1 Digital Logic Circuit: Hapter

CHAPTER – 1
Digital Logic Circuit

Meaning of Computer Organisation and
Architecture
• Computer Organisation refers to the
operational units and their
interconnection that realize the
architectural specifications.
• Computer Architecture refers to those

attributes of a system that are visible to
a programmer, or in other words, those
attributes that have a direct impact on a
logical execution of a program.
Introduction :
Logical gates are important building
blocks in digital circuits. So study of logic
gates is very important.
 There are three types of basic gates.
AND, OR and NOT gates. Other gates are
NAND, NOR, EX-OR, EX-NOR etc.
 English mathematician George Boole
invented symbolic logic in 1854, which is
known as Boolean Algebra.
 In this chapter we will learn Logic Gates,
Laws and theorems on Boolean Algebra,
De Morgan’s theorems, Karnaugh map
etc.
Logic Gates :
Before we study Logic gates, let us first
understand what are logic levels?
There are two types of Logic levels : 0
and 1. These show quite different
situation as shown in the following table.
Sr.No Device Logic 0 Logic 1

1 Switch Off On
2 Door Closed Open
3 Lamp Off On
4 Level Low High
Logic Gates :
 Gates is an electronic ckt with one or
more inputs but only one output. Logic
gates process signals which represent
true or false.
 Logic gates are blocks of hardware that
produce a logical 1 of logical 0 output
signal depending on input signal to logic
gate.
 They are also known as logic circuit
because with the proper input they
establish logical manipulation path.
Logic Gates :
 They also categorized as below :
(1) Basic gates - (AND, OR, NOT)
(2) Universal gates - (NAND, NOR)
(3) Exclusive gates - (EX-OR, EX-
NOR)
 Basic Gates :
1) AND Gate :
 The AND gate is an electronic circuit that
gives a high output (1) only if all its inputs
are high.
 A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation
i.e. A.B. 2 input AND gate
A B A.B
A 0 0 0
AB 0 1 0
B
1 0 0
1 1 1
Truth Table
1) AND Gate :
 It means only one time output remain
high rest of time output remain low.
 2n-1 times output is low where n is
number of input.
 Suppose three input AND gate than 23-
1=7 times result is false (low).
AND gate can be easily explained with
following circuit diagram. As shown the
circuit if switches A and B both are closed
then lamp L glows. If any one switch is
open or both the switch are open then
lamp L will not glow.
1) AND Gate Example :
L
A B
Voltage
~
Source
Boolean expression is Y=A.B

1) AND Gate : (Three input AND gate)
A B C Y
0 0 0 0
A 0 0 1 0
B Y
C 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
Three input AND gate
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
Truth Table
2) OR Gate :
 The OR gate is an electronic circuit that
gives a high output (1) if one or more of
its inputs are high.
 A plus (+) sign is used to show the OR
operation.
2 input OR gate
A B A+B
A
A+B 0 0 0
B 0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Truth Table
2) OR Gate :
 It means only one time output remain
low rest of time output remain high.
 2n-1 times result is high where n is
number of input.
 Suppose three input OR gate than 23-
1=7 times result is true (high).
 OR gate can be easily explained with
following circuit diagram.
 As shown in this circuit if switches A and
B both are open then lamp L not glows,
otherwise in other state lamp will glow.
2) OR Gate :
A L
Voltage
~
Source
Boolean expression is Y=A+B

2) OR Gate : (Three input OR gate)
A B C Y
0 0 0 0
A 0 0 1 1
B Y
C 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
Three input OR gate
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
Truth Table
3) NOT Gate :
 The NOT gate is an electronic circuit
that produces an inverted version of the
input at its output.
 It is also known as an inverter. If the
input variable is A, the inverted output is
known as NOT A. There is also shown as
A’ or A with a bar over the top as shown
as the outputs.
NOT gate
A A’
A A’ 0 1
1 0
3) NOT Gate :
 When input at logic 0, output is 1 and
when input at logic 1 then output is 0.
 Universal Gates :
1) NAND Gate :
 NAND gate means NOT-AND gate which is
equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate.
 The output of all NAND gates are high if any
of inputs are low. The symbol is an AND gate
with a small circle on the output.
2 input NAND gate
A A B A.B
AB 0 0 1
B
0 1 1
1 0 1
Truth Table 1 1 0
 NAND Gate : (Three input NAND gate)
1) NAND Gate :
 When all input are high, output remain LOW.
A B C Y
A 0 0 0 1
B y
0 0 1 1
C
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
Truth Table
 Universal Gates :
2) NOR Gate :
 NOR gate means NOT-OR gate which is equal
to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate.
 The outputs of all NOR gates are low if any of
the inputs are high.
 The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle
on the output. The small circle represent
inversion. 2 input NOR gate
A B A+ B
A
y 0 0 1
B 0 1 0
1 0 0
Truth Table 1 1 0
 NOR Gate : (Three input NOR gate)
2) NOR Gate :
Truth Table
A B C Y
A 0 0 0 1
B y
0 0 1 0
C
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
 Exclusive Gates :
1) Ex-OR Gate :
 The ‘Exclusive-OR’ gate is a circuit which
will give a high output if either, but not both,
of its two inputs are high.
 An encircle plus sign + is used to show the
Ex-OR operation.
2 input Ex-OR gate
A B A+ B
A 0 0 0
B A+B 0 1 1
1 0 1
EOR
1 1 0
Truth Table
1) Ex-OR Gate :
A A
A.B
B
y
AB + AB
A.B
B
1) Ex-OR Gate : (Three input Ex-OR gate)
Truth Table
A B C Y
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
1) Ex-OR Gate : (Three input Ex-OR gate)
A+B
A 1
B 2 y
C A+ B + C
Three input Ex-OR gate

2) Ex-NOR Gate :
 The ‘Exclusive-NOR’ gate circuit does the
opposite to the Ex-OR gate.
 It will give low output if either, but not both
of its two inputs are high.
 The symbol is an EX-NOR gate with a small
circle on the output. The small circle
represent inversion.
A
B
A+B
EOR
2) Ex-NOR Gate :
2 input Ex-NOR gate

A B A +B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Truth Table
1) Ex-NOR Gate :
A A
A.B
B
y/F
(A+B).(A+B)
B A.B
Ex-NOR
2) Ex-NOR Gate :
A B C Y
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
Truth Table
2) Ex-NOR Gate :
A+B
A 1
B 2 y
C
A+ B +C
 Summary of Logic gates :
No Name Logic Diagram Truth Table
of
gate
1 AND 2 input AND gate

A
AB A B A.B / F
B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
of
gate
2 OR 2 input OR gate
A
A+B A B A+B / F
B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
of
gate
3 NOT
NOT gate
A A’
A A’/A
0 1
1 0
of
gate
4 NAND 2 input NAND

A gate
AB A B A.B
B
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
of
gate
5 NOR 2 input NOR

A gate
y
B A B A+B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
of
gate
6 EX 2 input Ex OR gate
- A B A+ B
A
OR
B A+B 0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
of
gate
7 EX 2 input Ex NOR
- A
B A B A+ B
NOR A+B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
 Implementation Of Boolean Equation Using
Logic Gates :
1) F=A+A’B
A’ A+AB
B AB
Logic Gates :
2) F= ABC+A’BC+B’C’
ABC
A’
B
C
C’ ABC+A’BC+B’C’
B’
Logic Gates :
3) F= (A’+B’+C)(A’+B+C)(A+B’)
ABC
(A’+B’+C)(A’+B+C)(A+B’)
A’
B
C
B’
Logic Gates :
4) F=A’B+AB’
AB
A’
A’B+AB’
B’
Logic Gates :
5) F=(A’B+AB’)’
AB
A’
A’B
(A’B+AB’)’
AB’
B’
Boolean Logic :
 Boolean Logic is a complete system for
logical operations, used in many systems.
 It was named after George Boole, who
first defined an algebraic system of logic
in the mid 19th century.
 Boolean logic has many applications in
electronics, computer hardware and
software, and is the base of all modern
digital electronics.
Postulates of Boolean Algebra :
 Postulates of Boolean Algebra means it
require no proof.
1) Commutative Postulates
A+B=B+A
A.B=B.A
2) Identity Postulates
A+0=A
A.1=A
A+A’=1
A.A’=0
Postulates of Boolean Algebra :
 Postulates of Boolean Algebra means it
require no proof.
3) Distributive Postulates
A+B.C=(A+B).(A+C)
A.(B+C)=A.B+A.C
Properties of Boolean Algebra :
1) Commutative Property :
 Boolean addition is commutative where
order of variable can be interchange.
A+B=B+A
 This is a OR property, where sequence
of A and B can be interchange.
2) Associative Property :
 In OR property grouped of variable can
be order any way.
A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C
 Here in this example left hand side
group of variables B and C is made and
A is added to it. If group of A and B is
made and C is added to it there is no
change in the result.
 Associative property is applicable to
AND operation :
A.(B.C)=(A.B).C
3) Distributive Property :
A+BC=(A+B).(A+C)
A.(B+C)=A.B+A.C
A.(B+C)=A.B+A.C
A+BC=A.1+B.C
 Absorption Property / Absorption
Theorems:
A+0=A
A.1=A
A+A=A
A.A=A
A+1=1
A.0=0
A+A=1
A-A=0
A=A
Absorption Property / Absorption
Theorems:
1) A.(A+B)=A
L.H.S =A.A+A.B
=A+AB || A=A.A
=A(1+B)
=A.1 ||1=1+B
=A
L.H.S=R.H.S
Theorems:
2) A+AB=A
L.H.S=A+AB
=A(1+B) ||1+B=1
=A.1
=A
L.H.S=R.H.S
Theorems:
3) A+AB=A+B
L.H.S=A+B
=(A+A).(A+B)
=1.(A+B)
=A+B
L.H.S=R.H.S
Theorems:
4) A.(A+B)=AB
L.H.S=A.A+AB
=0+AB || A.A=0
=AB
L.H.S=R.H.S
Theorems:
5) X+X.Y=X
=X+X.Y
=X(1+Y) || X.X=1
=X.1
=X
L.H.S=R.H.S
Theorems:
6) X.(X+Y)=X
L.H.S=X.(X+Y)
=X.X+X.Y || remove bracket
=X+X.Y
=X(1.Y) ||(1+Y)=1
=X.1
=X
L.H.S=R.H.S
CANONICAL OR STANDARD FORMS:
 There are two ways to represent Boolean
function, one is standard (canonical) Sum
Of Product form, and another is the
standard Product Of Sum.
 SUM OF PRODUCT : (SOP)

 It is an expression in which one or more
product terms are logically added.
 Sum of Product is also known as Product
of Minterms.
 Minterms and Maxterms are complement
each other.
SUM OF PRODUCT : (SOP)
 Min terms:
 Sum Of Product is also known as
Minterms.
 Each minterm obtained from an AND
term of the n variable, with each variable
being primed if the bit of binary number
is 0 and unprimed if a 1.
 Symbol of minterm is mj where
j=0,1,2,… The three variable Minterms
are shown in the table.
 Min terms:
Input Min Terms Min Term
X Y Z (Standard Product Terms) Designation
00 0 X’ Y’ Z’ m0
00 1 X’ Y’ Z m1
01 0 X ’Y Z’ m2
01 1 X ’Y Z m3
10 0 X Y’ Z’ m4
10 1 X Y’ Z m5
11 0 X Y Z’ m6
11 1 XYZ m7
CANONICAL OR STANDARD FORMS:
 PRODUCT OF SUM: (POS)
 It is an expression in which one or more
product terms are logically multiplied.
 Product Of Sum is also known as Product
of Maxterms.
 Minterms and Maxterms are complement
each other.
PRODUCT OF SUM: (POS)
 Max terms:
 Product Of Sum is also known as
Maxterms.
 Each maxterm obtained from an OR
term of the n variable, with each variable
being primed if the bit of binary number
is 1 and unprimed if a 0.
 Symbol of maxterm is Mj where
j=0,1,2,… The three variable Minterms
are shown in the table.
 Max terms:
Input Max Terms Max Term
X Y Z (Standard Product Terms) Designation
00 0 X+Y+Z M0
00 1 X+Y+Z’ M1
01 0 X+Y’+Z M2
01 1 X+Y’+Z’ M3
10 0 X’+Y+Z M4
10 1 X’+Y+Z’ M5
11 0 X’+Y’+Z M6
11 1 X’+Y’+Z’ M7
DE-MORGAN’S THEOREMS :
 DE-MORGAN was great logician and
mathematician.
 He discovered the two important
theorems as follows:
 Theorem-1 : The complement of a
sum equals to the products of the
complements.
X+Y=X.Y
 Theorem-2 : The complement of a
product equals the sum of the
complements.
X.Y=X+Y
 Proof of De-Morgan’s theorem - 1
 Theorem-1 :
X+Y=X.Y
X Y X Y X+Y X+Y X.Y
0 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0
 Proof of De-Morgan’s theorem - 1
 Theorem-2 :
X.Y=X+Y
X Y X Y X.Y XY X+Y
0 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0
KARNAUGH MAP (K-MAP) :
 The boolean function may be simplified
using algebra method, but this method
is sometimes difficult because it lacks
specific rules.
 This method is also known as a
KARNAUG MAP or Veitch Diagram.
 The map is a diagram made of squares
and each square represent one
minterm.
 How To plot a KARNAUGH MAP?
 K- MAP for 2 variables :
Y
X 0 1
0 X’Y’ X’Y
1 XY’ XY
 For any square see the variable in the both
the row and the column.
 For first square of the 1st row, variables are X’
and Y’, and hence it will represent the product
term X’Y’.
 For the 2nd square of the 1st row, the variables
are X’ and Y, so it represents X’Y.
• 0 and 1 are written at the top of the map
shown in the above figure. They indicate
0 and 1 for variable.
• It means 0 represents variable in
complemented from (Y’) and 1 represents
variable in uncomplemented from (Y).
• Similarly on the extreme left side of the
map 0 and 1 are written and they
represents X’ and X respectively.
(1) F=X’Y+XY’
Y
X 0 1
0 1
1 1
 A three variable K-Map has eight square or
cells and each square represent different
product terms.
 For example: X’Y’Z’, X’Y’Z, X’YZ, X’YZ’,
XY’Z’, XY’Z, XYZ, XYZ’.
YZ
X 00 01 11 10
0 X’Y’Z’ X’Y’Z X’YZ X’YZ’
1 XY’Z’ XY’Z XYZ XYZ’

 A four variable K-Map has sixteen square or
cells and each square represent different
product terms.
 For example: W’X’Y’Z’,…… WX’YZ’.
YZ
WX 00 01 11 10
0 X’Y’Z’ X’Y’Z X’YZ X’YZ’
1 XY’Z’ XY’Z XYZ XYZ’

 Simplification using K-MAP :
 [A] F=(X’YZ)+(X’YZ’)+(XY’Z’)+(XY’Z)
= X’Y(Z+Z’)+XY’(Z’+Z)
= (X’Y+XY’)+(Z+Z’)(Z’+Z)
= (X’Y+XY’).1
= X’Y+XY’
YZ
X 00 01 11 10
0 1 1
1 1 1
 Simplified the equation
F(W,X,Y,Z)= ∑(0,2,4,6,9,11,13,15)
YZ
WX 00 01 11 10
00 0 1 3 2
01 4 5 7 6
11 12 13 15 14
10 8 9 11 10
F(W,X,Y,Z)= ∑(0,2,4,6,9,11,13,15)
YZ
WX 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
01 1 1
11 1 1
10 1 1
F(W,X,Y,Z)= ∑(0,1,2,5,8,9,10)
YZ
WX 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1
01 1
11
10 1 1 1
 Don’t care condition :
 In K-MAP every cell represent a minterm or
maxterm.
 Sometime may be possible that any 1s or 0s
does not matter.
 We say that don’t care what the function
output is to be for this minterm.
 Minterms that may produce either 0 or 1 for
the function are said to be do not care and
are marked with × in the map.
 The don’t care condition can be used to
provide further simplification of the algebraic
expression.
 Simplification using Don’t Care
condition :
F(W,X,Y,Z)=∑(4,5,6,8,9,12,13)+d(3,7,10,11,15)
YZ
WX 00 01 11 10
00 ×
0 1 3 2
01 1 1 × 1
4 5 7 6
11 1 1 ×
12 13 15 14
10 1 1 × ×
8 9 11 10
 What is Combinational Circuits? :
 It is logical circuits, the output at any
time depends on the logic levels at the
input at that instant only.
 It does not depend on the past
condition.
 A combinational circuit transforms
binary information from the given
output data to the required output data.
 Combinational Circuits:
Inputs Outputs
Combinational
Circuit
Memory Element
Block diagram of Combinational Circuit

 Half Adder :
 A half adder is a combinational circuit
adds two binary bits.
 Block diagram of half adder is as given
below.
A sum S
Inputs
H/A carry
B C
Block diagram of Half Adder

 Half Adder :
 There are two input terminals which are
marked as A and B.
 Binary numbers the sum of which has to
be made are applied here.
 There are two output terminals. One
terminal is for sum and the other is the
carry bit C.
 Truth table of half adder is shown
below.
 Half Adder’ truth table :
Input Output
A B SUM Carry
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
S=A’B+AB’
C=AB
 K-MAP for Half Adder:
B B
A 0 1 A 0 1
0 1 0
1 1 1 1
 From the truth table let us construct

the K-MAP to find Boolean expression
for the sum S and carry C.
 K-MAP for Half Adder:
A
B
sum
S=AB+AB
Carry C=AB
 Full Adder :
 A full adder is a combinational circuit
that performs the arithmetic sum of
three input bits.
 It consists three inputs and two outputs.
 When we want to add two binary
numbers each having two or more bits
the LSB (Least Significant Bit) can be
added by using a half adder.
 Block diagram of full adder is as given
below:
 Full Adder Diagram :
sum S
Ci
A
Inputs F/A carry
B C
Block diagram of Full Adder
 In this there are three input terminal. One

output is Ci which is carry from the previous
stage.
 A and B are two input terminals. There are
two output terminals. One is final sum S and
the other is final carry C.
Input Output
A B Carry from Previous Final Final
stage C Sum S Carry C
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
S=ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC
C=ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC
 Full Adder circuit using two half
adders:
Sum
Cin S
H/A2
A2 C
B2 H/A1 Carry
 K-MAP for Full Adder:
K-Map for Sum
AB
Ci 00 01 11 10
0 1 1
1 1 1
K-Map for Carry
AB
Ci 00 01 11 10
0 1
1 1 1 1
 K-MAP for Full Adder:
AB C
C
 Comparison between Half Adder and
Full Adder
Half Adder Full Adder
1. It is used for 2 bit 1. It is used for Multi
addition. bit addition.
2. One Ex-OR/OR gate 2. Two Ex-OR/OR
and one AND gate are gates and Multiple
used. AND gates are used.
3. Output is the sum 3. Output is the sum
of two signals. of three signals.
4. Circuit is simple. 4. Circuit is
complicated.
 Comparison between Half Adder and
Full Adder
Half Adder Full Adder
5. There are two input 5. There are three
and two output input and two output
terminal. terminal.
6. Two half adder 6. Two full adder does
makes one full adder. not make one half
adder.
 BCD Adder :
 BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal.
 A BCD adder is a circuit which adds two
BCD digits in parallel and produces the
sum in BCD, means from 0 to 9 Decimal
numbers are represent in BCD form with
4 Binary digit.
 BCD Adder :
Decimal BCD number
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
 BCD Adder :
 In BCD addition when two BCD numbers
get addition, after addition if value more
than 9 then it will selected by adding 6
to answer.
 Example: If we make sum of decimal
digit 7 and 7 in binary form, it will be
1 1
0 1 1 1
+ 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0
 BCD Adder :
 The result is 1110 equivalent 14 of decimal
which is not valid BCD form.
 In order to get the answer in the BCD form
we have to skip six forbidden group.
 To be this we have to add 0110 to the
answer, so in example let us add 0110 to the
answer.
1 1 Which is again
1 1 1 0 group line 0001=1
+ 0 1 1 0 and 0100=4
1 0 1 0 0
Correct BCD for is 14 (00010100)
 Half Sub tractor :
 Binary sub tractor can be made using
half sub tractor. Block diagram is shown
below:
Difference D
A
Inputs Half
Sub tractor Borrow
B B
Block diagram of Half Sub tractor

 Half Sub tractor :
 There are two input terminals A and B
bits to be subtracted are applied here.
 There are two output terminals. One is
for the difference signal and the other is
for borrow signal. Truth table is as given
below:
 Half Sub tractor’ Truth table:
Input Output
A B Difference D Borrow B
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
 D=A’B+AB’
 B=A’B
 Half Sub tractor’ Truth table:
 From the truth table we can write the
sum of product expression for difference
D and borrow B.
 Half sub tractor using Ex-OR gate.
D=A’B+AB’
B=A’B Difference
A
B D
Borrow
B
 K-MAP for Half Subtractor:
A B
B 0 1 A 0 1
0 1 0
1 1 1 1
D=A’B+AB’
B=A’B
 K-MAP for D/ B :
A
Difference
B
D
Borrow
B
D=A’B+AB’
B=A’B
 Full Sub tractor :
 Block diagram is shown below:
Difference
Bi D
A Full
Inputs Sub tractor Borrow
B B
Block diagram of Full Sub tractor

 Full Sub tractor :
 There are three input terminals and two
output terminals.
 One input is A from which the second
input B has to be subtracted. Bi is the
borrow from previous stage.
 One output is difference D and the other
output is borrow Bo here table is given
below:
 Full Sub tractor Diagram :
Input Output
A B Bi Differen Borrow
ce D B
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
 Full Sub tractor using two half sub
tractor :
 Block diagram of full sub tractor using
two half sub tractor is shown below:
Difference
A D
Inputs H/S1 D
B
Bi H/S2 Borrow B
Block diagram of Full Sub tractor using two half sub tractor
 K-MAP for Full Subtractor:
K-Map for Sub
AB
Ci 00 01 11 10
0 1 1
1 1 1
K-Map for Borrow
AB
Ci 00 01 11 10
0 1
1 1 1 1
 K-MAP for Full Subtractot:
AB C
Difference
D
Borrow
B
 Sequential Circuit :
 Digital electronics is classified into
combinational logic and sequential logic.
 Combinational logic output depends on
the input levels whereas sequential logic
output depends on sorted level and also
the input levels.
 The memory element are devices
capable of storing binary info.
 The binary info stored in the memory
elements at any given time defines the
state of the sequential circuit.
 Sequential Circuits:
Inputs Outputs
Sequential
Circuit
Memory Element
Block diagram of Sequential Circuit

 Sequential Circuit :
 There are two types of sequential
circuit. Their classification depends on
the timing of their signals.
• Synchronous sequential circuits
• Asynchronous sequential circuits
 In order to build sophisticated digital
logic circuits, including computers, we
need more a powerful model. We need
circuits whose output depends upon
both the input of the circuit and its
previous state. In other words we need
circuits that have memory.
 Flip-Flop :
 A Flip-Flop is a binary cell capable for storing
just one bit of information. i.e. they contain
either 0 or 1.
 It is kind of an electronic circuit which has two
stable states, therefore it is also known as
bistable multivibrator, and thereby is capable
of serving as one bit of memory.
 In other words a sequential circuit is an
interconnection of flip-flop and gates.
 The gates by themselves constitute a
combinational circuit, but when included with
flip-flop the overall circuit is classified as a
sequential circuit.
 Flip-Flop :
 It has two output terminals which are
complement of each other. Which are Q
and Q’.
 When Q is at logic 0, flip flop is at reset
and when Q is at logic = 1 it is in set
mode.
 They are various FF available which
are…
(1) SR or RS FF (4) JK FF
(2) D FF (5) Master slave JK FF
(3) T FF
 (1) SR or RS FF :
 SR FF means set reset flip flop.
 It also known as reset set flip flop. Block
diagram of the flip flop is shown as
below.
 Here R and S are input terminals
whereas Q and Q’ are complement of
each other.
R R Q Q
S S Q’
Q’
 (1) SR or RS FF :
 The most fundamental flip flop is the
simple RS flip flop or (RS latch) where R
and S stand reset and set.
 RS flip flop using two NOR gate is
displayed.
R S Q Comments
0 0 1 No change
0 1 1 Set
1 0 0 Reset
1 1 ? Forbidden
 (1) SR or RS FF (Logical Diagram) :
1
R 0
1 1 Q
0
S 2 Q’
1
0
 Clocked RS FF :
 In the simple R-S flip flop the output is depends on
input condition that is at any time the input
conditions are changed, output is also changed. They
are called as asynchronous flip flop.
 The clocked R-S flip flop requires a clocked (Enabled)
input.
 It means that this type of flip flop has three inputs,
named as S (set), R (Reset), and C (Clock).
 Its R and S inputs will control the state of the flip flop
only when the clock input is high.
 When the clock is low, the input becomes ineffective
and no change of state can take place.
 This flip flop is known as Gated R-S flip flop or
Synchronous flip flop.
 Clocked RS FF :
R SR Q
C flip flop
S With Q’
CLK
Block diagram of RS FF with clock
R S Q Comments
0 0 1(High) No change
0 1 1(High) Set
1 0 1(High) Reset
1 1 1(High) Indeterminate
 Clocked RS FF :
 If both inputs R and S equal to zero
during the clock transition the output
does not change, that is Q remain
unchanged.
 The second input condition R=0 and
S=1 forces of output of first NAND gate
to be high, that is Q=1. Thus Q=1 is
said to SET.
 The third input condition in the truth
R=1 and S=0 forces output of second
NAND gate to be high, that is Q’=1 and
Q=0 is said to RESET.
 (1) SR or RS FF with clock (Logical
Diagram) :
S
3
1 Q
CLK
4 2 Q’
R
 (2) D Flip Flop / Delay flip flop :
 In D type flip flop there is one input called D
input (or data input) in addition to clock input.
 The main disadvantages of R-S flip flop is
when both the inputs at high level it produced
forbidden condition.
 To eliminated this condition the new kind of
flip flop is introduced with modification and it
is also known as Delay flip flop or D flip flop.
 An inverter is connected as shown in the input
so that both that both the input terminals do
not go to same state simultaneously. So
forbidden condition does not arise.
(2) D Flip Flop / Delay flip flop :
 Truth table of D flip flop:
Q(t) Present state D Q(t+1) Next State
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 0 Reset
1 1 1 Set
Output =D’Q+DQ
 When D=0 and clock is high then it makes next
state Q(t+1) low, means reset the flip flop.
 When D value is high with high clock pulses it
causes the flip flop to set. It does not have no
change condition.
D Q
CLK Q’
D
3
1 Q
4 2 Q’
R
 K-MAP for D flip flop:
D
Q 0 1
0 1
1 1 1
Q(t+1)=D’Q+DQ
 (3) J-K (Jump & Kick) flip flop :
 The JK flip flop is called a universal flip flop
because the other flip flop like D, RS and T
can be derived from it.
 The JK flip flop is very versatile and most
widely used.
 The block diagram and circuit diagram shown
in figure.
 The J k inputs are equal to S (Set) and R
(Reset) inputs of RS flip flop.
 Working of J-K flip flop :
 The functioning of J K flip flop is similar to that
of the R-S flip flop.
 Inputs J and K behave like inputs S and R to
set and reset flip flop.
 As shown in the truth table if both the inputs J
and K equal to zero then no change of state
take place even if a clock pulse is applied.
 The second condition J=0 and K=1 causes flip
flop reset.
 When J=1 and K=0 the flip flop sets.
 When both inputs J=K=1 the flip flop switches
to its complement state.
 (3) Working of J-K flip flop :
J Q
CLK
JK
K
FF
Q’
J 3 1
0 1 Q
1
2 Q’
K 4 0
J K Q(t+1)
0 0 No Change
0 1 0 Reset
1 0 1 Set
1 1 Q’ Complement
Q(t+1)=J’KQ’+JK’Q+JKQ’
 K-MAP for J-K flip flop :
JK K-MAP for
Q 00 01 11 10
0 1 1 Reset
Set
1 1 Complement
Q(t+1)=J’KQ’+JK’Q+JKQ’
 (4) T flip flop (Toggle(Two input) flip
flop) :
 This flip flop has a single control input, labeled
as T for Toggle.
 This flip flops are not widely available but it is
easy to construct from J K flip flop.
 T flip flop is obtained by combining J and K
inputs of JK flip flop.
 T FF has only two condition when T=0(J=K=0)
clock transition does not change the state of
flip flop but when T=1, clock transition
complements or toggles the state of flip flop.
 T flip flop :
Q(t) T Q(t+1)
0 0 0 No Change
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0 Complement
Q(t+1)=Q’T+QT’
 K-MAP for T flip flop :
T
Q 0 1
0 1
1 1
Q(t+1)=Q’T+QT’
 (4) T flip flop (Toggle(Two input) flip
flop) :
 It means when
T=0 : Q(t+1)=Q(t) Q
T=1 : Q(t+1)=Q’(t) Q’
1
T 3 1 Q
0
1 0
2 Q’
4
 (5) Master Slave flip flop) :
 A master slave flip flop is constructed with the
help of two separate circuits.
 First part of the circuit serves as a master and
second part of the circuit serves as a slave flip
flop.
 Operation : When clock pulse CP=0 the
output of the inverter 1. This is applied to
Slave flip flop.
 Since the clock input of the slave in now 1.
The flip flop is enabled and output Q is equal
to Y, while Q’ is equal to Y’.
 (5) Master Slave flip flop) :
 When the clock pulse again goes to 1, the
information then at the external J & K inputs is
transmitted to the master flip flop and thus Y
and Y’ get the values to the inputs of J-K
values.
 The slave flip flop however is isolated as long
as the clock pulse is at its 1 level because the
output of the inverter is zero.
 When the clock input of the slave is 1, the flip
flop enabled and output Q is equal to Y while
Q’ is equal to Y’.
Y
J Q
CLK Master Y’ Slave

Q’
Q’
K
J Q
CLK
Master
Slave Q’
K
 There are three basic types of master slave flip flop :
RS flip flop, D flip flop and JK flip flop.
 The master slave combination can be constructed for
any type of flip flop by adding a clocked RS flip flop
with an inverted clock to form the slave.
 An example of s master slave JK flip flop constructed
with NAND gate is shown in figure.
J 1 Y
3 5
7 Q
Y’ 8 Q’
4 6
K 2
CP 9
 Difference Between Sequential and
Combinational Circuit :
Combinational Sequential Circuit
Circuit
1. In this only logic 1. In this circuit
gates are used. No memory element used
memory element is addition with gates.
used.
2. Output at any 2. In this output at any
instant depends only instant is dependent
on the input condition. also on the past
condition.
 Difference Between Sequential and
Combinational Circuit :
Combinational Sequential Circuit
Circuit
3. Design is simple 3. Design is difficult
due to absence of the due to memory
memory element. element.
4. More hardware 4. Less hardware
required. needed.
5. Cost is more as 5. Cost is less.
more hardware
needed.

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CHAPTER – 1

Digital Logic Circuit

• Computer Architecture refers to those

Sr.No Device Logic 0 Logic 1

Boolean expression is Y=A.B

Boolean expression is Y=A+B

Three input Ex-OR gate

2 input Ex-NOR gate

1 AND 2 input AND gate

4 NAND 2 input NAND

5 NOR 2 input NOR

 SUM OF PRODUCT : (SOP)

1 XY’Z’ XY’Z XYZ XYZ’

1 XY’Z’ XY’Z XYZ XYZ’

Block diagram of Combinational Circuit

Block diagram of Half Adder

 From the truth table let us construct

Block diagram of Full Adder

 In this there are three input terminal. One

Block diagram of Half Sub tractor

Block diagram of Full Sub tractor

Block diagram of Sequential Circuit

CLK Master Y’ Slave

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