
(c) All angles less than 90° (d) One angle greater than 90°
IES-11. A centrifugal pump driven by a directly coupled 3 kW motor of 1450
rpm speed is proposed to be connected to another motor of 2900 -rpm
speed. The power of the motor should be: [IES-2002]
(a) 6 kW (b) 12 kW (c) 18 kW (d) 24 kW
IES-12. The power absorbed by a hydraulic pump is directly proportional to

which one of the following? [IES-2007]
(a) N (b) N2 (c) N3 (d) N4
(Where N is the rotational speed of the pump)
IES-13. The volute casing of a centrifugal pump has which of the following
functions? [IES-2008]
1. Eliminating loss of head due to change in velocity after exit from
impeller
2. Directs the flow towards the delivery pipe
3. Converts a part of the velocity head to pressure head
4. Gives a constant velocity of flow
IES-14. Which of the following are the functions of a volute casing in a

centrifugal pump? [IES-1994]
1. To collect water from the periphery of the impeller and to transmit
it to the delivery pipe at constant velocity.
2. To increase the discharge of the pump.
3. To increase the efficiency of the pump.
4. To reduce the loss of head in discharge.
Codes:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) l and 2
IES-15. Assertion (A): The volute casing of a centrifugal pump helps in creating
the high velocity head necessary for enabling water flow upwards to a
higher level. [IES-2004]
Reason (R): The water flows through a diverging passage in the volute
chamber.
IES-16. Consider the following statements regarding the volute casing of a

centrifugal pump: [IES-2000]
1. Loss of head due to change in velocity is eliminated.
2. Efficiency of the pump is increased.
3. Water from the periphery of the impeller is collected and
transmitted to the delivery pipe at constant velocity.

Centrifugal Pump
IES-17. Which of the following purposes are served by the volute casing of a
centrifugal pump? [IES-1998]
1. Increase in the efficiency of the pump.
2. Conversion of part of the pressure head to velocity head.
3. Giving uniform flow of the fluid coming out of the impeller.
Codes:
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
IES-18. At the eye tip of a centrifugal impeller, blade velocity is 200 m/s while
the uniform axial velocity at the inlet is 150 m/s. If the sonic velocity is
300 m/s, then the inlet Mach number of the flow will be: [IES-1998]
(a) 0.50 (b) 0.66 (c) 0.83 (d) 0.87
IES-19. A centrifugal blower delivering Q m3/s against a heat of H m is driven

at half the original speed. The new head and discharge would be:
[IES-2001]
Q H Q H Q Q
(a) H and (b) and (c) and (d) H and
2 4 2 2 8 4
IES-20. Two centrifugal pumps have impellers with outer dimensions of each
equal to twice the inner dimensions. The inner diameter of the second
impeller is three times the inner diameter of the first one. What is the
speed ratio N2/N1, of pumps, if the pumps are required to develop the
same manometric head to start delivery of water? [IES-2004]
(a) 9 (b) 4 (c) 1/2 (d) 1/3
IES-21. A centrifugal pump with radial vane tips at the outlet has an impeller
of 100 mm outer diameter. If the rotational speed is 3000 rpm and
manometric efficiency 0·8 then what is the net head developed?
[IES-2009]
(a) 10 m (b) 20 m (c) 30 m (d) 40 m
IES-22. Consider the following statements pertaining to a centrifugal pump:

1. The manometric head is the head developed by the pump. [IES-2001]
2. The suction pipe has, generally, a larger diameter as compared to
the discharge pipe.
3. The suction pipe is provided with a foot valve and a strainer.
4. The delivery pipe is provided with a foot valve and a strainer.
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct (b) 1 and 2 are correct
IES-23. Match List-I (Outlet vane angle β2) with List-11 (Curves labelled 1, 2
and 3 in the given figure) for a pump and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the Lists: [IES-2000]
List-I List-II
A. β2 < 90o
B. β2 = 90o
C. β2 > 90o

Centrifugal Pump
Codes: A B C A B C
(a) 1 2 3 (b) 1 3 2
(c) 2 1 3 (d) 3 2 1
IES-24. A pump running at 1000 RPM consumes 1 kW and generates head of

10m of water. When it is operated at 2000 RPM, its power consumption
and head generated would be: [IES-2002]
(a) 4 kW, 50 m of water (b) 6 kW, 20 m of water
(c) 3 kW, 30 m of water (d) 8 kW, 40 m of water

When a fluid passes from tile inlet to exit of the rotor in a centrifuga1
pump, tangential momentum
(a) Increases and energy increases (b) Decreases and energy Increases
(c) Remains unchanged and energy (d) Increases and energy remains
Decreases unchanged
IES-26. A centrifugal pump gives maximum efficiency when its blades are:
[IES-2002]
(a) Bent forward (b) Bend backward (c) Straight (d) Wave shaped
IES-27. Which one of the following types of impeller vanes are most commonly
used in centrifugal type compressors? [IES-2008]
(a) Forward curved (b) Radial (c) Backward curved (d) Tangential
IES-28. The vanes of a centrifugal pump are generally [IES-2007]

(a) Radial (b) Curved backward (c) Curved forward (d) Twisted
Minimum Speed for Starting a Centrifugal Pump

IES-29. A centrifugal pump is started with its delivery valve kept [IES-1997]
(a) Fully open (b) Fully closed (c) Partially open (d) 50% open
Losses in Centrifugal Pump

IES-30(i) A pump, having an efficiency of 90%, lifts water to a height of 155 m at the
rate of 7.5 m3/s. The required pump power, in kW, will be [IES-2011]
(a) 13,730 (b) 1,373 (c) 137.3 (d) 13.73
Pumps in Series
IES-30. Assertion (A): Multi-stage centrifugal pumps are only of the radial flow
type. [IES-2003]
Reason (R): In a multi-stage centrifugal pump, two or more impellers
are keyed to a single shaft and enclosed in the same casing, the radial
inlet to successive impellers being made through guide vanes.

Centrifugal Pump
IES-31. Why is multi-staging in centrifugal pumps used? [IES-2008]

(a) For high flow rate (b) For high head
(c) For high speed (d) For high efficiency
IES-31(i). Consider the following statements regarding multistage centrifugal pumps :

1. For discharging large quantity of liquid, the impellers are connected in parallel.
2. At the outlet of 2nd impeller, the pressure of water will be less than the pressure of water
at the outlet of 1st impeller, when the impellers are connected in series.
Which of the above statements is/are correct? [JWM-2010]
(a) Both 1 and 2 (b) 1 only
(c) 2 only (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Pumps in Parallel
IES-32. Two pumps can operate independently at heads H1, H2 and discharge
Q1, Q2, respectively. If the pumps are connected in parallel, then what
are the resulting discharge (Q) and head (H)? [IES-2008]
(a) Q = Q1 + Q2, H = H1 + H2 (b) Q = Q1 – Q2, H = H1 – H2
(c) Q = Q1 = Q2, H = H1 = H2 (d) Q = Q1 + Q2, H = H1 = H2
Specific Speed
IES-33. Which one of the following statements is relevant to the specific speed
of a centrifugal pump? [IES-2004]
(a) Head developed is unity and discharge is unity
(b) Head developed is unity and power absorbed is unity
(c) Discharge is unity and power absorbed is unity
(d) Each of head developed, power absorbed and discharge is equal to unity
IES-34. On the assumption that a double suction impeller is the equivalent of

two single suction impellers placed 'back to back', it is customary to
base the specific speed of the double suction pump on [IES-2003]
(a) One half of the total capacity (b) Three fourth of the total capacity
(c) Full total capacity (d) Double the total capacity
N Q
IES-34(i) The specific speed N s = for a double-suction pump is to be evaluated. The
H 3/4
discharge would be taken as [IES-2012]
(a) half the actual discharge (b) actual discharge
(c) double the actual discharge (d) square the actual discharge
IES-35. Which one of the following pairs of formulae represents the specific
speeds of turbine and pump respectively? (Notations have their usual
meanings) [IES-2000]
NQ1/2 NP 1/2 NQ1/2 NP 1/2
(a) 3/4
and (b) and
H H 5/4 H 3/4
H 3/4
NP 1/2 NQ1/2 NP 1/2 NQ1/2
(c) 3/4
and (d) and
H H 5/4 H 5/4
H 3/4

Centrifugal Pump
IES-36. Two centrifugal pumps 'A' and 'B' operate at their maximum
efficiencies at 1000 rpm and 500 rpm respectively. Against the same
delivery head, pump 'A' discharge 1 m3/s and pump B discharge 4 m3/s
respectively. What is the ratio of specific speeds (Ns)A : (Ns)B ? [IES-2004]
(a) 1: 2 (b) 1: 1 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 4: 1
IES-37. Consider the following statements regarding the specific speed of a

centrifugal pump: [IES-1998]
1. Specific speed is defined as the speed of a geometrically similar
pump developing unit power under unit head.
2. At the same specific speed, the efficiency is greater with larger
capacity.
3. The specific speed increases with the increase in outer blade angle.
4. The specific speed varies directly as the square root of the pump
discharge.
IES-38. The specific speed of a hydraulic pump is the speed of geometrically

similar pump working against a unit head and [IES-1993]
(a) Delivering unit quantity of water (b) Consuming unit power
(c) Having unit velocity of flow (d) Having unit radial velocity
IES-39. If, in a pump, the discharge is halved, then, assuming that the speed
remains unchanged, what would be the ratio of the heads H1/H2?
[IES-2007]
3 3
(a) 1/ 3 (b) 2/3 (c) 0.25 (d) 0.5
IES-40. A mixed flow pump is driven by a 8 kW motor running at 1000 rpm. It

delivers water at the rate of 1000 liters/min against a total head of 25 m.
What is the specific speed of the pump in meter-minutes? [IES-2009]
(a) 90 (b) 50 (c) 45 (d) 75
Model Testing and Geometrically Similar Pumps

IES-41. In utilizing scaled models in the designing of turbo-machines, which of
the following relationship must be satisfied? [IES-2002]
H Q
(a) = constant; = constant
ND3 N 2 D2
Q Q
(b) 2 = constant; = constant
D H N 3D
P H
(c) = constant; = constant
QH N 2 D2
NQ1/2 NP 1/ 2
(d) = constant; = constant
H 3/2 N 3/ 4

For a given centrifugal pump,
(a) The discharge varies directly as the speed
(b) The head varies inversely as the speed

Centrifugal Pump
(c) The power varies as the square of the speed
(d) The discharge varies as the square of the speed
IES-43. A centrifugal pump needs 1000 W of power when operating at 1500 rpm.
What is the power requirement if the speed of the pump is increased to
3000 rpm? [IES-2004]
(a) 2000 W (b) 4000 W (c) 6500 W (d) 8000 W
IES-44. Consider the following data for the performance of a centrifugal pump:
Speed: 1200 rpm, flow rate: 30 l/s, head: 20 m, Power: 5 kW [IES-1999]
If the speed is increased to 1500 rpm, the power will be nearly equal to:
(a) 6.5 kW (b) 8.7 kW (c) 9.8 kW (d) 10.9 kW
IES-45. The power ratio of a pump and its ¼ th scale model, if the ratio of the
heads is 5: 1, will be: [IES-2003]
(a) 100 (b) 3.2 (c) 179 (d) 12.8
IES-46. Assertion (A): With increase in discharge in a single stage centrifugal

pump the BHP goes on increasing but beyond a certain discharge the
BHP starts decreasing. [IES-1995]
Reason (R): Efficiency of the pump starts decreasing beyond a certain
discharge.
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

IES-47. A pump is installed at a height of 5 m above the water level in the
sump. Frictional loss on the suction side is 0.6 m. If the atmospheric
pressure is 10.3 m of water and vapour pressure head is 0.4 m (abs), the
NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) will be: [IES-2003]
(a) 3.7 m (b) 4 m (c) 4.3 m (d) 4.6 m
IES-48. Why is a minimum of Net Positive Suction Head required for a

hydraulic pump? [IES-2005]
(a) To prevent cavitation (b) To increase discharge
(c) To increase suction head (d) To increase efficiency

If pump NPSH requirements are not satisfied, then
1. It will not develop sufficient head to raise water
2. Its efficiency will below
3. It will deliver very low discharge
4. It will be cavitated
Of these correct statements are:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3, and 4 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
IES-50. Assertion (A): Increase in static suction lift of centrifugal pump may
cause cavitation [IES-2009]
Reason (R): Available Net Positive Suction Head increase with increase
in static suction lift.

Centrifugal Pump
IES-51. Priming is necessary in [IES-2003]

(a) Centrifugal pumps to lift water from a greater depth
(b) Centrifugal pumps to remove air in the suction pipe and casing
(c) Hydraulic turbine to remove air in the turbine casing
(d) Hydraulic turbine to-increase the speed of turbine and to generate more
power
IES-51(i) Assertion (A): Before starting a centrifugal pump it is to be properly primed.

Reason (R): Priming provides lubrication to the propeller shaft. [IES-2010]
IES-52. Water is required to be lifted by a 10 kW pump from a depth of 100 m. If

the pump is unable to lift the water, then which one of the following is
correct? [IES-2004]
(a) A greater capacity pump has to be used
(b) A larger diameter delivery pipe has to be used
(c) A larger diameter suction pipe has to be used
(d) A multistage pump has to be used

Working of a Centrifugal Pump
IAS-1. The water level in an empty
vertical cylindrical tank with
top open is to be raised by 6 m
from a nearby reservoir. The
ratio of the cost of pumping
through pipes A and B (see
given figure) is:
(a) 1:6 (b) 2:3
(c) 1:2 (d) 3:5
[IAS-1996]
IAS-2. A centrifugal pump delivers water at the rate of 50 litres/s against a
total head of 40 meter. Then the power required to drive the pump is:
[IAS-2002]
(a) 2 kW (b) 15·2 kW (c) 19·6 kW (d) 25.8 kW
IAS-3. Which one of the following figures represents theoretical head versus
discharge curves for a centrifugal pump with forward radial and
backward curved vanes? [IAS-1999]

Centrifugal Pump
Efficiencies of a Centrifugal Pump

IAS-4. Manometric efficiency of a centrifugal pump is defined as the ratio of
(a) Suction head to the head imparted by the impeller to water [IAS-1996]
(b) Head imparted by the impeller to water to the suction head
(c) Manometric head to the head imparted by the impeller to water
(d) Head imparted by the impeller to water to the manometric head
Effect of Outlet Vane Angle on Manometric Efficiency

IAS-5. Which one of the following figures represents theoretical head versus
discharge curves for a centrifugal pump with forward radial and
backward curved vanes? [IAS-1999]
IAS-6. Consider the following statements in respect of centrifugal pumps:

1. Head developed is proportional to the square of the speed of
rotation
2. Backward curved bladed impellers are generally used in centrifugal
pumps
3. These pumps generally do not require priming
4. Multistage pumps would give higher discharge proportional to the
number of stages.
Which of these statements are correct? [IAS-2003]
IAS-7. For discharge ‘Q’, the specific speed of a pump is ‘Ns’. For half
discharge with the same head the specific speed will be: [IAS-1999]
Ns
(a) Ns (b) (c) 2 Ns (d) 2Ns
2
IAS-8. For discharge 'Q', the specific speed of a pump is 'Ns'. For half
discharge with the same head the specific speed will be: [IAS-1999]
Ns
(a) Ns (b) (c) 2Ns (d) 2Ns
2
IAS-9. A centrifugal pump having an impeller of 10 cm diameter discharges 40
litre/ second when turning at 1000rpm.The corresponding speed of a

Centrifugal Pump
geometrically similar pump having an impeller of 40cm diameter and
0.8m3/s discharge will be: [IAS-1997]
(a) 276.4rpm (b) 298.3rpm (c) 312.5rpm (d) 358.2rpm
IAS-10. Which one of the following correctly expresses the specific speed of a
turbine and a pump, respectively? [IAS-2004]
N Q N P N P N Q N P N Q N P N Q
(a) 3/ 4
, 5/ 4
(b) , (c) , (d) ,
H H H 3/ 4 H 5/ 4 H 5/ 4 H 3/ 4 H 7/4 H 3/ 4
Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps

IAS-11. The characteristics of a
pump are as shown in the
given figure. Based on this
figure, match List-I with
List-II and choose the
correct answer using the
codes given below the lists:
List-I List II [IAS-1995]

A. Curve P 1. Discharge versus head
B. Curve Q 2. Head versus discharge
C. Curve R 3. Power versus Discharge
4. Efficiency versus discharge
Codes: A B C A B C
(a) 2 4 3 (b) 1 3 2
(c) 1 4 3 (d) 4 3 1
IAS-12. The figure below shows
characteristics of three
centrifugal pumps A, B
and C. If E = Efficiency, H
= Head and P = Power,
then A, B and C,
respectively represent
which one of the
following?
(a) E, P, H (b) P, E, H
(c) P, H, E (d) H, P, E
[IAS-2004]
IAS-12(i)
A
B
Discharge
Curves A, B and C shown typical centrifugal pump characteristics. What are

they? [IAS-2010]
(a) Efficiency, Power input and Delivery head

Centrifugal Pump
(b) Power input, Efficiency and Delivery head
(c) Efficiency, Delivery head and Power input
(d) Delivery head, Efficiency and Power input
Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps

IAS-13. In the case of a centrifugal pump, cavitation will occur if [IAS-1994]
(a) It operates above the minimum net positive suction head
(b) It operates below the minimum net positive suction head
(c) The pressure at the inlet of the pump is above the atmospheric pressure
(d) The pressure at the inlet of the pump is equal to the atmospheric pressure
IAS-14. Which one of the following helps in avoiding cavitation in centrifugal
pumps? [IAS-2004]
(a) Low suction pressure (b) High delivery pressure
(c) Low delivery pressure (d) High suction pressure
IAS-15. Cavitation in a centrifugal pump is likely to occur at the [IAS-1996]
(a) Impeller exit (b) Impeller inlet (c) Diffuser exit (d) Involute casing
Operational Difficulties in Centrifugal Pumps

IAS-16. Consider the following statements for specific speed: [IAS-2007]
1. The optimum efficiency of a hydraulic machine depends on its
specific speed.
2. For the same power, a turbo machine running at higher specific
speed will be smaller in size.
3. Width-diameter ratio of a centrifugal pump increases with the
increase in specific speed.
(a) 1 only (b)1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Centrifugal Pump
OBJECTIVE ANSWERS
GATE-1. Ans. (A) –4, (B) –5, (C) –6, (d) –1
GATE-2. Ans. (a)
GATE-3. Ans. (a)
GATE-4. Ans. (a)
GATE-5. Ans. (b) Given: d = 0.2 m, L = 4000 m
F = 0.01, υ = 2 m/s
Head loss due to friction,
fLυ 2 0.01× 4000 × (2) 2
hf== = 40.77 m
2 gd 2 × 9.81× 0.2
Pressure corresponding to this head = ρg(h f + h + hatm)
= 1000 × 9.81(40.77 + 5 + 10.3)
= 5.50 × 105N/m2 = 5.50 bar
N Q
GATE-6. Ans.
H 3/ 4
GATE-7 Ans. (c)
GATE-8. Ans. (b) N1 = 500 rpm, H1 = 30 m Q160 ι /minute
N2 =1000 rpm, H2 = ? and Q2 = ?
H1 H2
Since, =
DN1 DN 2
2
⎛N ⎞ ⎛ 1000 ⎞
∴ H2 = ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ and H1 = ⎜ ⎟ × 30 = 120m
⎝ N1 ⎠ ⎝ 500 ⎠
Q1 Q
3
= 32
D N1 D N 2
⎛N ⎞ ⎛ 1000 ⎞
⇒ Q2= ⎜ 21 ⎟ and Q1= ⎜ ⎟ × 60 = 120ι / min ute
⎝N ⎠ ⎝ 500 ⎠
GATE-9. Ans. (b)
GATE-10. Ans. (a)
IES
IES-1. Ans. (c)
IES-2. Ans. (b)
IES-3. Ans. (a) The order of efficiency in pump is 65% but in turbine efficiency is about to
90%. Assertion A is correct. Pump is against nature that so why efficiency is
low.
IES-4. Ans. (a)
IES-5. Ans. (c)
IES-6. Ans. (b)
IES-7. Ans. (a) Centrifugal pumps has low initial cost and low maintenance cost that so
why it is widely used.
IES-8. Ans. (b)

Centrifu
ugal Pum
mp
S K Mo
ondal’ss Chap
pter 19
IE
ES-9. Ans. (a) As shoown in figu ure, in forw
ward
currved vanes head incre eases with the
discharge. Heence, with forward cu urves
vannes (φ > 90 0 °) powerr input rrises
shaarply, with the dischaarge wherea as in
bacckward van nes (φ < 90
0°) , the po ower
inp
put decrea ases stead dily with the
increases in diischarge.
IE
ES-10. Ans. (d)
IE
ES-11. Ans. (d)
IE
ES-12. Ans. (c)
IE
ES-13. Ans.. (b) The volute casiing of a
cenntrifugal puump has following
f
funnction
(i) Directs thee flow towa ards the
delivery pip
pe
(ii) converts a part of the velocity
head to pre
essure headd
ES-14. Ans. (c)

IE
IE
ES-15. Ans. (d)
IE
ES-16. Ans. (a)
IE
ES-17. Ans. (b)
IE
ES-18. Ans. (c) Velocity
y of air relattive to the ffan
( 200 )
2
Vr = Vb2 + Vt2 = + (150)2 = 250 m/s
m
Vr 250
Ma
ach number = = = 0.833
Sonic veloccity 300
H Q
IE
ES-19. Ans. (b) We Knoow that 2 2
= constannt and 3 = constant
D N DN
0ηmanVwz Do
120
IE
ES-20. Ans. (d) N =
π ( D02 − Di2 )
( Do )2 ( Do )1 − ( Di )1 6. ( Di )1 4 ( Di )1 − ( Di )1
2 2 2 2
N2
or = × = ×
N1 ( Do ) − ( Di )
2
2
2
2
( Di )1 36 ( Di )1 − 9 ( Di )1
2
( Di )1
6
= × 3 = ( Do )1 = 2 ( Di )1
27
( Do )2 = 2 × 3 ( Di )1 = 2 ( Di )2 or, ( Di )2 = 3 ( Di )1

Centrifugal Pump
Do1 = 2. Di1 and D02 = 2 Di 2
Di 2 = 3Di1 so D02 = 2 × 3 Di1
U22 − U12
we know H mano =
2g
(
or U02 − Ui2 ) = (U
1
2
0 − Ui2 ) 2
⎡⎛ π D N ⎞ 2 ⎛ π D N ⎞ 2 ⎤ ⎛ π D N ⎞ 2 ⎛ π D N ⎞ 2
or ⎢⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ ⎥=⎜ ⎟ −⎜
0 i o i
⎟
⎢⎣⎝ 60 ⎠1 ⎝ 60 ⎠1 ⎥⎦ ⎝ 60 ⎠2 ⎝ 60 ⎠2
N 2 D 2 − Di21 4 Di21 − Di21 3 1 N2 1
or 22 = 01 2 2
= 2 2
= = or =
N1 D02 − Di1 36 Di1 − 9 Di1 27 9 N1 3
π D2 N
3.14 × 0.1 × 3000
IES-21. Ans. (b) u2 = = = 15.7 m/sec.
60 60
For Radial Vane Tips Vω 2 = u2 = 15.7m/sec.
gH gH
nH = and = 0.8
Vω 2u2 Vω 2u2
0.8 × u22 0.8 × (15.7 )
2
⇒ H= = = 20.12 metres
9.8 9.8
IES-22. Ans. (c)
IES-23. Ans. (a)
IES-24. Ans. (d)
IES-25. Ans. (a) Through the rotor we are adding energy to the fluid therefore energy
cannot remains unchanged.
IES-26. Ans. (b)
IES-27. Ans. (b) The blades of the compressor or either forward curved or backward
curved or radial. Backward curved blades were used in the older compressors,
whereas the modern centrifugal compressors use mostly radial blades.
IES-28. Ans. (a)
IES-29. Ans. (b) A centrifugal pump is started with delivery valve fully closed.
IES-30(i) Ans. (a)
ρ Qgh 1000 × 7.5 × 9.81 × 155
Power = = W = 12671.25 kW
η 0.9
IES-30. Ans. (b)
IES-.31 Ans. (b) Centrifugal pumps are able to develop low pressure multi-staging in
centrifugal pumps is done for high head.
IES-31(i) Ans. (a)
IES-32. Ans. (d) If the pumps are connected in parallel Q = Q1 + Q2 and if the pumps are
connected in series H = H1 + H2 .
IES-33. Ans. (a)
IES-34. Ans. (c)
IES-34(i) Ans. (b)
Pump specific speed is the same for either single-suction or double suction designs.
But Suction specific speed is an index of pump suction operating characteristics. It is
determined at the BEP rate of flow with the maximum diameter impeller. (Suction specific
speed is an indicator of the net positive suction head required [NPSH3] for given values of
capacity and also provides an assessment of a pump's susceptibility to internal
recirculation.) Suction specific speed is expressed by the following equation:
N Q
S=
( NPSH 3)3/4
Where:
S = suction specific speed
N = rotational speed, in revolutions per minute

Centrifugal Pump
Q = flow rate per impeller eye, in cubic meters per second
= total flow rate for single suction impellers
= one half total flow rate for double suction impellers
NPSH3 = net positive suction head required in meters that will cause the total
head (or first-stage head of multistage pumps) to be reduced by 3%
IES-35. Ans. (d)
(NS )A NA Q A ( HA )
3/ 4
⎛N ⎞ Q A ⎛ HB ⎞
3/ 4
1000 1
IES-36. Ans. (b) = × = ⎜ A ⎟× ×⎜ ⎟ = × ×1 = 1
(NS )B ( HA )
3/ 4
NB QB ⎝ B ⎠
N QB ⎝ HA ⎠ 500 4
IES-37. Ans. (b) Specific speed is defined as the speed of a geometrically similar turbine
developing unit power under unit head. BUT specific speed of a pump is defined
as the speed of a geometrically similar pump of such a size that under
corresponding conditions it would deliver unit volume flow of liquid against unit
head. That so why statement 1 is wrong.
IES-38. Ans. (a) The specific speed of a hydraulic pump is the speed of a geometrically
similar pump working against a unit head and delivering unit quantity of
water.
N Q
It may be noted that specific speed of hydraulic pump =
H 3/ 4
1/3
N Q 2/3 H1
⎛ Q12 ⎞
IES-39. Ans.(c) N s = = const. or H ∞ Q = ⎜ ⎟ = 41/3
H 3/4 H 2 ⎝ Q22 ⎠
N Q 1000 1.0
IES-40. Ans. (a) Specific speed of pump = 3
= 3
= 89.44 ≈ 90
H 4 ( 25 ) 4
IES-41. Ans. (c)
Q
IES-42. Ans. (a) = const.
ND 2
IES-43. Ans. (d) For A centrifugal pump
P
= const. as D = no change
N3D5
3 3
⎛N ⎞ ⎛ N2 ⎞
3
P ⎛ 3000 ⎞
Pα N or 2 = ⎜ 2 ⎟ →
3
M P2 = P1 × ⎜ ⎟ = 1000 × ⎜ ⎟ = 8000W
P1 ⎝ N1 ⎠ ⎝ N1 ⎠ ⎝ 1500 ⎠
IES-44. Ans. (c) Power is proportional to cube of speed
3
⎛ 1500 ⎞
∴ P = 5×⎜ ⎟ = 9.8 kW
⎝ 1200 ⎠
P H
IES-45. Ans. (c) = const. and = const.
D5 N 3 D2 N 2
P2 H3
or N 6 = 10 = 6 or P = D 2 H 3/2
D D
2 3/2 2 3/2
Pp ⎛ Dp ⎞ ⎛ H p ⎞ ⎛4⎞ ⎛5⎞
or =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 179
Pm ⎝ Dm ⎠ ⎝ H m ⎠ ⎝1 ⎠ ⎝1 ⎠
IES-46. Ans. (d) A is false and R is true.
IES-47. Ans. (c) NPSH = Barometric head – suction head – vapour pr. head – friction
head loss – velocity head = 10.3 – 5 – 0.6 – 0.4 – 0 = 4.3 m.
IES-48. Ans. (a)
IES-49. Ans. (b)
IES-50. Ans. (c) NPSH = Barometric head – suction head – vapour pr. head – friction
head loss – velocity head. Therefore Available Net Positive Suction Head
decreases with increase in static suction lift.
IES-51. Ans. (b)

Centrifugal Pump
IES-51(i). Ans. (c)
IES-52. Ans. (d) Atmospheric pressure = 10.33 m of water column. Suction head can not
be more than 10.33 m.
IAS
IAS-1. Ans. (c)
50
IAS-2. Ans. (c) Power = ρ QgH = 1000 × × 9.80 × 40 w = 19.6 kw
103
IAS-3. Ans. (a)
IAS-4. Ans. (c)
IAS-5. Ans. (a)
IAS-6. Ans. (a)
′
N Q Ns Q′ 1 ′ Ns
IAS-7. Ans. (b) Ns= or Ns α Q or = = or N s =
H 3/ 4 Ns Q 2 2
N Q N's Q′ 1
IAS-8. Ans. (b) Ns = or Ns ∞ Q = =
H3/ 4 Ns Q 2
IAS-9. Ans. (c)
IAS-10. Ans. (c)
IAS-11. Ans. (a)
IAS-12. Ans. (a) If Discharge ‘0’, η = 0, H = max and p = reasonable power is needed.
IAS-12 (i) .Ans. (a)
IAS-13. Ans. (b)
IAS-14. Ans. (a)
IAS-15. Ans. (b)
IAS-16. Ans. (d)

Reciprocating Pumps
20. Reciprocating Pumps
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (GATE, IES, XIAS)

GATE-1. Match the following [GATE-2004]
A. Reciprocating pump 1. Plant with power output below 100 kW
B. Axial flow pump 2. Plant with power output between 100 kW
to 1MW
C. Micro hydel plant 3. Positive displacement
D. Backward curved vanes 4. Draft tube
5. High flow rate, low pressure ratio
6. Centrifugal pump impeller
(a) 3 5 6 2 (b) 3 5 2 6
(c) 3 5 1 6 (d) 4 5 1 6

IES-1 The preferred type of pump for small discharge and high heads is
(a) centrifugal type (b) reciprocating type [IES-2012]
(c) axial-flow type (d) radial-flow type
IES-1(i). Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched? [IES-2004]
(a) Centrifugal pump : 1. Rotating blades in the rotor create centrifugal
head
(b) Reciprocating pump : 2. Positive displacement pump
(c) Turbine pump : 3. Centrifugal pump with guide vanes
(d) Gear pump : 4. Gear teeth work like rotating blades to create
centrifugal head
IES-2. Match List-I (Type of pumps) with List-II (Associated features) and
select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:
List-I List-II [IES-2003]
A. Centrifugal pump 1. Air vessel
B. Gear pump 2. Draft tube
C. Reciprocating pump 3. Guide vanes pump
D. Turbine pump 4. Rotary pump
5. Rotor having blades
(a) 4 2 5 3 (b) 5 4 1 2
(c) 4 2 3 1 (d) 5 4 1 3

Reciprocating Pumps
A turbine pump is basically a centrifugal pump equipped additionally
with
(a) Backward curved blades (b) Vaned diffusion casing
(c) Inlet guide blades (d) Adjustable blades
IES-4. Consider the following pumps: [IES-1999]

1. Centrifugal pump, single-stage 2. Centrifugal pump, multi-stage
3. Reciprocating pump 4. Jet pump.
The pump (s) which can be used to lift water through a suction head of
12 m from a well would include
(a) 2 alone (b) 1, 3 and 4 (c) 4 alone (d) 1 and 3
IES-5. If a reciprocating pump having a mechanical efficiency of 80% delivers

water at the rate of 80 kg/s with a head of 30 m, the brake power of the
pump is: [IES-2001]
(a) 29.4 kW (b) 20.8 kW (c) 15.4 kW (d) 10.8 kW
IES-5(i) A reciprocating water pump delivers 100 litres of water per second against a
suction head of 5 m and a delivery head of 15 m. The required to drive the pump
is near about [IES-2011]
(a) 10 kW (b) 15 kW (c) 20 kW (d) 25 kW
Air Vessels
IES-6. Why is an air vessel used in a reciprocating pump? [IES-2008]
(a) To obtain a continuous supply of water at uniform rate
(b) To reduce suction head
(c) To increase the delivery head
(d) To reduce cavitation
IES-7. Air vessel is used in a reciprocating pump to obtain [IES-1992]

(a) Reduction of suction heat
(b) Rise in delivery head
(c) Continuous supply of water at uniform rate
(d) Increase in supply of water
IES-8. Which of following are the beneficial effects of air vessel fitted to
delivery side of a reciprocating pump? [IES-1995]
1. Constant rate of discharge can be ensured
2. Power consumption can be reduced
3. Discharge can be increased
4. Constant velocity of the piston can be ensured
Codes:
IES-9: Air vessels are used in reciprocating pumps in order to [IES-2011]

(a) Increase the delivery head (b) Reduce suction head
(c) Minimize delivery head fluctuation (d) Reduce accelerating head

Reciprocating Pumps
Classification of Reciprocating Pumps

IAS-1. For pumping molasses, it is preferable to employ [IAS-1994]
(a) Reciprocating pump (b) Centrifugal pump with double shrouds
(c) Open impeller pump (d) Multistage centrifugal pump
OBJECTIVE ANSWERS
GATE-1. Ans. (c)
IES
IES-1 Ans. (b)
IES-1(i). Ans. (d) External diffuser is creating centrifugal head.
IES-2. Ans. (d)
IES-3. Ans. (b) A turbine pump in basically a centrifugal pump equipped additionally
with vaned diffusion casing.
IES-4. Ans. (c) Since suction head is 12 m, i.e. more than atmospheric pressure, only jet
pump can be used to lift water under such a situation.
IES-5. Ans. (a)
IES-5(i). Ans. (c) Ideal Power ( P ) = ρQghtotal =19.620 kW
IES-6. Ans. (a) An air vessel is a closed chamber containing compressed air in the upper
part and liquid being pumped in the lower part. The air vessels are used:
(i) To get continuous supply of liquid at a uniform rate,
(ii) To save the power required to drive the pump and
(iii) To run the pump at a much higher speed without any danger of
separation.
IES-7. Ans. (c)
IES-8. Ans. (b) The function of air-vessel are:
1. On suction side
i) To reduce accelerating head. This will reduced the total vacuum head,
reducing the possibility of separation and saving in power required for
supplying accelerating head.
ii) Pump can be run on higher speed.
iii) Length of suction pipe below the air vessel can be increased.
2. On delivery side
i) To reduce the accelerating head and affecting in large amount of power
consumed in supplying the accelerating head.
ii) A uniform rate of discharge is ensured.
IES-9. Ans. (d)
IAS
IAS-1. Ans. (c)

Miscellaneous Hydraulic Machines
21. Miscellaneous Hydraulic

Machines
1. The Hydraulic Accumulator
2. Hydraulic Press
3. Hydraulic Ram
4. Hydraulic Coupling
5. Hydraulic Torque Converter
6. Air Lift Pump

GATE-1. Jet pumps are often used in process industry for their [GATE-1992]
(a) High efficiency
(b) Easy maintenance
(c) Large capacity
(d) Capacity to transport gases, liquids and mixtures of both

The Hydraulic Accumulator
IES-1. The function of which of the following hydraulic devices is analogous
to that of the flywheel of a reciprocating engine and an electric storage
battery? [IES-2005]
(a) Hydraulic ram (b) Hydraulic accumulator
(c) Hydraulic intensifier (d) Hydraulic jack
IES-2. An accumulator is a device to store [IES-2003]

(a) Sufficient quantity of liquid to compensate the change in discharge
(b) Sufficient energy to drive the machine when the normal energy source does
not function
(c) Sufficient energy in case of machines which work intermittently to
supplement the discharge from the normal source
(d) Liquid which otherwise would have gone to waste

Hydraulic Press
IES-3. A hydraulic press has a ram of 20 cm diameter and a plunger of 5 cm
diameter. The force required at the plunger to lift a weight of 16 x 104 N
shall be: [IES-2002]
(a) 256 × 104 N (b) 64 × 104 N (c) 4 × 104 N (d) 1 × 104 N
Hydraulic Ram
IES-4. Assertion (A): A hydraulic ram is a device used to lift water from deep
wells. [IES-2002]
Reason (R): Hydraulic ram works on the principle of water hammer.
IES-5. Hydraulic ram is a pump which works on the principle of [IES-1999]

(a) Water hammer (b) Centrifugal action
(c) Reciprocating action (d) Hydraulic press
Hydraulic Coupling
A hydraulic coupling
(a) Connects two shafts rotating at about the same speed
(b) Connects two shafts running at different speeds
(c) Is used to augment the torque to the driven shaft
(d) Is used to connect the centrifugal pump and its electrical motor for efficient
operation
IES-7. In a hydraulic coupling, what is the ratio of speed of the turbine

runner to that of the pump impeller to maintain circulatory motion of
oil? [IES-2007]
(a) <1 (b) =1 (c) >1 (d) Can be any value
IES-8. A hydraulic coupling transmits 1 kW of power at an input speed of 200

rpm, with a slip of 2%. If the input speed is changed to 400 rpm, the
power transmitted with the same slip is: [IES-2001]
(a) 2 kW (b) 1/2 kW (c) 4 kW (d) 8 kW
IES-9. Which one of the following graphs represents the characteristics of a

torque converter? [IES-2009]
Where suffix r stands for turbine runner and P stands for pump
impeller.

IES-10. In a fluid coupling, the torque transmitted is 50 kNm, when the speed
of the driving and driven shaft is 900 rpm and 720 rpm respectively.
The efficiency of the fluid coupling will be: [IES-2001]
(a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 80% (d) 90%
IES-11. Consider the following statements regarding the fluid coupling:

1. Efficiency increases with increase in speed ratio. [IES-2001]
2. Neglecting friction the output torque in equal to input torque.
3. At the same input speed, higher slip requires higher input torque.
IES-12. If ωs and ω p represent the angular velocities of driver and driving

members of a fluid coupling respectively, then the slip is equal to:
[IES-1999]
ωs ωs ωp ω
(a) 1 − (b) (c) 1 − (d) p
ωp ωp ωs ωs
IES-13. Assertion (A): In a fluid coupling, hydrodynamic transmission is done

by a pump and turbine. [IES-1998]
Reason (R): Fluid coupling is a type of machine in which fluid is used
as a means of energy transfer.
IES-14. Hydraulic transmission through fluid coupling is suitable for [IES-1992]

(a) Unsteady operation and increasing torque
(b) Unsteady operation and increasing speed
(c) Unsteady operation and low starting torque

(d) Increasing torque and low starting load
IES-15. Assertion (A): No solid connection exists between the driving shaft and
the driven shaft. [IES-1996]
Reason (R): Energy transfer is by the change in moment of momentum.
Hydraulic Torque Converter

IES-16. Fluid flow machines are using the principle of either (i) supplying
energy to the fluid, or (ii) extracting energy from the fluid. Some fluid
flow machines are a combination of both (i) and (ii). They are classified
as: [IES-2002]
(a) Compressors (b) Hydraulic turbines
(c) Torque converters (d) Wind mills
IES-17. Consider the following statements regarding a torque converter:

1. Its maximum efficiency is less than that of the fluid coupling.
2. It has two runners and a set of stationary vanes interposed between
them.
3. It has two runners.
4. The ratio of secondary to primary torque is zero for the zero value
of angular velocity of secondary.
Which of these statements are correct? [IES-2000]
IES-18. Consider the following statements regarding torque converter;

1. It has a stationary set of blades in addition to the primary and
secondary rotors.
2. It can be used for multiplication of torques.
3. The maximum efficiency of a converter is less than that of a fluid
coupling.
4. In a converter designed to give a large increase of torque, the
efficiency falls off rapidly as the speed ratio approaches unity.
Of these statements [IES-1997]
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct (b) 1, 3 and 4 are correct
(c) 1, 2 and 4 are correct (d) 3 and 4 are correct
IES-19. In contrast to fluid couplings, torque converters are operated:[IES-1997]

(a) While completely filled with liquid (b) While partially filled with liquid
(c) Without liquid (d) While completely filled with air
Air Lift Pump

IES-20. In a jet pump [IES-2006]
(a) Kinetic energy of fluid is converted into potential energy
(b) Energy of high velocity stream is converted into pressure energy
(c) Energy of high pressure fluid is converted into energy of low pressure fluid
(d) Potential energy of fluid is converted into kinetic energy

IES-21. Which one of the following combination represents the power
transmission systems? [IES-2009]
(a) Pump, hydraulic accumulator, hydraulic intensifier and hydraulic coupling
(b) Pump, turbine, hydraulic accumulator and hydraulic coupling
(c) Turbine, accumulator, intensifier and hydraulic coupling
(d) Accumulator, intensifier, hydraulic coupling and torque converter
IES-22. The pump preferred to be used for pumping highly viscous fluids belongs to the
category of [IES-2012]
(a) screw pump (b) turbine pump
(c) plunger pump (d) centrifugal pump

IAS-1. If a hydraulic press has a ram of 12.5 cm diameter and plunger of 1.25
cm diameter, what force would be required on the plunger to raise a
mass of 1 tonne on the ram? [IAS-1998]
(a) 981 N (b) 98.1 N (c) 9.81 N (d) 0.98 N
IAS-2. A hydraulic coupling belongs to the category of [IAS-1994]

(a) Power absorbing machines (b) Power developing machines
(c) Energy generating machines (d) Energy transfer machines

OBJECTIVE ANSWERS
GATE-1. Ans. (b, d)
IES
IES-1. Ans. (b)
IES-2. Ans. (c)
IES-3. Ans. (d)
IES-4. Ans. (d)
IES-5. Ans. (a) Hydraulic ram utilizes effect of water hammer to lift water.
IES-6. Ans. (b) A hydraulic coupling connects two shafts running at different speeds.
ωt
IES-7. Ans. (a) Efficiency of hydraulic coupling, η = should be less than one.
ωp
(Where ωt and ω p are the angular speeds of the turbine shaft and pump shaft
respectively). The magnitudes of input and output torque are equal.
IES-8. Ans. (a)
IES-9. Ans. (b)
IES-10. Ans. (c)
IES-11. Ans. (a)
Angular velocity of driving member
IES-12. Ans. (c) Slip = 1–
Angular velocity of driver
IES-13. Ans. (b)
IES-14. Ans. (c)
IES-15. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation of A
IES-16. Ans. (c)
IES-17. Ans. (d)
IES-18. Ans. (a) Statement 4 is not correct, but there is no such option.
Torque converters: It is a hydrodynamic power transmission device analogous
in function to that of a mechanical gear box. It is used to transmit power from
the drive shaft to the driven shaft while augmenting the torque on the driven
shaft. It is used to multiply or reduce the torque available. It is designed which
utilize two or more sets of turbine runners and fixed guide vanes, the fixed
vanes being located between the turbine runners. The efficiency of torque
converter is better at smaller speed ratio than that of the hydraulic coupling.
IES-19. Ans. (a) Torque converters are operated while completely filled with liquid.
IES-20. Ans. (b)
IES-21. Ans. (d)
IES-22. Ans. (a)
IAS
IAS-1. Ans. (b) Pressure on the ram = pressure on the plunger
2
⎛F⎞ ⎛F⎞ A ⎛ 1.25 ⎞
or ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ or FR = FP × R = 1000 × 9.81× ⎜ ⎟ N = 98.1N
⎝ A ⎠R ⎝ A ⎠P AP ⎝ 12.5 ⎠
IAS-2. Ans. (d)

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Properties of Fluids

Contents of this chapter

Theory at a Glance (for IES, GATE, PSU)

Deescribing a fluid flow quantitative

If Δ is very large ρ is affected

A dimensionle ess parameeter known as Knudsen n number, Kn = λ / L, where λ is the mean

When two layers of fluid, at a distance ‘dy’ apart,

Units of Kinematic Viscosity

2. Non- Newtonian Fluids

Fig. Shear stress and deformation rate relationship of different fluids

Effect of Temperature on Viscosity

Effect of Pressure on Viscosity

Pressure Inside a Curved Surface

Question: A circular disc of diameter ‘d’ is slowly rotated in a liquid of large

Question: A solid cone of radius R and vortex angle 2 θ is to rotate at an

Previous 20-Years GATE Questions

GATE-2. Kinematic viscosity of air at 20°C is given to be 1.6 × 10-5m2/s. Its

GATE-5. The dimensions of surface tension is: [GATE-1995]

Previous 20-Years IES Questions

IES-4. What is the unit of dynamic viscosity of a fluid termed 'poise'

IES-6. What are the dimensions of kinematic viscosity of a fluid? [IES-2007]

IES-8. Decrease in temperature, in general, results in [IES-1993]

IES-9. Assertion (A): In general, viscosity in liquids increases and in gases it

IES-14. Assertion (A): Blood is a Newtonian fluid. [IES-2007]

IES-21. Which one of the following is correct? [IES-2008]

Compressibility and Bulk Modulus

IES-29. Consider the following properties of a fluid: [IES-2005]

Previous 20-Years IAS Questions

IAS-4. Consider the following statements: [IAS-2000]

IAS-6. Fluids that require a gradually increasing shear stress to maintain a

2. A metal plate 1.25 m × 1.25 m × 6 mm thick and weighting 90 N is placed

3. A 400 mm diameter shaft is rotating at 200 rpm in a bearing of length 120

4. In order to form a stream of bubbles, air is introduced through a nozzle

5. A U-tube is made up of two capillaries of diameters 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm

6. If a liquid surface (density ρ ) supports another fluid of density, ρb above

2. Pressure and Its Measurements

Contents of this chapter

Theory at a Glance (for IES, GATE, PSU)

(ii) Vacuum pressure = atmospheric pressure – absolute pressure (Vacuum pressure is

Fig. Relationship between pressures

Pressure at a Point in Compressible Fluid

A ∴ For Isothermal process

Integrating both side and applying boundary condition

Previous 20-Years GATE Questions

Absolute and Gauge Pressures

(b) Flow Direction is B to A and PA-PB = 1.4 KPa

GATE-4. A mercury manometer is

GATE-5. Refer to Figure, the

Previous 20-Years IES Questions

IES-3. In an open U tube containing mercury, kerosene of specific gravity 0·8

Hydrostatic Law and Aerostatic Law

IES-5. If z is vertically upwards, ρ is the density

Absolute and Gauge Pressures

IES-8. The balancing column shown in the

IES-9. A mercury-water manometer has a gauge difference of 500 mm

IES-10. To measure the pressure head of the

IES-11. Two pipe lines at different

IES-13. There immiscible liquids of specific

IES-14. Differential pressure head measured by mercury oil differential