Turbidity of Beer
Turbidity of Beer
Turbidity of Beer
Avoidance
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Beer Turbidity
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Analytical evaluation: Nephelometry
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Measurement angles
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Light Scattering
Light
source 0°
15°
90° 60° 45° 30°
Backward Side scattering Forward scattering
scattering
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Causes for haze formation
• Process aids
– DE
– Stabilization aids
• Microorganisms
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Possible causes (I)
Malt: α-glucanes
– Milling
• Wrong adjustment of the mill gap
• Too high moisture of the kernels regarding wet milling
– Enzyme equipment of malt
– Insufficient enzymatic degradation
• Mashing program
• Acidification
– Mash-off temperature
– Sparging water temperatures
Malt: β-glucanes
– Malt modification (Cytolysis)
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Possible causes (II)
Malt: Arabinoxylans
– Arabinoxylans are suspected for inducing haze
– Ongoing research (Prof. Rath)
Malt: Proteins
– Certain protein fractions of malt → not the foam enhancing ones
(30kDa ≥MW ≤ 50 kDa)
– Proteins forming particles during beer aging: < 30kDa
– Proteins forming colloidal haze: > 50 kDa
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Possible causes (III)
Water: Residual Alkalinity
– Influences the pH during mashing
→ enzyme activity
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Possible causes (IV)
Yeast: propagation yeast
– Smaller cells compared to yeast after several generations
– Slower sedimentation speed in CCV
– Bad clarification → small proteins may not be removed by filtration
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Possible causes (V)
Yeast: Stress conditions
– Stress conditions:
• high fermentation temperatures
• Temperature shock
• High sugar concentrations → high gravity brewing
• Acidification
– Excretion of Glycogen → formation of “invisible haze”
– Extent of excretion is yeast strain dependant
– Cannot be filtered out
– Molecular structure of Glygocen is very similar to Amylopectin
– High molecular molecules, long chained, strongly branched
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Main aspects of efficient yeast management regarding
turbidity formation
Essentials:
• enough nutrients
• early cropping
• cold storage
• short storage times
• avoid stress conditions
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• no contamination
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• regular check of viability (> 95 %)
• Regular check of vitality (ICP value, short fermentation test)
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Protein-Polyphenol haze
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Haze types
• Chill haze
– Proteins and polyphenols
– created when polyphenols polymerize and interact with the protein in
the beer
– appears when beer is chilled to approx. 0°C
– returns to solution when beer is warmed to 20°C
– particles range in size from 0,1 µm to 5.0 µm
• Permanent haze
– Other proteins and polyphenols involved compared to chill haze
– Does not dissolve
– particles range in size from 1 µm to 10 µm
➔ Stabilization
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Enzyme treatment
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Example for enzyme treatment
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Carbohydrate haze
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Methods for particle examination / identification
• Microscopic analysis
– Transmitted light
– Polarization
– Fluorescence
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Staining
• Staining with Diachromes
– stain an object by absorbing some of the wavelengths of used light and
reflect or transmitting others
– e.g. Methylene Blue
• Staining with Fluorochromes
– Stain an object by their fluoreszence
– They absorb light of a characteristic wavelength and at the same time
re-radiate it at a lower wavelength
– e.g. 1,8-ANS (1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonic acid Mg)
• Staining solutions
– with an affinity for proteinaceous particles
– with an affinity for carbohydrate material
– for adsorbents
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Proteinaceous Particles and yeast cells
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Proteinaceous Particles
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Proteinaceous „Blurr“
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Carbohydrate Particle
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Carbohydrate Particles (I)
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Carbohydrate Particles (II)
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Starch
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Calcium-Oxalate crystalls
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Chemical-technical Analysis
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Foreign particles in beverages
• Only by accident
• Powerful countermeasures:
– Rinsing of containers
– Empty bottle inspection
– Process control in packaging
– others
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Methods for foreign particle identification - I
➢ Microscopy:
➢Bright-field illumination
absorbance of light in the sample.
➢Dark-field illumination
contrast from the scattering of light
by the sample.
Examples of applications:
• glass particles
• calcium oxalate crystals Fig. 2: Glass chip, dark-field.
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Methods for foreign particle identification - II
-Polarized light
crystalline objects are able to rotate polarized light appearing
shiny on a black background.
Examples of applications:
• calcium oxalate crystals
• cellulose fibers
-Fluorescence
some particles present autofluorescence, others need to be
Examples of applications:
treated with a fluorochrome (secondary fluorescence).
• laquer flakes
• lining material
• oily droplets
• plastic material
Fig. 2: Lining material, autofluorescence Fig. 3: Plastic fiber, stained with Nile Red. Fig. 4: Microplastic particles, stained with
(source: Beer Deposits). Nile Red.
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Methods for foreign particle identification - III
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Methods for foreign particle identification - IV
❖ Composition
By high-energy back-scattering electrons (BSE), it is possible to
detect different chemical compositions, since heavy elements
(high atomic number) backscatter electrons more strongly than
light elements (low atomic number) and therefore appear
brighter.
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Methods for foreign particle identification - I
Source: Brucker
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Case Study No. I
Glass Corrosion
Analyzed sample: Beer, type: bottom-ferm. lager
Order: Identification of turbidity related/ turbidity causing particles
Results:
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Case Study No. I
Glass Corrosion
Results (cont.):
5. EDX spectrum:
4. SEM image: isolated transparent particle.
inside wall of the bottle, glass fragment.
Conclusion:
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EDX „Flocken“, Probe
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Case Study No. I
Glass Corrosion
Background Information:
• In this process, alkali ions (calcium and sodium) are leached from
the surface by interactions of the glass surface with humidity and
carbon dioxide in the environment, originating carbonate crystals.1
• This results in the degradation of the inner glass surface which peels
away and diffuses glass flakes from the bulk glass into the product.
• Promoted by: high temperatures, high air humidity, low pH-value in the
atmosphere (CO2, acidic rain).2
1 Freudenberger J. et al.(2009) Materials Science and Engineering. Springer Handbook of Mechanical Engineering. 73-222.
2 Papadopoulos N. et al. (2012) Influence of weather conditionson glass properties. Papadopoulos, C.A. Drosou. Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 47, 4, 429-439.
3 Gentaz L., et al. (2012) Impact of neocrystallisations on the SiO2-K2O-CaO glass degradation dueto atmospheric dry depositions. Atmospheric Environment 55 459-466.
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VLB Berlin
RI for Beer and Beverage Production
Seestrasse 13
13353 Berlin
Germany
pahl@vlb-berlin.org
www.vlb-berlin.org
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