Enhancement Porformence of Heat Exchanger 2018-19

ENHANCEMENT PORFORMENCE OF HEAT EXCHANGER 2018-19
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Heat transfer
Heat exchanger using Nano fluid is a device in which the heat transfer takes place
by using Nano fluid. In this the working fluid is Nano fluid. Nano fluid is made by the
suspending Nano particles in the fluid like water, ethylene glycol and oil, hydrocarbons,
fluorocarbons etc.
Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. The
rate of heat transfer is dependent on the temperatures of the systems and the properties of
the intervening medium through which the heat is transferred. The three fundamental
modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection and radiation. Heat transfer, the flow
of energy in the form of heat, is a process by which a system changes its internal
energy, hence is vital use in applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics.
The direction of heat transfer is from a region of high temperature to another

region of lower temperature, and is governed by the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Heat transfer changes the internal energy of the systems from which and to which the
energy is transferred.
Heat exchanger
A heat exchanger is a device that allows heat from a fluid (a liquid or a gas)
to pass to a second fluid (another liquid or gas) without the two fluids having to mix
together or come into direct contact. The most common design has one fluid flowing
through metal tubes and the other fluid flowing around the tubes. On either side of the
tube, heat is transferred by Convection. Heat is transferred through the tube wall by
conduction, woking of heat exchanger as shown in figure 1.1.
Figure: 1.1 Working of Heat Exchanger
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 1


Classification of Heat Exchangers
a) Classification of Heat Exchangers by Flow Configuration
There are four basic flow configurations:
 Counter Flow
 Parallel flow
 Cross flow
 Hybrids such as Cross Counter flow and Multi Pass Flow
Counter Flow
As shown in Figure1.2 illustrates an idealized counter flow exchanger in which the
two fluids flow parallel to each other but in opposite directions. This type of flow
arrangement allows the largest change in temperature of both fluids and is therefore
most efficient (where efficiency is the amount of actual heat transferred compared
with the theoretical maximum amount of heat that can be transferred).
Figure 1.2 Counter flow
Parallel Flow
In parallel flow heat exchangers, the streams flow parallel to each other and in the same
direction as shown in Figure 1.3, this is less efficient than countercurrent flow but
does provide more uniform wall temperatures.
Figure 1.3 Parallel flow

Cross flow
Cross flow heat exchangers are intermediate in efficiency between counter flow and
parallel flow exchangers. In these units, the streams flow at right angles to each
other as shown in Figure 1.4.
Figure 1.4 Cross flow
Cross/counter flow
In industrial heat exchangers, hybrids of the above flow types are often found.
Examples of these are combined cross flow/counter flow heat exchangers and multi pass
flow heat exchangers. As shown in figure 1.5.
Figure 1.5 Cross/counter flow

b) Classification of Heat Exchanger Based On Construction

In this section heat exchangers are classified mainly by their construction. The
first level of classification is to divide heat exchanger types into recuperative or
regenerative is as shown in figure 1.6.
A Recuperative Heat Exchanger has separate flow paths for each fluid and fluids
flow simultaneously through the exchanger exchanging heat across the wall separating
the flow paths.
Figure 1.6: Classification of Heat Exchanger

i. Recuperative heat exchangers
There are many types of recuperative exchangers, which can broadly be grouped
into indirect contact, direct contact and specials. Indirect contact heat exchangers keep the
fluids exchanging heat separate by the use of tubes or plates etc. Direct contact
exchangers do not separate the fluids exchanging heat and in fact rely on the fluids being
in close contact.
ii. Regenerative heat exchangers
In a regenerative heat exchanger, the flow path normally consists of a matrix,
which is heated when the hot fluid passes through it (this is known as the "hot blow").
This heat is then released to the cold fluid when this flows through the matrix (this is
known as "cold blow"). Regenerative Heat Exchangers are sometimes known as
Capacitive Heat Exchangers. The two main types of regenerator are Static and Dynamic.
The use of regenerators is likely to increase in the future as attempts are made to improve
energy efficiency and recover lower grade heat.

Fluid Selection Criteria

Various selection criteria for selection of fluid for heat transfer are:
a) Viscosity
Viscosity is the quantity that describes a fluid's resistance to flow. Fluids resist the
relative motion of immersed objects through them as well as to the motion of layers
with differing velocities within them. Viscosity is important because it is harder to
induce turbulence in a viscous fluid. In case of turbulence flow rate of heat transfer is
higher than transient and laminar flow .It mainly affect system pressure and overall
pumping power of heat exchanger.
b) Thermal Stability
The thermal stability of a heat transfer fluid is dependent not only on its chemical
structure, but also on the design and operating temperature profile of the system in which
it is used. Maximum life for a fluid can be obtained by following sound engineering
practices in the design of the heat transfer system. Three key areas of focus are:
designing and operating the heater and/or energy recovery unit, preventing chemical
contamination, and eliminating contact of the fluid with air.
c) Corrosivity
Heat transfer fluid must be noncorrosive toward common metals and alloys.
Even at the high temperatures involved, equipment usually exhibits excellent service
life. Most corrosion problems are caused by chemicals introduced into the system
during cleaning or from process leaks. The severity and nature of the attack will
depend upon the amounts and type of contamination involved. When special
materials of construction are used, extra precaution should be taken to avoid
contaminating materials containing.
d) Heat Transfer Capacity
Heat capacity is the ability of a material to store heat, higher the heat capacity
higher the amount to heat stored by the material. Heat transfer usually varies inversely
with heat capacity, i.e. heat transfer will decrease with increase in heat capacity
and vice versa. Colloidal solution at Nano scale have high heat transfer rate than base
liquid.

Nano fluid
Nano fluids are a new class of fluids engineered by dispersing Nanometer-sized
materials (Nanoparticles, Nano fibers, Nanotubes, Nanowires, Nano rods, Nano sheet,
or droplets) in base fluids. In other words, Nano fluids are Nano scale colloidal
suspensions containing condensed Nano materials.
They are two-phase systems with one phase (solid phase) in another (liquid
phase). Nano fluids have been found to possess enhanced thermo physical properties
such as thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, viscosity, and convective heat
transfer coefficients compared to those of base fluids like oil or water.
It has demonstrated great potential applications in many fields. For a two-phase
system, there are some important issues we have to face. One of the most important
issues is the stability of Nano fluids, and it remains a big challenge to achieve desired
stability of Nano fluids
Mechanism of Heat Conduction in Nano fluid

The fluids that have been traditionally used for heat transfer applications have a
rather low thermal conductivity. Taking into account the rising demands of modern
technology, it has been recently proposed that dispersion of small amounts of
Nanometers-sized solids in the fluid called Nano fluids can enhance the thermal
conductivity of the fluids. This increase in the thermal conductivity is predicted to be
because of the following reasons:
a. Brownian motion
b. Interfacial layer
c. Volume fraction of particles
a. Brownian motion
Figure 1.7 Brownian motion

It has been found that the Brownian motion of Nanoparticles at the molecular and
Nano scale level is a key mechanism governing the thermal behavior of Nanoparticle–
fluid suspensions ("Nano fluids"). The enhancement in the effective thermal conductivity
of Nano fluids is due mainly to the localized convection caused by the Brownian
movement of Nanoparticles as shown in figure 1.7.
It is postulated that the enhanced thermal conductivity of a Nano fluids when
compared to conventional predictions, is mainly due to Brownian motion which
produces micro-mixing. This effect is additive to the thermal conductivity of a static
dilute suspension.
Keff = kstatic + kbrownian

Since the speed of thermal wave propagation is much faster than the particle
Brownian motion, the static part cannot be neglected
b. Interfacial layer
Figure 1.8 cross section of Nano fluids structure consisting of Nanoparticles,

bulk liquid, and Nano layers at solid/liquid interface
Although liquid molecules close to a solid surface are known to form Layered structures,
little is known about the connection between this Nano layer and the thermal
properties of solid/liquid suspensions. It is assumed that the solid-like Nano layer acts as
a thermal bridge between a solid Nanoparticle and a bulk liquid and so is key to
Enhancing thermal conductivity. From this thermally bridging Nano layer idea, a
structural model of Nano fluids that consists of solid was suggested. Nano particles, bulk
liquid and solid-like Nano layers ,interfacial layer is as shown in figure 1.8.

Conventional pictures of solid/liquid suspensions do not have this Nano layer.

The thermal conductivity of the Nano layer on the surface of the Nanoparticle is not
known. However, because the layered molecules are in an intermediate.
c. Volume fraction of particles
Highly conductive Nanoparticles of very low volume fractions distributed in a

quiescent liquid may measurably increase the effective thermal conductivity of the
suspension when compared to the pure liquid. Volume Fraction of Particles is as shown
in figure 1.9.
Figure 1.9 Volume Fraction Of Particles

APPLICATION OF NANO FLUIDS

 Electronic Applications.
Due to higher density of chips, design of electronic components with more
compact makes heat dissipation more difficult. Advanced electronic devices face
thermal management challenges from the high level of heat generation and the
reduction of available surface area for heat removal.
 Transportation.
Nano fluids have great potentials to improve automotive and heavy-duty
engine cooling rates by increasing the efficiency, lowering the weight and reducing
the complexity of thermal management systems.
 Industrial Cooling Applications.

The application of Nano fluids in industrial cooling will result in great energy
savings and emissions reductions. For US industry, the replacement of cooling and
heating water with Nano fluids has the potential to conserve 1 trillion Btu of energy. For
the US electric power industry, using Nano fluids in closed loop cooling cycles could
save about 10–30 trillion Btu per year (equivalent to the annual energy consumption of
about 50,000–150,000 households).
 Nuclear Systems Cooling.

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology has established an interdisciplinary
center for Nano fluid technology for the nuclear energy industry. The researchers are
exploring the nuclear applications of Nano fluids, specifically the following three:
(1) Main reactor coolant for pressurized water reactors (PWRs). It could enable
significant power up rates in current and future PWRs, thus enhancing their economic
performance. Specifically, the use of Nano fluids with at least 32% higher critical heat
flux (CHF) could enable a 20% power density up rate in current plants without
changing the fuel assembly design and without reducing the margin to CHF
(2) Coolant for the emergency core cooling systems (ECCSs) of both PWRs and
boiling water reactor
(3) Coolant for in- vessel retention of the molten core during severe accidents in high-
power- density light water reactors.

 Space and Defence.

Due to the restriction of space, energy, and weight in space station and
aircraft, there is a strong demand for high efficient cooling system with smaller size.
 Solar Absorption.
Solar energy is one of the best sources of renewable energy with minimal
environmental impact.
 Mechanical Applications.
Nanoparticles in Nano fluids form a protective film with low hardness and elastic
modulus on the worn surface can be considered as the main reason that some Nano fluids
exhibit excellent lubricating properties. Magnetic fluids are kinds of special Nano fluids.
Magnetic liquid rotary seals operate with no maintenance and extremely low leakage
in a very wide range of applications, and it utilizing the property magnetic properties of
the magnetic Nanoparticles in liquid.
Friction Reduction.
Advanced lubricants can improve productivity through energy saving and
reliability of engineered systems.
Magnetic Sealing.
Magnetic fluids (ferromagnetic fluid) are kinds of special Nano fluids. They are
stable colloidal suspensions of small magnetic particles such as magnetite (Fe3O4).
 Biomedical Application.
For some special kinds of Nanoparticles, they have antibacterial activities or
drug- delivery properties, so the Nano fluids containing these Nanoparticles will
exhibit some relevant properties.
Antibacterial Activity.
Organic antibacterial materials are often less stable particularly at high temperatures
or pressures.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nano Fluid

Advantages
 High specific surface area and therefore more heat transfer surface between
particles and fluids.
 High dispersion stability with predominant Brownian motion of particles.
 Reduced pumping power as compared to pure liquid to achieve equivalent

heat transfer strengthening.
 Reduced particle clogging as compared to conventional slurries, thus
promoting system miniaturization.
 Adjustable characteristics, with thermal conductivity and surface
wettability, by varying particle volume fraction to suit special applications.
Disadvantages
 Nano fluids are not stable for longer period of time in physically and
chemically.
 Agglomeration of Nano particles is significantly limitation for homogeneity in
Nano fluid.
 Surfactants are increases the stability of Nano fluids, but it can shows the
Additional complication.
 Poor boiling characteristics of Nano fluid.
 Increased concentrations of Nanoparticles causes degradation of boiling
performance of Nano fluid.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
N K Chavda, et al.
A mixture of Nano particle size up to 100 nm and a base liquid is called Nano
fluid. Metals oxides or carbides, these are generally used Nanoparticles and water,
ethylene glycol or oil these are base fluids for preparing the Nano fluid. The impact of
Nano fluid to upgrade the heat transfer rate in different heat exchangers is tentatively
assessed as of late. The heat exchange improvement utilizing Nano fluid for the most
part relies on upon kind of Nanoparticles, size of Nanoparticles and amassing of
Nanoparticles in base liquid. In the present paper, a test examination is completed to
focus the impact of different amassing of Al2O3 a non-scattering blended in water as base
liquid on heat exchange attributes of two fold channel heat exchanger for parallel
stream and counter stream game plan. The volume fraction of Al2O3 Nano fluid
arranged is 0.001 % to 0.01 %. The conclusion determined for the study is that general
heat exchange coefficient increments with increment in volume amassing of Al2O3
name- scattering contrasted with water up to volume convergence of 0.008% and
afterward diminishes [1] .
Mohammad Mohsen Sarafraz , et al.
A substantial number of investigations have been performed to evaluate the

constrained convective and nucleate stream boiling heat transfer coefficient of Al2O3
water based Nano fluid. The utilized test circle gives conditions to research the impact of
working parameters, for example, heat flux, stream mass flux and volumetric fraction of
Nano fluids (0.5, 1 and 1.5%). Results illustrate that two heat exchange districts are
watched in particular constrained convective and nucleate boiling place. Exploring on
the working parameters delineated that with expanding the heat flux and stream rate
of Nano fluid, heat transfer coefficient of Nano fluid drastically increments [2] .
Jaafar Albadr , et al.
This paper reports a trial study on the constrained convective heat exchange
and stream attributes of a Nano fluid comprising of water and diverse volume

convergences of Al2O3 Nano fluid (0.3–2) % streaming in a flat shell and tube heat
exchanger counter stream under turbulent stream conditions are researched.
The Al2 O3 Nanoparticles of around 30nm breadth are utilized as a part of the
present study. The outcomes demonstrate that the convective heat exchange coefficient
of Nano fluid is marginally higher than that of the base fluid at same mass stream rate
and at same bay temperature. The heat exchange coefficient of the Nano fluid increments
with an increment in the mass stream rate, additionally the heat exchange coefficient
increments with the increment of the volume centralization of the Al2O3 Nano fluid,
however expanding the volume focus reason increment in the consistency of the Nano
fluid prompting increment in grating element [3] .
H Almohammadi, et al.
In the present study, Convective heat exchange coefficient and weight drop of Al 2O3
water Nano fluid in laminar stream administration under steady heat flux conditions
inside a roundabout tube were tentatively explored. Al2O3 water Nano fluid with 0.5%
and 1% volume fixations with 15nm width Nanoparticles were utilized as meeting
expectations liquid. The impact of diverse volume fixations on convective heat exchange
coefficient and grating element was mulled over.
The outcomes accentuate that expanding Dept. of Thermal Power Engineering,
VTU PG Centre, An Experimental Method to Determine the Augmentation of Heat
Transfer Coefficient by Using CuO Water Nano fluid 2014-2015 of molecule volume
focus prompts improve convective heat exchange coefficient. Estimations demonstrate
the normal heat exchange coefficient upgraded around 11-20% with 0.5% volume
fixation and expanded around 16-27% with 1% volume focus contrasted with refined
water [4] .
Kavitha T, et al.
This paper compresses some of our late research deal with the union of Nano
fluids. In the present work, TiO2 Nano particles have been blended by Sol-gel strategy.
The readied powders were described by utilizing XRD, SEM. The crystalline size of
TiO2 powder as found to 6 nm for analyze at 400 0C by controlling the corrosiveness.
TiO2 water Nano fluids with distinctive volume fixations from 1% to 2% were then
arranged by scattering the orchestrated Nano particles in deionized water [5] .
Andrew D. Sommers E, et al.

It has been theorize that the use of Nano fluid in genuine frameworks could
prompt littler, smaller heat exchangers and decreases in material expense. Then
again, couple of studies have been directed which have precisely measured the thermo-
physical properties and heat execution of these liquids and analyze the framework level
impacts of utilizing these liquids as a part of conventional cooling frameworks. In the
present work, weaken suspensions of 10 nm aluminum oxide Nanoparticles in propanol
(0.5,1, and 3 wt %) were explore. Changes in thickness, particular heat, and thermal
conductivity with molecule fixation were measured and discovered to be direct,
while changes in consistency were nonlinear and expanded pointedly with molecule
stacking [6].
Eiyad Abu-Nada, et al.

Dept. of Thermal Power Engineering, VTU PG Centre, Mysore 10 An
Experimental Method to Determine the Augmentation of Heat Transfer Coefficient by
Using CuO Water Nano fluid 2014-2015 Heat move upgrade in even annuli utilizing
variable properties of Al2 O3 water Nano fluid is examined.. The base case utilizes the
Chon et al. expression for conductivity and the Nguyen et al. exploratory information
for consistency which consider the reliance of these properties on temperature and
Nanoparticle volume part. It was watched that for Ra P104, the normal Nusselt
number was diminished by expanding the volume portion of Nanoparticles. Then
again, for Ra = 103.
The normal Nusselt number expanded by expanding the volume portion of
Nanoparticles. For RaP104, the Nusselt number was weakened all around the chamber
surface particularly at high development proportion [7].
Dae-Hwang Yoo, et al.

Nano fluids, fluids with suspended Nanoparticles, are of eagerness as a novel
material for improving heat trade capability. The conventional speculation of two-portion
mixes can't elucidate the incomprehensible change of thermal conductivity of Nano
fluid. It is typical as a rule that the thermal conductivity of Nano fluid is
associated with various segments, for instance, that effect of surfactants, scrambling of
particles, convection or Brownian development of Nanoparticles, thus on yet the

instrument is not known. Heat conductivity of Al2 O3 Nano fluid is focused on in this
work and differentiated and that of Fe Nano fluids. To study the effect of pH of the base
fluid on heat conductivity, we measured the thermal conductivity of Al2 O3 Nano fluid
with unmistakable pH values [8].
W C Williams, et al.
Dept. of Thermal Power Engineering, VTU PG Centre, Mysore 11 An
Experimental Method to Determine the Augmentation of Heat Transfer Coefficient by
Using CuO Water Nano fluid 2014-2015 As a noteworthy part of a push to survey water-
based Nano fluid for nuclear applications, arranging and depiction has been performed for
Nano fluid being considered for MIT's Nano fluid thermal trade tests. Three
schedules for making these Nano fluids are available making them from manufactured
precipitation, getting the Nanoparticles in powder edge and mixing them with the base
fluid, and direct purchase of masterminded Nano fluids. Depiction of Nano fluids fuses
colloidal unfaltering quality, size scattering, center, and fundamental game plan [9].
Yimin Xuan, Qiang Li.[2000]

This paper demonstrates an approach for setting up a Nano fluid which is a
suspension containing Nano phase powders and base liquid. By system for the
methodology, some example Nano fluids are organized. Their TEM photographs are
given to diagram the unfaltering quality and value of suspension. The theoretical
examination of the thermal conductivity of Nano fluids is displayed. The hot wire
mechanical get together is used to measure the thermal conductivity of Nano fluid with
suspended copper Nano phase powders. A few variables, for instance, the volume part,
estimations, shape, and properties are discussed [10].
Adnan M. Hussein, et al.

Heat exchanger and pounding traits were numerically analyzed, using bended
tube to fabricate the glow conversion scale with a base addition of weight drop. The
stream rate of the tube was in an extent of Reynolds number some place around 10000
and 100000. Recognizable writing computer programs are used to handle the managing
scientific proclamation of CFD (congruity, vitality and imperativeness) by system for a

constrained volume methodology (FVM). The electrical radiator is joined around the
round tube to apply uniform heat flux (3000 W/m2) as a point of confinement condition.
Four various volume obsessions in the extent of 0.25% to 1% and particular TiO2
Nanoparticle widths in the extent of 27nm to 50nm, scattered in water are utilized. The
CFD numerical results demonstrate that the roundabout tube can redesign heat exchanger
and grinding variable by give or take 9% and 6% than the circuitous tube independently
[11].

CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES
 To study the properties of mixtures of nanoparticles and water.
 Performance on the double pipe heat exchanger with and without nanoparticles.
 Performance on the compact heat exchanger with the nanoparticles.
 Cost analysis with respect to heat transfer enhancement.
 To enhance the effective fluid thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient by
suspending solid nanoparticles.

CHAPTER 4
MATERIALS AND METHOD USED
Figure 4.1 Copper Tube Figure 4.2 Cotton Thread Insulation
Figure 4.3 Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
Figure 4.4 Bucket With a Ball Valve

PREPARATION OF NANO FLUID

Introduction
The preparation of Nano fluids is that the first key step in experimental studies
with Nano fluids. One step technique and two step technique are generally used for
preparing the Nano fluids.
Single Step Technique
In the single step method, the Nanoparticles synthesis and Nano fluid preparation are
done at the same time. The Nanoparticles are straight forwardly prepared by a physical
vapor deposition technique or a liquid chemical method. In single step technique,
agglomeration of Nanoparticles is reduced and the stability of the Nano fluid is
increased as storage, transportation, drying and dispersion of Nanoparticles are
avoided. However, this method only applicable for small scale production and, at
current stage, it is almost impossible to scale up to industrial scale.
Two step technique

Base fluids
Nano particles Dispersant
Nanoparticles
Suspension
Nano fluid
Figure 4.5 Two Step Method

In the two step technique, the Nanoparticles preparation and Nano fluid
preparation is separated.
Firstly, dry Nanoparticles are produced; after which, they are dispersed in a
suitable base fluid. This is simpler than single step method as it can easily buy readily

available Nanoparticles in market and then disperse them in the base fluid. However,
it is well know that Nanoparticles have a high surface energy which, in turn, leads to
aggregation and clustering of Nanoparticles and after some time, the particles will clog
and sediment at the bottom of container. Partial dispersion may occur in the suspension
which cause lower heat.
Transfer enhancement compare to single step method, and hence, high amount
of Nanoparticles volume fraction is required. This method works well for oxide particle
and carbon Nanotube; however, it is less successful for metal Nanoparticles as shown in
the figure 4.5.
Specifications of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) Nanoparticles
Table 4.1 Specifications of Aluminum oxide (Al2 O3) Nanoparticles

Properties Aluminum oxide
Chemical Formula Al203
Color White
Morphology Spherical
True Density 3890kg/m3
Bulk Density 1282 kg/m3
Thermal Conductivity 38.5 W/m K
Sp. Surface Area 10 m2/g
Average particle Size 30-50 nm
Specific Heat 955 J/kg. K
Specifications of Base Fluid (Demineralized Water)

Table 4.2 Specifications of Base fluid (Demineralized Water)
Properties Base fluid (Water)

Density 1000 kg/m3
Thermal Conductivity 0.6078 W/mk
Specific Heat 4178 J/kg K
pH 5.5-7

Preparation of Nano fluid
In the present work, different volumetric concentrations of Nano fluid are

prepared using two step techniques. The Al2 O3 Nanoparticles with average size of 30-
50nm uniformly distributed into the base fluid for making a stable Nano fluid. In the
present work, demineralized water is taken as base fluid. Used nanoparticle for
preparation of nano fluid is as shown in figure 4.7 .The preparation steps are.
1. Weigh the mass of Al2 O3 with digital electronic balance.
2. Initially, the weighed Al2 O3 Nanoparticles were added into the known volume of
demineralized water while it was agitated in a flask. The magnetic motorized stirrer was
employed to agitate the Nanoparticle inside the base fluid. Ultrasonic Stirring of
Nano Fluid equipment is as shown in the figure 4.6.
Figure 4.6 Ultrasonic Stirring of Nano Fluid
Figure 4.7 Al2 O3 Nano Particle

Thermal Conductivity
The thermal conductivity of Nano fluid can be experimentally measured by

Transient and Steady state techniques.
The transient technique involves the following different methods.
 Transient Hot Wire
 Transient Plane Source
 Temperature Oscillation
The steady state technique method involves the following different methods.
 Steady State Parallel Plate
 Cylindrical Cell
In this work steady state parallel plate method has been used to measure the
thermal conductivity of Nano fluid.
4.5.1 Steady State Parallel Plate
Challoner and Powell (1956) first built an experimental setup for the
measurements of thermal conductivity by means of a steady-state parallel plate method
and it has been further used for Nano fluid measurements (i.e., Wang et al. 1999).
The fluid sample is put between to parallel round plates generally made of copper at
distance „t‟ in a volume, in which the liquid can adapt as a consequence of the thermal
expansion. A heater electrically supplies a heat flux directed from the upper plate to the
lower plate through the liquid sample. Temperatures of the two plates and the electric
power are measured continuously, so, if the heat conduction remains one dimensional,
thermal conductivity can be calculated as
K=
Where:
A is the upper plate surface area
ΔT is the temperature difference between the two plates

However, the heat is not completely conducted from one plate to the other
through the sample, so during these measurements it is necessary to evaluate all the heat
losses.
A wide range of experimental and theoretical studies were conducted in the

literature to model thermal conductivity of Nano fluids. The existing results were
generally based on the definition of the effective thermal conductivity of a two-
component mixture. The Maxwell (1881) model was one the first models proposed for
solid–liquid mixture with relatively large particles. It was based on the solution of
heat conduction equation through a stationary random suspension of spheres.
The Effective Thermal Conductivity Is Given By
knf= k bf
Where
kp is the thermal conductivity of the particles.
knf is the effective thermal conductivity of Nano fluid.
kbf is the base fluid thermal conductivity.
ϕ is the volume fraction of the suspended particles.
Where, kp = 38.5 w/mk
kbf=0.6078w/mk
Table 4.3 Thermal Conductivity of aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 ) and Water Nano fluid
for Different Volume Fraction
Thermal Conductivity ‘K’

Volume Fraction ‘ϕ’ (%)
(W/mK)
0.02 0.6432
0.04 0.6801
0.06 0.7185
0.08 0.7585
0.1 0.8001

Viscosity
A capillary viscometer can be used only to measure the viscosity of Newtonian
fluid, and it was also employed for Nano fluids. The fluid flows through a capillary tube
and the flow rate is measured. The liquid can flow under gravity, in the gravity type
viscometer, or under an external force. The time required for fluid to flow in a
predefined section of the capillary is measured. The viscosity of Nano fluid is
depending only on the volume fraction (ϕ) of Nanoparticles irrespective of the type of
Nanoparticle used. Viscocity of nanofluid for different volume fraction as shown in
table 4.4
In this present work above equation is used to calculate the viscosity of Nano fluid of
different volume fraction.
Where µbf = 0.89 Mpa/sec
Table 4.4 shows the calculated viscosity of Nano fluid of different volume fraction.
Volume Fraction ‘ϕ’ (%) Viscosity ‘ µnf’ (MPa-sec)

0.02 0.9367
0.04 0.9878
0.06 1.0434
0.08 1.1033
0.1 1.1677
Specific Heat
Specific heat can be measured experimentally by using differential scanning
calorimeter and also the specific heat capacity of Nano fluid can be determined from
weighted average of the base fluid and the Nanoparticles.
This present work above equation is used to calculate the specific heat of Nano
fluid of different volume fraction.
Where (Cp)p = 955 J/kgk [Al2 O3]
(Cp)bf =4181.3 J/kgk

CHAPTER 5
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Figure5.1 Schematic View of Experimental Setup
Copper fins
Figure 5.2 Fin type compact heat exchanger

Water Heater
Rotometer
Thermocouple
Figure 5.3 Practical Experimental Setup

Figure5.1 shows Schematic View of Experimental Setup and Figure 5.2 shows Fin
type compact heat exchanger. The figure 5.3 shows the experimental setup for “An
experimental method to determine the augmentation of heat transfer coefficient by Al2
O3 Nano fluid”. The setup mainly consists of the following components namely
Rotometer, heat exchanger, and reservoir. Prepared homogenous Nano fluid is heated
up to certain temperature and then poured into the hot fluid container. The hot fluid
container consist of adjustable valve at the bottom which is used to adjust the flow rate
of hot Nano fluid.
After adjusting the flow rate hot Nano fluid is passed into the heat exchanger
simultaneously the cold fluid (water) valve is opened and its flow rate is maintained by
using rotometer. The copper tube absorbs the generated heat and gets heated.
Concentric tube is considered in the heat exchanger. The outer pipe is made up of a
galvanized iron (GI) and inner pipe made up of copper. Here the Nano fluid made to flow
in the inner copper tube and water to flow in the outer tube.
The reservoir is made up of polypropylene to avoid corrosion. Here in
reservoir Nano fluid is stored which is supplied to the test section. Pressure head is used
to supplied working fluid or Nano fluid from reservoir to test section.
The experimental setup with the above principle components also consist of
measuring components such as rotometer meter having a maximum capacity 30 cc/sec to
measure flow rate of working fluid supplied to the test section using the pump. It is fixed
in between the reservoir output and entry section of the heating element. To measure
the temperature of working fluid at different states of system the thermocouple are fixed
at the different points along the flow of working fluid.
Table 5.1 Specification of Heat Exchanger
Components Material Inner diameter Outer diameter Length

Outer tube Galvanized iron 26mm 29mm 1000mm
Inner tube Copper 8.04mm 9.12mm 1000mm

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
FORMULA USED
The below mentioned formulae are used to calculate the mass flow rate, heat
transfer rate, average heat transfer rate, surface area, logarithmic heat temperature
difference and overall transfer coefficient of copper oxide Nano fluid.
1. Heat Transfer Rate

For Hot fluid Qh = mh × Cph × (Thi-Tho)
For Cold fluid Qc = mc × Cpc × (Tci-Tco)
2. Average Heat Transfer Rate
Q=
3. Surface Area
A = ᴫ × do × L
4. Effectiveness
Ɛ=
Ɛ=
5. Then = min = max

Then = min = max

TABULAR COLUMN
EFFECTIVENESS
Table 6.1 Parallel Flow
Double Pipe Heat exchanger :

a) At 40 ºC Temperature.
Flow rate in Temperature in º C LMTD Effectiveness NTU

Type of LPM
flow
Cold Hot Thi Tho Tci Tco ▲Tm €
water wate
r
Parallel 1 0.5 0.5 40 30 21 28 7.56 0.368 1.12
flow
2 1 1 40 34 21 27 12.0 0.315 0.5
3 2 2 40 37 21 25 15.23 0.210 0.22
Counter 1 0.5 0.5 40 27 21 31 7.39 0.600 1.56

flow
2 1 1 40 26 21 32 6.38 0.736 1.95
3 2 2 40 25 21 33 5.36 0.780 2.42

Cold water Without Nano With Nano

In lpm fluid fluid
HOT WATER Effectiveness Effectiveness
FOR 1 0.336 0.338
0.5lpm
1.5 0.351 0.3364
2 0.351 0.329
HOT WATER 1 0.227 0.3316

FOR 1.5 0.212 0.233
1lpm
2 0.203 0.249
HOT WATER 1 0.1428 0.202

FOR
1.5 0.142 0.162
1.5lpm
2 0.147 0.156
Table 6.2 Counter Flow
Cold water Without Nano fluid With Nano fluid

In lpm
Hot Water Effectiveness Effectiveness
For 1 0.342 0.30

0.5lpm 1.5 0.38 0.322

2 0.35 0.482
Hot Water 1 0.236 0.227

For 1.5 0.25 0.233
1lpm
2 0.266 0.225
Hot Water 1 0.271 0.186

For 1.5 0.176 0.16
1.5lpm 2 0.185 0.164

PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN EFFECTIVENESS

Table 6.3 Parallel Flow
Cold Water Effectiveness

HOT WATER FOR In lpm
0.5lpm 1 0.595
1.5 4.159
2 6
1 46.07
HOT WATER FOR 1.5 19.27
1lpm
2 22.20
1 41.45
HOT WATER FOR 1.5 14.08
1.5lpm
2 6.122
Table 6.4 Counter Flow
Cold Water In lpm Effectiveness
HOT WATER FOR 1 12.35
0.5lpm 1.5 15.26
2 38.57
HOT WATER 1 25.64

FOR
1lpm 1.5 22.66
2 9.90
HOT WATER 1 30.85

FOR
1.5lpm 1.5 12.67
2 11.56

GRAPHS
PARALLEL FLOW
for 0.5 lpm HW

0.355
2, 0.351
0.35
0.345
EFFECTIVENEES
0.34
with Nano Particle
0.335 with out Nano Particle
0.33
2, 0.329
0.325
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
FLOW RATE
Figure:6.1 Effectiveness of Parallel Flow for 0.5lpm
Figure 6.1 shows the graph of flow rate of cold fluid verses effectiveness and here the hot
water (HW) flow water is constant 0.5 lpm.
for 1 lpm HW
0.35
0.3
EFFECTIVENESS
0.25 2, 0.249
0.2 2, 0.203
0.15 with out Nano Particle
0.1 with Nano Particle
0.05
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
FLOW RATE
Figure:6.2 Effectiveness of parallel flow for 1lpm
Figure 6.2 shows the graph of flow rate of cold fluid verses effectiveness and here the
hot water (HW) flow water is constant 1 lpm.
lpm- litre per minute HW- hot water

for 2 lpm HW
0.25
0.2
EFFECTIVENESS
0.15 2, 0.15467
0.1 without nano particle

with nano particle
0.05
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
FLOW RATE
Figure:6.3 Effectiveness of parallel flow for 2lpm
COUNTER FLOW
for 0.5 lpm HW

0.6
0.5
2, 0.485
EFFECTIVENESS
0.4
2, 0.35
0.3
with out nano particle
0.2 with nano particle
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
FLOW RATE
Figure:6.4 Effectiveness of Counter flow for 0.5lpm
hot water (HW) flow water is constant 0.5 lpm.

for 1 lpm HW
0.27
0.265 2, 0.266
0.26
EFFECTIVENESS
0.255
0.25
0.245
with nano particle
0.24
0.23
0.225 2, 0.225
0.22
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
FLOW RATE
Figure:6.5 Effectiveness of Counter flow for 1lpm
figure 6.5 shows the graph of flow rate of cold fluid verses effectiveness and here the
for 1.5 lpm HW

0.3
0.25
EFFECTIVENESS
0.2
2, 0.185
2, 0.164
0.15
with nano particle
0.05
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
FLOW RATE

COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGER

PARALLEL FLOW
for 1.5 lpm HW

0.6
0.5
EFFECTIVENESS
0.4
2, 0.351
0.3
with out nano particle
0.1
2, 0.0256
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
FLOW RATE
Figure:6.7 Effectiveness of parallel flow for 1.5lpm
COUNTER FLOW
for 1.5 lpm HW

0.45
0.4
0.35
EFFECTIVENESS
0.3
0.25
0.2 with out nano particle
0.1 2, 0.0185
0.05
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
FLOW RATE

PERCENTAGE INCREASE
PARALLEL FLOW
for 0.5 lpm HW

7
6 2, 6
% INCREASE IN Ɛ
5
4
3
% Increase
2
1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
FLOW RATE
Figure:6.9 Percentage increase in parallel flow for 0.5lpm
Figure 6.9 shows the graph of flow rate of cold fluid verses increase in effectiveness and
here the hot water (HW) flow water is constant 0.5 lpm.
for 1 lpm HW
50
45
40
EFFECTIVENESS
35
30
25
2, 22.66
20 % Increase
15
10
5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
FLOW RATE
Figure:6.10 Percentage increase in parallel flow for 1lpm
Figure 6.10 shows the graph of flow rate of cold fluid verses increase in effectiveness
and here the hot water (HW) flow water is constant 1 lpm.

for 1.5 lpm HW

45
40
35
EFFECTIVENESS
30
25
20
% Increase
15
10
2, 6.122
5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
FLOW RATE
Figure:6.11 Percentage increase in parallel flow for 1.5lpm
and here the hot water (HW) flow water is constant 1.5 lpm.
COUNTER FLOW
for 0.5 lpm HW

45
40
2, 38.57
35
EFFECTIVENESS
30
25
20
% Increase
15
10
5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
FLOW RATE
Figure:6.12 Percentage increase in counter flow for 0.5lpm

for 1 lpm HW
30
25
EFFECTIVENESS
20
15
% Increase
10 2, 9.9
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
FLOW RATE
Figure:6.13 Percentage increase in counter flow for 1lpm
and here the hot water (HW) flow water is constant 1 lpm.
for 1.5 lpm HW

35
30
EFFECTIVENESS
25
20
15
% Increase
2, 11.5
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
FLOW RATE
Figure:6.14 Percentage increase in counter flow for 1.5lpm

CONCLUSION
1. The homogeneous and stable Nano fluid can be obtained by making mechanical
stirring.
2. Bulk density of Nano particle is lesser than that of base fluid, therefore there is
decrease in density of the Nano fluid by raising the volume fraction.
3. Viscosity of Nano fluid increases by raising the volume fraction, because viscosity
of Nano fluids depends only on the volume fraction of Nano sized matters.
4. Specific heat of Nano particle is lesser than that of base fluid.
5. Thermal conductivity of Nanoparticles is higher than the base fluid hence as
volume fraction increases in the range of 0.02–0.8% the fluid thermal
conductivity of Nano fluid increases by minimum of 8 % to maximum of 30 %
compared to the base fluid.
6. In test section heat transfer coefficient of Nano fluid increases by raising the
volume fraction of Nanoparticles. In the range of 0.02 – 0.8% the fluid heat transfer
coefficient of Nano fluid increases by minimum of 6% to maximum of 13%
compare to the base fluid.

SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
 Further experimental and theoretical research is required to find the major

factors influencing the performance of Nano fluids. Up to till now, there is a lack of
agreement between experimental results from different groups, so it is important to
systematically identify these factors.
 Increase in viscosity by the use of Nano fluids is an important drawback due to the
associated increase in pumping power
 The shape of the additives in Nano fluids is very important for the properties;
therefore, the new Nano fluid synthesis approaches with controllable microscope
structure will be an interesting research work.
 Stability of the suspension is a crucial issue for both scientific research and
practical applications. The stability of Nano fluids, especially the long-term
stability, the stability in the practical conditions, and the stability after thousands of
thermal cycles should be paid more attention.

REFERENCES
1.N. K. Chavda1 , Jay R. Patel2 , Hardik H. Patel3 , Atul P. Parmar4 1Corresponding
Author, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, A. D. Patel
Institute of Technology, New Vallabh Vidyanagar – 388 121 eISSN: 2319-1163 |
pISSN: 2321-7308, Dce-2014.
2.Kavitha T 2 , Rajendran A 3 , Kumaraswamidhas LA4 Indian J. Innovations Dev., Vol.

1, No. 5 “Design and manufacturing of Nano catalytic converter for pollution control in
automobiles for green environment” ISSN 2277 – 5390 2012.
3.E.Abu-NadaOpens the author workspaceOpens the author workspace. “Natural

convection heat transfer enhancement in horizontal concentric annuli using nanofluids”
2007
4. Zhu, H., Lin, Y., and Yin, Y. A novel one-step chemical method for preparation of
copper Nano fluids. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 227, 100–103 (2004).
5. Lee, S., Choi, S. U. S., Li, S., and Eastman, J. A. Measuring thermal conductivity of
fluids containing oxide Nanoparticles. Journal of Heat Transfer, 121, 280–289 (1999).
6. Wang, X., Xu, X., and Choi, S. U. S. Thermal conductivity of Nanoparticle-fluid

mixture. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 13, no. 4, 474–480 (1999).
7.B.C.Pak and Y.Cho, 1998, “Hydrodynamic and heat transfer study of dispersed fluids
submicron metallic oxide particles”, J. of Experimental heat transfer, vol. 11, No. 2,pp
151-170.

PUBLICATIONS
 Nagesh K, Vijetha T A, Paper presentation on “Effect of Nano particles on the
performance of double pipe and compact heat exchanger” at S.J.C INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY in May-2017
 Praveen Kumar Biradar , Ranjan Kumar, Paper presentation on “Effect of Nano
particles on the performance of double pipe and compact heat exchanger” at SRI
VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING in May-2017

Enhancement Porformence of Heat Exchanger 2018-19

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Enhancement Porformence of Heat Exchanger 2018-19

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Enhancement Porformence of Heat Exchanger 2018-19

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ENHANCEMENT PORFORMENCE OF HEAT EXCHANGER 2018-19

The direction of heat transfer is from a region of high temperature to another

Figure: 1.1 Working of Heat Exchanger

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 2

Classification of Heat Exchangers

a) Classification of Heat Exchangers by Flow Configuration

There are four basic flow configurations:

Figure 1.2 Counter flow

Figure 1.3 Parallel flow

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 3

Figure 1.4 Cross flow

Figure 1.5 Cross/counter flow

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 4

b) Classification of Heat Exchanger Based On Construction

Figure 1.6: Classification of Heat Exchanger

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 5

Fluid Selection Criteria

d) Heat Transfer Capacity

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 6

Mechanism of Heat Conduction in Nano fluid

Figure 1.7 Brownian motion

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 7

Keff = kstatic + kbrownian

Figure 1.8 cross section of Nano fluids structure consisting of Nanoparticles,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 8

Conventional pictures of solid/liquid suspensions do not have this Nano layer.

c. Volume fraction of particles

Highly conductive Nanoparticles of very low volume fractions distributed in a

Figure 1.9 Volume Fraction Of Particles

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 9

APPLICATION OF NANO FLUIDS

 Industrial Cooling Applications.

 Nuclear Systems Cooling.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 10

 Space and Defence.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 11

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nano Fluid

 Reduced pumping power as compared to pure liquid to achieve equivalent

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 12

Mohammad Mohsen Sarafraz , et al.

A substantial number of investigations have been performed to evaluate the

Jaafar Albadr , et al.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 13

Andrew D. Sommers E, et al.

Eiyad Abu-Nada, et al.

Dae-Hwang Yoo, et al.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 15

Yimin Xuan, Qiang Li.[2000]

Adnan M. Hussein, et al.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 16

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 17

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 18

Figure 4.1 Copper Tube Figure 4.2 Cotton Thread Insulation

Figure 4.3 Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

Figure 4.4 Bucket With a Ball Valve

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET, Bengaluru 19

PREPARATION OF NANO FLUID