PANTAWID PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM, CONG.

PABLO MALASARTE
NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL, BALILIHAN, BOHOL

A Thesis Writing Output

Presented to the
Instructor of the Graduate School
University of Bohol

In partial fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Methods of Research (EDUC 200)

By

MA. RASILL U. ADA

EASTER SUNDAY P. MUYCO
GLADYS ANNE I. MONTIROLA
FAITH C. HORMACHUELOS
ARLENE C. MALIMA
MARIA MAE S. CAGAS
ESTELA V. IROY

October 2018
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction

Considering the present crisis in the Philippines, evidenced by inflation,

increasing population, political disputes and rampant crimes in society, the

country has long been named one of the poorest countries in Asia. According to

Balisacan, in his book entitled Causes of Poverty, Myths, Facts and policies,

these are the composite picture of a typical poor (income-based) Filipino

household: a) with the larger than average family size (six or more members), b)

headed by a male. Poverty incidence among female-headed households is less

than male-headed households, c) with a household head who is less than fifty

years old, d) with a household head with little or no schooling (for 72 percent of

all poor households, the highest educational attainment is a primary school

education), e) more economically active than the rest of the population, with

substantially higher labor participation rates, especially among the youngest and

oldest age groups, but with less access to the formal labor market, f) living in a

rural area and engaged simultaneously in as many as four or more income-

earning activities as part of their coping mechanism. Yet they are largely

unemployed, g) that if living in urban areas, deriving income mainly from

agriculture, construction and transport. (Balisacan, A. 1994)

Among the seven enumerated above, family situation and education has

been a primary attribute of poverty. With this, the Philippine government found it

a need to implement and adopt a worldwide known program called the

conditional cash transfer or the CCT. This is a program wherein with Pantawid

Pamilyang Pilipino program got its main objectives which are:

1. Social assistance which is the monetary support provided to the poorest of

the poor families in the Philippines, and
2. Social development which includes investing on health and education of
poor children, and improving maternal health of pregnant women in the
Philippines.

With these objectives, the government foresees a probable way of

eradicating poverty by investing in the health and education of children. Basic

education and health as top priorities, is a common feature for high-performing

Asian economies, or Asian Tigers. (Balisacan, 1994) With regards to education in

the Philippines, the percentage of children who are not primary grade completers

are at least double than that of other countries in comparison; which does not

foretell a good quality of Philippines’ future quality of labor force. This makes

primary school dropouts as leading candidate for poverty. As stated above,

alarge percentage of a poor household, has only the highest educational

attainment of a primary school education. (Balisacan, 1994) This is in fact true,

as we see that when children are being forced to work to help the family, they are

left with no choice but to stop schooling and help their parents. It is through the

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, that through the cash grants given to

children for their schooling, they are able to continue going to school and are

provided with study materials to help them in their studies.

With regards to health, the Philippines showed a much lower percentage

of people who have access to health services than in the neighboring countries.
A related indicator, the number of persons per physician shows a much larger

number of people that a doctor has to serve in this country than in others. All this

indicate lower future quality (and quantity) of life as well as lower productivity of a

labor force. (Balisacan, 1994) With the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, the

families get a monthly cash grant that is provided for their health concerns. With

this, they are also monitored regularly, because they are required to visit

barangay health centers as necessary.

But the question is how much of this cash grants are being used for such

reasons? Are families’ situations improving because of the program? Does the

program serve its objectives of helping the poorest of the poor families? Are the

requirements set by the government being complied by the beneficiaries of the

program? These are the questions that prompted us to study the Pantawid

Pamilyang Pilipino Program. It is our goal to measure the level of compliance of

the beneficiaries to the objectives set by the government. As stated by Balisacan,

if the Philippines aspire to be one of the tigers of Asia, the government will have

to pay more attention and exert greater efforts towards improving the capabilities

of its people and expanding the opportunitites that are available for them to make

use of those capabilities. (Balisacan, 1994) Without the government prioritizing

health and education it is impossible for a nation to develop and build a great

future.
Theoretical Background

Theories. The researchers delved into theories which have substantial

emphasis on the conduct of the study. The following theories are shown

below.

Marxian theory of poverty. This is a theory based on the fact that

poverty comes about as result of the situation a poor person finds himself or

herself into. The person is therefore a victim of circumstances resulting from

a number of factors, critical of which is the production system. Karl Marx

theory recommends poverty alleviation through improved structures of

production and increased education and training to those rendered irrelevant

by technological improvement to adapt through change of environment to

change of profession. The theory also advocates for a kind of government

welfare program to aid those who are unable to reengineer themselves

through education so that they can access basic requirement for upkeep such

as food rations, health programs and subsidies. (Coser, 1969; Harvey &

Reed, 1992:280).

Cultural theory of poverty. This theory was developed by Oscar

Lewis in 1968 and builds on the Marxian theory of poverty by pointing out

that as retrenchments continue, driven by the capitalists’ quest for improving

means of production and profitability, paupers emerge. The paupers

collectively group up into a specific geographical environment or class. The

grouping can emerge as a result of either formerly instituted government

welfare programs or setting up of formal national boundaries such as districts

or provinces for effective governance. Since the culture of poverty is only

based on material deprivation and not specific to any ethnic or religious

marginalization, it is possible for a person to be poor without living in a

culture of poverty. Reforms aimed at poverty alleviation should not focus on

immediate gains because culture takes a long time to change because of its

relative autonomy.

Non-Conservative theory of poverty. This theory is predominantly

influenced by the Malthusian paradigm developed by Thomas Robert Malthus

(1766-18834) and later improved upon by Robert Brenner in 1976 (cited in

Harvey & Reed, 1922:281). This theory attributes poverty to economic

factors resulting from the tension between population pressures and

subsistence. This poverty therefore is based on material wealth where

overpopulation of the poor coupled with poorly managed capitalistic systems

result in poverty.

Non-Conservative theory of poverty recommends provision of moral

education to curb overpopulation in order to alleviate poverty. Moral

education results in sexual restraints, delay in marriage and practicing

abstinence prior to marriage. Poverty can also be reduced through improved

production technology to ensure that production of goods and services satisfy

demand affordable prices (Winch, 1987: 32-35)

The social Darwinist theory of poverty. This theory identifies two

types of poverty based on studies in the urban areas. The first type is
normal-class poverty which is a correctable situation caused by social and

ecological developments that take place in urban areas. This type of poverty

is manifested through physical handicaps, old age or female headed

household with dependent children. It is self-correcting since it focuses

mainly on income based poverty. Normal-class poverty can be eliminated

when an individual attains maturity or moves from one economic class to

another or is assimilated and through education and training or natural

evolution of the urban area. (Harvey & Reed, 1992:286)

The second type of the social Darwinist theory of poverty is the lower-

class poverty which is caused by either specific habits or cultural practices

and norms of the poor. Lower-class poverty comes about as a result of a

lifestyle that does not pay attention to work, self-improvement or service to

the family (Harvey & Reed, 1992:287).

Situational theory of poverty. This theory explains why the poor

people tend to portray fatalism and immediate gratification. Jones

(1984:248) says that his behavior is “a rational response to deprived

circumstances… This behavior derives from opportunity structure facing the

poor rather than from distinctive cultural values…”. The poor do not work

because of hopelessness resulting from lack of hope and lack of

commensurate result between efforts expended by the poor and the resulting

benefits. Lack of supportive factors and an enabling environment such as

school fees, career counseling, text books and the like will lead the child to
give up and engage in immediate gratification such as street vending, theft,

commercial sex activities and the like in order to satisfy immediate daily

demands of food, shelter and clothing.

Legal Bases

This study is anchored on the following legal provisions:

Executive Order No. 221 of series 2003, an amendment of Executive

Order No. 15 series of 1998 provides and mandates redirection of the

functions and operations of the Department of Social Welfare and

Development. This key concept is categorically emphasized in Section 1

which says, “Consistent with the provisions of the Administrative Code of

1987 and Republic Act 7160 (Local Government Code), the DSWD is hereby

mandated to provide assistance to local government units (LGUs), non-

government organizations (NGOs), other national government agencies

(NGAs), people’s organizations (POs) and members of civil society in

effectively implementing programs, projects, and services that will alleviate

poverty and empower disadvantaged individuals, families and communities

for an improved quality of life as well as implement statutory and specialized

programs which are directly lodged with the Department and/or not yet

devolved to LGUs”.

The implementation of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is also

in pursuant to the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) which is addressed

to the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger; achieving universal

primary education; reducing child mortality; improving maternal health; and

promoting gender equality and empowering women.

Conditional Cash Transfer Program has been embraced by several

countries as a route to providing social assistance to the poor. Several

countries in Latin America utilized this approach, and large-scale conditional

cash transfer programs are also being undertaken in Asian countries such as

Bangladesh and Indonesia. In the Philippines, the Pantawid Pamilyang

Pilipino Program (4Ps) started as a pilot program of the Department of Social

Welfare and Development (DSWD) in 2007 when the agency was embarking

on social sector reform. Like most conditional cash transfer programs, the

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) aims to alleviate current poverty

by supplementing the income of the poor to address their immediate

consumption needs. Following the pilot program conducted at the end of

2007—in which the household targeting system and basic operation of the

Pantawid Pamilya were tested—the Pantawid Pamilya was scaled up in March

2008 as a response to the food and fuel price shocks and global financial

crisis. The Pantawid Pamilya has undergone two more phases of expansion

since then. By January 2011, the program had about 1 million beneficiary

households, making the Pantawid Pamilya one of the largest social protection

programs in the Philippines. The massive scale-up was made possible by

pooling resources from the government and the World Bank. The World Bank

and Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) provided

considerable technical assistance. Subsequent phases have also been

supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in coordination with the

Government, World Bank, and AusAID.5 In 2011, the Pantawid Pamilya

covered 2.3 million beneficiary households, or almost 60 percent of the poor

households in the Philippines. The program has budgetary support of P21

billion, or about 60 percent of DSWD’s budget for 2011.

The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is targeted at chronic

poor households with children aged 0-14 years who are located in poor

areas. The cash grants range from P500 (US$11) to P1,400 (US$32) per

household per month, depending on the number of eligible children. To be

eligible for the cash grants, households must meet multiple criteria at the

time of registration. First, they must reside in poor areas selected by the

program. Second, they must be classified as poor. Third, a household must

have a pregnant woman or at least one child aged 0-14 years. Four, the

households must be willing to commit to meeting program conditionalities.

The poorest provinces are first selected based on official poverty

incidence according to the latest Family Income and Expenditure Survey

(FIES) by the National Statistics Office (NSO). The targeting system uses the

proxy means test (PMT) method to select the poor households within a

municipality. For the health grant, household members are required to

undertake activities that help improve preventive health care, particularly

among pregnant women and children under 5 years. The household has
responsibility for bringing children aged 0-5 years to health centers for

immunization and weight monitoring, while the children aged 6-14 years are

required to take de-worming pills at schools. Pregnant women must avail of

pre- and post-natal care, and delivery must be assisted by skilled personnel.

The parents (including pregnant women) are also required to participate in

Family Development Sessions conducted by DSWD in the Pantawid Pamilya

areas. For the education grant, the conditionalities help improve the

enrollment and school attendance rates of children. Children who attend pre-

school or day care centers, primary school, or secondary school are required

to maintain class attendance rates of at least 85 percent per month.

Payment of 4Ps grants is terminated if a beneficiary household does

not comply with the conditions of the program or no longer meets the

eligibility criteria. Cash grants for a particular period are paid to beneficiary

households within the next two months. This procedure allows DSWD to

check and verify household compliance with the program conditionalities

during the reporting period before payments are released. If a beneficiary

household was found to be non-compliant with the conditionalities in a

particular month, the cash grant will not be paid for that month. However,

continued non-compliance will result in termination of payments and

suspension from the program.1 The payment of grants is also terminated if

there are changes in the household situation that make the household

ineligible for the grants, such as a change in family composition—for

1
The Operations Manual for Pantawid Pamilya states that the third offense of non-compliance results in termination of the grants
and temporary suspension from the program (DSWD, 2009b).
instance, the youngest child in the household has turned 15 years old—or if

the household moved to a municipality not covered by the program.

The Social Welfare Indicator (SWI) was developed by the Ministry of

Social Services and Development (MSSD) in 1980 under Deputy Minister Ms.

Sylvia P. Montes. It was formulated based on a study of field workers’

experiences in assisting individuals and needy families uplift their lives from

stagnation and degradation to a level befitting dignified human beings.

To measure the progress of upliftment, the MSSD identified three levels of

family well-being: Survival, Subsistence and Self-Sufficiency. There are two

major indicators of family well-being – economic sufficiency and social

adequacy. Economic Sufficiency is measured by three variables: 1.

Employment/job; 2. Income; and 3. Social security membership. Social

adequacy is measured by eight main variables: 1. Health; 2. Nutrition; 3.

Sanitation; 4. Hygiene; 5. Housing and other living conditions; 6. Educational

status of household members ; 7. Social-cultural; and 8. Role performance. A

score matrix is used to determine of the actual scores of the indicators.

With the passing of time, the social/family welfare indicators were set

aside more tools were developed by other institutions relative to anti-poverty

programs such as the community-based monitoring system (CBMS) and the

minimum basic needs (MBN). The MBN was primarily developed by DSWD as

part of the Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services

(CIDSS) strategy under the Social Reform Agenda of the then President Fidel

V. Ramos. These tools were reviewed in relation to the updating of the SWI.

An empirical analysis of the Family Welfare Indicators was made by Dr.

Romeo C. Quieta based on the research studies he conducted in1985 which

focused on Self Employment Assistance (SEA) beneficiaries from the Province

of Rizal and a nationwide study in 1988. Dr. Quieta’s analysis is summarized

as follows:

1. The need to use family welfare indicators (FWI) in assessing the

client’s level of poverty and his upliftment from a state of survival to

subsistence and to self-sufficiency.

2. In the development of family well-being it is essential that

employment opportunities should be provided. And that these should

be viable so that income can substantially contribute in meeting other

basic needs. A regression analysis showed that economic sufficiency

leads to social adequacy and to family well-being.

The SWI is one of the tools in social case management. Its purpose is to

determine the effectiveness of the interventions/services provided by the

social worker/case manager to solve their problems using their internal and

external resources. Social work interventions will thus restore or enhance the

household’s social functioning or prevent further deterioration of their

situation.
Related Studies

Notable poverty alleviation programs of the government started under

President Ramos administration, when he launched his SRA or the Social

Reform Agenda in the mid – 1994 during a “People Empowerment Caucus.” It

is considered to be the first effort of the Philippine public administrative

system to deal with various sectors of government which have converged and

agreed to begin with a set of services (the Minimum Basic Needs) prior to

attending to other needs of priority sectors (Bautista, 1996). The SRA is

composed of nine flagship programs each leading a critical need of a specific

basic sector. As expressed in Administrative Order 194, the SRA has three

distinct objectives : a) the eradication of absolute poverty – in this case,

absolute poverty are those families whose incomes are below the food

threshold level, b) the reduction of relative poverty, and c) the fast-tracking

of the growth and development of 20 poorest provinces which were

personally selected by the President.

Next program was under the Arroyo Administration, called the KALAHI-

CIDSS. The program focuses on building local infrastructure projects but

seeks to reduce political influence in the process by including civil society

organizations in project selection.

During the President Aquino administration, we remember his famous

line of “ Kung walang corrupt, walang mahirap”, that set up his journey to

eradicating poverty through expanding the Pantawid Pamilyang Pantawid

Program that has already been started by the previous administration. There

have been only a few programs that reached a significant number of people
to offer benefits to make a noticeable contribution to poverty alleviation.

Here, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program reached its peak of

implementation. There were also 2 social protection programs noted during

this administration, these are, the National Health Insurance Program and

the Social Pension. Also, a prominent program during the Ramos and Aquino

administration is the DAP or the Disbursement Acceleration Program, where

congressmen has the discretion to put funds to their specific projects without

going through the long process of congressional appropriation. This increased

their authorities in disbursing certain funds in their locality to pursue their

projects. But along, with these is the issue where some certain funds are

given off to political allies and still is a legal issue hanging over the former

President Aquino. ( Swamy, 2016)

Related Literature

Can Social Protection Weaken Clientelism? Considering Conditional Cash

Transfers as Political Reform in the Philippines, in: Journal of Current

Southeast Asian Affairs. (Swamy, Arun 2016). The process of targeting

possible beneficiaries is through the system Listahanan done by the Department

of Social Welfare and Development. However through this, it is possible to

encounter political interference and using the same by politicians to assure poor

voters that their need will be provided in exchange for their political position.
Overview of the Philippines’ Conditional Cash Transfer Program: The

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (Pantawid Pamilya).Philippine social

protection note 2 (2011): 1-12. The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is a

form of a conditional cash transfer that is being undertaken by Asian countries as

a means of providing social assistance to the poor. Like many other countries,

the program seeks to lighten struggling households by providing cash grants to

help them with their daily consumptions needs. To qualify for the grants, the

household must go through certain activities that are meant to improve health

and education of their children. Through the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program, the government seeks to reduce poverty and impose a social

protection interventions through the cooperation of three main national agencies,

namely, the Department of Social Welfare and Development, the Department of

Education and the Department of Health. Since the program started, the program

has reached about 30 percent of all poor households in the Philippines.

Welfare and distributional impacts of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program." Social Protection Note 63418 (2011). Latest poverty estimates

shows an increase since 2003. The share of the poor population, of those who

cannot meet their daily basic food needs, reached 26.5 percent. Along with this

problem, human development of children in health and education are a

showcase. Maternal mortality and malnutrition has also been a problem

nationwide. The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program became the foremost

program in the Philippines that evolved through an objective, transparent and

uniform system of targeting poor households. Through the program, the

government is able to address source of poverty among Filipinos, that made the

program reached a lot more poor families. The budget as well, increased rapidly

in consonance with the increase of the beneficiaries.

Conditional cash transfer program in the Philippines: is it reaching the

extremely poor?. Philippine Institute for Development Studies 42 (2012):

2012. The Philippines version of the conditional cash transfer known as the

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is a poverty reduction and social

development strategy of the National Government that provides conditional cash

grants to extremely poor households to improve their health, nutrition and

education particularly of children aged 0-14. The two main objectives of the

program are, social assistance which directs their immediate needs, and social

development which breaks poverty through investing in human capital, meaning,

investing in the most essential needs of a person, to assure their good future.

The program fulfilled the country’s Millennium Development Goals, namely: (1)

eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, (2) achieve universal primary education,

(3) promote gender equality, (4) reduce child mortality, and (5) improve maternal

health.
Theories: Legal Bases:

 Marxian theory of poverty  Executive Order No. 221

 Cultural theory of poverty series of 2003,

 Non-Conservative theory of an amendment of

poverty Executive Order No. 15

 The social Darwinist theory series of 1998

of poverty

 Situational theory of poverty

INPUT

Data Gathered on:

1. Profile of Recipients
2. Level of compliance
3. Level of seriousness

PROCESS

Data gathering, collation and tabulation

Statistical Treatment of Data:
1. Frequency Count
2. Simple Percentage
3. Ranking
4. Weighted Mean
5. Composite Mean
6. Pearson Product Moment of Correlation
7. Chi-square
8. T-test for Correlated Means
Analysis and Summary of Findings

OUTPUT

RECOMMENDATIONS

Figure 1
Research Flow
 THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted to investigate the level of compliance of the

recipients to the objectives of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program

specifically to recipient parents of Cong. Pablo Malasarte National High

School, Cabad, Balilihan Bohol.

Specifically, the study attempted to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the recipients in accordance to the Implementing

Rules and Regulations of this program in terms of:

1.1 age of children;

1.2 number of children; and

1.3 family income?

2. What is the level of compliance of the recipients as perceived by the

recipients (parents) and teachers in the following aspects:

1. health;

2. food; and

3. education?

3. What is the level of seriousness on the problems encountered by the

recipients?

4. Is there a significant degree of relationship between the profile of the

recipients in the following aspects:

1. level of compliance; and

2. level of seriousness of problems encountered?

5. Is there a significant degree of difference between the parents and

teachers perception as to the following aspects?

1. level of compliance; and

2. level of seriousness of problems encountered?

6. Is there a significant degree of correlation between the level of

compliance and level of seriousness of problems encountered by the

recipients?

7. Based on the findings, what recommendation can be offered to this

phenomenon?

Null Hypotheses

This study aims to accept or reject the following null hypotheses:

Ho1. There is no significant degree of relationship between the profiles of the

recipients in the following aspect:

1.1 level of compliance; and

1.2 level of seriousness of problem encountered .

Ho2. There is no significant degree of difference between the parents and

teachers as to the following aspects:

2.1 level of compliance; and

2.2 level of seriousness of problems encountered.

Ho3. There is no significant degree of correlation between the level of

compliance and level of seriousness of problems encountered by the

recipients.
Significance of the Study

This study is significant to the following parties who may be directly or

indirectly benefit from the results and findings:

Recipients. The result of the study has far reaching implications

because the 4P’s will be cognizant of how far they have or have been

effective in achieving the objective of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program.

Implementers/DSWD. This study will help raise the level of

consciousness on the part of the DSWD as implementers of the program as

they have the duty to provide quality service to their beneficiaries.

Government/Administration. This study will identify what

interventions could be proposed so that the 4P’s program could be improved

for the future for the benefit of the common good.

Future Researchers. This could be a reference material for deeper

investigation for those who will seek to create similar type of study and

strengthen the research findings.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Design

The researchers employed the Descriptive design. It served as a basis

for establishing status, inferences, factors associated with data, and

comparison of data. The design is composed of researcher’s made

questionnaires that showed the level of compliance, the level of seriousness

on the problems encountered as well as their relationship of the 4Ps

beneficiaries. To collect information regarding the study, the researchers

distributed survey questionnaires to the respondents. The researchers asked

the respondents to provide answer to the survey questions given and

supplemented with informal interviews. Information gathered is used for

analysing and interpreting data.

Respondents

The respondents of this study are composed of thirty parents of the

students of Pablo Malasarte High School of Balilihan Bohol who are recipients

of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program.

Environment

Cong. Pablo Malasarte National High School is a partially urban

secondary public school managed by DepEd specifically located at Cabad in

the Municipality of Balilihan, in the province of Bohol.

Figure 2 Vicinity Map of the Cong. Pablo Malasarte National High School
Instrument

The researchers used researcher’s made questionnaires which

determined the level of compliance of the 4Ps recipients in terms of health,

food, education and others and the level of compliance and level of

seriousness of the problems encountered and its relationship.

The researchers collected samples of questions and construct _____-item

survey questionnaires which was an instrument in showing the level of

compliance of the beneficiaries in heath,education,and others and _____-

item survey questionnaires for the level of seriousness of problems

encountered and its relationship of the pantawid beneficiaries in Balilihan

Bohol. (refer to the final questionnaire)

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers secured the official permission for the conduct of the

study and the distribution of the questionnaires from the Social Worker

Officer of the Cluster 2 of the province of Bohol and approval by the Principal

of Cong. Pablo Malasarte National High School and the Schools Division

Superintendent of the Division of Bohol.

The questionnaire forms were distributed personally by the

researchers to the target respondents and were given ample time to

accomplish and answer the forms before they were retrieved. The

researchers also conducted an informal interview with the respondents to

verify or supplement the data gathered through the questionnaires. The

responses were then collated and tallied in pertinent tables for purposes of

analysis and interpretation and then were statistically treated to test the

hypothesis.

The findings became the bases for conclusions, recommendations and

proposed enhancement measures.

Ethical Considerations of Research

The protocol before the conduct of the study was properly observed.

Appropriate permission and consent from the parents were done by the

researchers. The respondents were informed of their rights as well as the

objectives of the study. Moreover, they were also given the assurance of the

utmost confidentiality of the data.

Statistical Treatment

The data gathered from the results of the researcher’s made

questionnaire were tallied and analyzed.

The researchers used the formula of the weighted mean to determine

the level of compliance and the level of seriousness of problem encountered

by the 4Ps recipient parents of the students of the Cong. Pablo Malasarte

National High School in Balilihan, Bohol.

Level of Compliance

Weighted
Symbol Description Meaning Equivalent
95% - 100%
FC Fully Complied compliance to the 4
requirement

80% - 94%
PC Partially Complied 3
compliance

60% - 79%
HC Hardly Complied 2
compliance

40% - 59%
NC Not Complied 1
compliance

Level of Seriousness of problems encountered

Weighted
Symbol Description Meaning Equivalent

Very Difficult to
VS Very Serious solve, need 4
assiatnce/help

Difficult, but can

MS Moderately Serious solve without 3
outside help

Quites easy to
SS Slightly Serious 2
solve

Very easy to solve

NS Not Serious not so much of a 1
bother

To determine the relationship between the compliance and seriousness of

problems encountered of the 4Ps recipients of Cong. Pablo Malasarte National

High School, Balilihan Bohol, the Pearson-Product-Moment Coefficient of

Correlation was used with the following formula:

𝑵 ∑ 𝒙𝒚 − (∑ 𝒙)(∑ 𝒚)
𝒓=
√[𝑵 ∑ 𝒙𝟐 − (∑ 𝒙)²][𝑵 ∑ 𝒚𝟐 − (∑ 𝒚)²

Where:
r = Pearson-Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation
N = number of pairs of scores
∑xy = sum of the products of paired scores
∑x = sum of x scores
∑y = sum of y scores
∑ = sum of squared x scores
∑ = sum of squared y scores

In determining the statistical significance of the computed r, it was subjected

to t-test.

The formula was as follows:

r N 2
t
1 r
2

Where:
T = the calculated t
N = the number of items
𝑟2 = the square of the obtain coefficient of correlation

To prove the significance of the correlation, the results were referred

to the table of significance for the Pearson-Product-Moment Coefficient of

Correlation.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the study, some terms are defined:

4Ps – It is the acronym for the program, Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program. It refers to the national poverty reduction strategy that provides

conditional cash transfer to the extremely poor household to improve their

health, nutrition and education particularly of children age 0-14.

CCT – It is the acronym for Conditional Cash Transfer; a program which aims

to reduce poverty by making welfare programs conditional upon the

receiver’s action.

RECIPIENTS – as used in the study, beneficiaries of the Pantawid Pamilyang

Pilipino Program; citizens who receive government assistance. It refers to

poor household with pregnant women and/or with children age 0-14 years

old selected by the Department of Social Welfare and Development to be a

part of program through the National Household Targeting System for

Poverty Reduction (NHTSPR).

DSWD – It is the acronym for the agency, Department of Social Welfare and

Development which is the lead and executing agency in the implementation

of this program.

SWI – It is the acronym for Social Welfare Indicator. Its purpose is to

determine the effectiveness of the interventions/services provided by the

social worker/case manager to solve their problems using their internal and

external resources.
SOCIAL ASSISTANCE – benefits paid to bring income up to minimum levels

established by law.

POVERTY INDEX – indication of the standard of living of a country; developed

by the United Nations (UN).

COMPLIANCE – process of completing an order or a requirement.

ELIGIBLE – having the right to do or obtain something.

POOR - refers to a person whose income is sufficient to provide for his

nutritional needs but falls short of enabling himto provide for his basic

necessities such as clothing, shelter, health and education.

EXTREMELY POOR – refers to a person whose income or other resources fall

short of enabling him to provide for even just his nutritional requirements.

References

Department of Social Welfare and Development (2011a), National Household

Targeting System for Poverty Reduction, website: http:// nhts.dswd.gov.ph/

Department of Social Welfare and Development (2011b), Pantawid Pamilya,

website: http://pantawid.dswd.gov.ph/

World Bank (2010), “Philippines: Fostering More Inclusive Growth”, available:

http://go.worldbank.org/2FY5ZEWCV0

Alfandega Manjoro, Theories of Poverty Reduction as they apply to the

Gorongosa – Case Study in alleviating poverty through local resources and
initiatives, July 2017, Catholic University of Mozambique
Fernandez, Luisa, and Rosechin Olfindo. "Overview of the Philippines’
Conditional Cash Transfer Program: The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program
(Pantawid Pamilya)." Philippine social protection note 2 (2011): 1-12.

Velarde, Rashiel, and Luisa Fernandez. "Welfare and distributional impacts of the
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program." Social Protection Note 63418 (2011).

Reyes, Celia M., and Aubrey D. Tabuga. "Conditional cash transfer program in
the Philippines: is it reaching the extremely poor?." Philippine Institute for
Development Studies 42 (2012): 2012.

Balisacan, A.M. and S. Fujisaki (eds.) (1999). Causes of Poverty. Myths, Facts &
Policies. A Philippine Study. Quezon City : University of the Philippines Press

Balisacan, Arsenio M. (1994). Poverty, Urbanization and Development Policy.

Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press