02 PT Brochure VSL 2018 Interactif

VSL
stay cable
systems
DESIGNED BY VSL
December 2018
TECHNICAL CATALOGUE NEXT

NEXT
PREV.
Editorial
Some of the early examples of cable-stayed bridges are in Germany,
where there was a huge demand to rebuild crossings over the river Rhine
after the 2nd World War. Since then, cable-stayed bridges have become
extremely popular all over the world not only for bridging of big spans
of more than 1000m, which has penetrated deeply into what was once
known as the exclusive domain of suspension bridges, but also for smaller
bridges with spans of less than 200m, where Extradosed bridges are often
the chosen type.
One reason for the popularity of cable-stayed bridges is that the deck can be built
by balanced cantilever method and deck construction can start immediately after a
pylon has been fully or even only partially completed.
Another reason was the development in the eighties of strand-based cable systems,
which have almost no limits to cable capacity and cable length, since such cables
can be assembled on site strand by strand. VSL was instrumental in pushing the
development of strand-based stay cables. VSL installed its strand-based stay cable
system for the first time in 1978 on the Liebruti Bridge in Switzerland and in 1987
on a major cable-stayed bridge, the Sunshine Skyway Bridge in Florida, which has a
main span of 366m.
The development of strand-based stay cable systems never stopped and is still ongoing.
VSL established itself as a leader in this field. This is for example demonstrated by
VSL SSI 2000 saddle, which is a third generation type saddle. By inventing a special
geometry for the strands' individual voids, VSL managed to amplify the differential
load transfer capacity between the saddle and the pylon when compared with
saddles using circular strand channels. The latest VSL development is VSL LEDsPLAY®,
which gives the owner of a cable-stayed bridge the opportunity to turn its bridge into
a highly visible 3D screen for use as an attractive medium for the versatile display of
unique light shows and informational messages.
This catalogue gives owners, consultants and contractors an overview of the VSL
stay cable systems and their field of applications. Furthermore it provides practicing
design engineers with the technical data needed when designing and detailing cable-
suspended structures with strand-based systems.
VSL is always available to support the various stakeholders during conceptual and
final design stage, during construction and throughout the service life cycle of the
structure concerned. VSL's expertise is not limited to stay cables, but extends to
many other construction systems, deck construction using state-of-the-art bridge
deck erection equipment and bridge maintenance. Comprehensive knowledge and
experience guarantee that collaboration with VSL always adds value to a project.
NEXT
Dr sc. h.c. ETH Max Meyer, PREV.

VSL Group Technical Officer
EDITORIAL
5
Table of contents
A A REPUTATION FOR EXCELLENCE SINCE 1956
1. 60 years of experience and innovation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
A reputation
2. VSL stay-cable technology and key benefits……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10
3. Complying with stringent recommendations from international standards……………………12
4. Providing state-of-the-art stay cable systems……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13
5. Durable design backed up by thorough testing…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
B VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS for excellence
A REPUTATION FOR EXCELLENCE SINCE 1956

since 1956
1. VSL stay cable systems……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………19
• SSI 2000 – The VSL standard stay cable system……………………………………………………………………………………20
• SSI 2000D – The VSL dehumidified stay cable system ………………………………………………………………22
• MSI 2000 – The VSL articulated stay cable system …………………………………………………………………………24
• SSI 2000 Saddle – The VSL saddle system …………………………………………………………………………………………………………26
2. Free length ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………28
3. VSL solutions for vibration control ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………34
• VSL Friction damper……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………36
• VSL Rubber damper ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………37
4. Strand-by-strand method for installation of cables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………38
5. Life cycle management, monitoring, maintenance, repair and retrofit ……………………………………40
C TECHNICAL DATA FOR THE VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS
1. Anchorage arrangements and stay pipe options ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………46

2. VSL SSI 2000 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………48
• Main dimensions of systems ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………48
• Integration of systems into the structures………………………………………………………………………………………………………50
3. VSL MSI 2000 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………52
4. VSL SSI 2000 Saddle ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 53
5. VSL Damper ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 54
6. VSL Fire Protection ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 55
NEXT
D REFERENCES PREV.
1. Decades of experiences…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………59
2. Complimentary VSL services for stay cable bridge construction……………………………………………………………69
TABLE OF CONTENTS
6
1 60 years of experience
and innovation
2016
First application of the VSL Fire Protection
System on the Transbay Bridge, USA.
2014
Introduction of the VSL SSI 2000e anchorages
capable of coping with big angular cable
deviations of very long span cable-stayed bridges.
2013
Construction of the world’s highest
cable-stayed bridge, Baluarte Bridge,
Mexico (402.57m high)
2009
A full-scale VSL SSI 2000 saddle for a 55-strand
cable is successfully tested in accordance
2002 with International Federation for Structural
First application of the SSI 2000 system Concrete (fib)’s recommendations.
on the Yangtze River Bridge, China.
1998
First application of the VSL Friction
Damper on the Uddevalla Bridge, Sweden.
1994
Introduction of the VSL SSI 200 system
(SSI meaning Single Strand Installation),
whereby a cable is made up of greased
PE coated strands in HDPE stay pipe. 1991
First use of single strand installation
method on the Evripos Bridge, Greece.
1987
First application of the VSL stay
cable system on a major bridge, the
Sunshine Skyway Bridge, USA, with a
main span of 366m and use of saddles. 1978
First use of the VSL stay cable system
made of grouted strands in PE pipes
on the Liebrueti Bridge, Switzerland.
1966
NEXT
Introduction of the VSL multistrand
post-tensioning system which
can be stressed with centre hole jacks. PREV.

1956
First use of VSL wire post-tensioning system
8 9
Answering clients’ needs
Queensferry Crossing, Lothian and Fife, Scotland - 2017: VSL SSI 2000 stay cable system
VSL is a recognized leader in the field of special construction systems, →→ Incorporation of damping systems at the time of installation or as
means and methods. Well-proven technical systems and sound parts of dynamic retrofitting
in-house engineering are the basis of the group's acknowledged →→ Improved aesthetics by using compact anchorages, saddles and
reputation for innovative designs and engineering solutions to coloured cables
answer its clients' high expectations and demands.
→→ Enhanced protection against external threats and environmental
effects (fire, ice, mechanical damages).
DESIGNERS, OWNERS AND AUTHORITIES’ REQUIREMENTS:
→→ Increased long-term performance of stay cables, tensile members MAIN CONTRACTORS’ REQUIREMENTS:
and anchorages
→→ Simple interfaces between deck erection and stay cable installation
→→ Leak-tightness of the anchorage assembly with a reduced number of activities on the critical path
→→ Easy inspection and maintenance →→ Lightweight installation equipment minimising crane time required
→→ The capability to replace cables with minimal interruption to
bridge traffic VSL prides itself on always responding to its clients' needs and
→→ Minimal wind drag for long spans offering the most suitable stay cable system for each project. The
systems, which have been installed on well over 270 cable-stayed
→→ Outstanding static and fatigue behaviour, validated by performance
bridges worldwide and applied in numerous building structures,
testing
provide flexibility for a multitude of applications and outstanding
→→ Highly modular and versatile cable system addressing various performance.
applications from tie downs to long span system combined with
different anchoring arrangement including saddle and clevises.
2 VSL stay cable technology Key Benefits

and key benefits The VSL stay cable systems are a product of 40 year of
development, regular testing to verify full compliance with
international guidelines and numerous applications on
bridges all over the world.
Mersey Gateway Bridge, United Kingdom - 2017: VSL SSI 2000 stay cable system
VSL stay cable technology →→ The VSL stay cable systems are fully qualified through regular
testing according to stringent international recommendations
SSI 2000, the VSL standard system SSI 2000 Saddle, a patented design SSI 2000D, a stay cable protected such as:
with the state-of-the-art SSI 2000e facilitating simplified pylon layouts against corrosion by dehumidification • “Recommendations for stay cable design, testing and
anchorage capable of accommodating resulting in enhanced bridge aesthetics techniques – a patented solution offering installation”, Post-Tensioning Institute, (refer herein as PTI).
larger cable deviations at the anchorage and increased structural efficiency. monitorable corrosion protection, and • fib Bulletin 30, Recommendations: “Acceptance of stay cable
exit with its patented strand sealing the smallest cable diameters available systems using prestressing steels”, (refer herein as fib).
assembly. in strand technology. →→ The main tensile elements of the VSL stay cable systems are
SSI 2000C, a compact stay cable widely available 7-wire strands of 0.6” diameter in compliance
system with reduced cable diameter and with EN 10138 or ASTM A416, greased or waxed and PE coated as
therefore reduced wind drag. specified by VSL.
→→ The VSL stay cable systems can be engineered for a design life of
exceeding 100 years in the most aggressive environments. NEXT
MSI 2000, a patented articulated heavy Stay pipe profiles to control vibration and A choice of two damping systems
→→ Individual encapsulation of each strand from ‘wedge to wedge’
duty stay cable system particularly mitigate risk of snow and ice accretion. to control cable vibrations efficiently, PREV.
provides maximum protection of the stay cable system, gives
developed for the hangers of arch VSL Fire Protection system, a fully adapted to the characteristics of the
excellent fatigue performance, ensures high durability and
bridges and the stays of suspended integrated fire protection addressing the structure and making use of robust
minimizes maintenance costs.

roofs. most stringent fire cases. friction and high damping rubber
VSL LEDsPLAY®, a complementary stay technology to ensure a long working life →→ Very compact anchorages allow easy installation even in confined
pipe design that turns the bridge into an and low maintenance costs. locations inside box girders or pylons using only light equipment.
iconic display. →→ The VSL stay cable systems are generally installed strand by
strand and can be inspected and replaced if ever necessary in the
same manner.
10 11
3 Complying with stringent 4 Providing state-of-the-art
recommendations from stay cable systems
international standards
R&D: The key to quality and durability
The VSL stay cable systems' wedge anchorages and their tensile DURABILITY AND MULTI-BARRIER PROTECTION
members as well as their protective systems exceed the most VSL stay cable systems fully comply with and if requested can be
rigorous requirements for durability, tensile capacity and fatigue engineered to exceed the durability requirements provided in the
performance. Their strand-by-strand installation technology ensures relevant recommendations from PTI and fib.
maximum flexibility and replaceability of strands and anchorage if
ever required. The unique feature of individual encapsulation of each strand within
the anchorage assembly eliminates the risk of corrosion migration
HIGH FATIGUE PERFORMANCE between strands.
Engineers from VSL's Technical Center

The anchorage assembly is designed to control the deviation of
individual strands and to filter cable vibrations outside the wedge The multi-barrier protection system against corrosion and mechanical
anchorage zone. Its outstanding fatigue performance is demonstrated impacts is achieved in the free length by individually sheathed,
through continuous and regular fatigue tests as specified in the latest greased or waxed strands with optional galvanization within the
recommendations by PTI and fib with imposed angular deviation of protective outer stay pipe.
the anchorage from the cable axis.
The multi-barrier protection is maintained in the anchorage assembly
and VSL’s 3rd generation saddles by a flexible gel filler injection.
Extensive fatigue testing has been carried out in accordance with fib
requirements to demonstrate that the VSL saddles achieve the same
performance as the VSL anchorages.
Continuous R&D is at the heart of the VSL Stay Cable Systems. The VSL SSI 2000D stay cable system uses galvanized but uncoated
Development of the SSI 2000 anchorage system and the single strand strands which are protected with dry air providing a controlled
installation method took place in the 1990s and a more recent focus environment which allows permanent monitoring of the corrosion
has been on the development of the 3rd generation saddle system that protection system. The significant reduction of the cable’s cross
Hodariyat Bridge, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates - 2012
complies with the toughest requirements in terms of durability and sections by using unsheathed strands makes SSI 2000D the world’s
fatigue performance. The result of this development is the patented most compact stay cable system.
SSI 2000 Saddle, which guides each strand individually through the
saddle in an individual void created inside ultra-high performance With a growing recognition of the risk of fire and its potentially
mortar. The V-shaped form of the void significantly increases the catastrophic effects on cable-stayed bridges, the VSL R&D team
friction between the mortar and the strand and therefore ensures developed the patented VSL Fire Protection System to provide a
transfer of unbalanced loads in strands from both sides of a pylon. lightweight and flexible solution for the protection of the stay cables.
The SSI 2000 Saddle was the first saddle system to pass a full scale It has been tested and designed to fully integrate with the VSL stay
fatigue and tensile test in accordance with the fib recommendations cable system.
Queensferry Crossing, Lothian and Fife, Scotland - 2017 for a 55-strand cable.
An emphasis has also been given on development of the VSL NEXT
Another focus of VSL R&D has been on the control of vibrations of alternative stay pipe profile. Through collaboration with renowned
stay cables. Today, VSL can offer several different solutions to its experts in the field, VSL R&D has achieved and patented stay pipe PREV.
clients. The VSL Friction Damper was developed in collaboration profiles that can minimise the increase in drag coefficient, increase
with distinguished specialists in the field of cable vibration for use on stability against rain-wind induced vibration and provide an efficient
Uddevalla Bridge in Sweden in 1998. This damper system provides very measure for controlled removal of ice and snow on stay pipes.

high damping ratio through energy dissipation by friction when the
cable and the supporting structure are moving relative to each other. VSL’s latest development is the VSL MSI 2000 articulated stay cable
system, a state-of-the-art system, fully complying with the latest
VSL has carried out further development of the installation methods international standards for road or railway bridges. The system is
used for stay cables. The VSL SSI 2000C uses special tools and built up of individual parallel strands, which are encapsulated in a
installation methods to permit installation of stay cables in compact continuous pipe system and are anchored individually by wedges as
stay pipes, which significantly reduce wind loads on the cables. in the well proven SSI 2000 anchorage. VSL MSI 2000 stays can have
clevis type anchorages at one or both ends.
12 13
Training: The basis for strong performance 5 Durable design backed up
by thorough testing
Durability and fatigue resistance are of utmost importance for stay cables, together with accessibility of
components and monitoring of the structure.
Stay cable course at the VSL Academy in Bangkok

DESIGNED TO LAST With a focus on durability throughout all phases, VSL has developed
VSL stay cables can be designed to comply with a design life of over 100 specialist methods and procedures to ensure that the required
years in the most aggressive environments, as defined by the C4 and C5 installation quality is achieved and that any damage that might occur
categories of the ISO 12944 standard. All elements are either durable to the components during transportation, handling or installation is
for guaranteed design life or fully replaceable without impact to the detected and rectified prior to project delivery. The modular nature
structure functionality. All the materials used have been carefully of the system allows for simple replacement of any damaged parts
selected and all components have been detailed to meet the highest without critical delay to the installation schedule.
durability criteria. The performance exceeds the stringent durability
requirements provided in the relevant recommendations from PTI To achieve the complete benefits above from VSL stay cable
and fib. technology, it is of utmost importance that the installation is carried
out by specially trained and experienced VSL staff. In order to provide
All non-accessible components can be supplied with a factory-applied the full guarantee of the installed stay cable systems as normally
protection system ensuring over 100 year design life. The accessible demanded by the clients, VSL has to be responsible for supply,
and replaceable elements are designed for a 25 year maintenance transportation and installation.
interval. In case of C5 exposure, VSL specially
developed external protection caps to ensure
Accessibility Design life of the ini- Period between sub-
the highest durability of anchorages. The main orreplaceability of the
Durability of the corrosion
tially applied corrosion sequent maintenance
tensile element of the cable, consisting of VSL components
protection system
protection system operations
specified strands, is designed with a multi-layer Replaceable 25 years 25 years 25 years
protection system to match the performance Not replaceable
of the anchorages. VSL provides a detailed Over 100 years 25 years 25 years
Easy access
maintenance schedule for each project and can Not replaceable
Over 100 years Over 100 years No maintenance
assist clients in the implementation. No access
VSL ACADEMY – STAY CABLE CERTIFICATION COURSE basic elements of the VSL stay cable system. It provides consistent FATIGUE TESTING ANCHORAGE LEAK-TIGHTNESS TEST
Supplying stay cable components at specified quality is not enough training for all the key personnel carrying out stay-cable works. It The fatigue performance of the VSL stay cable system has been The anchorage is the most exposed part of a modern stay cable in
to ensure that they comply with requirements. It is also important ensures that in-depth knowledge about all aspects of the site work demonstrated in numerous fatigue tests in accordance with PTI and terms of durability. In order to achieve a continuously protected
that the site work is carried out strictly in line with VSL's defined is passed from trainer to trainee and that VSL stay cable systems fib recommendations: transition from the free length of the cable into the anchorage zone,
procedures and tools. Quality site work is only possible with a site are installed to the same quality wherever the project is located. →→ For stay cables, stress range of 200MPa at 45% Guaranteed it is important to prevent water ingress through the component
crew, who has been properly trained in the installation of the VSL Ultimate Tensile Strength (GUTS) upper stress over two million interfaces, particularly at the lower deck anchorage.
stay cable systems. ON-SITE TRAINING cycles and a 10mrad deviation at the anchorages.
Senior staff members are in charge of teaching VSL's techniques VSL has equipped its anchorages with a redundant patented multi-
In 2008, VSL launched the VSL Academy. The aim of the VSL →→ For extradosed cables, stress range of 140MPa at 60% GUTS upper
to the workforce on site. A well-trained and certified staff is VSL's layer sealing system, which has passed the leak-tightness tests as
Academy is to strengthen the company culture and to develop stress over two million cycles.
most valuable asset in providing the best service to clients. defined by PTI and fib.
knowledge-sharing by formalising and standardising the training of
VSL staff in the various VSL Systems such as VSL Post-Tensioning, NEXT
VSL Stay Cables and VSL Heavy Lifting.
The VSL Academy provides a unique facility and resource within PREV.
VSL, with hands-on vocational training for foremen, supervisors

and site engineers. The stay-cable certification course covers the

Fatigue testing over 2 million cycles Leak-tightness test of an anchorage subjected to mechanical and environmental actions
14 15
ACCELERATED AGEING TESTS FOR COLOURED
STAY PIPES
Correct material selection and manufacturing
control is important to avoid variations in the
characteristics of the HDPE components used for
the outer protection layers of the free length.
Ageing effects, UV radiation and/or pollution can
deteriorate the condition of the stay pipe over time.
The evolution of the mechanical and colorimetric

properties has been verified by performing
VSL
accelerated ageing tests.
EQUIVALENT DURABILITY USING AN INJECTED SADDLE

WITH REPLACEABLE STRANDS
stay cable
VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

systems
The SSI 2000 Saddle is the first friction saddle in the market
with injected but replaceable strands. As in the anchorages,
the PE sheathing is removed from the strand at the saddle
location. Each strand is individually guided through the
saddle and injected with a bonded, flexible gel filler,
effectively preventing any oxygen or corrosive agents from
reaching the strand while permitting transfer of differential
stay cable forces to the pylon by friction.
VSL has carried out extensive fatigue and tensile testing with
the SSI 2000 Saddle in accordance with fib recommendations,
including a full scale test using a 6-55 unit. The tests have
demonstrated that the saddle fulfils the same fatigue and
static criteria as the standard anchorages for application on
cable-stayed and extradosed bridges and that no fretting
corrosion occurs.
ENHANCED DURABILITY AND USER COMFORT BY

SYSTEMATICALLY CONTROLLING VIBRATION
VSL offers a modular approach to mitigate the risk Wind tunnel testing
of cable vibration: stay pipe profiles and dampers. Wind tunnel tests have been conducted
to optimize and validate the shape and
VSL offers the stay pipes with helical rib profiles to dimensions of the helical ribs and special
minimise the risk of rain-wind induced vibrations. rib profiles. The tests have verified the
VSL also offers the special rib profiles to mitigate effectiveness of different rib patterns in
the risk of snow and ice accretion and for even controlling cable vibration. In addition,
higher rain-wind stability. it has been demonstrated that the
special rib profiles not only enhance the
To effectively control cable vibrations, two types mitigation of rain-wind induced vibration
of dampers are available: VSL Friction damper and but also help in the controlled removal of
VSL Rubber damper. Both dampers can be either snow and ice accreted on stay pipes.
installed during construction or retrofitted on
existing structures. The dampers are designed for
NEXT
maximum durability by minimising the number of
moveable parts and selecting the most durable Damper testing PREV.
materials. The behavior of VSL Dampers and the
correlation of calculated and actual

cable oscillations have been verified
in numerous full scale tests on site.
The effectiveness of the dampers can
be assessed by measuring the cable
oscillations over time and comparing the
results with and without the damper.
16 17
1 VSL Stay Cable Systems
This chapter gives a detailed description of all VSL stay cable systems.
SSI 2000 – THE VSL STANDARD STAY CABLE SYSTEM P. 20-21
SSI 2000D – THE VSL DEHUMIDIFIED STAY CABLE SYSTEM P. 22-23
MSI 2000 – THE VSL ARTICULATED STAY CABLE SYSTEM P. 24-25
SSI 2000 SADDLE – THE VSL SADDLE SYSTEM P. 26-27
NEXT
PREV.

18 19
SSI 2000 – THE VSL STANDARD STAY CABLE SYSTEM
The VSL SSI 2000e anchorage

SSI 2000 – The VSL standard stay cable system Cable protection at deck level
Multi-barrier corrosion protection
-> refer to Page 28
-> refer to Pages 28 - 30
The VSL SSI 2000 is VSL’s well proven as the previous generation of the SSI 2000 LOCATION OF ANCHORAGES
and widely used state-of-the-art stay anchorage, but is capable of withstanding The VSL SSI 2000 stay cable system features Individual encapsulation to provide water tightness
cable system providing with its SSI 2000e even greater angular deviations at the stressing anchorages (SSI 2000e DR) and fixed -> refer to Pages 15 - 16 Low drag coefficient and high
anchorages even greater flexibility for anchorage exit. anchorages (SSI 2000e DS). The stressing aeroelastic stability
the design of long-span cable-stayed anchorage can be placed either at pylon level or -> refer to Page 29
structures. VSL has verified by regular testing that the at deck level. The choice of the location of the
SSI 2000e anchorages can cope with angular anchorages may be made based on considerations
The evolution of higher strength materials, deviation under service condition of more than with regard to access for stressing and handling Cable movement control with damping system
the development of advanced dynamic and 50mrad, which is well above the value specified of the stressing equipment. If conditions are -> refer to Pages 34 - 37
aerodynamic simulation capabilities and an by PTI and fib. similar, placing the stressing anchorage at deck
improved understanding of the behaviour of is preferred. Very large angular deviation capability providing high fatigue resistance
flexible structures, push the achievable span Main features of the VSL SSI 2000 stay cable -> refer to Pages 15 - 16
limits of modern cable-stayed bridges further and system are: INSTALLATION METHOD Compact anchorage
further reaching span lengths in excess of 1km. →→ units 6-12 to 6-187 1) The VSL SSI 2000 stay cable system is installed
by using the strand-by-strand installation
→→ high fatigue performance complying with PTI
Such increased span lengths result in higher method, using lightweight equipment. The use
and fib requirements
slenderness ratios and hence typically in more of heavy erection cranes is not required. General
flexible behaviour of bridge decks which in turn →→ durability and multi-barrier protection steps are: Stressing anchorage at deck Fixed anchorage at pylon Clearance requirements for operations
(SSI 2000e DR) 2) (SSI 2000e DS) 2) • installation of anchorage
increases the angular deviation between the →→ strand-by-strand installation with lightweight →→ installation of guide pipes and bearing plates • wedge power seating
stay cables and the supported deck structure. equipment and minimum impact on other (prior to concreting) • final protection
Clearance requirements for operations Safe access
Furthermore, such slender structures often erection activities • installation of anchorage • VSL requires safe access to working
→→ installation of anchorages
require the use of cable dampers. In order to →→ cable replacement with minimum traffic • stressing of cable areas for all operations
maximize the effect of these dampers, preferably →→ erection of stay pipe • final force adjustment
disruption
• final protection
mounted at the exit of the guide pipe, the cable →→ strand-by-strand installation and stressing
→→ cable movement control by VSL dampers
is required to move transversally relative to the →→ force adjustment (if required)
guide pipe. The use of fixed deviator devices at →→ fully prefabricated anchorage, providing
corrosion protection even during construction. →→ final protection of the anchorages.
the exit of the guide pipes is hence often not
possible. VSL has developed a combination of measuring
In addition, VSL also offers the SSI 2000C, the
VSL compact stay cable system for long techniques with single strand jack and vibration
In recognition of such increasing demands, VSL measurements to provide accurate values of the
has further developed a new generation of its cables. Reduced stay pipe diameters result in
lower wind drag on the stay cable and hence in tension forces of stay cables during construction Anchorage configurations:
well known SSI 2000 anchorage system. The to the engineering team.
SSI 2000e anchorage provides the same a reduction of wind loads on the structure. This • Anchorage located within box section (shown above)
• Anchorage located below deck level (below left) Anchorage configurations:
strand-by-strand functionalities as well as can be an important parameter in the design of -> refer to Pages 38-39 • Anchorage located above deck level with steel bracket (below right) • Anchorages located within pylon (shown above)
fatigue and water tightness performance long-span bridges. • Anchorages located outside of pylon with stay
cables crossing and with steel bracket connected
by link (shown left)
Components on free length
On the free length, the VSL SSI 2000 stay cable system features PE
sheathed, greased or waxed strands with optional galvanization,
protected by an outer HDPE pipe. This multi-barrier protection system
guarantees durability of the stay cable. Arrangements on free length can
be standard or compact. Standard arrangement Compact arrangement Notes:
1) Bigger units available on request.
2) Alternate arrangement of stressing and fixed anchorages is possible.
NEXT
PREV.

20 21
SSI 2000D – THE VSL DEHUMIDIFIED STAY CABLE SYSTEM
The VSL SSI 2000D anchorage

SSI 2000D – The VSL dehumidified stay cable system Multi-barrier corrosion protection
The world’s most compact strand stay cable with monitorable corrosion protection Cable protection at deck level
including air tight seal
-> refer to Page 28
Transparent protection cap -> refer to Pages 28 - 30

With the SSI 2000D system, VSL introduces where the humidity is maintained below the →→ A protective environment of treated dry air for inspection purposes
a proven dehumidification technology to threshold that would trigger corrosion. around the strands prevents moisture and
stay cables, defining a new standard for corrosive agents from reaching the strands. Extremely small pipe diameter,
the industry. The permanent dehumidified The applied pressure differential ensures that a →→ Continuous galvanization of the bare strand Sensors for permanent monitoring low drag coefficient and high
system provides a controlled environment, leak in the system will only result in an increased provides a final barrier against corrosion of corrosion critical parameters: aeroelastic stability
which protects steel strands from corrosion air demand and will not jeopardize the protective • Temperature -> refer to Page 29
in case of scheduled temporary removal or
and is easy to monitor and inspect. mechanism. The monitoring system allows • Humidity
incidental loss of the other barriers. • Air pressure
early detection of any leakage in the system Cable movement control with damping system
The D system maintains the highest standard encapsulation and thus permits repair before PERMANENT MONITORING OF THE CORROSION -> refer to Pages 34 - 37
of durability while eliminating the need for damage occurs. PROTECTION
individual sheathing of the strands and hence The integrity of the corrosion protection
allowing a significant reduction in cable’s DRY AIR – A RELIABLE AND PROVEN SOLUTION Very large angular deviation capability
system can be monitored permanently through providing high fatigue resistance
cross section. It also maintains all the SSI 2000 The concept of dehumidification systems to continuous measurement of the corrosion critical -> refer to Pages 15 - 16
benefits when it comes to installation, durability protect steel bridge was introduced in the 1970s parameters of temperature and humidity inside Compact anchorage
and replacement. for steel deck, main cables of suspension bridges the cable together with the air pressure. -> refer to Pages 48 - 49
in 1990s and is today a well understood and
Main features of the VSL SSI 2000D system are: highly reliable solution, applied to some of the Corrosion Rate at different
Relative Humidities (%RH)
→→ units 6-12 to 6-187 1) most prestigious bridges around the world.
120
→→ durability of unsheathed galvanized strands 100

With the SSI 2000D system, VSL applies Corrosion Rate
guaranteed by dry air 80
dehumidification technology to stay cables to
→→ world’s most compact strand stay cable system offer a state-of-the-art corrosion protection
60
Components on free length Installation method Location of anchorages
40
On the free length, the VSL SSI 2000D stay cable system The VSL SSI 2000D stay cable system is installed by using The VSL SSI 2000D stay cable system features stressing
→→ monitorable corrosion protection. solution. Use of the latest dehumidification 20 features galvanized strands, protected by an outer HDPE the strand-by-strand installation method similar to the VSL anchorages (SSI 2000D DR) and fixed anchorages (SSI 2000D
equipment keeps operational and maintenance 0 pipe. Durability of strands is guaranteed by dry air. The SSI SSI 2000 system. DS). The location of stressing anchorage can be at deck or
The galvanized, unsheathed strands are costs low. 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
2000D cable arrangement is super compact. at pylon.
Relative Humidity
placed inside an air-tight enclosure, where -> refer to Pages 28 - 33 -> refer to Pages 38 - 39 -> for possible anchorage configurations refer to SSI 2000
system on pages 46 - 47
optional dampers can also be accommodated. REDUNDANCY AND EQUIVALENT CORROSION Corrosion rate of steel at different relative humidities [%RH]: Lower
corrosion rate with decreasing relative humidity.
A dehumidifier and filter unit, typically placed PROTECTION
inside the pylon, provides a constant supply of The principle of multi-barrier protection remains COMBINING CABLE AND DECK PROTECTION
treated dry air at the pylon anchorages, while unchanged even though the SSI 2000D does not Where the SSI 2000D is used with steel bridge
maintaining a permanent positive pressure make use of individually sheathed strands: decks or pylons with closed cross section, the Super compact arrangement
differential between the inside and the outside →→ The stay pipe provides in the case of the dehumidification can protect both the stay cables
of the cable. This prevents any ingress of SSI 2000D system an airtight enclosure, and the inside of the structural steel elements
moisture or other corrosive agents from the protecting the tensile element against by suitable sizing of the dehumidification units
outside. All structural elements of the stay cable environmental effects. and the flow pattern of the air.
are protected within the controlled environment
Notes: NEXT
PREV.

22 23
MSI 2000 – THE VSL ARTICULATED STAY CABLE SYSTEM
VSL MSI 2000e DR

MSI 2000 – The VSL articulated stay cable system stressing anchorage
Cable protection at deck level
-> refer to Pages 28 - 30 Pre-fabricated cable bundle with
The VSL MSI 2000 is a heavy duty stay with the anchorages prior to installation. Pre- →→ easy fine-tuning of the cable force during multi-barrier corrosion protection
cable system specifically developed fabrication requires only light set-ups and can installation and any time during service -> refer to Pages 28 - 30
Compact anchorage
for the hangers of arch bridges and the take place in the factory or directly on site. →→ very low maintenance by using the well -> refer to Page 52
stays of suspended roofs, which have proven SSI 2000 principles.
articulated connections at one or both Main features of the VSL MSI 2000 stay cable
ends, in compliance with fib and PTI system are: LOCATION OF ANCHORAGES Individual encapsulation
requirements. The VSL MSI 2000 system is →→ units 6-7 to 6-109 1) In case of using double clevis, the VSL MSI 2000 to provide water tightness
tested according to durability and fatigue -> refer to Pages 15 - 16
→→ articulated system with stay cable fixed by stay cable system features stressing anchorages Adjustability of
performance requirements for application Proven fatigue performance
clevis on pylon and/or on deck (MSI 2000e DR) and fixed anchorages (MSI 2000e stressing anchorage -> refer to Pages 15 - 16
on road and railway cable-stayed bridges. DS). Due to access requirements for stressing -> refer to Page 52
The use of clevis anchorages provides →→ accommodating construction tolerances of +/-
operation the stressing anchorage shall be
an aesthetic solution to bridges and 20 mrad in transverse direction of gusset plate
placed at deck level.
large span roof structures through their →→ proven fatigue performance according to fib
compactness and simple connection of the and PTI In case of using one clevis and a SSI 2000e
Low drag coefficient and
high aeroelastic stability
VSL MSI 2000e DS
stays to steel structural components.

→→ possibility to prefabricate cables on site DR stressing anchorage, the clevis can be -> refer to Page 29 fixed anchorage
→→ extremely slender cables meeting expectations placed either at pylon (or arch) level or at deck
The VSL MSI 2000 makes use of the proprietary of architects level. Similar to the VSL SSI 2000 system, the
VSL strand and wedge based anchorage system, choice of the location of the anchorages may be
incorporated into an anchorage, which is linked to →→ superior corrosion protection and fatigue
made based on access for handling of stressing Fixed anchorage at arch/pylon (MSI 2000e DS) Installation methods
the structure through a flange / clevis assembly performance making use of individually
equipment and exposure of anchorages.
for maximum geometrical flexibility. The VSL MSI protected strands preventing migration of General steps of installation methods
2000 cable bundles are pre-fabricated together damage within an individual cable for the VSL MSI 2000 stay cable system
Safe access with double clevis are:
VSL requires safe access • prefabrication of stay cable
to working areas for all • installation of stay cable
operations • stressing of stay cable by specific MSI
stressing equipment
Components on free length Stressing anchorage at deck (MSI 2000e DR) • final protection of anchorages.
Similar to SSI 2000, the free length of VSL MSI 2000 Clearance requirements for operations Anchorage configurations:
stay cable system features PE sheathed, greased • installation of cable • Clevis anchorage (shown left) For VSL MSI 2000 stay cables with one
or waxed strands with optional galvanization, • stressing of cable • Anchorage located below deck level with SSI 2000e DR clevis and a SSI 2000e DR stressing
protected by an outer HDPE pipe, a multi-barrier • final force adjustment anchorage (below left) anchorage, the installations steps are:
protection to guarantee the durability of stay cables. • final protection • Anchorage located within box section with SSI 2000e DR • partial prefabrication of stay cable
Arrangements on free length are compact, which anchorage (below right) • installation of stay cable
lead to extremely slender stay cables. • stressing of stay cable strand by strand
Clearance requirements • final protection of the anchorages.
for operations
Installation of cable -> refer to Pages 38 - 39
Compact arrangement
Stressing of MSI 2000 stay cable system
Notes:
NEXT
PREV.

24 25
SSI 2000 SADDLE – THE VSL SADDLE SYSTEM
The VSL SSI 2000 saddle

SSI 2000 Saddle – The VSL saddle system Compact saddle
-> refer to Page 53
The V-effect: amplification of capability to transfer
differential forces by friction
Individual encapsulation to provide water tightness
The use of solid cross-section pylons simplifies →→ V-shaped guide voids allow safe differential a 55-strand unit for application on cable-stayed
detailing and construction and minimizes deck force transfer by higher friction bridges and extradosed bridges.
width in case of bridges with single plane →→ proven fatigue performance
of stays. With solid pylons, there are three SEAMLESS INTEGRATION WITH THE SSI SYSTEM Transition pad at saddle exit for controlled
→→ seamless integration with the SSI system angular deviations to ensure high fatigue
SSI Saddle section, with the patented «V»
options. If cables are anchored at the pylon, The VSL 2000 Saddle uses the same strand as shaped strand hole compared to circular guide
they are either overlapped across the pylon →→ radius as small as 1.5m. the standard SSI 2000 System, with no additional resistance and for sealing of the saddle void.
or fixed to steel brackets which are connected treatment required. The removal of the tightly -> refer to Pages 15 - 16
through the pylon by steel link members. TRANSFER OF HIGH DIFFERENTIAL CABLE extruded PE-coating on the deviated length inside
The most efficient way however to introduce FORCES INTO THE PYLON the saddle is performed on site following the same
the stay cable force into the pylon is not by The SSI 2000 Saddle is a steel box filled with an procedures as for the anchoring zone at the deck.
ultra-high-performance-concrete (UHPC) matrix Seamless integration into to SSI 2000 system
anchoring cables but to let them run through -> refer to Pages 20 - 21
and featuring the patented V-shaped guide voids Low drag coefficient and
a saddle. CONTINUOUS MULTI-BARRIER CORROSION
for each individual strand. This specific geometry high aeroelastic stability
PROTECTION
improves the capability to transfer differential -> refer to Page 29
The deviation forces are not concentrated at the →→ As with the other SSI components, multi-
pylon’s extremities but uniformly distributed over forces due to unbalanced loading between bridge Continuous multi-barrier corrosion protection
barrier protection has been incorporated. The -> refer to Pages 28 - 30
the depth of the pylon. Most importantly however, spans by amplified friction, while avoiding any
PE-coating of the strands is removed over the
the balancing of horizontal components of the stay damage due to fretting under cyclic loading. The
deviated length of the saddle to achieve strand-
cable forces across the pylon does not subject the entire saddle is detailed such that the deviation
to-matrix contact in a similar manner to the
pylon to tension. occurs entirely in the strand-to-matrix interface
removal of coating in the wedge bite zone of the
with no intermediate layers like PE coating which Components on free length Installation method
SSI 2000e anchorage. The stay cable of VSL SSI 2000 saddle features similar multi-barrier protection A VSL stay cable with SSI 2000 saddle is installed by using the strand-
The benefits of saddles are widely accepted but could deteriorate over time.
→→ An outer casing consisting of a steel box and a system to that of VSL SSI 2000: PE sheathed, greased or waxed strands with by-strand installation method, requiring only lightweight equipment.
their general use had been prevented in the past optional galvanization, protected by an outer HDPE pipe. Arrangements on free General steps are:
Consistent friction coefficients in excess of 0.45 are UHPC matrix gives protection against ingress of
by the issues of reduced fatigue performance length with SSI 2000 saddle are standard. Compact arrangements may be used • installation of guide pipes, bearing plates and saddles (prior to concreting)
attained in tests. Results have shown that during water and corrosive agents. After stressing, the
compared to an anchorage system, the risk of for long cables upon request. • Installation of anchorages
construction friction coefficients larger than 0.6 guide voids are injected with a special flexible • erection of stay pipe
fretting corrosion and the inability to install and
can be considered. The amplified friction coefficient gel filler, which gives a reliable seal against • strand-by-strand installation and stressing
replace strand by strand.
combined with the energy dissipating characteristic moisture and oxygen to protect the strands • force adjustment (if required)
inside the saddle from corrosion and fretting • final protection of the anchorages and saddle.
VSL responded to these challenges with the SSI of the soft filler injected in the V-shaped guide hole
makes the VSL saddle suitable for seismic area. fatigue.
2000 Saddle. Individual guiding and encapsulation -> refer to Pages 38 - 39
of the strands allows strand-by-strand installation, Standard arrangement
INDEPENDENTLY GUIDED AND REPLACEABLE CONTROLLED ANGULAR DEVIATIONS AT
inspection and replacement. Injecting the guide
STRANDS SADDLE EXIT
voids with a special, polymerised and bonded
The VSL SSI 2000 Saddle allows single strand Stay cable anchorages and saddles can be subjected
flexible gel filler prevents any ingress of oxygen, VSL SSI Saddle at pylon
installation, inspection and replacement. Strands to significant angular deviations at their exits as a
hence eliminating the risk of fretting corrosion. Components on free length -> see above
can be individually stressed and de-stressed. In result of installation tolerances, vibrations and -> see above
The result is a saddle with fully replaceable strands
the same way that larger anchorage units can variations in cable forces. This could cause gradual
that achieves the same fatigue performance as
have spare strand positions, the saddle can also deterioration of the protective layers of the strand VSL SSI 2000e DR stressing anchorage
standard SSI 2000e anchorages.
incorporate additional guide voids to give the or result in premature fatigue damage. The SSI 2000 -> refer to Pages 20 - 21
option for a future increase in cable capacity. Saddle avoids this by incorporating a well detailed
Main features of the VSL SSI 2000 Saddle are:
exit where each strand is individually deviated
→→ units 6-12 to 6-187 1) with the same characteristics as in a standard
PROVEN FATIGUE PERFORMANCE
→→ use of standard strands Extensive fatigue testing with the VSL SSI 2000 anchorage, without introducing undesirable stress
→→ independently guided and replaceable strands Saddle has been conducted in accordance with fib into the pylon surface.
recommendations, including a full scale test using
For structures with low fatigue ranges, extradosed stay cables with saddles
may be detailed using the components of the VSL post-tensioning system.
-> refer to the VSL Strand Post-Tensioning Systems Brochure
Notes:
NEXT
PREV.

26 27
2 Free length Protection of VSL stay cables at deck level
VSL stay cables feature a choice of different protection levels, ranging from
minimum level (corrosion protection, leak tightness and UV protection) to
cables and the risk of accidental events such as fire and blast. The table
below gives an overview and guideline for the choice of the appropriate
enhanced level including fire and blast protection. The required level of protection system for different type of structures.
protection shall be chosen by the owner based on exposition of the stay
Concept of multi-barrier protection of VSL stays over free length
P0 P1 P2 P3
Relevant stay cable recommendations such as PTI and fib state that An equivalent multiple barrier corrosion protection can be provided with Protection level
Minimum protection Standard protection Standard + Fire Standard + Fire + Blast
corrosion protection shall be provided using at least one external barrier the SSI 2000D system, where uncoated galvanized strands are used and
and one internal barrier. They shall completely encase the main tensile the stay pipe is kept dehumidified below 60% RH preventing the onset Anti-vandalism pipe
Anti-vandalism pipe
elements for the full free length and the anchorage length. If corrosive of corrosion. Anti-vandalism pipe + Deck connection
Elements Deck connection + Deck connection
elements breach the external barrier, the interior barrier will protect + Deck connection + VSL fire protection
+ VSL fire protection
the main tension elements. For protection against environmental and The provisions define a two-stage process for qualification of corrosion + Armor pipe
mechanical effects, the strands of a stay are fully encased in a stay pipe protection systems: →→ Corrosion protection
over the free length. →→ the first process is to establish the effectiveness of proposed barriers →→ Corrosion protection →→ Corrosion protection
→→ Corrosion protection →→ UV resistance
to corrosion and to qualify each proposed barrier for use in the overall →→ UV resistance →→ UV resistance
→→ UV resistance →→ Leak tightness
A corrosion protection system which is composed of multiple barriers system Protection →→ Leak tightness →→ Leak tightness
provides redundancy of corrosion protection. VSL recommends to use →→ Leak tightness →→ Mechanical protection
→→ the second process is to test the corrosion protection system for the (environmental climatic →→ Mechanical protection
galvanized, waxed and PE sheathed strands to provide two fully redundant →→ Mechanical protection →→ Fire protection
assembled cable. The validation is carried out based on a leak-tightness impact) →→ Fire protection
layers of strand protection. However, since VSL stay cable system allows →→ Blast protection
test of the anchorages and defines the acceptance standard for the
replacement of the strands at any point of time during service life of the
cable system being supplied. Cable-stayed bridges located
structure, the provision of zinc coated strands may be considered optional.
in special environments,
Suspended roofs, where Cable-stayed bridges where
Cable-stayed bridges located e.g. when frequently
Type of structure particular mechanical blast protection is required
in standard environments used by dangerous goods
protection is not required for specific security needs.
vehicles or with high failure
consequences
SSI 2000
SSI 2000D
MSI 2000
Dehumidified system
SSI 2000 Saddle
Stay pipe design to control rain and wind induced vibration and minimize wind drag
VSL offers the stay pipes fitted with a continuous helical rib to effectively of choice for exceptionally long cables, special tools are required for its
suppress rain and wind induced vibrations without increasing wind drag installation.
on the cable. Extensive wind tunnel testing at a speed of up to 70 m/s
has been carried out for validation of wind drag coefficient. VSL provides SSI 2000D: the VSL dehumidified system for even lower wind drag.
a variety of stay pipe arrangements featuring the possibility to choose The system maintains all the proven features of the standard SSI 2000 stay
Mechanical & environmental barrier Mechanical & environmental barrier reduced stay pipe diameters, which result in lower wind drag on the stay cable system, while reducing further the cross section of the strand bundle
→→ Stay pipe →→ Stay pipe cable and hence a reduction of wind loads on the structure. by eliminating the sheathing of the strands. The result is the most compact
parallel strand stay cable on the market – a system with fully replaceable
External barrier External barrier
The compact arrangement offers significantly reduced stay pipe individual strands and unrivalled low wind drag.
→→ PE coating →→ Leak tight stay pipe diameters for the same permissible cable load. While this is the system
Interface Interface
→→ Grease or wax →→ Dry air Stay pipe arrangements of VSL stay cable system Comparison of equivalent drag diameter of different types of stays
Equivalent Drag Diameter = O.D. Stay Pipe x Drag Coefficient Cd
Internal barrier Internal barrier
SSI 2000 Cd = 0.6 for SSI 2000 has been determined in wind tunnel testing
→→ Galvanized strand →→ Galvanized strand SSI 2000 SSI 2000D MSI 2000 Cd = 0.8 for PWS is based on typical project specification
Saddle
* PWS = Parallel wire system
Zinc layer Zinc layer
Bare strand Bare strand
Equivalent Drag Diameter (mm)

200 SSI 2000
180
SSI 2000C NEXT
160
Typical PWS
Protective filler PE coating Standard Standard 140 SSI 2000D

arrangement arrangement 120 PREV.
100
Super compact Compact 80

arrangements arrangement 60
40
20
Compact Compact arrangement 0
arrangement upon request 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
Ultimate Cable Capacity (kN)
28 29
The VSL Fire Protection system – developed as a fully integrated component The patented VSL Fire Protection system is designed as a lightweight
and flexible solution for the protection of new and existing cable-stay
INSTALL, INSPECT AND REPLACE
Modular in design, the VSL Fire Protection is easy to install during the
of the VSL stay cable system. systems. The system responds to the needs of fire protection for critical standard cable erection processes, or as a retrofit to existing structures.
infrastructure such as long span road and railway bridges, guyed masts Components are removable for cable system inspection and maintenance
Fire represents one of the most severe threats to the integrity of and towers. and can be easily replaced if damage occurs.
public infrastructure. Until recently, the risk of fire and the potentially
catastrophic effects on cable-stayed and cable-supported structures has The fire protection system is based on the use of double pipes to COMPACT AESTHETICS
been largely ignored, most likely due to lack of in-depth risk assessments. maintain similar features as for the standard system like strand-by-strand The VSL Fire Protection system can be fully integrated into the stay cable
First considerations on fire resistance of stay cables were included in the Protected System Unprotected System replacement and tension adjustment with no need of dismantling of the system with minimum impact on the cable features. This is achieved
2012 revision of “Recommendations for stay cable design, testing and fire protection, and therefore with limited impact on the traffic. It permits through the outer HDPE pipe which provides robustness and durability
installation” by PTI. full pre-assembly of the fire protection on the stay pipe outside of critical against the environment elements while maintaining cable aesthetics.
path, making the installation of cable with fire protection as fast as the
Fuel tankers typically form the fire threat basis, whether it is an intentional cable without fire protection. Furthermore, it makes the fire protection
or accidental event. Hydrocarbon fires resulting from tanker spills typically independent from the cable and therefore does not subject to service load
deformations, which increases the durability. Protected System
burn for up to 2 hours with temperatures of 1100OC and flame heights
between 8-13m. Other risks include ship fires under bridge decks or
hydrocarbon fires caused by standard vehicle accidents. TAILOR-MADE TECHNOLOGY
(LEFT) PROTECTED CABLE (RIGHT) UNPROTECTED CABLE The system is specially designed and tested to fully integrate with the
Certain recent events have highlighted that bridges are sensitive to the VSL stay cable systems. Using composite layering technology the system
effects of thermal loading resulting in major economic impacts and the TESTING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FIRE PROTECTION OF CABLE-STAY is modular and lightweight. Hydrophobic components provide resistance to
endangering of people’s safety. Cable-stayed bridges remain particularly SYSTEMS: moisture and biological growth, promoting system longevity. Unprotected System
vulnerable to the effects of fire due to the potential that numerous cables PTI Recommendations for stay cable design, testing and installation (PTI
can be compromised during a single fire event. DC45.1-12) provides a practical guideline for the testing of a protected EXTREME THERMAL PROTECTION
system. Fire resistance and qualification testing consists of a compulsory Certified to the strictest fire testing requirements, the VSL Fire Protection
The fire threat may also be apparent during construction resulting from a 2 phase test regime. The VSL Fire Protection system is fully compliant with product range offers protection against varying fire scenarios and durations.
cellulosic fuel source. Depsite the fact that such fires are localized, hollow recommendations of PTI for protection durations of 45, 60, 90 minutes and
core elements such as deck structures and pylons induce a chimney effect above. Testing qualification of VSL Fire Protection in accordance with UL1709 Hydrocarbon
temperature-time curve
resulting in high exposure temperature to extended number of potentially
vulnerable cable anchorages.
Risk mitigation in snow and ice conditions

Outer pipe HDPE stay pipe INCREASING USER SAFETY BY PREVENTING SHEDDING OF LARGE ICE →→ Profiles lead to compartmentation with varying ice thickness and pre-
Solid pipe for new stays and PARTICLES FROM BRIDGE CABLES ON THE CARRIAGEWAY determined weak areas reducing size of ice particles by up to 90%
double pipes for existing stays To address the safety concerns of VSL’s clients about shedding of snow →→ Lower impact energy when particles hit objects (windscreens of cars)
and ice on the carriageway of cable-supported bridges, VSL developed in
→→ Controlled de-icing in combination with an active de-icing system
VSL fire protection Strand bundle cooperation with renowned experts an innovative design of rib patterns on
blanket stay pipes, which not only assists in control of snow and ice accretion but
also improves mitigation against rain-wind induced vibration.
The uniquely designed protruding strakes of the stay pipe modify the
Typical section on free length way snow and ice accumulates on the cables. The accreted ice layer is
fragmented, which is highly beneficial during the melting and shedding
process of snow and ice. Furthermore, the surface profile retains ice in
Free length with modular fire protection a controlled manner and allows targeted de-icing when necessary. As an
blankets and outer HDPE pipe additional benefit, the new design delivers improved rain-wind stability by Ice shedding from stay pipes with the innovative rib patterns compared with the traditional helical rib
spraying off any water rivulets forming at the surface.
Transition zone, damper MAIN FEATURES OF THE VSL DE-ICING SYSTEM FOR CONTROL OF
movement accommodated SNOW AND ICE ACCRETION
→→ Superior rain-wind stability NEXT
→→ Drag coefficient not higher than the traditional helical fillet despite
PREV.
increased height
Damper Zone, →→ Reduced ice accretion due to spray-off effect (precipitation icing) Rain spray off from stay pipes
with the innovative rib patterns

Anti-vandalism pipe shells clad →→ Tall concave rib with short spacing mitigates risk of ice-shedding by
with fire protection system retaining ice longer at pipe surface and allowing gradual melting
30 31
Colour mix for high performance stay pipe VSL LEDsPLAY®: turning bridges into spectacular displays
VSL offers now the choice of eight standard colours allowing owners and under laboratory conditions and real time climatic exposure tests at VSL has developed an unprecedented LED lighting concept for →→ An external solution, fitted for new or existing cable structures. It
designers to select what fits best their unique structures, ranging from representative locations around the globe. The entire production process stay cables, turning a bridge into a highly visible 3D screen for features LEDs pods, which are secured around the stay pipe using a
bright red and yellow over varied shades of grey to blue and white. from raw material selection to pipe production is being fully controlled by use as an attractive medium for the versatile display of unique patented meshing arrangement.
Customized colours are available on request. VSL applying the strictest quality processes. light shows and informational messages. By bringing together
technical solutions and services, VSL helps owners to make their VSL has developed both solutions complying with international
Particular focus has been put on the long term behaviour of the bridges must-see landmarks in the hearts of cities. recommendations associated to stay cables. VSL LEDsPLAY® system
HDPE material with the combination of accelerated weathering test includes features to address specific mechanical and thermal behaviour
VSL has developed a portfolio of dimmable LED stay cable systems under of cables, while ensuring its functionalities as a giant screen. In addition
the trademark VSL LEDsPLAY® with durable, weatherproof and replaceable to its high durability and easy maintenance, VSL LEDsPLAY® stay cable
LED modules installed on the HDPE stay pipe. system is compact.
VSL LEDsPLAY® is available in two versions addressing the specific VSL LEDsPLAY® complements a wide range of stay pipe designs offered by
requirements of any stay cable projects: VSL to accommodate various clients’ expectations while maintaining all SSI
→→ An integrated solution where LEDs are located directly within the 2000 benefits with respect to strand-by-strand installation, durability and
envelop of the HDPE stay pipe. It is suitable for particularly exposed maintenance.
cables, for which wind loading is critical.
Gold color stay pipes Red color stay pipes White color stay pipes
(Industrial Ring Road, Bangkok) (Sucharskiego Bridge, Poland) (Neva Bridge, Russia)
Signal White Light Grey Traffic Grey Blue Grey

RAL 9003 RAL 7035 RAL 7042 RAL 7031
Mock-up of the dimmable LED stay cable system
NEXT
Traffic Red Traffic Yellow Sky Blue Signal Black
RAL 3020 RAL 1023 RAL 5015 RAL 9005 Integrated solution External solution PREV.

Due to printing variations the colours indicated on this colour chart are offered as guidance only and should not be relied upon as a true representation of the actual colour of the finish. For colour verification, request
an actual sample in the colour and texture prior to ordering materials.
32 33
3 VSL solutions for vibration control
THE THREE MAIN ELEMENTS OF BOTH
DAMPING SYSTEMS ARE:
MODELING OF VIBRATION EFFECTS incorporated into the SSI 2000 System as internal dampers, fully protected
Current recommendations for stay cables issued by the various international inside the anti-vandalism pipe.
bodies require a project-specific assessment of the dynamic effects.
However, the mechanisms of dynamic excitation are a particularly complex The external components and shapes are identical for both systems, Protective collar
phenomena and their reliable prediction is difficult. VSL uses analytical even though they adopt different approaches to dissipating the vibration The moving damper part connects to the stay cable with a
tools that have been developed in collaboration with internationally- energy. Thanks to their identical cover designs, both types of damper collar fitted with a protective neoprene ring ensuring lasting
renowned experts in the field. These tools simulate the cable’s response can be installed easily on the same structure without introducing visual protection of the main tensile element of the cable.
under combined excitation effects while applying different stability criteria differences.
that allow estimation of the vibration risks and any additional damping
required. With these tools, VSL can therefore assist designers in assessing TRIED AND TESTED
the risk of cable vibrations and propose suitable mitigation measures for VSL dampers have demonstrated their outstanding performance in a series
new bridges as well as existing bridges as retrofit measures. of comparative tests on full-scale samples conducted by organizations Modular dissipative element
such as Shanghai’s Tongji University, Hong Kong Highways Department and It is inspectable and replaceable on site with minimum impact
METHODS OF CONTROLLING VIBRATIONS Korea Expressway Corporation, as well as on site. on bridge operation using light tools and equipment.
Modern cable-stayed structures with ever increasing span range have to
accommodate increased dynamic demands on their cables. VSL’s response EXTREMELY DURABLE
to this requirement includes the use of following devices: In addition to their high efficiency, the common qualities of both damper
→→ Stay pipe profiles systems are their adaptability, great durability and low maintenance costs. Stiff and integrated damper support
The stay pipes of the VSL SSI 2000 cable are supplied with helical ribs The outstanding durability and long-term performance is achieved by The VSL Damper supports are integrated into the guide pipe
minimizing number of movable parts, which reduces the wear and tear, and which is part of the main structure to provide a stiff support
for effective control of the risk of rain-wind induced vibrations while
utilizing dissipation mechanisms that employ stable solid materials instead for maximum performance.
minimising the increase in wind drag. VSL also offers alternative stay
pipe profiles as an enhanced feature with higher rain-wind induced of fluids. This approach makes VSL dampers significantly more robust than
stability and additional provision for controlled removal of snow and other damper systems.
ice. Their shape and dimensions have been optimised and validated in
wind tunnel tests. EASY MAINTENANCE
The damper configurations provide an easy access for inspection and
→→ Additional damping devices
maintenance operations. All components can be dismantled and/or
The most versatile means of controlling vibrations is to increase the
structural damping ratio of the cable by installing additional damping
replaced on site using light tools and equipment, with minimum impact on VSL Friction Damper VSL Rubber Damper
the bridge’s operation.
devices. VSL offers two damping solutions for stay cables: the VSL
Friction damper and the VSL Rubber damper. TWO SYSTEMS COVER THE FULL RANGE OF REQUIREMENTS
VERSATILE
Both damper types are optimized for use as internal dampers, fully Both types of VSL dampers, VSL Friction damper and Rubber damper, are
The two dampers complement each other and allow implementation of widely recognized for their high damping performance, outstanding durability
protected inside the VSL SSI 2000 anti-vandalism pipe, but they can also
the most appropriate solution, considering the characteristics of the stay and low maintenance.
easily be adapted for retrofitting solutions or use as external dampers
cables, the types of critical vibrations and the required performance.
if required. They can be attached to both parallel strand systems (PSS) The VSL Friction damper is a highly efficient and durable damper for more
or parallel wire systems (PWS). They can be fitted on new structures or critical applications, such as long cables or structures with an increased risk
FULLY INTEGRATED FOR ENHANCED AESTHETICS
retrofitted to existing ones. of vibration.
The compact and highly-efficient nature of VSL Friction damper and Rubber
damper allows installation close to the deck anchorage where they are The VSL Rubber damper is a modular and robust damper optimised for short
to medium length stay cables with moderate damping requirements and for
extradosed cables.
Penang second crossing bridge, Malaysia - 2017, all 144 cables are equipped with VSL Rubber dampers.
ACCURATE ADAPTATION TO MEET DAMPING REQUIREMENTS

For both dampers, the heart of the damping system is made up of modular
VSL SERVICES →→ Full integration of two different damper types into the VSL SSI 2000 dissipative elements that are fully adaptable to all cable sizes.
→→ Analysis of stability risk system
For VSL Friction dampers, the performance can be fine-tuned once installed by
→→ Proposal of mitigation measures, including provision of dampers →→ Retrofitting solutions for existing strand and parallel wire cables NEXT
adjusting the friction force without dismantling the damper.
→→ Estimation of the behaviour of the damper-equipped cables, taking into →→ Fine-tuning of damping devices after installation to match the actual
characteristics of cable and structure For VSL Rubber dampers, the number of pads required is based on the dynamic PREV.
account excitation by aerodynamic effects and structural coupling
characteristics of the cable.
→→ Design, fabrication, workshop testing, supply and installation of a choice

of two different damper systems
Forth Crossing Bridge, United Kingdom - 2017, all 288 cables are equipped with VSL Friction dampers.
34 35
VSL Friction damper VSL Rubber damper
Composite pad Sliding plate
Collar Oscillation movement

Spring blades
Collar
Oscillation movement
High damping
rubber pads
Fixed support
Fixed support
connected to guide pipe
Friction damper installed prior to covering with anti-

vandalism protection VSL Rubber damper: modular design for varying numbers of HRD pads
DISSIPATING ENERGY THROUGH FRICTION performance. Once activated, the damper achieves its maximum damping SHEAR DEFORMATION OF HIGH DAMPING RUBBER The VSL Rubber damper requires only minimum maintenance during its
The patented VSL Friction damper applies the same principles used in effect immediately and dissipates the cable’s energy very efficiently to The heart of the VSL Rubber damper is a high damping rubber (HDR) operating life. This allows the damper to be placed if necessary even at the
disc brakes, dissipating the energy through friction generated between prevent any further excitation and ensure that the cable never reaches material, which dissipates the kinetic energy of the vibration by shear pylon where maintenance access is difficult and expensive.
two friction partners. The first partner is a pair of sliding discs which is large amplitudes. deformation of specially-designed pads. Each damper consists of a series
connected via a collar to the tensile member of the stay. It is sandwiched These specific characteristics make VSL Friction damper the perfect of pads mounted between a collar attached to the tensile element of the HIGHLY DEFORMABLE
by the second partner, which consists of a specially developed composite solution for any cable, but in particular for long cables on structures with stay cable and a fixed support rigidly connected to the guide pipe. The damper pads, including the interface between the HDR and the
pad supported by a pair of spring blades that are connected to the external an especially high damping demand or risk of parametric excitation. mounting plates, have been designed to accommodate large deformations
structure of the guide pipe. The HDR can withstand large shear deformations and can also cater for without damage. The dissipated energy per shear cycle even increases
ADJUSTABLE DAMPING CAPACITY significant deformation under tension or compression without affecting with increasing deformation. The maximum permissible deformation is
HIGH PERFORMANCE AND OUTSTANDING EFFICIENCY The contact force of the pads is controlled by elastic deformation of the its damping properties. This allows longitudinal movements between the considerably in excess of the actual movements occurring in the damper.
The VSL Friction damper provides high performance for critical cases or spring blades of which the required stiffness depends on the dynamic cable and support to be accommodated entirely within the HDR, which This results in very high durability and fatigue resistance.
where the damper has to be placed close to the deck anchorage relative characteristics of the cable. The spring blades are also designed to avoids the need for additional hinged or sliding interfaces that would affect
to the overall length of the cable. The dampers can be easily integrated accommodate longitudinal movements of the cable while maintaining the damping ratio. INDEPENDENT OF VIBRATION MODE AND AMPLITUDE
into the anti-vandalism protection near the deck level. The result is an the constant friction force. Varying the stiffness of the blades allows The behaviour of the VSL Rubber damper can be modelled as a combined
aesthetically-pleasing solution that does not compromise the performance. adjustment of damping characteristics for each installation. TAILOR-MADE PERFORMANCE device consisting of a spring, a friction member and a viscous element all
The damper performance depends purely on the damping characteristics contained in the HDR pad. This makes the damping performance of the VSL
UNAFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE OTHER BENEFITS OF THE VSL FRICTION DAMPER: of the rubber pads and can be adjusted for each structure by varying Rubber damper largely independent of the vibration mode and amplitude.
The damper’s insensitivity to temperature changes results in friction →→ Convenient access for inspection and maintenance the number and type of pads. The damper performs at its best on short It is also not sensitive to temperature variation and frequency.
characteristics that are very stable throughout a wide temperature range. to medium length cables. Its performance can be further enhanced by
→→ Easy fine tuning of the damping performance on site by adjustment of
The chosen materials ensure well controlled behaviour with no stick-slip increasing the distance between the damper and anchorage or by installing GREAT SIMPLICITY
the friction force without the need to dismantle the damper
effect at the friction interface. a second damper at the pylon. The damper is modular, with the number of pads required depending on the
→→ Retrofitting on any existing stay cable (strand or parallel wire) on dynamic characteristics of the cable. The simple and versatile system can
EXCELLENT DURABILITY structures where unexpected cable vibrations have been observed DURABILITY WITHOUT MAINTENANCE be easily adapted to any cable size whether for installation on new bridges
The VSL Friction damper achieves an excellent long-term performance →→ All components can be replaced on site The high-damping rubber pads have a long design life and excellent fatigue or retrofitting of existing bridges.
by being designed to work only when needed. It comes into action once →→ Damping characteristics independent of temperature variations, cable resistance. Accelerated ageing tests have demonstrated a life expectancy
the displacement reaches a level that is considered critical for the cable’s movements or vibration modes and amplitudes. of 60 years and the pads have sustained 10 million load cycles during
fatigue testing.
theoretical damping
Based on the high performance

Ratio to maximal
VSL Friction Damper

measured during several full-scale NEXT
jmax=x/(2L)
Various viscous dampers

tests, the VSL Friction damper can be
available in the market
considered amongst the most efficient
passive damping devices for mitigation PREV.
of stay cable vibration (Cable Dynamic 50% = 20mm 100% = 40mm 200% = 80mm 300% = 120mm
Symposium Vienna 2007, proceedings, 100 %
Behavior Comparison of Cable Dampers

of Full-scale Experiment, S.S. Ahn, J.H
Park, S.H. Lee, C.M. Park). Performances
have surpassed 100% of the theoretical
maximum damping that can be provided
by a passive damping system to a stay
cable. 1% Amplitude of vibration
expressed as a ratio Hysteresis of a VSL Friction damper under varying shear displacement
of the cable lenght Hysteresis of a VSL Rubber damper under varying shear displacement
36 37
4 Strand-by-strand method The main advantages of the VSL strand-by-strand system
installation
→→ Light weight shop prefabricated anchorages can be pre-installed
during deck and pylon construction
for installation of cables

→→ Absolute flexibility to adjust the cable length during construction to →→ Easy second stage stressing with mono-strand jacks, providing greater
address variations in the bridge geometry or late changes to the deck flexibility to designers and contractors by avoiding the relocation of
erection methodology heavy stressing and access equipment
→→ No requirement for provision of off-site prefabrication facilities →→ Improved site safety due to reduced component weights and simplified
→→ No significant additional construction loads on the partially-completed access arrangements
structure as light and compact equipment is used. →→ Full replacement of cables
The strand-by-strand installation methods developed by VSL offer maximum flexibility and can →→ Fast erection cycle with partial and staged installation of cables for →→ Full strand-by-strand replacement during construction and during
light composite deck assembly service
be adapted to specific needs. →→ No additional requirement on the project’s critical path for the use →→ Fully compatible with the VSL SSI 2000 Saddle
of tower and deck cranes during cable erection, thus reducing the
risk of delay
A MATCHING SADDLE The VSL AMS system provides fully automatic control, recording and data
The VSL SSI 2000 Saddle has been specifically designed to allow application management for the stressing operation on site. Specialist procedures
of the same strand-by-strand principles for installation, inspection and are implemented to ensure an equal final force in all strands and safe
replacement of the stay cables. All strands are individually encapsulated anchoring of low cable forces at intermediate stressing stages. The system
and guided within the saddle assembly, which combines the advantages of a provides absolute freedom to engineers to specify stressing either to a
saddle solution with the benefits of a strand-by-strand installation method. cable force or cable elongation, depending on the characteristics of the
structure. Final force tuning of the completed cables is carried out by
SPECIALIST EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES mono-strand jack only. If lowering of cable forces during construction is
The continuous stay pipe is welded on site from elements of standard unavoidable, compact multi-strand jacks have to be used. A ring nut is
length. The strands are delivered to site in compact coils and are installed provided on the stressing anchorage to allow a reduction in the cable force
one by one using a small winch system. They are individually stressed by if necessary without re-gripping the strand.
a lightweight mono-strand jack from either the deck or the pylon end.
Mersey Gateway Bridge, United Kingdom - 2017: Strand by strand installation
Since parallel strand stay cable systems are assembled on site, it is of AN OPTIMISED SOLUTION TO STREAMLINE COMPLEX BRIDGE
utmost importance for achieving a lasting high quality product, that site ERECTION CYCLES
work is carried out by specialised VSL staff thoroughly trained in all stay The equipment can be handled manually at the anchorage location inside
VSL Automatic Monostrand Stressing (AMS) system The three towering pylons of Wuhan 27 Bridge in China stand Tisza Bridge, Hungary – 2010: VSL SSI 2000 Saddle
cable operations from delivery to final adjustment. VSL has developed an or outside the pylons, whatever their shapes. The strand reels are light The AMS system provides fully-automatic control and recording of the stressing 209m high and support the two main 616m spans together
extensive set of procedures and specific equipment. VSL is also conducting and compact compared with prefabricated cables and can be easily lifted, operation and management of all relevant stressing data. The system allows with two side spans of 250m, bringing the bridge’s total length
stay cable certification courses at the VSL Academy to ensure that VSL transported and handled. This renders the cable installation largely absolute flexibility in defining the stressing parameters to achieve either a to 1,732m.
required cable force or cable elongation.
systems are installed to the same quality across the globe. VSL, by working independent of the logistics of deck and pylon construction. As a significant
as a full scope subcontractor for supply and installation works, is able part of the installation can be carried out off the critical path, tower crane Flexible erection cycles
to provide the fastest installation needed for the construction and the usage is reduced, resulting in cost and program savings. Lightweight equipment with
independence from heavy NEXT
longest durability expected by the bridge owner. craneage permits to overlap
THE PREFERRED OPTION FOR CABLE INSPECTION OR REPLACEMENT stay cable work with other
deck construction activities PREV.
All VSL SSI 2000 cables are installed strand-by-strand using extremely UNDER TRAFFIC and reduces the number of
compact equipment and can be inspected and replaced if ever necessary in The compact equipment allows for inspection and replacement of the activities on the critical path.
the same manner during construction and during service life. entire stay cable with minimum impact on the bridge traffic, as a single The cable installation activities Mandal Bridge, India –

can be easily adapted to match 2016: VSL supplies link
lane closure is typically sufficient to provide a safe working space. the requirements of the deck members with brackets for
construction cycle. installation of VSL SSI 2000
system
38 39
Life cycle management, monitoring,
VSL developed a fully integrated technology based on a high-speed fieldbus MAINTENANCE
5 network on site and the latest secured Internet technology to transfer and
give access to the data to both client and designer. The fieldbus system
The organization of the maintenance program depends on the design of
the stay cable system and particularly on the considered design life for the
maintenance, repair and retrofit

allows adding, replacing or removing sensors at any time with affordable system and its components. The design life of the stay cable can only be
hardware cost. Checking of the system can be made off-site reducing also achieved if the cable stays are appropriately maintained.
the maintenance cost of the instrumentation.
VSL proposes 2 types of maintenance operations: common and specialized
EVALUATION OF DATA FROM INSPECTION AND INSTRUMENTATION operation. The common operation such as cleaning, tightening of bolts,
AND PLANNING OF FOLLOW-UP ACTIONS replacement of secondary components, etc. can be conduced by local
Provided with the data from inspection and instrumentation, the engineer can: teams. The specialized operation such as cable force measurement and
→→ assess the necessity for renewal of corrosion protection systems and/or adjustment, renewal of corrosion protection, repair of stay pipe and strand
replacement of elements sheathing, and partial or total replacement of stay cable components must
be conducted by VSL specialists.
VSL stay cables, a sustainable solution →→ instrumentation →→ assess the actions and their effects
→→ evaluation of data from inspection and instrumentation and planning →→ assess the state of fatigue Maintenance access is of main importance but sometimes not sufficiently
Since all components of VSL stay cables are carefully designed and detailed for follow-up actions
to meet the most stringent durability criteria, replacement of components →→ forecast the probable evolution of the bridge. taken in account during the project preparation. In general, three types of
is unlikely with proper implementation of VSL’s recommended inspection →→ maintenance. access shall be considered: permanent access on the structure, inspection
and maintenance plans. However, in cases that stays may get damaged VSL can assist the engineer in the interpretation of the data and if access and maintenance and repair access. During the design stage of a
due to extreme environmental events or by accidents, the VSL stay cable INSPECTION required the fine-tuning of the monitoring strategy and/or the planning of bridge, VSL can assist the engineer to properly define access required for
system is fully replaceable without requiring modifications to the structure. VSL suggests the following inspection plans: maintenance interventions to ensure the intended usage of the bridge for inspection and maintenance operations.
→→ A simple visual inspection every year (this visit can be combined with the its residual life span.
In addition, the modular nature of the VSL stay cable system helps to normal maintenance of the bridge)
reduce the environmental impact of maintenance operations by minimizing →→ Periodic inspection every three years
the amount of discarded parts generated when they have to be replaced →→ Detailed examination every six years
during the structure’s life cycle.
The annual visit should be made by the client or by the qualified inspection
VSL’s tools for monitoring solutions
Life cycle management of structures company. It is recommended that the inspection for the third and the sixth
years includes inspection specialists and cable stay specialists. VSL offers VSL’s Vibratest for inspection of stay cables and dampers VSL’s load cells
The structures are designed for specific functions in a defined environment. full inspection services.
During the service life of a structure, the functions and the environmental Cable forces and cable damping values are very important both during and Alternatively, VSL can equip cable with single strand load cells for
conditions may change such as the increase in axle loadings and the severity If an unexpected phenomena is noticed during inspection services, additional after construction. VSL offers vibration measurement tools to quickly and assessment of cable forces during construction and service life. Equipping
of the weather and pollution, which can result in potential unexpected actions can be planned to keep the performance of the structures in line efficiently determine cable forces and damping characteristics. cables with these devices allows collection of all the necessary data to
and serious deterioration problems of some elements. Consequently, for with the design life cycle. optimize maintenance, validate design assumptions, diagnose mechanisms
each major structure, there is a need to have an organised management Vibratest allows high-accuracy determination of cable forces and damping of deterioration and detect damage at an early stage
and maintenance system to evaluate conditions of the structure in its INSTRUMENTATION values by vibration measurements. It offers real-time analysis with easy-
environment and to plan the maintenance activities and funding to ensure Structural instrumentation of bridges requires simultaneous measurements to-use graphical interface. It is also very compact and thus can be easily
unrestricted usage of the structure without major interruptions during its of actions on the bridge and effects of these actions. It typically includes used on site to detect any change in the stay cable’s behaviour and the
entire life time. measurements of: damper efficiency through periodical measurements.
→→ wind and weather
The management and maintenance system can be defined as per fib
Bulletin 17 or Swiss SIA 469 standard which outline the methodology for →→ traffic
monitoring and maintenance activities as an integral part of a general →→ seismic action
management plan and the remedial actions for repair or retrofit. →→ prestressing and stay cable force
→→ deck and pylon displacement
VSL can propose a life cycle management strategy so that it is possible to
detect deterioration of stay components at early stage during inspection →→ ground movements
and thus appropriate maintenance intervention can be taken to mitigate →→ cable vibration.
the problems. Major repair and retrofit measures can be avoided.
The same instrumentation is applicable to the whole structure or to particular VSL load test
The clients can benefit from VSL’s expertise in providing professional elements selected by the client (stay cables, dampers, bearings, etc.).
advice on appropriate management plan including monitoring systems and
maintenance programs for the structures. The objective of instrumentation is to help the clients in the monitoring
and maintenance of their bridges and their stay cables. VSL can propose VSL Vibratest set-up and testing NEXT
a tailor-made instrumentation packages, which may include provision of

Monitoring and Maintenance accelerometers, wind and rain sensors, load cells, temperature sensors, PREV.
The monitoring and maintenance package for cable-stayed bridges covers: smoothly integrated into the VSL stay cable system. Such offers are
complementary to the standard design, supply and installation package

→→ definition of monitoring and maintenance strategy
generally offered by VSL.
→→ inspection
40 41
Repair and retrofit →→ stay pipe replacement
→→ partial or total replacement of a stay cable
Main reasons for deterioration of stay cables of older bridges are fatigue,
corrosion, mechanical damage and excessive vibration. VSL can offer tailor- →→ replacements of cross cables.
made repair and retrofit measures to suit the specific requirements for
the bridge. VIBRATION
If on an existing bridge, cables are subjected to excessive vibration, VSL
CHALLENGES IN REPAIR AND RETROFIT is able to retrofit such cables with either the VSL Friction damper or VSL
The main challenges in repair and retrofit are: Rubber damper. VSL dampers are suitable for any kind of stay cables.
→→ control of vibration and fatigue issues associated with vibrations REPLACEMENT OF STAY CABLES
→→ assessment of conditions of stay cable elements, especially of older In addition to traditional repair and retrofit works, VSL has the capability
Technical data
systems which include cement grout or epoxy fillers, at reasonable cost to offer replacement of defective or corroded stay cables by modern stay
and with reasonable confidence cables consisting of individually protected strands that are simple to
→→ control and elimination of moisture and corrosion inside cable components. monitor, re-tension and to replace if ever necessary.
for the VSL

→→ definition of safe and efficient methods and procedures to replace
existing cables or cable components FIRE PROTECTION
In a changing security environment, there is a significant need to improve
→→ proper and safe access for inspection of cables.
the resilience of existing cable-stayed structures by adding fire protection.
TECHNICAL DATA FOR THE VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

stay cable systems
VSL can provide full design & build services for such works applying its
REPAIR AND RETROFITTING INTERVENTIONS
fully tested and certified proprietary system. VSL is an ideal partner for
The repair and retrofit measures for cable-stayed bridges include:
such work since it has a well tested fire protection system which is suitable
→→ cable force measurement for new and existing stay cable bridges of any kind.
→→ adjustment of the cable force (re-tensioning or de-tensioning). Change
of locked-in cable forces is however unusual and does often indicate PROVISION FOR REMOVAL OF ACCRETION OF ICE AND SNOW ON
the structure has more fundamental short comings which need to be STAY PIPES
addressed by the design engineer. In cold countries with high humidity or snow fall, ice can form on stay
→→ renewal of corrosion protection pipes and drop down once the temperature increases. The falling of
large ice particles onto the bridge carriageway presents an exceptionally
→→ stay pipe repair
high safety risk to vehicles and people using the bridge. The engineering
→→ strand sheath repair community has only recently learned that measures need to be taken to
→→ guide deviator replacement manage such risks to avoid accidents. VSL is able to propose solutions for
→→ replacement or installation of damping system existing bridges, which minimizes the size of falling ice particles and allow
a fast controlled removal with minimum traffic interference.
→→ strand replacement
Site insight
STAY CABLE REPLACEMENT OF CHING CHAU MIN
JIANG BRIDGE, FUZHOU, CHINA – 2002
Severe damage occurred during a typhoon to some
stay pipes and strands. Since stay pipes were damaged,
it was not possible to just replace the damaged
strands but the entire cables had to be removed and
replaced. Removal was achieved in reversed sequence
to the single strand installation. NEXT
PREV.
MONITORING OF RADES LA GOULETTE BRIDGE,

TUNISIA – 2010
The Rades-la-Goulette bridge is being monitored by
the Tunisian administration using VSL instrumentation.
The extradosed cables are made up of 37 strands
passing through a saddle in the pylon and anchored
in the deck with VSL anchorages. Eight of the 16 stays
are equipped with VSL load cells to monitor the forces
in the stays.
42
Technical data
for the VSL stay cable systems
In this chapter, VSL gives all the technical data for every component of its VSL stay cable systems.
ANCHORAGE ARRANGEMENTS AND STAY PIPE OPTIONS P. 46-47
VSL SSI 2000

• Main dimensions of systems P. 48-51
• Integration of systems into the structures
VSL MSI 2000 P. 52
VSL SSI 2000 SADDLE P. 53
VSL DAMPER P. 54 NEXT
PREV.
VSL FIRE PROTECTION P. 55

45
1 Anchorage arrangements Anchorage and stay pipe options
The following matrix shows possible combination of anchorage arrangements and free length for the four VSL stay cable systems:
and stay pipe options Type of Cables
Stays with Stays dehumidified Stays with saddles Stays with clevis
Stay anchorage arrangements anchorages at top with anchorages at top at one or both ends
and bottom at top and bottom
Depending on how cable forces are introduced into pylon and deck or on what kind of protection levels are specified at deck level, a suitable arrangement (normal corrosion (special corrosion
is selected: protection) protection)
--> refer to page 20-21 --> refer to page 22-23 --> refer to page 26-27 --> refer to page 24-25
Type of anchorage
T1, T2, T3 / B1, B2, B3 T1 / B2 T4 / B1, B2 T5 / B4
arrangement
Cable unit 6-12 – 6-187 1) 6-12 – 6-187 1) 6-12 – 6-169 1) 6-3 – 6-109 1)
Pylon MSI 2000 DR
Adjustable anchorage SSI 2000e DR SSI 2000D DR SSI 2000e DR
SSI 2000e DR
T3 (outside with steel Fixed anchorage SSI 2000e DS SSI 2000D DS NA MSI 2000 DS
Type of
T1 (inside) T2 (overlapped) bracket and link1)) T4 (saddle) T5 (clevis) anchorages Saddle NA NA SSI 2000 Saddle NA
Additional feature at deck:
→→ Anti-vandalism pipe VSL AVP
→→ Damper VSL FD or VSL RD
Basic →→ Fire protection VSL FP
PE coated waxed
Type of strands / greased black or Galvanized PE coated waxed / greased black or galvanized
B1 (below B2 (inside) B3 (above) B4 (clevis) galvanized
Stay pipe
→→ Diameter Standard / Compact Super compact Standard / Compact Compact
With Details available Free length
→→ Helical ribs Optional
Dampers upon request
→→ De-icing system Optional
B1D B2D B3D →→ Dimmable LED system Optional

Deck
→→ Colours Optional
Abbreviations:
With Fire Details available AVP: Anti vandalism pipe NEXT
Protection upon request FP: Fire Protection
FD: Friction Damper PREV.
RD: Rubber Damper

B1F B2F B3F

With
Dampers This technical brochure, ’VSL SSI 2000 Stay Cable Systems‘, gives an overview of the available stay cable systems and their fields of application.
Details available
and The current VSL SSI 2000 stay cable systems are the results of more than 60 years of experience and continuous research and development. The
upon request
Fire information published in this brochure may be subject to changes without prior notice. Local VSL representatives can assist in providing latest
Protection information.
B1DF B2DF B3DF
(1) A link member with bracket is not a stay system component. It is therefore normally designed and detailed by the engineer of record. However, VSL can provide dimensions and supply upon request. (1) Bigger units available on request.
46 47
2 VSL SSI 2000
Main dimensions of systems
SSI 2000e DS FIXED ANCHORAGE FREE LENGTH SSI 2000e DR STRESSING ANCHORAGE
DS ANCHORAGE CABLE
BREAKING
LOAD AT
ADMISSIBLE
LOAD AT
ADMISSIBLE
LOAD AT
HORIZONTAL
FORCE ON CABLE STANDARD
STAY PIPE
COMPACT SUPER COMPACT
DR ANCHORAGE
UNIT 100% GUTS 50% GUTS 60% GUTS GUIDE DEVIATOR UNIT ØS / thk ØS / thk ØS / thk
[kN] (1) [kN] (2) [kN] (3) [kN] (8) [mm] (4) [mm] (4) (6) [mm] (5) (6)
6-12 3,348 1,674 2,009 50 6-12 125 / 4.9 110 / 4.3 90 / 4.3
6-19 5,301 2,651 3,181 80 6-19 140 / 5.4 125 / 4.9 110 / 4.3
6-22 6,138 3,069 3,683 92 6-22 160 / 6.2 125 / 4.9 110 / 4.3
6-27 7,533 3,767 4,520 113 6-27 160 / 6.2 140 / 5.4 125 / 4.9
6-31 8,649 4,325 5,189 130 6-31 160 / 6.2 140 / 5.4 125 / 4.9
6-37 10,323 5,126 6,194 155 6-37 180 / 5.6 160 / 6.2 140 / 5.4
6-43 11,997 5,999 7,198 180 6-43 200 / 6.2 180 / 5.6 160 / 6.2
6-55 15,345 7,673 9,207 230 6-55 200 / 6.2 180 / 5.6 160 / 6.2
6-61 17,019 8,510 10,211 255 6-61 225 / 7.0 200 / 6.2 180 / 5.6
6-73 20,367 10,184 12,220 306 6-73 250 / 7.8 210 / 6.6 200 / 6.2
6-85 23,715 11,858 14,229 356 6-85 250 / 7.8 225 / 7.0 200 / 6.2
6-91 25,389 12,695 15,233 381 6-91 280 / 8.7 250 / 7.8 225 / 7.0
6-109 30,411 15,206 18,247 456 6-109 315 / 9.8 280 / 8.7 225 / 7.0
6-127 35,433 17,717 21,260 531 6-127 315 / 9.8 280 / 8.7 250 / 7.8
6-139 38,781 19,391 23,269 582 6-139 315 / 9.8 - (10) - (10)
6-151 42,129 21,065 25,277 632 6-151 355 / 11.1 - (10) - (10)
6-169 47,151 23,576 28,291 707 6-169 355 / 11.1 - (10) - (10)
6-187 (9) 52,173 26,087 31,304 783 6-187 (9) 400 / 12.3 - (10) - (10)
DEVIATION DS - FIXED END DS - FIXED END DR - STRESSING END DR - STRESSING END

CABLE DEVICE BEARING PLATE GUIDE PIPE SSI 2000e (4) / SSI 2000D (5) CABLE BEARING PLATE GUIDE PIPE SSI 2000e (4) / SSI 2000D (5)
UNIT K1 K2 L dev (min) G2 J2 ØR2 ØQ2 / thk ØB2 D2 ØE2 ØT2 U2 UNIT G1 J1 ØR1 ØQ1 / thk ØB1 ØC1 D1 ØE1 L1 SSI 2000e L1 SSI 2000D ØT1 U1
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] (7) [mm] (7) [mm] [mm] (7) [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] (12) [mm] (12) [mm] (7) [mm] (7) [mm] [mm] (7) [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] (11) [mm] [mm] (12) [mm] (12)
6-12 160 60 800 260 35 150 177.8 / 4.5 190 300 144 219 300 6-12 290 30 196 219.1 / 6.3 190 230 330 177,8 535 / - 35 250 440
6-19 180 100 1100 335 50 182 219.1 / 6.3 230 300 176 250 300 6-19 355 35 241 267 / 6.3 235 285 355 219,1 535 / - 35 310 450
NEXT
6-22 210 100 1250 355 50 202 219.1 / 6.3 250 300 196 273 300 6-22 385 40 261 298.5 / 7.1 255 310 360 244,5 535 / - 35 330 450
6-27 210 120 1350 380 50 216 244.5 / 6.3 270 300 210 300 300 6-27 425 40 281 323.9 / 7.1 275 335 390 244,5 540 / 740 35 355 470
6-31 210 120 1450 415 60 226 244.5 / 6.3 280 300 220 310 300 6-31 440 45 291 323.9 / 7.1 285 350 410 273 540 / 740 35 370 480 PREV.
6-37 210 120 1600 455 70 250 273 / 6.3 310 300 244 340 300 6-37 485 50 316 355.6 / 8 310 380 440 298,5 540 / 740 35 406 490
6-43 210 140 1850 505 75 280 323.9 / 7.1 340 300 274 370 300 6-43 540 55 356 406.4 / 8.8 350 425 450 323,9 540 / 740 35 457 500
6-55 260 140 1950 550 75 290 323.9 / 7.1 380 300 284 406 300 6-55 585 60 391 419 / 10 385 470 490 368 540 / 740 35 508 520
6-61 260 160 2150 585 85 316 355.6 / 8 390 315 310 420 315 6-61 600 65 391 419 / 10 385 470 530 368 540 / 740 35 508 555

6-73 290 180 2350 650 95 346 406.4 / 8.8 435 330 340 457 330 6-73 680 75 446 508 / 11 440 530 540 406,4 550 / 750 35 560 555
6-85 290 200 2500 685 110 356 406.4 / 8.8 440 360 350 470 360 6-85 710 80 446 508 / 11 440 540 590 406,4 550 / 750 35 570 615
6-91 320 200 2700 730 110 386 457 / 10 480 370 380 508 370 6-91 760 80 496 559 / 12.5 490 590 600 457 550 / 750 35 620 635
6-109 320 220 2850 775 120 406 457 / 10 500 380 400 530 380 6-109 795 90 511 559 / 12.5 505 610 640 457 550 / 750 35 640 660
6-127 340 220 3250 845 130 450 508 / 11 550 430 444 580 430 6-127 865 95 566 610 / 12.5 560 670 670 508 550 / 750 35 700 720
6-139 370 240 3300 900 135 460 508 / 11 580 435 454 - (10) - (10) 6-139 910 100 590 660 / 12.5 580 700 695 559 560 / 760 - (10) - (10) - (10)
6-151 380 240 3400 920 140 470 559 / 12.5 590 445 464 - (10) - (10) 6-151 940 100 590 660 / 12.5 580 720 695 559 560 / 760 - (10) - (10) - (10)
6-169 400 260 3800 970 150 520 610 / 12.5 640 465 514 - (10) - (10) 6-169 1000 110 650 711 / 12.5 640 790 730 610 560 / 760 - (10) - (10) - (10)
6-187 (9) 400 260 3800 1000 160 530 610 / 12.5 660 485 524 - (10) - (10) 6-187 (9) 1050 120 670 711 / 12.5 660 820 770 610 560 / 760 - (10) - (10) - (10)
(1) Based on strand specification as per EN 10138 (150mm2,1860MPa); reduction required for ASTM A416 or BS (4) Galvanized and sheathed strand with a minimum sheathing thickness of 1.5mm (7) Square bearing plate based on concrete strength of 45MPa cube (36MPa cylinder); dimensions can be (10) Dimensions available on request
5896; GUTS = Guaranteed Ultimate Tensile Strength of strand. (5) Galvanized strand in accordance with NF A 35-035, applicable for dehumidified system (VSL SSI 2000D) adjusted for other concrete strength or steel structures (11) Longer transition pipe may be needed for very long cables.
(2) Recommended max. service stress for stay cables as per fib bulletin No.30 and CIP (6) Further reduced dimensions may be proposed. (8) SLS Level; based on 2.5% of max. static force of 60% GUTS (12) The external cap is standard for SSI 2000D and used in case of C5 exposure for SSI 2000e anchorages.
(3) Recommended max. service stress for extradosed cables as per CIP (9) Bigger units available on request
48 49
Integration of systems into the structures
Required clearance
In case of facing stressing anchorages, it is recommended to provided two times the minimum clearance. If reduced clearances are required, please contact VSL.
The location of the stressing anchorage (deck or pylon) and whether strands coming out of the anchorages shall be bundled into the free length configuration
by tension deviator ring or guide deviator can be selected from the proposed standard arrangement below.
Stressing with monostrand jack
Stressing anchorage (DR) Fixed anchorage (DS)
Guide deviator Tension ring Guide deviator Tension ring
Stressing / lowering of stay force

with multistrand jack
Pylon
REQUIRED REQUIRED JACK

CABLE CLEARANCES CLEARANCES
UNIT Y Z V min W X1 X2
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
6-12 250 450 1500 490 1000 1000
6-19 300 450 1500 490 1000 1000
6-22 320 450 1500 620 1050 1100
6-27 340 450 1500 620 1050 1100
6-31 350 450 1500 620 1050 1100
6-37 380 450 1500 620 1050 1100
6-43 410 450 1500 620 1050 1100
6-55 450 450 1500 800 1100 1200
6-61 460 470 1500 800 1100 1200
6-73 530 500 1500 800 1100 1200
Deck 6-85 540 530 1500 800 1150 1300
6-91 580 540 1500 800 1150 1300
6-109 600 550 1800 970 1200 1500
6-127 650 600 1800 970 1200 1500
6-139 700 610 2000 - (2) 1250 - (2)
6-151 710 620 2000 - (2) 1250 - (2)
6-169 760 640 2000 - (2) 1250 - (2)
6-187 (1) 780 660 2000 - (2) 1250 - (2)
LENGTH OF GUIDE PIPE (GUIDE DEVIATOR) LENGTH OF GUIDE PIPE (TENSION RING) DEVIATION DEVICE /
CABLE GUIDE PIPE - DR GUIDE PIPE - DS GUIDE PIPE - DR GUIDE PIPE - DS EXPANSION SLEEVE FIXITY
UNIT L gp1 L gp2 L gp3 L gp4 L rp1 (4) L rp2 (4) L rp3 (4) L rp4 (4) M1 N1 N2
[mm] (3) [mm] (3) [mm] [mm] [mm] (3) [mm] (3) [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
6-12 1545 1695 1020 1170 1000 1000 500 500 100 200 50
VSL offers two options to bundle the strands into smallest possible diameter in order to optimize the stay pipe diameter. Guide deviators are used not only to 6-19 1865 2015 1340 1490 1000 1000 500 500 100 200 50 NEXT
bundle the strands but also to realign the strand bundle so that the strands are not in contact with guide pipes. Tension rings are purely used to bundle the 6-22 2045 2195 1520 1670 1000 1100 500 600 100 200 50
strands. They are always used in combination with saddles and at deck level if cables are equipped with dampers (damper collar). Tension rings may be used at 6-27
6-31
2150 / 2350
2250 / 2450
2350 / 2550
2450 / 2650
1620
1720
1820
1920
1000 / 1200
1000 / 1200
1300 / 1500
1300 / 1500
500
500
800
800
150
150
250
250
50
50 PREV.
pylon and deck to eliminate and shorten respectively the guide pipe protrusion to simplify construction and improve aesthetics. Whenever possible, the guide 6-37 2400 / 2600 2600 / 2800 1870 2070 1000 / 1200 1300 / 1500 500 800 150 250 50
deviator should be used instead of the tension ring since it increases permissible geometrical construction tolerances with regard to guide pipe positioning and 6-43 2650 / 2850 2850 / 3050 2120 2320 1000 / 1200 1600 / 1800 500 1100 150 250 50
6-55 2800 / 3000 3000 / 3200 2270 2470 1000 / 1200 1900 / 2100 500 1400 150 250 50
alignment. 6-61 3000 / 3200 3200 / 3400 2470 2670 1000 / 1200 1900 / 2100 500 1400 150 250 50

6-73 3290 / 3490 3540 / 3740 2750 3000 1500 / 1700 1900 / 2100 1000 1400 200 350 100
6-85 3440 / 3640 3690 / 3890 2900 3150 1500 / 1700 2100 / 2300 1000 1600 200 350 100
6-91 3670 / 3870 3920 / 4120 3130 3380 1500 / 1700 2100 / 2300 1000 1600 200 350 100
6-109 3820 / 4020 4070 / 4270 3280 3530 1500 / 1700 2600 / 2800 1000 2100 200 350 100
6-127 4240 / 4440 4490 / 4690 3700 3950 1500 / 1700 2900 / 3100 1000 2400 200 350 100
6-139 4330 / 4530 4580 / 4780 3780 4030 1500 / 1700 3100 / 3300 1000 2600 200 350 100
6-151 4440 / 4640 4690 / 4890 3890 4140 1500 / 1700 3600 / 3800 1000 3100 200 350 100
6-169 4860 / 5060 5110 / 5310 4310 4560 1500 / 1700 3800 / 4000 1000 3300 200 350 100
6-187 (1) 4860 / 5060 5100 / 5310 4310 4560 1500 / 1700 3800 / 4000 1000 3300 200 350 100
(1) Bigger units available on request (3) Dimensions depend on length L1 of transition pipe (refer to page 48 - 49).
(2) Dimensions available on request (4) Can be reduced if required; please contact VSL.
50 51
3 VSL MSI 2000 4 VSL SSI 2000 Saddle
DR STRESSING ANCHORAGE FREE LENGTH DS FIXED ANCHORAGE
FORK + PIN DR + DS ANCHORAGE STAY CABLE

CABLE
E F G H ØP L (1) M (1) N (1) Q R ØV ØS / thk
UNIT
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
6-3 155 220 92 65 55 140 885 500 440 220 114 75 / 4.3
6-4 180 260 110 75 70 140 945 520 475 215 121 75 / 4.3
6-7 230 350 145 97 90 140 1061 545 555 205 153 75 / 4.3
6-12 300 465 193 143 125 140 1196 565 640 175 194 110 / 4.3
6-19 (2) 390 560 235 175 150 140 1335 595 715 155 245 125 / 4.9
RADIAL BEARING SADDLE BODY STAY PIPE CONNECTION STAY PIPE
BREAKING LOAD
CABLE PRESSURE AT
AT 100% GUTS
UNIT 2.0m RADIUS A B C ØD / thk E L dev K1 ØS / thk
[kN] [MPa] (1) [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
6-12 3,348 9 185 199 320 219.1 / 4.5 276 1500 160 125 / 4.9
6-19 5,301 12 230 239 350 244.5 / 5.0 426 1800 180 140 / 5.4
6-22 6,138 13 230 264 370 273 / 5.0 526 2000 210 160 / 6.2
6-27 7,533 13 300 274 420 323.9 / 5.6 526 2200 210 160 / 6.2
6-31 8,649 14 300 274 420 323.9 / 5.6 526 2300 210 160 / 6.2
6-37 10,323 17 310 314 450 355.6 / 5.6 630 2600 210 180 / 5.6
6-43 11,997 16 375 314 470 355.6 / 5.6 936 2600 210 200 / 6.2
GUSSET FLANGE (3)
CABLE 6-55 15,345 20 380 349 510 406.4 / 6.3 836 3000 260 200 / 6.2
A B C ØD T 6-61 17,019 20 430 394 560 450 / 6.0 836 3300 260 225 / 7.0
UNIT
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] 6-73 20,367 23 450 419 580 460 / 6.0 1126 3500 290 250 / 7.8 NEXT
6-3 80 70 50 56 35 6-85 23,715 26 460 454 610 508 / 6.3 826 3750 290 250 / 7.8
6-4 90 80 60 71 40 6-91 25,389 24 520 469 670 560 / 6.0 826 4250 320 280 / 8.7
6-7 120 100 70 91 50 6-109 30,411 28 550 494 680 560 / 6.0 1026 4500 320 315 / 9.8
PREV.
6-12 150 150 110 127 80 6-127 35,433 30 600 549 760 610 / 6.3 1226 5100 340 315 / 9.8
6-19 (2) 180 180 130 152 100 6-139 38,781 28 700 580 800 680 / 6.0 1500 6500 370 315 / 9.8
6-151 42,129 27 770 615 870 720 / 6.0 1800 6700 380 355 / 11.1
6-169 (2) 47,151 31 770 660 870 760 / 6.0 1800 7250 400 355 / 11.1

Saddle length, angle and radius defined upon specific project requirements. In general, the recommended minimum radius is 2.0m. For smaller values, please
contact VSL.
For checking of out of balance force and required friction resistance, please contact VSL.
(1) Based on ±100 adjustability. Further adjustability available on request. (1) Contact pressure between saddle and pylon uniformly distributed over saddle length based on 2.0m radius and max. stress of 100% GUTS.
(2) Bigger units 6-22 to 6-109 available on request (2) Bigger units available on request
(3) Not given dimensions of gusset flange to be defined by the designer according to local regulations. Contact VSL for more information
52 53
5 VSL Damper 6 VSL Fire Protection
VSL Friction damper
VSL Rubber damper
FRICTION DAMPER
CABLE RUBBER DAMPER
STAY PIPE O.D. X1 BLANKET: 45 min (3) X2 BLANKET: 60 min (3) X3 BLANKET: 120 min (3)
UNIT K L dev (2) ØD1 (3) ØD2 CABLE SSI 2000 OUTER O.D. WEIGHT OUTER O.D. WEIGHT OUTER O.D. WEIGHT
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] UNIT ØA ØB FP BLANKET ØB FP BLANKET ØB FP BLANKET
6-12 160 800 430 410 [mm] [mm] [kg/m] [mm] [kg/m] [mm] [kg/m]
6-19 180 1100 450 430
6-22 (1) 160 250 2,4 280 3,4 315 5,9
6-22 210 1250 470 450
6-27 160 250 2,4 280 3,4 315 5,9
6-27 210 1350 505 470
6-31 160 250 2,4 280 3,4 315 5,9
6-31 210 1450 505 470
6-37 180 280 2,7 280 3,4 315 5,9
6-37 210 1600 545 470
6-43 200 315 3,0 315 3,9 355 7,0 NEXT
6-43 210 1850 585 490
6-55 200 315 3,0 315 3,9 355 7,0
6-55 260 1950 610 510
6-61 225 355 3,4 355 4,5 355 7,0
6-61 260 2150 630 530 PREV.
6-73 250 355 3,4 355 4,5 400 8,3
6-73 290 2350 650 530
6-85 250 355 3,4 355 4,5 400 8,3
6-85 290 2500 380 560
6-91 280 400 3,8 400 5,2 450 9,7
6-91 320 2700 700 570
6-109 315 450 4,3 450 5,9 450 9,7
6-109 320 2850 730 600
6-127 315 450 4,3 450 5,9 450 9,7

6-127 (1) 340 3250 740 620
6-139 (2) 315 450 4,3 450 5,9 450 9,7
Table of indicative dimensions for the use of stressing or fixed anchorage at the damper location level. Not given dimensions are defined upon specific project requirements. Please contact VSL for detailed dimensions.
Not given dimensions are defined upon specific project requirements. Please contact VSL for detailed dimensions.
(1) Bigger units available on request (1) Smaller units available on request
(2) Min. damper installation length; please contact VSL for suitable damper installation length to meet the specified damping requirement for the project. (2) Bigger units available on request
(3) Indicative dimension, which may vary according to projects based on damper stroke. (3) Tested in accordance with UL 1709 Hydro carbon temperature time-curve and compliant with PTI DC45.1-12 – fire resistance and qualification testing
54 55
56
References
57
NEXT
PREV.
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
1 Decades of experiences
Kwidzyn Bridge,
Poland - 2017
The longest extradosed bridge in Europe
with its 808m length and 204m main
spans: supply and installation of VSL
SSI 2000 stay cables and VSL SSI 2000
saddles up to 75 strand unit in less than
60 days
Burgoyne Bridge,
Canada - 2017
Arch bridge with 125m main span: supply and installation of
VSL articulated stay cable system MSI 2000
Mersey Bridge,
United Kingdom - 2017
998m long bridge with 3 pylons and 318m main span using
VSL SSI 2000 system – 109 strand cables with length up to
225m and all 146 cables equipped with Friction dampers
NEXT
PREV.
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
58 59
Zenit Arena,
Arrah-Chapra Bridge, Russia - 2016
India - 2017 Forth Crossing Bridge,
A new football stadium for the
2018 FIFA World Cup with a capacity
The longest extradosed bridge in the world United Kingdom - 2017 of 70,000 spectators: supply and
with its 1920m length and 120m main spans installation of VSL SSI 2000 stay cables
using VSL SSI 2000 Saddles 2700m long bridge with 3 pylons and 650m main span using with up to 109 strand cables supporting
6550ton of VSL SSI 2000 system – 109 strand cables with the 286m-diameter steel roof structure
length up to 422m and all 288 cables equipped with Friction including design of the fork anchorages,
dampers technical support during fabrication and
heavy lifting of the roof segments
Basholi Bridge, NEXT
India - 2015 PREV.

592m long bridge with 318m main
span: supply and installation of VSL
SSI 2000 stay cables
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
60 61
Chi Shi Bridge, Torun Bridge,
China - 2014 Poland - 2013
Multiple-span cable-stayed bridge of 1470m 270m long bridge with 80m main span:
length and 380m main span: supply and supply and installation of VSL SSI 2000
installation of 3250ton of 368 VSL SSI 2000 stay cables
stay cables
Baluarte Bridge,
Mexico - 2013
Bridge deck construction,
supply and installation of stay
Nguyen Van Troi – cables and dampers – 520m
main span
Tran Thi Ly Bridge,
Vietnam - 2013
870m long bridge with 450m main span:
pylon construction, supply and installation of
VSL SSI 2000C system with up to 73 strand
cables and Friction dampers
Margaret Hunt Hill NEXT
Bridge, USA - 2012 PREV.
367m long bridge: supply and installation of

58 VSL SSI 2000 stay cables in 30 days
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
62 63
Azerkorpu Bridge,
Azerbeijan - 2012
Supply and installation of VSL SSI 2000 stay
cables and Rubber dampers – cables with up to
85 strands
Talavera Bridge,
Spain - 2011
Supply and installation of stay cables
and dampers for cables with up to
94 strands and 410m length – 318m
main span
Hodariyat Bridge, Mokpo Grand Bridge,
Abu Dhabi - 2011 South Korea - 2011
1300m long bridge with 200m main span: bridge deck 900m long bridge with 500m main span: pylon and
construction and engineering, supply and installation of bridge deck construction, supply and installation
post-tensioning and VSL SSI 2000 stay cables and VSL SSI of VSL SSI 2000 stay cables and Friction dampers –
2000 saddles up to 109 strand unit cables with up to 73 strand cable and 227m length
Fourth Street South

Bridge Medellin,
Colombia - 2011
supply and installation of post-tensioning
and VSL SSI 2000 stay cables – cables with
up to 109 strand
NEXT
PREV.
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
64 65
Okhta Bridge 1,
Russia - 2009
160m-span arch bridge: supply of VSL
SSI 2000 stay cables and supervision at
installation
Lekki-Ikoyi Bridge,
Nigeria - 2009
225m long bridge with single pylon: supply and installation
of VSL SSI 2000 stay cables and Rubber dampers
She Zi Stay Cable
Bridge, Taiwan - 2011
supply and installation of VSL SSI 2000
stay cables – cables with up to 121 Industrial Ring Road,
strands and 171m length Thailand - 2005
Wuhan 27 Yangtse Bridge deck construction, supply and installation of post-
River Bridge, tensioning and stay cables – 398m main span
China - 2011
supply and installation of 4287tons of VSL
SSI 2000 stay cables – cables with up to 85
strands and 330m length
Catumbela Bridge,
Angola - 2010
438m long bridge with 160m main
span: supply and installation of
post-tensioning and VSL SSI 2000
stay cables and VSL SSI 2000 saddles
including pot bearings and dampers
NEXT
PREV.
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
66 67
Neva River Bridge,
Russia - 2002
2 Complimentary VSL services
Supply and installation of stay cables with
Friction damper – 382m main span for stay cable bridge construction
Udevalla Bridge,
Sweden - 1998
Supply and installation of stay
POST-TENSIONING
cables and first application of
friction damper – 414m main span
SPECIALIZED BRIDGE DECK

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
Sunshine Skyway,
USA - 1987
Supply of post-tensioning, stay cables
and saddles – 366m main span
NEXT
PREV.
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
HEAVY LIFTING BEARINGS AND JOINTS
68 69
NEXT
PREV.
Copyright 12/2018, VSL International Ltd.

NEXT
The information set forth in this brochure including technical and engineering data is presented for general information only. While every effort has been made to insure its accuracy, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without independent
professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability and applicability. Anyone using this material assumes any and all liability resulting from such use. VSL disclaims any and all express or implied warranties of merchantability fitness for any general or particular
purpose or freedom from infringement of any patent, trademark, or copyright in regard to the information or products contained or referred to herein. Nothing herein contained shall be construed as granting a license, express or implied under any patents. PREV.
70
As a specialist contractor, VSL – a member
of Bouygues Construction – leverages the
most advanced construction methods and
technologies to engineer, build and preserve
complex structures. VSL creates innovative
and customised solutions, from initial
engineering to project execution, to rise to
its clients’ challenges.
Keep in touch with VSL on vsl.com and VSL International Ltd.

02 PT Brochure VSL 2018 Interactif

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

02 PT Brochure VSL 2018 Interactif

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

02 PT Brochure VSL 2018 Interactif

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

VSL

TECHNICAL CATALOGUE NEXT

Dr sc. h.c. ETH Max Meyer, PREV.

1. 60 years of experience and innovation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9

B VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS for excellence

A REPUTATION FOR EXCELLENCE SINCE 1956

C TECHNICAL DATA FOR THE VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

1. Anchorage arrangements and stay pipe options ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………46

A REPUTATION FOR EXCELLENCE SINCE 1956

First use of VSL wire post-tensioning system

2 VSL stay cable technology Key Benefits

A REPUTATION FOR EXCELLENCE SINCE 1956

Engineers from VSL's Technical Center

A REPUTATION FOR EXCELLENCE SINCE 1956

Stay cable course at the VSL Academy in Bangkok

VSL, with hands-on vocational training for foremen, supervisors

A REPUTATION FOR EXCELLENCE SINCE 1956

The evolution of the mechanical and colorimetric

EQUIVALENT DURABILITY USING AN INJECTED SADDLE

VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

ENHANCED DURABILITY AND USER COMFORT BY

VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

SSI 2000 – THE VSL STANDARD STAY CABLE SYSTEM P. 20-21

SSI 2000D – THE VSL DEHUMIDIFIED STAY CABLE SYSTEM P. 22-23

MSI 2000 – THE VSL ARTICULATED STAY CABLE SYSTEM P. 24-25

SSI 2000 SADDLE – THE VSL SADDLE SYSTEM P. 26-27

VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

The VSL SSI 2000e anchorage

VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

The VSL SSI 2000D anchorage

Transparent protection cap -> refer to Pages 28 - 30

→→ durability of unsheathed galvanized strands 100

VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

VSL MSI 2000e DR

VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

The VSL SSI 2000 saddle

VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

Equivalent Drag Diameter (mm)

Protective filler PE coating Standard Standard 140 SSI 2000D

VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

Risk mitigation in snow and ice conditions

VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

Signal White Light Grey Traffic Grey Blue Grey

Mock-up of the dimmable LED stay cable system

VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

ACCURATE ADAPTATION TO MEET DAMPING REQUIREMENTS

VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

Composite pad Sliding plate

Collar Oscillation movement

Friction damper installed prior to covering with anti-

Based on the high performance

VSL Friction Damper

Various viscous dampers

VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

for installation of cables

Mersey Gateway Bridge, United Kingdom - 2017: Strand by strand installation

VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

maintenance, repair and retrofit

a tailor-made instrumentation packages, which may include provision of

VSL STAY CABLE SYSTEMS

→→ durability of unsheathed galvanized strands 100