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    Electrochemistry Notes

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    Ayush Ror
    I. Primary batteries can only be used once as the chemical reactions that produce electricity occur and are then used up. Common primary batteries include dry cell batteries which use zinc, manganese dioxide, and carbon electrodes, and mercury cells which are used in devices requiring steady voltage like hearing aids. II. Secondary batteries can be recharged by passing electricity through them in the opposite direction of discharge. The most common type is the lead-acid battery used in cars which uses lead and lead dioxide electrodes. During charging, the lead sulfate formed during discharge reconverts to lead and lead dioxide. III. Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy from fuels like hydrogen into electricity. They produce only water, not pollution, and were used

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    Electrochemistry Notes

    Uploaded by

    Ayush Ror
    40 views4 pages
    I. Primary batteries can only be used once as the chemical reactions that produce electricity occur and are then used up. Common primary batteries include dry cell batteries which use zinc, manganese dioxide, and carbon electrodes, and mercury cells which are used in devices requiring steady voltage like hearing aids. II. Secondary batteries can be recharged by passing electricity through them in the opposite direction of discharge. The most common type is the lead-acid battery used in cars which uses lead and lead dioxide electrodes. During charging, the lead sulfate formed during discharge reconverts to lead and lead dioxide. III. Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy from fuels like hydrogen into electricity. They produce only water, not pollution, and were used

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    Notes on Batteries and Corrosin in Chapter Electrochemistry

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    I. Primary batteries can only be used once as the chemical reactions that produce electricity occur and are then used up. Common primary batteries include dry cell batteries which use zinc, manganese dioxide, and carbon electrodes, and mercury cells which are used in devices requiring steady voltage like hearing aids. II. Secondary batteries can be recharged by passing electricity through them in the opposite direction of discharge. The most common type is the lead-acid battery used in cars which uses lead and lead dioxide electrodes. During charging, the lead sulfate formed during discharge reconverts to lead and lead dioxide. III. Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy from fuels like hydrogen into electricity. They produce only water, not pollution, and were used

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    40 views4 pages

    Electrochemistry Notes

    Uploaded by

    Ayush Ror
    I. Primary batteries can only be used once as the chemical reactions that produce electricity occur and are then used up. Common primary batteries include dry cell batteries which use zinc, manganese dioxide, and carbon electrodes, and mercury cells which are used in devices requiring steady voltage like hearing aids. II. Secondary batteries can be recharged by passing electricity through them in the opposite direction of discharge. The most common type is the lead-acid battery used in cars which uses lead and lead dioxide electrodes. During charging, the lead sulfate formed during discharge reconverts to lead and lead dioxide. III. Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy from fuels like hydrogen into electricity. They produce only water, not pollution, and were used

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    Electrochemistry (Notes)

    I Primary batteries: In primary battery reaction occur only once and after use over a period of
    time battery become dead and cannot be reused.
    Types :-
    1.Dry cell (Leclanche cell)
    Anode –Zn container
    Cathode - C rod surrounded by MnO2 and powdered C
    Electrolyte – Moist paste of NH4Cl and ZnCl2
    Cell potential : 1.5V
    Reactions-
    At anode : Zn(s) → Zn2+ +2e-
    At cathode :MnO2 +NH4+ + e- → MnO(OH) + NH3
    Uses -
    Used in Transistors and clocks
    2. Mercury cell
    Anode –Zn-Hg amalgam
    Cathode - Paste of C and HgO
    Electrolyte – Paste of KOH and ZnO
    Cell potential: 1.35V
    Reactions
    At anode : Zn(Hg) + 2OH- → ZnO (s) + H2O +2e-
    At cathode :HgO +H2O+ 2e- → Hg(l) + 2OH-
    Overall reaction :Zn(Hg) + HgO(s) → ZnO (s)+ Hg(l)
    Uses –
    In low current devices like hearing aids ,watches. It gives constancy in voltage over long period
    because the overall reaction does not involve any ion in solution whose concentration can change
    during its lifetime.
    II. Secondary battery
    A secondary cell after use can be recharged by passing electric current through it in opposite
    direction so that it can be used again .
    Types
    1.Lead storage battery
    Anode –Pb
    Cathode - A grid of Pb packed with PbO2
    Electrolyte – 38% solution of sulphuric acid
    Reactions
    At anode : Pb (s) + SO42- (aq) → PbSO4 (s) + 2e-
    At cathode : PbO2 (s) + SO42-(aq) + 4H+ (aq) + 2e- → PbSO4 (s)+ 2H2O (l)
    Overall reaction: Pb (s) + PbO2 (s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4 (s)+ 2H2O (l)
    On charging the battery, reaction is reversed and PbSO4 on anode and cathode is converted to Pb
    and PbO2 respectively.
    Uses -
    Used in automobiles and invertors
    2.Nickle cadmium cell: It has longer life but more expensive.
    Overall reaction during discharge:
    Cd (s) + 2 Ni(OH)3(s) → CdO(s) + 2 Ni(OH)2 (s) + H2O(l)
    III. Fuel cells
    Cells in which energy of combustion of fuel like hydrogen ,methane ,methanol etc. is directly
    converted to electrical energy.
    Most successful fuel cell uses the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water.
    Used in Apollo space programme for
    (i) providing electrical power.
    (ii) watervapours produced during reaction were condensed and added to drinking water
    supply for astronauts.
    Working: H2 and O2 are bubbled through porous C electrodes into conc. aq. NaOH solution.
    Finely divided Pt or Pd (catalysts) are incorporated into the electrodes to increase the rate of
    electrode reactions.
    At anode : 2H2(g) +4OH-(aq) → 4H2O (l) +4e-
    At cathode :O2 (g) + 2H2O(l) +4e- → 4OH-(aq)
    Overall reaction:
    2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l)
    Advantages over ordinary cell:
    i. High efficiency
    ii. Does not create pollution
    CORROSION:
    The slow process of eating away of the metal due to atmospheric gases is called corrosion.
    e.g. Rusting of Iron, Tarnishing of silver, Green coating on copper etc.
    Corrosion of Iron is an Electrochemical Phenomenon.
    In the presence of H2O and O2, a spot on the surface of iron acts as a mini electrochemical cell.
    One end of spot acts as Anode.
    Anode: 2Fe(s) → 2Fe2+ + 4e- E0(Fe2+ /Fe)= −0.44V
    Electrons released here move through the metal and reduces O2 in the presence of H+ (from
    H2CO3 which is formed due to dissolution of CO2 in H2O) at another spot (Cathode).
    Cathode: O2(g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e- → 2H2O (l) E0(H+ /O2/H2O) = 1.23V
    Overall reaction:
    2Fe(s) + O2(g) + 4H+ (aq) → 2Fe2+ + 2H2O (l) E0cell = 1.67V
    Atmospheric Oxidation:
    Fe2+ moves through water and get oxidized by atmospheric O2 which forms RUST.
    2Fe2+(aq) + 2H2O (l) + ½ O2 (g) → Fe2O3 (s) + 4H+ (aq)
    Prevention of Corrosion:
    i. Cover the surface with oil, paint, grease or some chemical like bisphenol.
    ii. Cover the surface with non corroding metals like, Ni, Cr etc.
    iii.Galvanisation: Covering the Iron with more active –Zinc metal. It is called ‘Sacrificial
    Protection’ because more active metal looses electron in preference to iron.
    iv. Cathodic Protection / Sacrificial Anode: It is an electrochemical method. It is used to protect
    underground iron objects.
    The iron acts as Cathode and connected through wire to another more active metal like Mg which
    behaves as Anode. Oxidation of Mg takes place and electrons released are transferred through
    wire to H+ ions present in the soil around iron object.
    Mg → Mg2+ + 2e-
    O2 + 4H+ + 4e- → 2H2O

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