Definition of Fiber Optic

Optical fiber transmission line which is made of glass or plastic that is used to transmit light signals
from one place to another. The light that is in the Optical Fiber difficult to get out because the
refractive index of glass is larger than the refractive index of air. The light source used is a laser
because the laser has a very narrow spectrum. Optical Fiber transmission speed is very high so it is
great to use as a communication channel.
Optical fiber is commonly used in telecommunication systems as well as in lighting, sensors, imaging
and Optics.
Optical fiber consists of two parts, the cladding and core. Cladding is sheathing of the core. The
cladding has a lower refractive index than the core will reflect the light that leads out of the core back
into the core again.
The efficiency of the Optical Fiber determined by the purity of the material making up the glass. The
more pure glass material, the less light is absorbed by the Optical Fiber.

Optical Fiber structure generally consists of 3 parts:

1. The most important part is called a core part (core), in which the light waves that are
transmitted will creep and having a refractive index greater than the second layer. Made of
glass (glass) with a diameter between 2 125 m, in this case depends on the type of optical
fiber.
2. The second part is called blanket layer (cladding), which is part surrounds the core and having
a refractive index lower than the a core part. Made of glass with a diameter between 5 250
m, also depends on the type of optical fiber.
3. The third section is called a jacket layer (Coating), which is part of a core layer and a
protective blanket made of elastic plastic material.

History and The Founder

Around the '60s was found that optical fibers are very high purity, less than 1 part in a million. In
everyday language means fiber that is very clear and does not deliver electricity Just as lasers, optical
fibers also have to go through the stages of early development. As light transmission medium, it is
very inefficient. Until 1968 or later two years after the first optical fiber is forecast to be the guiding
light, the level of attenuation (loss) was still 20 dB / km. Through the development in material
technology, optical fiber undergo purification, dehidran and others. Slowly but surely attenuation
reaching levels below 1 dB / km.

 1987 David Payne of the University of Southampton introducing optical amplifiers are
contaminated by the element erbium, which is able to increase the light signal without
converting it first into electrical energy.
 1988 Cable Translantic the first to use glass fibers are very transparent, and only requires a
repeater for every 40 miles.
 1991 Emmanuel Desurvire of Bell Laboratories and David Payne and PJ Mears of the
University of Southampton demonstrate optical amplifiers are integrated with the fiber optic
cable. With its advantages is that it can bring information 100 times faster than the wired with
an electronic amplifier (electronic amplifiers).
  1996 TPC-5 is a type of fiber optic cables of the first use of optical amplifiers. The cable
passes through the Pacific Ocean from San Luis Obispo, California, Guam, Hawaii, and
Miyazaki, Japan, and returned to the Oregon coast and is able to handle 320,000 telephone
calls.
 1997 Optical fibers connect the whole world, Link Around the Globe (FLAG) became the
longest cable networks around the world that provide the infrastructure for the latest
generation of the Internet.

Mecanism of Making Fiber Optic

As the name implies, the optical fiber is made of silica glass with a circular cross-section or other
forms. Manufacture of fiber optic done by pulling the viscous-liquid glass material that can be
obtained fiber / glass fiber with a particular cross-section. This process is done in a state of hot glass
material. Most important in the manufacture of fiber optic is to keep the relative comparison between
the various layers are not changed as a result of the pull. Packaging processes such as the provision of
protective materials or the manufacturing process of the connective cable made up of several pieces to
hundreds of cable-making process is no different than regular cable.

This process is called modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD). Silicon and germanium react
with oxygen to form SiO2 and GeO2. SiO2 and GeO2 together and form a glass. This process is done
automatically and takes several hours.

After the first process is completed preform is inserted into a fiber drawing tower. Then heated to
1900-2200 degrees Celsius until it melts. The melt falls past the laser micrometer so that the preform
form a thread. Performed coating and UV curing process.
Fiber Optic Final testing :

-Tensile strength: must be able to withstand 100,000 lb / inch2 or more.

-Refractive index profile: calculates the screen for optical reflectivity.
-Fiber geometry: Core diameter, cladding dimensions, cloating diameter is uniform.
-Attenuation: calculate the signal strength of various wavelengths and distances.
-Information carrying capacity: bandwidth
-Chromatic dispersion: the spread of various wavelengths of light through the core.

Different Type of Light Source on Optical

Fiber, Fiber optic Advantage and Disadvantage
A. Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor that emits incoherent monochromatic light
when a given voltage is developed. These symptoms include elektroluminesensi form. The
resulting color depends on the semiconductor material used, and can be near-ultraviolet,
visible, or infrared.
1. LED Working Principle
Inside the LED are a number of chemicals that will emit light when electrons pass
through it. By replacing these chemicals, we can change the wavelength of the
emitted light, such as infrared, green / blue / red and ultraviolet.
2. LED Ways of working
We already know that LED is a diode, so it has a pole (polar). Direction of
conventional current can only flow from the anode to the cathode. 2 wire (foot) on the
LED has a different length. Long wire is the anode while the short is the cathode.
There is another way, that is, if you look from above, you will know that the flat side.
The flat side is the cathode. If you look into it, you can distinguish them based on
visible form.
 Advantages of LED lights:
a) Led Lights do not contain Mercury
b) Much more efficient in terms of electricity usage
c) Durability longer, which is 60x longer than the type Incandescent lamps and 10x
longer than the fluorescent type.
d) Led Outdoor Lights also does not generate heat so as to save the use of AC (air
conditioning).
In addition to the advantages of Led Display, of course there are disadvantages price
Outdoor Led or Led The indoor is much more expensive than regular bulbs.

B. Injection Laser Diode (ILD)

A solid state semiconductor devices consists of the one capable of emitting coherent radiation
stimulated under certain conditions.
A laser diode is a semiconductor in which the active medium is similar to that found in light-
emitting diodes. The most common and practical type of laser diode is formed of a pn
junction and powered by injected electric current. the type is:

a. Double heterostructure laser

In this device, a low band gap material layer sandwiched between two layer high band
gap. One commonly used raw material partner gallium arsenide (GaAs) and
aluminum gallium arsenide (Al x Ga (1-x) As). Each intersection between different
bandgap materials is called heterostructure, hence the name "double heterostructure
laser" or DH laser. The type of laser diode described in the first part of the article
might be referred to as a homojunction laser, for contrast with this device is more
popular.
The advantage of the DH laser is that the region where free electrons and holes that
exist simultaneously active area is confined to the thin middle layer.
b. Quantum well lasers
If the middle layer is made thin enough, it acts as a quantum well. This means that the vertical
variation of the electron wave function, and thus the energy component, is quantised. The
efficiency of a quantum well laser is greater than the laser mass as a function of electron
density of states in the quantum well system has an edge sudden concentrating the energy of
electrons in the states that contribute to laser action. Laser contain more than one quantum
well layer, known as a multiple quantum Also lasers. Some quantum wells increases the gain
region overlaps with the optical waveguide mode.
c. Quantum cascade laser
In a quantum cascade laser, the difference between the energy levels of the quantum well is
used for the laser transition instead of the bandgap. This allows the laser measures the relative
wavelengths, which can be tuned simply by changing the thickness of the coating. They
heterojunction laser.
d. Distributed feedback laser
distribution feedback laser (DFB) is the most common types of transmitters in DWDM-
systems. Stabilize the lasing wavelength, diffraction grating etched close to the pn junction of
the diode. This grid acts as an optical filter, causing a single wavelength to be fed back to the
area and obtain lase. The DFB laser has a wavelength that is stable.
e. VCSEL
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) having an optical cavity axis along
 the direction of current flow and not perpendicular to the current flow as in
conventional laser diodes. Long active area is very short compared to the lateral
dimensions so that the radiation emerging from the cavity surface instead of the edge.
The reflectors at the ends of the cavity are dielectric mirrors made from alternating
high and low refractive index quarter wave thick multilayer.
f. VECSELs
Vertical external-cavity surface-emitting laser, or VECSELs, similar to VCSELs. In
VCSELs, the mirrors are usually grown epitaxially as part of the diode structure, or
grown separately and are tied directly to contain the active semiconductor region.
VECSELs distinguished by a construction in which one of the two mirrors which are
beyond the diode structure. As a result, cavity covers an area of free space. The
typical distance of the diode to an external mirror will be 1 cm.

C. Advantage and disadvantage from Fiber Optics

a) Advantage of Fiber Optics

1. Have the bandwidth (wide bandwidth) The frequency optical carrier working in a high
frequency region is about 10 ^ 13 ^ 10 Hz to 16 Hz, so that the information carried
will be many.
2. The damping is very low compared with wires made of copper, especially at a
frequency that has a wavelength of about 1300 nm is 0.2 dB / km.
3. Immune to electromagnetic wave interference. Optical fiber made of glass or plastic
are insulators, meaning free from interference magnetic field, radio frequency and
power failures.
4. Can deliver digital information at high speed. Optical fiber capabilities in delivering
high-frequency signals, it is suitable for the delivery of digital signals in a digital
multiplex system with a speed of several Mbit / s to Gbit / s.
5. The size and weight of a small and lightweight optical fiber. Core diameter fiber optic
micro berukuruan so that more economical use of space.
6. Does not electric current flows because Made of glass or plastic that can not be
electrified (avoid the occurrence of a short circuit)

b) Disadvantage of Fiber Optics

1. The construction is very weak so in the use , have to be strengthened with powerful
layer to protect it.
2. Transmission characteristics can be changed in the event of excessive external
pressure.
3. Can not electrified, so it can not give a portion to repeat the installation.
The Application in Daily life

Basic categories of Fiber Optic Applications

There are four basic categories of applications are very important to fiber optics:
a. Long Haul trunk is used for telephone network length is about - about 1500 km, its capacity is high.
b. Metropolitan trunk: length about - about 12 km and has and has approximately 100,000 channels.
c. Rural exchange trunks: a circuit has a length ranging from 40 to 160 km, linking urban and rural
areas, and have a voice channel is less of 5000.
d. Subscriber loop local area network: is the fiber that connects directly to the central station directly
to the customer.

Tools that uses Fiber Optic :

1. Fiber Optic Cabel

The Ways of Working of Fiber Optic Cabel

The main character of the fiber optic cable is a core part made of fiber glass with several
layers, each layer has its own function. In addition to the core, the characteristics of the
optical fiber is contained insulator or coating with various colors in one cable. For more
details, here are the components that make up the characteristics of an optical fiber cable or
optical fiber:
A fiber optic cable is made of pure glass fibers, so despite having cable lengths up to hundreds of
meters, light can still be transmitted from one end to the other. The glass fiber strands designed very
subtle, its thickness is approximately equal to the thickness of a human hair. Glass fiber strands coated
by 2 layers of plastic (2 layers of plastic coating) by coating the glass fiber with plastic, will get the
equivalent of a mirror around the glass fiber.

These mirrors produce total internal reflection (total reflection on the inner glass fiber), just as if we
were in a dark room with a glass window, then you are directing the flashlight 90 degrees
perpendicular to the glass, the flashlight will penetrate into the outdoors. However, if the flashlight is
directed (the window glass) with a low angle (almost parallel with the original light), then the glass
will serve as a mirror that will reflect light flashlight into the room. Thus the optical fibers, light
travels through glass fibers at a low angle.

To transmit telephone conversations via fiber optics, analog voice is converted into a digital
signal. A laser transmitter on one end of the cable on / off signal to transmit each bit. Modern
fiber-optic system with a single laser can be transmitting millions of bits / second. Or it could
be said laser transmitter on and off millions of times / second.
Latest System laser transmitter can be transmitting different colors to transmit a wide array of
digital signals in the same optical fiber.

Modern fiber optic cable can carry digital signals at a distance of approximately 60 miles (about 100
Km). In the long-distance distribution lines typically are additional equipment (equipment hut) every
40-60 miles, which serves the pick-up equipment that would accommodate, amplifies the signal, and
then re-transmit the signal to the next equipment.

Conclusion
Optical fiber transmission line which is made of glass or plastic that is used to transmit light signals
from one place to another. The light that is in the Optical Fiber difficult to get out because the
refractive index of glass is larger than the refractive index of air. The light source used is a laser
because the laser has a very narrow spectrum. Optical Fiber transmission speed is very high so it is
great to use as a communication channel.
Optical fiber is commonly used in telecommunication systems as well as in lighting, sensors, imaging
and Optics.

Optical Fiber structure generally consists of 3 parts:

1. The most important part is called a core part (core), in which the light waves that are
transmitted will creep and having a refractive index greater than the second layer. Made of
glass (glass) with a diameter between 2 125 m, in this case depends on the type of optical
fiber.
2. The second part is called blanket layer (cladding), which is part surrounds the core and having
a refractive index lower than the a core part. Made of glass with a diameter between 5 250
m, also depends on the type of optical fiber.
3. The third section is called a jacket layer (Coating), which is part of a core layer and a
protective blanket made of elastic plastic material.