D 2 u L C 4 p ρ = ∆ Lu C 4 g p h = ρ ∆ =
D 2 u L C 4 p ρ = ∆ Lu C 4 g p h = ρ ∆ =
D 2 u L C 4 p ρ = ∆ Lu C 4 g p h = ρ ∆ =
(a) For laminar flow in a circular pipe, derive from first principles the following equation
relating the head loss h f , the pipe diameter d, the pipe length L, the mean velocity of flow u,
the fluid density ρ, the fluid dynamic viscosity µ and the acceleration due to gravity g.
32 µ u L
hf =
ρgD 2
(b) A 20 mm diameter, 5 m long pipe conveys oil of dynamic viscosity 1.20 N s/m2 and
density 900 kg/m3 at a mean velocity of 0.30 m/s.
Show that the flow condition is laminar and determine
(i) The head loss
(ii) The centre line velocity
(iii) The radial location at which the velocity is equal to the mean velocity.
32 µ L u m 32 x 1.2 x 0.3 x 5
hf = 2
= = 16.3 m
ρgD 900 x 9.81 x 0.02 2
∆p = ρghf = 900x 9.81 x 16.3 = 144 kN/m2
Centre Line velocity is twice the mean for laminar flow so u = 2 x 0.3 =0.6 m/s