LITERATURE  Oxymoron – A figure of speech in which incongruous or

contradictory terms appear side by side.

 All Great Art and Literature is Propaganda – George Bernard Shaw
 Ex. Her voice was enough to raise the living dead.
 Literature – Is a written record of man’s best thoughts and feelings.
 Paradox – A statement that appears to contradict itself.
 Literature – Is the writings having excellence of forms and
 Ex. This is the beginning of the end.
expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest or the body of
 Synecdoche – A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent
written works produced in particular language, country or age.
the whole.
 2 Types of Literature  Ex. Check out the new wheels in my car.
 Traditional or Oral – Used interchangeably to refer to
 Assonance – Is the repetition of the middle vowel sound.
stories that have become cultural heritage of the community.
 Ex. Foolish and Crooning
 Socratic Method – Is a dialectic method of
 Consonance – Is sometimes called “Slant” rhyme. Both consonants
teaching, named after the Greek philosopher
occur at the end of the word as in odds and ends.
Socrates.
 Ex. Dreary and Weary
 Written Language – Is one that gets its form from the use
 Metonymy – A figure of speech in a word or phrase is substituted for
of the pen by literary genius. It is likely to be permanent in
another with which it's closely associated it.
form because once written it remains as is.
 Ex. The pen is mightier than the sword.
 Poetry – A type of writing that uses lines or stanzas rather than
 Allusion – Is a casual reference either by directly or by borrowing
sentences or paragraphs to express idea.
familiar phrases from the bible, history and literature.
 Prose – Is a discourse which uses sentences, usually forming
 Ex. Henry and Edison are the David and Goliath in the class.
paragraphs, to express ideas, feelings, and actions.
 Apostrophe – Is a direct address to someone absent, long dead or
 Narrative Poetry – A poem which tells a story.
even to an inanimate objects or ideas.
 Old Epic
 Ex. Rizal, where are the youth today?
 Lays
 Ballads
 Idylls
 Lyrical Poetry – A poem which expresses personal PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
emotions or feelings.  Legends – Are a form of prose and the common theme of which is
 Ode about the origin of a thing, location or name.
 Elegy  Folktales – Are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror
 Sonnet and humor where one can derive lessons about life.
 Psalm  Epics - Are long narrative poems where a series of heroic
 Dramatic Poetry – A poem which encompasses a highly achievements or events, usually by a hero, are dealt with.
emotional story that's written in verse and meant to be  Bidasari – Moro epic
recited.  Ibalon – Bikol epic
 Closet Drama  Maragtas – Visayan epic
 Dramatic Monologue  Darangan – Moro epic
 Rhyme Verse  Haraya – Visayan epic
 Biography – It is a literary work that gives the whole life  Kudaman – Palawan epic
account of a person written by another person.  Lagda – Visayan epic
 Auto-Biography – It is a literary work where the author writes  Alim – Ifugao epic
his/her own life account.  Myths – Are narratives that describe and portray in symbolic
 Epic – These are long poems that exemplify the adventures of epic language the origin of the basic elements and assumptions of a
heroes, and divine forces. culture.
  Folksongs – Are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that
Figures of Speech emerged in the Pre-Spanish period. Folk songs mirror the culture of
the early Filipinos.
 Figurative Language – Is a tool that an author uses, to help the  Kundiman – A folksong intended for love or courtship
reader visualize, or see, what is happening in a story or poem.  Ang Oyayi o Hele – A folksong considered as lullaby
 Simile – Is a comparison using like or as. It usually compares two  Kumintang – Also known as war song.
unlike objects.  Soliranin – Awit sa pamamangka
 Ex. She turns cold as freezer  Ang Dalit o Imno - Hymn
 Metaphor – States that one thing is something else. It is a  Talindaw - It is a boating song in the Philippines.
comparison, but does not use like or as to make the comparison.  Other Forms of Pre-Spanish Poetry:
 Ex. He is a shining star.  Epigrams (Salawikain)
 Personification – Is giving human qualities, feelings, actions, or  Riddles (Bugtong)
characteristics to inanimate (not living) objects.  Sayings (Kasabihan)
 Ex. The universe weeps for our menacing fate.  Sawikain (Idioms)
 Alliteration – Is the repetition of the initial consonant. There should
be at least two repetitions in a row.
 Ex. Apples aren’t always appropriate apologies. SPANISH PERIOD
 Onomatopoeia – Is the imitation of natural sounds in word form.
 300 Years – Spain colonized the Philippines for more than 300 years.
These words help us form mental pictures, or visualize, things,
people, or places that are described.  Alibata – Was the first Filipino alphabet which was replaced by the
 Ex. The snake hissed in the forest. Roman alphabet.
 Hyperbole – Intentionally exaggerated figures of speech.  Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian Doctrine) –
 Ex. A million poems won’t be enough to describe you.  First book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in Xylography.
 Written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in
 Litotes – A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in
Tagalog and Spanish.
which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.
 Ex. A million dollars is no small chunk of change.  Nuestra Senora del Rosario –
 Second book printed in the Philippines.
 Irony – The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal
 Written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602.
meaning. Also, a statement or situation where the meaning is
 Contains biographies, novenas, etc.
contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.
 Ex. A fire station burns down.  Libro de los Cuatro Post Primeras de Hombre –
 First book printed in typography.
 Ang Barlaan at Joseph –  Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow)
 First Biblical story printed in the Philippines  Tanikalang Ginto of Juan Abad
 Translated from Greek to Tagalog by Fr. Antonio de Borja  Malaya by Tomas Remigio
 Printed translation has 556 pages  Walang Sugat by Severino Reyes
 First Tagalog novel published in the Philippines  Cecilio Apostol – Wrote poems dedicated to Rizal, Jacinto, Mabini
 The Passion – and all other heroes.
 About life and sufferings of Jesus Christ  Fernando Ma. Guerrero
 Only read during lent  Jesus Balmori – Is famous for his pen name Batikuling.
 Urbana at Felisa –  Manuel Bernabe – He defended the issue on Forgetfulness.
 Written by Modesto de Castro (Father of Classic Prose in  Claro M. Recto – Is also famous for his nobility of speech and
Tagalog) theme.
 Book contains the letters between two sisters Urbana and  Bulaklak, Liwayway, Ilang-Ilang, and Sinagtala – Newspapers
Felisa and has influenced greatly the behavior of people in and magazine publications were reopened.
society because the letters dealt with good behavior.
 Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso) –
 Ang Mga Dalit Kay Maria (Psalms for Mary) –
 Inigo Ed. Regalado
 Collection of songs praising Virgin Mary
 Carlos Gatmaitan
 Wrtiten in 1865 by Fr. Mariano Sevilla
 Pedro Deogracias del Rosario
 Became popular during Flores de Mayo
 Ildefonso S
 Folksongs –
 Poet of the Workers (Makata ng Manggagawa) –
 Leron-Leron Sinta  Amado V. Hernandez – He pictures in his poems the intense
 Pamulinawen love of the poor workers or laborers.
 Dandansoy
 Ilocano Literature –
 Sarong Banggi
 Pedro Bukaneg – Father of Ilocano literature. His name was
 Atin Cu Pung Singsing
derived from the word Bukanegan which means Balagtasan.
 Recreational Plays –  Claro Caluya – Prince of Ilocano poets
 Tibag – Means to excavate. A ritual to remind the people about
 Leon Pichay – Known as the best Bukanegero.
the search of Saint Helena for the Holy Cross where Jesus Christ
 Kapampangan Literature –
was nailed and died.
 Juan Crisostomo Soto – Father of Kapampangan Literature
 Lagaylay – A special occasion to get together during the month
 Aurelio Tolentino – Translated Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas
of May for the Pilarenos of Sorsogon.
into Kapampangan Napon, Ngeni at Bukas.
 Cenaculo - Is a dramatic performance to re-enact the passion and
 Visayan Literature –
death of Jesus Christ.
 Eriberto Gumban – Father of Visayan Literature. He wrote
Two Types of Cenaculo:
Zarzuela, Moro-Moro, and a play in Visayan language.
 Cantada – Chanted like the Passion
 Magdalen Jalandoni – Wrote the novel Tunuksan Isa Ca Bulaklak
 Hablada – Which has a more dignified theme
where the lines are spoken in a more deliberate
manner showing the rhythmic measure of each
JAPANESE PERIOD
verse and stanza.
 Panunuluyan – Is a reenactment of Virgin Mary and Saint
Joseph in search of an inn to deliver the baby Jesus.  Victoria Abelardo – Described Filipino writings during the Japanese
 Salubong – Is an Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the occupation as pessimistic and bitter.
Risen Jesus Christ and His Mother.  Ishiwara. - The weekly magazine Liwayway was placed under strict
 Carillo – Is a dramatic entertainment performed on dark nights surveillance until it was managed by a Japanese named Ishiwara.
projecting cardboard figures before a lamp against a white sheet.  Voice of Freedom – The underground radio program.
 Zarzuela – Father of Drama. It is a musical comedy or  Jose Ma Hernandez – wrote Panday Pira
melodrama in three acts which dealt with man’s passions and  Francisco Soc Rodrigo – Wrote sa Pula sa Puti
emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or some social  Clodualdo del Mundo – wrote Bulaga (Hide and Seek Game)
and political problems.  Julian Cruz Balmaceda – Wrote Sino Ba Kayo?, Dahil sa Anak,
 Sainete - Short exaggerated musical comedy performed by and Higante ng Patay
characters from the lower class.  Tanaga – Is similar to Haiku. It is also short with measurement and
 Moro-Moro - Performed during town fiestas to entertain the rhyme with 17 syllables and allegorical in meaning.
people and to remind them of their Christian religion.  Haiku – The usual and common form of poetry that emerged during
 Karagatan - Poetic contest where a ritual is performed based on the Japanese period and has 5, 7, 5 syllables
a legend about a princess who dropped her ring into the middle of  Carlos P. Romulo – Was an outstanding writer of the period.
the sea and who offered her hand in marriage to anyone who can  Playing and listening to music - Were among the leisure activities
find it. that made life bearable during the Japanese rule.
 Balagtasan – A poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a  Music – Remained a popular pastime in Filipino homes.
topic or issue. This is held in honor of Francisco “Balagtas”  Writers of Short Stories –
Baltazar.  Narciso Reyes – Wrote Lupang Tinubuan
 Dung-aw – Is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person beside  Liwayway Arceo – Wrote Uhaw Ang Tigang na Lupa
the corpse of the dead.  NVM Gonzales – Wrote Lunsod, Nayon, at Dagat-Dagatan
 Palanca Awardees for Literature –
 Jose Garcia Villa
AMERICAN PERIOD  Bienvenido Santos
 Dead Stars – First short story written in English by Paz Marquez  Nick Joaquin
Benitez  Gregorio Brillantes
 The Small Key – Written by Paz Latorena  NVM Gonzales
 Footnote to Youth - Written by Jose Garcia Villa  Gilda Cordero Fernando
 Child of Sorrow – First novel in English by Zoilo Galang  National Artist Awardees –
 Jose Garcia Villa
 El Nuevo Dia (the New Day) – Established by Osmenia in 1900
 Nick Joaquin
 El Grito Del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation) – Established by
Pascual Poblete in 1900
 El Renacimiento (the Rebirth) – Founded by Rafael Palma in 1902