Ancaman Global Kesehatan Dan Finansial Di Era MDRO
Ancaman Global Kesehatan Dan Finansial Di Era MDRO
Ancaman Global Kesehatan Dan Finansial Di Era MDRO
2015
1940 2013
1940an WHO
PRODUK CDC
AGP ONE
SI MASAL 23.000
HEALTH
ERA PRE‐ANTIBIOTIK
Qinghaosu which
Insidensi infeksi di
was extracted in the
komunitas
1970s from
Sudan/Afrika relatif
Artemisia plants,
rendah. 350‐550M
used by TCM/
ditemukan makanan
Chinese herbalists
yang mengandung
for thousands of
Tetracyclin
years as a remedy for
many illnesses
Cook, M., Molto, E., and Anderson, C. (1989). Cui, L., and Su, X. Z. (2009). Discovery, mechanisms
Fluorochrome labelling in Roman period skeletons of action andcombination therapy of artemisi‐ nin.
from Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 80, Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther. 7, 999–1013.
Fleming, A. (1929). On
antibacterial action of culture of
Penicillium, with special
reference to their use in isola‐
tion of B. influenzae. Br. J. Exp.
Pathol. 10, 226–236.
The time may come when penicillin
can be bought by anyone in the
shops. Then there is the danger that
the ignorant man may easily
underdose himself and by
exposing his microbes to non‐lethal
quantities of the drug make them
resistant.
Fase penemuan antibiotik baru
Chopra, I., Hesse, L., and O’Neill, A. (2002). “Discovery and
develop‐ ment of new anti‐bacterial drugs,” in Pharmacochemistry
Library, Vol. 32, Trends in Drug Research III, ed. H. van der G
It has been known since the
late 1940s that feeding sub‐
therapeutic concentrations ANTIBIOTIK
of antibiotics to livestock membunuh
causes them to grow bakteri usus,
sehingga
bigger, faster, and
pakan dapat
less expensively diserap lebih
banyak
(Coates et al., 1951; Elliott, 2015; Moore et al., 1946; Sneeringer et al., 2015;
Stokstad and Jukes, 1950)
Levy, et al
Levy, S. B., G. B. FitzGerald, and A. B. Macone. 1976. Changes in intestinal
flora of farm personnel after introduction of a tetracycline‐supplemented
feed on a farm. New England Journal of Medicine 295(11):583–588.
USA 2014
ANTIBIOTIK SALES /
juta kilogram
20 15,5
10
3,5
0
2015, Cephalosporin
ANIMAL HUMAN
increase 61%
PROTES
• Apabila AGP dan Profilaksis
dilarang akan terjadi
kematian ternak masif
• Biaya operasional tinggi
tanpa antibiotik
• masyarakat ingin harga
daging, telor dan susu
tidak mahal
• antibiotik tidak terbukti
membahayakan
• RPH. Bogor, 2016 • RPH. Bogor, 2015. feces
• air minum, lantai, alat potong • 8.6% E coli, ESBL (+), resisten terhadap
• 14.3 % E coli, ESBL (+), resisten terhadap ampicillin, cefotaxim, streptomicin,
ampicillin, cefotaxim, streptomicin, Trimetroprim, erythromycin,
Trimetroprim, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, Kanamycin
Kanamycin, gentamycin
SURVEILLANCE: ANTIBIOTIC QUALITATIVE
6 TEACHING HOSPITALS ‐ 2016
100
surgery 100 medical
80 80
60 60
40
40
20
20
0
0 0 I II IIIA IV V VI
0 I II III A IV V VI
RS A RS B RS C RS D RS E RS F RS A RS B RS C RS D RS E RS F
Prevalence of ESBL Prevalence of MRSA
Prevalence of ESBL clinical isolate in 8 city‐ clinical isolate in 8 city‐
2000‐2016. Indonesia Indonesia. 2016 Indonesia. 2017
70 100%
60 60 82%
78% 79%
80%
presentage
50
40 40 60% 53% 52% 55% 50%
56%
35
30 28 40%
20
10 9 20%
0
0%
M…
MAL
SOL
SUB
ACH
JAK
SEM
DPS
surveillance of KPRA‐MoH 2016 and 2017
Naylor et al. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control (2018) 7:58
FENOMENA “SELECTIVE PRESSURE”
BEHAVIOUR OUTCOME
DAMPAK AMR
KOMITE PENGENDALIAN RESISTENSI ANTIMIKROBA KEMENTRIAN KESEHATAN
EROPA USA
• 25.000/tahun, • 23.000/tahun,
• U$. 3.300.000.000./ • U$. 20.000.000.000./
tahun tahun
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/European Medicines Spellberg, B. 2011. The antibiotic crisis: Can we reverse 65
Agency Joint Working Group (ECDC/EMEA). (2009) years of failed stewardship? Archives of Internal Medicine
171(12):1080–1081
Mortality:10.000.000 /year, ASIA 4,7M
83,782,9
2014‐2016
76%
mortality sepsis
2000 PENEMUAN
ANTIBIOTIK
BARU
HARAPAN ‐ GAP
ERA PRA ANTIBIOTIK
ANTIBIOTIK BIJAK
Antibiotik yang digunakan sesuai dengan
guideline dan selalu memperhatikan risiko
resitensi
Apa
mereka
masih punya
kesempatan
menikmati
ANTIBIOTIK
The way forward
• Menemukan antibiotik baru
• penggunaan antibiotik di Rumah sakit, selalu diikuti
dengan proses resistensi, penggunaan optimal,
terkendali indikasi, jenis, dosis, lama.
• swa medikasi dihentikan, penjualan antibiotik bebas (‐)
• penggunaan pada hewan/ternak optimal terkendali,
hanya untuk terapi saja. (AB tidak untuk keperluan AGP
dan profilaksis )
Bengtsson, B., and Wierup, M. (2006). Antimicrobial resistance in
Scandinavia after ban of antimicrobial growth promoters. Anim. Biotechnol
SAVE
ANTIBIOTIC
FOR THE FUTURE