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    Biothermalenergy Lecture.156903.1555765393.5236 PDF

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    SitiMursidah
    The document discusses biomass gasification in Thailand. It provides details on the types and quantities of biomass available in Thailand, including rice husk, bagasse, palm oil empty fruit bunch, and wood chip. It also discusses biomass properties, preparation for gasification through pelletization, thermochemical conversion processes like pyrolysis and gasification, the applications of producer gas, and factors that affect the gasification process.

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    Biothermalenergy Lecture.156903.1555765393.5236 PDF

    Uploaded by

    SitiMursidah
    72 views19 pages
    The document discusses biomass gasification in Thailand. It provides details on the types and quantities of biomass available in Thailand, including rice husk, bagasse, palm oil empty fruit bunch, and wood chip. It also discusses biomass properties, preparation for gasification through pelletization, thermochemical conversion processes like pyrolysis and gasification, the applications of producer gas, and factors that affect the gasification process.

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    The document discusses biomass gasification in Thailand. It provides details on the types and quantities of biomass available in Thailand, including rice husk, bagasse, palm oil empty fruit bunch, and wood chip. It also discusses biomass properties, preparation for gasification through pelletization, thermochemical conversion processes like pyrolysis and gasification, the applications of producer gas, and factors that affect the gasification process.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    72 views19 pages

    Biothermalenergy Lecture.156903.1555765393.5236 PDF

    Uploaded by

    SitiMursidah
    The document discusses biomass gasification in Thailand. It provides details on the types and quantities of biomass available in Thailand, including rice husk, bagasse, palm oil empty fruit bunch, and wood chip. It also discusses biomass properties, preparation for gasification through pelletization, thermochemical conversion processes like pyrolysis and gasification, the applications of producer gas, and factors that affect the gasification process.

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    www.eng.chula.ac.

    th

    BIOMASS GASIFICATION
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Biomass in Thailand

    3
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Biomass in Thailand

    Rice husk Bagasse

    Palm oil empty fruit bunch Wood chip


    Biomass potential in
    Thailand, 2013
    3
    4/20/2019
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Biomass potential in Thailand,


    2013
    Available Equivalen
    Production unused t to
    Biomass type (106 Tons per residue electrical
    year) (106 Tons per power2
    year) (MW)
    1. Sugar cane leaves 17.02 15.17 1,647.33
    and tops
    2. Rice straw 19.00 10.89 942.12
    3. Corn leaves 9.32 8.85 610.23
    4. Eucalyptus bark1 4.30 3.80 289.27
    5. Palm oil empty fruit 4.10 2.21 112.13
    brunch
    1 Source:
    Jirukkakul et al., 2010 Source: DEDE, Ministry of energy, Thailand
    4
    4/20/2019
    2 At 20% efficient power plant operation 330 days per year (www.dede.go.th)
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Properties of biomass based in Thailand


    Palm oil empty fruit
    bunch Corncob
    (Uthaikiattikul et al., (Kerdsuwan&Laohalidanond
    , 2015)
    2012)
    Proximate analysis (wt% dry basis)
    Moisture1 12.50 9.94
    Volatile
    79.82 84.71
    matter
    Fixed
    13.31 2.33
    carbon
    Ash 6.87 12.96
    Ultimate analysis (wt% dry basis)
    Carbon 43.80 47.00
    Hydrogen 6.20 6.55
    Oxygen 42.64 44.75
    Nitrogen 0.44 1.66
    Sulfur 0.09 0.055
    HHV (MJ
    19.24 16.09
    1 As received kg-1) 5
    4/20/2019 basis
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Preparation of biomass for


    gasifier
    • Pelletization

    Physical ENPlus
    Unit
    properties standard
    kg m-
    Bulk density 3 >600

    Diameter mm 6 or 8
    Length mm 3.15 – 40
    Moisture
    % ≤ 10
    content
    Biomass pellet press Ash content % ≤7
    MJ
    Heating value 16.5 – 19 6
    4/20/2019 kg-1
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Biomass pellets
    • Erlich and Fransson (2011)

    Gasifier temperature profiles for the different fuels


    7
    4/20/2019
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Thermochemical conversion

    Process Temp. (°C)


    Biomass + Heat → Charcoal, oil,
    Pyrolysis 300 – 600
    gas
    Biomass + Stoichiometric*oxygen →
    Combustion Hot combustion products
    500 – 1300
    Biomass + Limited oxygen →
    Gasification 700 – 1400
    Fuel gas

    8
    4/20/2019
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Combustion

    Complete Direct
    combustion combustion

    Carbonization

    Incomplete
    combustion

    Gasification

    4
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Biomass gasification process


    • Drying Volatile
    • Pyrolysis
    • Oxidation
    – Complete combustion - 394 kJ mol-1
    – Partial combustion - 111 kJ mol-1
    – Hydrogen combustion - 242 kJ mol-1
    • Reduction
    – Boudouard + 172 kJ mol-1
    – Char reforming + 131 kJ mol-1
    – Reverse water-gas shift - 41.2 kJ mol-1
    – Methanation - 74.8 kJ mol-1
    10
    4/20/2019
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Producer gas & its applications


    • Producer gas
    – Gas/vapor:
    • Incondensable gas: CO, H2, CO2, light hydrocarbon, N2
    • Condensable vapor: tar
    – Solid: ash (inert)

    • Applications
    – Internal combustion engines: tar < 100 mg Nm-3,
    particulate < 50 mg Nm-3, HHV > 4 MJ Nm-3
    – Gas turbines: tar < 10 mg Nm-3, particulate < 2.4 mg
    Nm-3, HHV > 4 MJ Nm-3

    Source: Molino et al. (2016) 11


    4/20/2019
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Gasification processes in reactors


    Fixed-bed gasifier Fluidized bed gasifier
    Updraft Downdraft (cocurrent
    (countercurrent flow) flow)

    Tar level: 50 g Nm-3 1 g Nm-3 10 g Nm-3

    Source: Basu (2013) 12


    4/20/2019
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Design of downdraft gasifier


    Downdraft gasifier
    Imbert (Throated) gasifier Stratified (Throatless) gasifier
     Suitable Air
     Suitable for for finer  Air suction
    uniform size and &  Uniform
    shape biomass lighter access air
    biomass  Prevent hot-
     Well gas mixing spot, bridging
     Uniform and
    temperature channeling
    distribution
     Aid tar cracking
     Less tar
    Limit the capacity to 500 kW

    Source: Basu (2013) 13


    4/20/2019
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Updraft and Downdraft gasifier

    7
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Updraft and Downdraft gasifier

    Updraft Downdraft

    • Can use high moisture biomass • Can’t use high moisture biomass

    • After reaction there was high ash • After reaction there was low ash

    • Producer gas from updraft unclean • Producer gas from downdraft


    clean

    8
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Parameter affecting gasification

    Parameter Referrences

    • Air velocity • Muilenburg (2011),


    Gerun et al. (2010)
    • Equivalent ratio • Zainal et al (2002),
    Dillibabu.V and
    Natarajan.E (2014)
    • Moisture • C. Dejtrakulwong and S.
    Patumsawad (2014)
    • Air preheat • Wu et al (2013) ,
    Dillibabu.V and
    Natarajan.E (2014)

    • Characteristics of biomass • Ardebili et al (2014)


    13
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Gasifier efficiency
    HVpg ⋅ Vpg
    =η ⋅ 100%
    HVbiomass
    Compou HV (MJ m-
    ( x1 ⋅ HV )CO + ( x 2 ⋅ HV )H + ( x 3 ⋅ HV )CH nd 3)
    HVpg = 2 4

    100 CO 12.71
    H2 12.78
    CH4 39.76

    17
    4/20/2019
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

    Tar reduction
    • Primary method (reduce tar before exit gasifier)
    – Adjusting the operating conditions of gasifier
    – Modification of gasifier design
    • Secondary method (remove tar from producer gas)
    – Physical tar removal
    – Thermal or chemical tar removal (cracking)

     Gas cleaning
    cost
     Fouling
    problems
     Efficiency loss
    Source: Basu (2013)
    Tar
    18
    4/20/2019
    www.eng.chula.ac.th

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