General

Mathematics

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Learner’s Material

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reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or
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to email their feedback, comments and recommendations to the
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We value your feedback and recommendations.

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Department of Education
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General Mathematics
Learner’s Material
First Edition 2016

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Published by the Department of Education

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Secretary: Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC
Undersecretary: Dina S. Ocampo, PhD
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Development Team of the General Mathematics Learner’s Material
Dr. Debbie Marie B. Verzosa Francis Nelson M. Infante
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Paolo Luis Apolinario Jose Lorenzo M. Sin

Regina M. Tresvalles Len Patrick Dominic M. Garces
Reviewers
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Leo Andrei A. Crisologo Lester C. Hao

Shirlee R. Ocampo Eden Delight P. Miro
Jude Buot Eleanor Villanueva

Layout Artist Cover Art Illustrator

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Management Team of the General Mathematics Learner’s Material

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Bureau of Learning Resources

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Functions
Lesson 1: Functions............................................................................................. 1
Lesson 2: Evaluating Functions ......................................................................... 10
Lesson 3: Operations on Functions ................................................................... 13

II. Rational Functions

Lesson 4: Representing Real-Life Situations Using Rational Functions ............. 21
Lesson 5: Rational Functions, Equations, and Inequalities ................................ 24

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Lesson 6: Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities ...................................... 25
Lesson 7: Representations of Rational Functions .............................................. 35
Lesson 8: Graphing Rational Functions ............................................................. 44

III. One-to-One Functions

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Lesson 9: One-to-One functions ........................................................................ 60
Lesson 10: Inverse of One-to-One Functions..................................................... 62
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Lesson 11: Graphs of Inverse Functions............................................................ 67

IV. Exponential Functions

Lesson 12: Representing Real-Life Situations Using Exponential Functions ...... 77
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Lesson 13: Exponential Functions, Equations, and Inequalities ......................... 82
Lesson 14: Solving Exponential Equations and Inequalities............................... 83
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Lesson 15: Graphing Exponential Functions ...................................................... 88

Lesson 16: Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions ....................... 92
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V. Logarithmic Functions
Lesson 17: Introduction to Logarithms ............................................................... 99
Lesson 18: Logarithmic Functions, Equations, and Inequalities ....................... 103
Lesson 19: Basic Properties of Logarithms ...................................................... 104
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Lesson 20: Laws of Logarithms ....................................................................... 106

Lesson 21: Solving Logarithmic Equations and Inequalities ............................. 111
Lesson 22: Graphing Logarithmic Functions .................................................... 124
Lesson 23: Illustrating Simple and Compound Interest ................................... 135

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 VI. Simple and Compound Interest
Lesson 24: Simple Interest .............................................................................. 137
Lesson 25: Compound Interest ....................................................................... 144
Lesson 26: Compounding More than Once a Year .......................................... 150
Lesson 27: Finding Interest Rate and Time in Compound Interest .................. 158

VII. Annuities:
Lesson 28: Simple Annuity .............................................................................. 168

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Lesson 29: General Annuity ............................................................................ 183
Lesson 30: Deferred Annuity ........................................................................... 199

VIII. Basic Concepts of Stocks and Bonds

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Lesson 31: Stocks and Bonds ......................................................................... 208
Lesson 32: Market Indices for Stocks and Bonds ............................................ 217
Lesson 33: Theory of Efficient Markets............................................................ 222
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IX. Basic Concepts of Loans
Lesson 34: Business and Consumer Loans .................................................... 225
Lesson 35: Solving Problems on Business and Consumer Loans .................. 226
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X. Logic
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Lesson 36: Propositions .................................................................................. 240

Lesson 37: Logical Operators.......................................................................... 246
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Lesson 38: Truth Tables .................................................................................. 257

Lesson 39: Logical Equivalence and Conditional Propositions ........................ 263
Lesson 40: Valid Arguments and Fallacies ...................................................... 270
Lesson 41: Methods of Proof ........................................................................... 283
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Lesson 9: One-to-One functions
Learning Outcome(s): At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to represent real-
life situations using one-to-one functions.
Lesson Outline:
1. One-to-one functions
2. Examples of real-life situations represented by one-to-one functions.
3. Horizontal line test.

Definition: The function is one-to-one if for any x1, x2 in the domain of f, then

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f(x1)  f(x2). That is, the same -value is never paired with two different
-values.
In Examples 1-5, determine whether the given relation is a function. If it is a function,
determine whether it is one-to-one or not.

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Example 1. The relation pairing an SSS member to his or her SSS number
Solution. Each SSS member is assigned to a unique SSS number. Thus, the
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relation is a function. Further, two different members cannot be assigned the same
SSS number. Thus, the function is one-to-one.
Example 2. The relation pairing a real number to its square.
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Solution. Each real number has a unique perfect square. Thus, the relation is a
function. However, two different real numbers such as 2 and –2 may have the same
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square. Thus, the function is not one-to-one.

Example 3. The relation pairing an airport to its airport code
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Airport codes are three letter codes used to uniquely identify airports around the
world and prominently displayed on checked-in bags to denote the destination of
these bags. Here are some examples of airport codes:

 MNL – Ninoy Aquino International Airport (All terminals)

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 CEB – Mactan-Cebu International Airport

 DVO – Francisco Bangoy International Airport (Davao)
 JFK – John F. Kennedy International Airport (New York City
 CDG – Charles de Gaulle International Airport (Paris, France)

Airport codes can be looked up at https://www.world-airport-codes.com

Solution. Since each airport has a unique airport code, then the relation is a
function. Also, since no two airports share the same airport code, then the function is
one-to-one.

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 Example 4. The relation pairing a person to his or her citizenship.
Solution. The relation is not a function because a person can have dual citizenship
(i.e., citizenship is not unique).
Example 5. The relation pairing a distance d (in kilometers) traveled along a given
jeepney route to the jeepney fare for traveling that distance.
Solution. The relation is a function since each distance traveled along a given
jeepney route has an official fare. In fact, as shown in Lesson 1, the jeepney fare
may be represented by a piecewise function, as shown below:

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Note that is the floor or greatest integer function applied to .
However, the function is not one-to-one because different distances (e.g., 2, 3 or 4
kilometers) are charged the same rate (P8.00). That is, because
, then F is not one-to-one.

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A simple way to determine if a given graph is that of a one-to-one function is by using
the Horizontal Line Test. C
Horizontal Line Test. A function is one-to-one if each horizontal line does not
intersect the graph at more than one point.

A graph showing the plot of fails the horizontal line test because some
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lines intersect the graph at more than one point.
The Vertical and Horizontal Line Tests. All functions satisfy the vertical line test.
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All one-to-one functions satisfy both the vertical and horizontal line tests.

Solved Examples
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1. Which of the following are one-to-one functions?

(a) Books to authors
(b) SIM cards to cell phone numbers
(c) True or False questions to answers
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Solution.
Only b is a one-to-one function. Books can have multiple authors that wrote the
book. A true or false question has only one answer so it is a function but a “True”
answer can correspond to multiple questions.
2. Which of the following relations is a one-to-one function?
(a)
(b)
(c)

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Solution.
Both a and c are one-to-one functions. B is a function however it is not one-to-one
since it has y-values that are paired up with two different x-values.

Lesson 9 Supplementary Exercises

1. For what values of k is the set of order pairs {(2, 4), (k, 6), (4, k)} a one-to-one
function?

2. Consider each uppercase letter in the English alphabet as a graph. Is there any of
these letters that will pass both the vertical and horizontal line tests?

3. The length of a rectangle, , is four more than its width. Let be the function

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mapping the length of the rectangle to its area. Is the function one-to-one?

Lesson 10: Inverse of One-to-One Functions

Learning Outcome(s): At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to determine the

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inverses of one-to-one functions.
Lesson Outline: C
1. Inverse of a one-to-one function.
2. Finding the inverse of a one-to-one function.
3. Property of inverse functions
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The importance of one-to-one functions is due to the fact that these are the only
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functions that have an inverse, as defined below.

Definition: Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. Then the
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inverse of f, denoted by f–1, is a function with domain B and range A

defined by if and only if for any y in B.
A function has an inverse if and only if it is one-to-one. If a function f is not one-
to-one, properly defining an inverse function f–1 will be problematic. For example,
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suppose that f(1) = 5 and f(3) = 5. If f –1 exists, then f–1(5) has to be both 1 and 3, and
this prevents f–1 from being a valid function. This is the reason why the inverse is
only defined for one-to-one functions.

To find the inverse of a one-to-one function:

(a) Write the function in the form y = f(x);
(b) Interchange the x and y variables;
(c) Solve for y in terms of x
Example 1. Find the inverse of
Solution. The equation of the function is
Interchange the x and y variables:

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 Solve for y in terms of x:

Therefore the inverse of is .

Property of an inverse of a one-to-one function

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Given a one-to-one function and its inverse , then the following are true:

 The inverse of is .
 for all x in the domain of .
 for all x in the domain of .

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For the second and third properties above, it can be imagined that evaluating a
function and its inverse in succession is like reversing the effect of the function. For
example, the inverse of a function that multiplies 3 to a number and adds 1 is a
function that subtracts 1 and then divides the result by 3.
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Example 2. Find the inverse of .
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Solution. The equation of the function is .

Interchange the x and y variables: .

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Solve for y in terms of x:

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The inverse of is .

Example 3. Find the inverse of the rational function .

Solution. The equation of the function is:

Interchange the x and y variables :

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Solve for y in terms of x:

(Place all terms with y on one side and those without y on the other side.)

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Therefore the inverse of is .

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Example 4. Find the inverse of , if it exists.
Solution. The students should recognize that this is a quadratic function with a
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graph in the shape of a parabola that opens upwards. It is not a one-to-one function
as it fails the horizontal line test.
(Optional) We can still apply the procedure for finding the inverse of a one-to-one
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function to see what happens when it is applied to a function that is not one-to-one.
The equation of the function is:
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Interchange the x and y variables:

Solve for y in terms of x
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(Complete the square)

The equation does not represent a function because there are

some x-values that correspond to two different y-values (e.g., if x = 3, y can be 1 or -
5.). Therefore the function has no inverse function.

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 Example 5. Find the inverse of , if it exists.
Solution. Recall that the graph of is shaped like a “V” whose vertex is
located at the origin. This function fails the horizontal line test and therefore has no
inverse.
Alternate Solution. We can also show that f–1 does not exist by showing that f is not
one-to-one. Note that f(1) = f(–1) = 3. Since the x-values 1 and –1 are paired to the
same y-value, then f is not one-to-one and it cannot have an inverse.
(Optional) If we apply the procedure for finding the inverse of a one-to-one function:
The equation of the function is:

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Interchange x and y:
Solve for y in terms of x:

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In this function, x=2 will correspond to f(x)=1 and f(x)= –1. Therefore f(x) has no
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inverse function.

Example 6. To convert from degrees Fahrenheit to Kelvin, the function is

, where t is the temperature in Fahrenheit (Kelvin is the SI unit of
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temperature). Find the inverse function converting the temperature in Kelvin to

degrees Fahrenheit.

Solution. The equation of the function is: ,

Since k and t refer to the temperatures in Kelvin and Fahrenheit respectively, we do

not interchange the variables.

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Solve for t in terms of k:

Therefore the inverse function is where k is the

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temperature in Kelvin.

Solved Examples

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1. Find the inverse of
Solution.
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Therefore, .
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2. Find the inverse of

Solution.
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Therefore, .

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 Lesson 10 Supplementary Exercises
1. Which among the following functions have an inverse?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
2. Find the inverse of .

3. Find if .

Lesson 11: Graphs of Inverse Functions

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Learning Outcome(s): At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to represent an
inverse function through its table of values and graph, find the domain and range of
an inverse function, graph inverse functions, solve problems involving inverse
functions.

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Lesson Outline:
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1. Graphs of inverse functions as a reflection about the line y = x
2. Domain and range of a one-to-one function and its inverse
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Graphing Inverse Functions
First we need to ascertain that the given graph corresponds to a one-to-one function
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by applying the horizontal line test. If it passes the test, the corresponding function is
one-to-one.
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Given the graph of a one-to-one function, the graph of its inverse can be obtained
by reflecting the graph about the line .
Example 1. Graph if the graph of restricted in the
domain is given below. What is the range of the function? What is
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the domain and range of its inverse?

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Solution. Take the reflection of the restricted graph of across the line
.

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The range of the original function can be determined by the inspection of the graph.
The range is .

Verify using techniques in an earlier lesson that the inverse function is given by

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.

graph: Domain of
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The domain and range of the inverse function can be determined by inspection of the

Range of
In summary,
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Domain
Range
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Observe that the domain of the inverse is the range of the original function, and that
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the range f of the inverse is the domain of the original function. Is this true for all one-
to-one functions and their inverses?

Example 2. Find the inverse of using its given graph.

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 Solution. Applying the horizontal line test, we verify that the function is one-to-one.
Since the graph of is symmetric with respect to the line (indicated by
a dashed line), its reflection across the line is itself. Therefore the inverse of
is itself or .

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Verify that using the techniques used in the previous lesson.

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Example 3. Find the inverse of using the given graph.
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E D
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Solution. Applying the horizontal line test, we confirm that the function is one-to-one.
Reflect the graph of across the line to get the plot of the inverse function.
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The result of the reflection of the graph of is the graph of

Therefore, .

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Example 4. Consider the rational function whose graph is shown
below:

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(a) Find its domain and range.
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(b) Find the equation of its asymptotes.
(c) Find the graph of its inverse.
(d) Find the domain and range of its inverse.
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Solution.
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(a) From our lessons on rational functions, we get the following results:
Domain of
Range of
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(b) Using techniques from the lesson on rational functions, the equations of the
asymptotes are
Vertical asymptote:
Horizontal asymptote:

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 (c) The inverse can be graphed by taking the reflection of the graph across

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Observe that the new asymptotes are the old asymptotes with the and values
interchanged. In fact, the asymptotes could also be obtained by reflecting the
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original asymptotes about the line .
Vertical asymptote:
Horizontal asymptote:
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(d) The domain and range of the functions and its inverse are as follows:
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Domain
Range

We can make the observation that the domain of the inverse is the range of the
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original function and the range of the inverse is the domain of the original function.
Example 5. In the examples above, what will happen if we plot the inverse functions
of the inverse functions?
Solution. If we plot the inverse of a function, we reflect the original function about
the line . If we plot the inverse of the inverse, we just reflect the graph back
about the line and end up with the original function.
This result implies that the original function is the inverse of its inverse, or
.

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Solving problems involving inverse functions
We can apply the concepts of inverse functions in solving word problems involving
reversible processes.

Example 6. You asked a friend to think of a nonnegative number, add two to the
number, square the number, multiply the result by 3 and divide the result by 2. If the
result is 54, what is the original number? Construct an inverse function that will
provide the original number if the result is given.

Solution. We first construct the function that will compute the final number based on

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the original number. Following the instructions, we come up with this function:

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The graph is shown below, on the left. This is not a one-to-one function because the
graph does not satisfy the horizontal line test. However, the instruction indicated that
the original number must be nonnegative. The domain of the function must thus be
restricted to
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, and its graph is shown on the right, below.
E D
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D

The function with restricted domain x  0 is then a one-to-one function, and we can
find its inverse.

Interchange the x and y variables:

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 Solve for y in terms of x:

(Since we do not need to consider )

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Finally we evaluate the inverse function at to determine the original number:

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The original number is 4.
Example 7. Engineers have determined that the maximum force in tons that a
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particular bridge can carry is related to the distance in meters between it supports
by the following function:
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How far should the supports be if the bridge is to support 6.5 tons? Construct an
inverse function to determine the result.
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Solution. The equation of the function is .

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To lessen confusion in this case, let us not interchange and as they denote
specific values. Solve instead for in terms of :
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The inverse function is .

Evaluate the function at t=6.5: = 6.70.

The supports should be placed at most 6.70 meters apart.

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Solved Examples
1. If is restricted on the domain , what is the
domain of its inverse?
Solution.
The domain of the inverse of is just the range of . The range of is
}. Therefore the domain of is

2. Given the graph of below, sketch the graph of its inverse.

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C
E D

Solution.
The graph of is just the graph’s reflection along y = x. So we get:
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D

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 3. Using algebraic methods, construct the inverse of . Is the function
you get the same as the sketch of the inverse in the previous number?
Solution.

To get , we first interchange x and y in . So we get .

We then isolate y

So we get . However, the graph of that will result in a parabola

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opening downwards while the sketch we have in number 2 was just half that
parabola. This occurs because the function must be one-to-one to have an inverse.

Lesson 11 Supplementary Exercises

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1. Find the domain and range of the inverse of with domain
restriction .
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2. Give the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of . Give the vertical and
horizontal asymptotes of its inverse.
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3. At what point will the graph of and its inverse intersect?
E

4. The formula for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit is given as where

C is the temperature in Celsius and F is the temperature in Fahrenheit. Find the
formula for converting Fahrenheit to Celsius. If the temperature in a
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thermometer reads 101.3°F, what is that in °C?

5. A particular breed of tilapia has its weight w (in kg) related to its length L (in
cm) modeled by the function w = (3.24 x 10–3)L2. Explain why the function is
one-to-one, even if it is a quadratic function. Find the inverse of this function
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and approximate the length of a single fish if its weight is 400 grams.

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Lessons 9 – 11 Topic Test 1
1. True or False [6]
(a) A linear function is a one-to-one function.
(b) The inverse of is .
(c) The graph of the inverse of a function can be obtained by reflecting the graph
of the function along .
2. Identify if the following are one-to-one functions or not. [6]
(a) People to their birthdays
(b) People to their Social Security System number
(c) People to their place of residence

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3. Which of the following functions have an inverse function? If so, find its inverse.
(a) [18]
(b)
(c)

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(d)
(e)
4. Sketch the graph of the inverse of the function . [10]
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Lessons 9 – 11 Topic Test 2
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1. Find the inverse of the following functions: [15]
(a)
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(b)
2. Find the domain and range of the inverse of [10]
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3. Find the asymptotes of the inverse of [10]

4. At what point/s do the following functions and their inverses intersect? [15]
(a)
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(b)
(c)

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