At Ground State, Calculate The Probability To Find Particle at Distance Between 0.4 Until 0.6a?

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At ground state, calculate the probability to find particle at distance between

0.4 until 0.6a?


Answer:
At ground state (n=1), probability to find particle at distance between 0.4a
until 0.6a is:
2
𝑋2
2 𝜋
𝑃 = ∫ (√ sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑋1 𝑎 𝑎

2 0.6𝑎 2 𝜋
𝑃= ∫ sin ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 0.4𝑎 𝑎
𝜋 𝜋
If 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥, so 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 and if 𝑥1 = 0.4𝑎, so 𝑦1 = 0.4 𝜋 as well as 𝑥2 =

0.6𝑎 , Thus 𝑦2 = 0.6 𝜋. Therefore:


2 0.6 𝜋 2 𝑎
𝑃= ∫ sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 0.4 𝜋 𝜋
2 𝑎 0.6 𝜋 2
𝑃= . ∫ sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝜋 0.4 𝜋
0.6 𝜋
2 1 1
𝑃= . [ 𝑦 − sin 2𝑦]
𝜋 2 4 0.4 𝜋

2 1 1 1 1
𝑃= . [( . 0.6 𝜋 − sin 2.0.6 𝜋) − ( . 0.4 𝜋 − sin 2.0.4 𝜋)]
𝜋 2 4 2 4
2 1 1
𝑃= . [(0.3𝜋 − sin 21.6) − (0.2𝜋 − sin 144)]
𝜋 4 4
2 1 1
𝑃= . [(0.3𝜋 − . 0.37) − (0.2𝜋 − . 0.59)]
𝜋 4 4
2
𝑃= . (0.3𝜋 − 0.09 − 0.2𝜋 + 0.15)
𝜋
2
𝑃= . (0.1𝜋 + 0.06)
𝜋
0.12
𝑃= 0.2 +
𝜋
0.12
𝑃= 0.2 +
3.14
𝑃 = 0.2 + 0.038
𝑃 = 0.238
1. Draw the energy level diagram and its degeneracy of three lowest energy
levels of the particle system in three-dimensional box, where a = b = 2c!
Answer:
a=b
b=a
𝑎
c=2

ℎ2 𝑛12 𝑛22 𝑛32


𝐸𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 = ( 2+ 2+ )
8𝑚 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 2
(2 )

ℎ2 𝑛12 + 𝑛22 + 4𝑛32


𝐸𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 = ( )
8𝑚 𝑎2
ℎ2
𝐸𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 = (𝑛2 + 𝑛22 + 4𝑛32 )
8𝑚𝑎2 1
ℎ2
𝐸111 = (12 + 12 + 4.12 )
8𝑚𝑎2
ℎ2
= (6)
8𝑚𝑎2
6ℎ2
=
8𝑚𝑎2
18ℎ2
𝐸112 =
8𝑚𝑎2
9ℎ2
𝐸121 =
8𝑚𝑎2
9ℎ2
𝐸211 =
8𝑚𝑎2

E112

degenerasi
E121 E211
E111
2. Calculate the first energy level (cm-1) and the difference in energy level
E2-E1 of the particle system in one-dimensional box: (a) the electrons are
trapped in box 1 A, (b) a ball with a mass of 1 gram trapped in a box 10
cm!
Answer:
Energy formula 1 dimensional particle in a box is
𝑛2 ℎ 2
En = 8𝑚𝑎2

a) The first energy level and the energy difference E2-E1 of the system of
particles in one-dimensional box of electron trapped in a box of 1A is
n =1
h = 6.63 x 10-34 Js
melektron = 9.109 × 10-31 kg
x1 = 1A = 10-10 m

2
(6.63×10−34 )
E1 = 8(9.109×10−31 )(1.10−10 )2
43.957𝑥10−68
= (72,.872 𝑥10−31 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 10−20 m2)

43.957𝑥10−68
= (72.872 𝑥10−51 𝑘𝑔 m2 )

= 0.603 𝑥 10−17 𝑘𝑔 m2 𝑠 −2
= 6.03 𝑥 10−18 𝑘𝑔 m2 𝑠 −2
E1 elektron = 6.03 𝑥 10−18 𝐽

2
22 (6.63×10−34 )
E2 =
8𝑚(1.10−10 )2

4 𝑥 43.957𝑥10−68
= (72,.872 𝑥10−31 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 10−20 m2)

175.828 𝑥10−68
= (72.872 𝑥10−51 𝑘𝑔 m2 )

= 2.413 𝑥 10−17 𝑘𝑔 m2 𝑠 −2
= 24.13 𝑥 10−18 𝑘𝑔 m2 𝑠 −2
E2 elektron = 24.13 𝑥 10−18 𝐽
Energy difference E2-E1 of the system is one-dimensional particle in a box on
the electron is trapped in a box 1A is
E2 – E1 = 24.13 𝑥 10−18 𝐽 − 6.03 𝑥 10−18 𝐽
= 18.1 𝑥 10−18 𝐽

b) The first energy level and the energy difference E2-E1 of the system of
particles in one-dimensional box of a ball with a mass of 1 gram trapped in a
box of 10 cm is
n =1
h = 6.63 x 10-34 Js
mball = 1gram = 10-3 kg
x2 = 10cm = 10-2 m

2
12 (6.63×10−34 )
E1 = 8×10−3 (10−2 )2

43.957𝑥10−68
= 8 𝑥 10−7 𝑘𝑔 m2

= 5.495 𝑥 10−61 𝑘𝑔 m2 𝑠 −2
E1 bola = 5.495 𝑥 10−61 𝐽

2
22 (6.63×10−34 )
E2 = 8×10−3 (10−2 )2

4 𝑥 43.957𝑥10−68
= 8 𝑥 10−7 𝑘𝑔 m2

= 21.978 𝑥 10−61 𝑘𝑔 m2 𝑠 −2
E2 bola = 21.978 𝑥 10−61 𝐽
Energy difference E2-E1 of the system one-dimensional particle in a box on a
ball with a mass of 1 gram trapped in a box of 10 cm is
E2 – E1 = 21.978 𝑥 10−61 𝐽 − 5.495 𝑥 10−61 𝐽
= 16.483 𝑥 10−61 𝐽

3. Determine the quantum number n, where energy is equal to kT at room


temperature for a spherical system with a mass of 1 gram trapped in a
box 10 cm!
Answer:
mball = 1gram = 10-3 kg
Eball = kT
T = 25oC = (25+273)K = 298K

𝑛2 ℎ 2
En = 8𝑚𝑎2
𝑛2 ℎ 2
kT = 8×10−3 ×(0.1)2
2
𝑛2 (6.626×10−34 )
1.38 × 10-23 × 298 = 8

3289.92×10−28
n=√ 43.9×10−68

n = √74.94 × 1040
n = 8.656 × 1020
Thus, the quantum number n with energy equal to kT at room temperature for
a spherical system with a mass of 1 gram trapped in a box of 10 cm is 8.656
× 1020.

4. Prove that the wave function of the particle in a box at the ground state
and the state of n = 2 are mutually orthogonal!
Answer:
Wave function of particle in one dimensional box is
𝑎
2 2 𝜋. 𝑥 2𝜋. 𝑥
∫ 𝜑1(𝑥) 𝜑2(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin( ). sin( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
0

the integral equation above can be solved by using the following equation
𝜋𝑥 𝜋
𝑦= and 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
So that,
𝑎
2 𝑎 2 𝜋
∫ 𝜑1(𝑥). 𝜑2(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ( ) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦. sin2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑜 𝑎 𝜋 0

Remember:
sin 2y = 2sin y.cos y
So that,
𝑎
2 𝑎 2 𝜋
∫ 𝜑1(𝑥) . 𝜑2(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ( ) ∫ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦. cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑜 𝑎 𝜋 0

Suppose that:
U = sin y and dU = cos y dy
So the value of integration is:
𝑎 4𝑎 𝑎
∫0 𝜑 1(x). 𝜑 2(x) dx = 𝜋2 ∫0 U2dU = 0

Because the value of integration is zero, so each of wave function above, 𝜑1(x)
and 𝜑2(x) are orthogonal mutually.

5. Show that at the ground state, the probability of finding the particle in
the middle of the box is maximum!
Answer:
2 𝜋𝑥
The equation of wave in base condition: 𝜑(𝑥) =√𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎

In this case, the function of probability density is 𝜑(𝑥) . 𝜑(𝑥)

2 𝜋𝑥 ∗ 2 𝜋𝑥
Because of 𝜑(𝑥) = √𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 , thus 𝜑(𝑥) = √𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑎 𝑎

For example, particle in the box at a distance 0-a. So, the probability to find
of the particle in the box is:
𝑎 ∗ 𝑎 2 𝜋𝑥 2 𝜋𝑥
∫0 𝜑(𝑥) . 𝜑(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥=∫0 √𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 √ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝑎2 𝜋𝑥
=∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎
2 1 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 2
= [𝑎 (− 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 ) ]
𝑎 𝑎 0
𝑎
2 𝜋𝑥 2 𝜋𝑥
= [− 3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 ]
2𝑎 𝑎 0

2 𝜋𝑎2 𝜋𝑎 2 𝜋02 𝜋0
=[− 3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 ]-[− 3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 ]
2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎
2 𝜋𝑎2
=[− 3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜋]-0
2𝑎
𝜋
= - 3 (−1)3
𝜋
= 3 (1)
3.14
= 3

=1
6. Calculate the expected value of particle position, <x>, at the ground
state!
Answer:
Expected value can be written as follow:
𝑎
∫0 𝜑1 𝑃𝑥 𝜑1 𝑑𝑥
< 𝑃̅𝑥 >= 𝑎
∫0 𝜑1 𝜑1 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
<Px> = ∫0 𝜑1 𝑃𝑥 𝜑1 𝑑𝑥 = 0
Integration result from expected value px is zero. This result is not
purposed that the value of linear momentum x equal to zero. The
momentum value cannot be equal to zero, but the average value of the
measurement number of momentum is equal to zero.
The expected value of linear momentum squared x direction with
the same procedure to the pricing momentum liner x direction. The value
of squares linear momentum x direction can be determined by doing a
squares linear momentum operator x direction of the wave function of the
ground state.
𝑑 2 𝜋.𝑥
𝑃̅𝑥2 𝜑1(x) = ħ 2 𝑑𝑥 2 n(A sin ( 𝑎 ))
𝜋 𝜋.𝑥
= ħ 2 𝑎(A sin ( ))
𝑎
𝜋2
= ħ 2 𝑎2 𝛹1(x)

Therefore,
𝜋2
𝑝𝑥2 = ℏ2
𝑎2
Thus,
𝜋
𝑝𝑥 = ±ℏ
𝑎
𝜋 𝜋
The value of linear momentum at x direction can be ℏ 𝑎 dan - ℏ 𝑎. This is

reasonable because momentum is a vector, where +/- state a vector


𝜋 ℎ
direction, while the value of linear momentum is ℏ 𝑎 or 2.𝑎. Now of course

the obvious, why the price of the average linear momentum x direction

(expected price) equal to zero, but the large quantity of momentum is 2.𝑎.
7. Draw a wave function graph of a particle in one-dimensional box at the
state of n = 8 and determine the number of its nodal!
Answer:
These graph wave functions of one-dimensional particle in a box on the
circumstances n=8.

2 8𝜋
Ψ8(x) = √𝑎 sin x
𝑎

2 7𝜋
Ψ7(x) = √𝑎 sin x
𝑎

2 6𝜋
Ψ6(x) = √𝑎 sin x
𝑎

2 5𝜋
Ψ5(x) = √𝑎 sin x
𝑎

2 4𝜋
Ψ4(x) = √𝑎 sin x
𝑎

2 3𝜋
Ψ3(x) = √𝑎 sin x
𝑎

2 2𝜋
Ψ2(x) = √𝑎 sin x
𝑎

2 1𝜋
Ψ1(x) = √𝑎 sin x
𝑎

The number of nodal of n = 8 is n-1 = 8-1 = 7. So the number of nodal is 7.

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