Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 46 views

    Physics Lecture Notes

    Uploaded by

    Takudzwa Milton
    This document discusses kinematics in two dimensions, including: 1) Trigonometry and vectors, with definitions of trig functions and how they relate to right triangles. 2) Scalars and vectors, defining scalars as quantities described by a single number and vectors as having both magnitude and direction. 3) Vector addition and subtraction, explaining how to find the magnitude and direction of the sum of two vectors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Physics Lecture Notes

    Uploaded by

    Takudzwa Milton
    46 views25 pages
    This document discusses kinematics in two dimensions, including: 1) Trigonometry and vectors, with definitions of trig functions and how they relate to right triangles. 2) Scalars and vectors, defining scalars as quantities described by a single number and vectors as having both magnitude and direction. 3) Vector addition and subtraction, explaining how to find the magnitude and direction of the sum of two vectors.

    Original Description:

    physics

    Original Title

    physics lecture notes

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses kinematics in two dimensions, including: 1) Trigonometry and vectors, with definitions of trig functions and how they relate to right triangles. 2) Scalars and vectors, defining scalars as quantities described by a single number and vectors as having both magnitude and direction. 3) Vector addition and subtraction, explaining how to find the magnitude and direction of the sum of two vectors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    46 views25 pages

    Physics Lecture Notes

    Uploaded by

    Takudzwa Milton
    This document discusses kinematics in two dimensions, including: 1) Trigonometry and vectors, with definitions of trig functions and how they relate to right triangles. 2) Scalars and vectors, defining scalars as quantities described by a single number and vectors as having both magnitude and direction. 3) Vector addition and subtraction, explaining how to find the magnitude and direction of the sum of two vectors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 25

    Chapter 3

    Kinematics in 2 Dimensions

    Trigonometry and Vectors


    Trigonometry
    Right triangle – triangle that has one angle 90o
    Trigonometry
    Trig functions related to a right triangle
    ho
    sin θ =
    h

    ha
    cos θ =
    h

    ho
    tan θ =
    ha
    Trigonometry Find the height of a building which casts a shadow
    of 67.2 m when the angle of the Sun’s rays with respect
    to the ground is 50.0o.
    ho
    tan θ =
    ha

    ho

    tan 50 =
    67.2m


    ho = tan 50 (67.2m ) = 80.0m
    Trigonometry
    Inverse trig functions
    & ho #
    −1
    θ = sin $ !
    %h"

    & ha #
    −1
    θ = cos $ !
    %h"

    −1& ho #
    θ = tan $$ !!
    % ha "
    Trigonometry

    a) At what angle does the lakefront drop off


    if the depth of the lake at a distance of 14.0 m
    is 2.25 m?
    b) What is the depth of the water at 22.0 m?
    " ho %
    −1 −1 " 2.25 m % o
    a) θ = tan $ ' = tan $ ' = 9.13
    # ha & # 14.0 m &
    h0
    b) tan θ = ⇒ d = h0 = ha tan θ = ( 22.0 m ) tan 9.13o = 3.54 m
    ha
    Trigonometry

    2 2 2
    Pythagorean theorem: h =h +h
    o a
    Scalars and Vectors

    A scalar quantity is one that can be described


    by a single number:

    temperature, speed, mass

    A vector quantity deals inherently with both


    magnitude and direction:

    velocity, force, displacement


    Scalars and Vectors
    Example of a two-dimensional vector
    Vector Addition and Subtraction

    Often it is necessary to add one vector to another.

    = +
    Vector Addition and Subtraction

    5m 3m

    8m
    Vector Addition and Subtraction

    = +
    Vector Addition and Subtraction

    Find the magnitude! and direction


    of the sum vector R

    2.00 m

    6.00 m
    Vector Addition and Subtraction

    2 2 2
    R = ( 2.00 m ) + ( 6.00 m )

    2 2
    R= (2.00 m ) + (6.00 m ) = 6.32m

    R
    2.00 m

    6.00 m
    Vector Addition and Subtraction

    tan θ = 2.00 6.00

    −1 
    θ = tan (2.00 6.00)= 18.4

    R = 6.32 m
    2.00 m
    θ
    6.00 m
    Vector Addition and Subtraction

    When a vector is multiplied


    by -1, the magnitude of the
    vector remains the same, but
    the direction of the vector is
    reversed.
    Vector Addition and Subtraction

    Comparing the sum of two vectors


       with the difference between the same

    A+B B two vectors


    A  
    A −B
     
    A−B
    The Components of a Vector

     
    x and y are called the x vector component

    and the y vector component of r.
    The Components of a Vector


    The vector components of A are two perpendicular
     
    vectors A x and A y that are parallel to the x and y axes,
      
    and add together vectorially so that A = A x + A y .
    The Components of a Vector

    It is often easier to work with the scalar components


    rather than the vector components.

    Ax and Ay are the scalar components



    of A.

    xˆ and yˆ are unit vectors with magnitude 1.


    A = Ax xˆ + Ay yˆ
    The Components of a Vector

    Example

    A displacement vector has a magnitude of 175 m and points at


    an angle of 50.0 degrees relative to the x axis. Find the x and y
    components of this vector.

    sin θ = y r
    y = r sin θ = (175 m ) (sin 50.0! ) = 134 m

    cos θ = x r
    !
    x = r cosθ = (175 m ) ( cos50.0 ) = 112 m
    θ
    !
    r = (112 m ) x̂ + (134 m ) ŷ
    x, y --- rectangular coordinates
    r, θ --- polar coordinates
    Addition of Vectors by Means of Components

      
    C= A+B
     
    A = Ax xˆ + Ay yˆ B = Bx xˆ + B y yˆ
    Addition of Vectors by Means of Components

    !
    C = Ax x̂ + Ay ŷ + Bx x̂ + By ŷ
    = ( Ax + Bx ) x̂ + ( Ay + By ) ŷ

    C x = Ax + Bx C y = Ay + B y
    Addition of Vectors by Means of Components
    Example:
    +y
    V1 = 6.0 m V2 = 10.0 m !
    Find the magnitude and angle ! ! V2
    ! ! V1 + V2
    of V1 + V2
    θ = 30 o
    ! +x
    V1 0

    !
    V1 = (−6.0 m)x̂
    !
    V2 = (10.0 m ) cos30 o x̂ + (10.0 m ) sin 30 o ŷ = (8.7 m ) x̂ + ( 5.0 m ) ŷ
    ! !
    V1 + V2 = (−6.0 + 8.7) x̂ + ( 0 + 5.0 ) ŷ = ( 2.7 m ) x̂ + ( 5.0 m ) ŷ

    ! !
    V1 + V2 = 2.72 + 5.0 2 = 5.7 m
    ! ! 5.0
    angle of V1 + V2 = tan −1 = 62 o
    2.7
    Vectors in 3 dimensions
    z !
    Ax , Ay , Az --- rectangular coords A = Ax x̂ + Ay ŷ + Az ẑ
    A, φ, θ --- spherical coords
    Az
    !
    Ax = h cos φ = Asin θ cos φ A
    Ay = hsin φ = Asin θ sin φ θ Ay
    Az = A cosθ y
    Ax φ h

    h = Asin θ = Ax2 + Ay2

    x A = h 2 + Az2 = Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2

    You might also like