Beermom Ism c10

CHAPTER 10
P PROBLEM 10.1
k
A
Knowing that the spring at A is of constant k and that the bar AB is rigid, determine the
critical load Pcr .
SOLUTION
 Let  be the angle change of bar AB.

F  kx  kL sin 
M B  0: FL cos   Px  0
kL2 sin  cos   PL sin   0
Using
sin    and cos  1, kL2  PL  0
(kL2  PL)  0 Pcr  kL 
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1627
P PROBLEM 10.2
A Two rigid bars AC and BC are connected by a pin at C as shown. Knowing that
1 the torsional spring at B is of constant K, determine the critical load Pcr for the
L
2 system.
C
1
L
2
K
B
SOLUTION

Let  be the angle change of each bar.
 M B  K
M B  0: K  FA L  0
K
FA 
L
1 1
Bar AC. M C  0: Pcr L  LFA  0
2 2
FA K
Pcr  Pcr  
  L
1628
P
PROBLEM 10.3
A
Two rigid bars AC and BC are connected as shown to a spring of constant k. Knowing that
1
the spring can act in either tension or compression, determine the critical load Pcr for the
L system.
2
C
k
1
L
2
SOLUTION
Let x be the lateral deflection of point C.

1 1
x L sin  FC  kx  kL sin 
2 2
Joint C:  Fy  0: FAC cos   FCB cos   0
FAC  FCB
Fx  0: FAB sin   FCB sin   FC  0

1
2 FAB sin   kL sin   0
2
 1  1
  FAB  kL  sin   0 FAB   kL
 4  4
1
Joint A: Fy  0:  P  FAB cos   0 P   FAB cos   kL cos 
4
1
With   0 Pcr  kL 
4
1629
P PROBLEM 10.4
A Two rigid bars AC and BC are connected as shown to a spring of constant k.
1
3
L Knowing that the spring can act in either tension or compression, determine the
critical load Pcr for the system.
C
k
2
L
3
SOLUTION
Let  be the deflection of point C.

Using free body AC and
1 3P
 M C  0:  LRA  P  0 RA 
3 L
Using free body BC and
2 3P
M C  0: LRB  P  0 RB 
3 2L
Using both free bodies together,
Fx  0: RA  RB  k  0
3P 3P
  k  0
L 2L
9 P 
 2 L  k   0
 
2kL
Pcr  
9
1630
P PROBLEM 10.5
The steel rod BC is attached to the rigid bar AB and to the

A
fixed support at C. Knowing that G  11.2  106 psi,
15 in. C determine the diameter of rod BC for which the critical load
d Pcr of the system is 80 lb.
B
20 in.
SOLUTION
Look at torsion spring BC.

TL GJ
  T    K
GJ L
G  11.2  106 psi
4
 4  d d4
J  c    
2 22 32
L  20 in.
(11.2  106 ) d 4
K   54,978d 4
(20)(32)
M B  0: T  Pl sin   0
K  Pl sin   0
K K
P Pcr 
l sin  l
K  54,978d 4  Pcrl  (80)(15)  1200
1200
d  4 d  0.384 in. 
54,978
1631
P PROBLEM 10.6
B The rigid rod AB is attached to a hinge at A and to two springs, each of
k h constant k  2 kip/in., that can act in either tension or compression. Knowing
C
that h  2 ft, determine the critical load.
2h
k
D
h
A
SOLUTION
Let  be the small rotation angle.

xD  h
xC  3h
xB  4h
FC  kxC  3kh
FD  kxD  kh
M A  0: hFD  3hFC  PxB  0
5
kh 2  9kh 2  4hP  0, P  kh
2
Data: k  2.0 kip/in. h  2 ft  24 in.
5
P (2.0)(24) P  120.0 kips 
2
1632
l PROBLEM 10.7
P A B C D P'
The rigid bar AD is attached to two springs of constant k and is in
k k equilibrium in the position shown. Knowing that the equal and opposite
loads P and P remain horizontal, determine the magnitude Pcr of the
critical load for the system.
a
SOLUTION
Let yB and yC be the deflections of points B and C, positive upward.
FB  kyB FC  kyC
Fy  0: FB  FC  0 FC   FB
yC   yB FB and FC form a counter clockwise couple.

Let  be the angle change.
1
yB   yC  a sin  ,   l sin 
2
P and P form a clockwise couple of magnitude P .
1  ka 2
M  0: k  a sin   a cos   Pl sin   0 P cos 
2  2l
ka 2
Let   0. Pcr  
2l
1633
P P PROBLEM 10.8
H
A D A frame consists of four L-shaped members connected by four torsional
K springs, each of constant K. Knowing that equal loads P are applied at
1
L points A and D as shown, determine the critical value Pcr of the loads
2
applied to the frame.
E K K
G
1
L
2
K
B C
F
1 1
L L
2 2
SOLUTION
Let  be the rotation of each L-shaped member.

Angle change across each torsional spring is 2 .
1 1
x L sin   L
2 2
M E  0:
K (2 )  K (2 )  Px  0
4K 8K
Pcr  Pcr  
x L
1634
16 mm PROBLEM 10.9
Determine the critical load of a pin-ended steel tube that is 5 m long and has a 100-mm
100 mm outer diameter and a 16-mm wall thickness. Use E  200 GPa.
SOLUTION
1
co  d o  50 mm ci  co  t  50  16  34 mm
2

I 
4
c 4
o 
 ci4  3.859  106 mm 4  3.859  106 m 4
 2 EI  2 (200  109 )(3.859  106 )

Pcr  2
 2
 305  103 N
L (5.0)
Pcr  305 kN 
1635
PROBLEM 10.10
Determine the critical load of a pin-ended wooden stick that is 3 ft long and has a 3
16
 1 14 -in. rectangular
cross section. Use E  1.6  106 psi.
SOLUTION
3
1  3 
I  (1.25 in.) in.   686.65  106 in 4
12  16 
Le  36 in.
 2 EI
Pcr 
L2e
 2 (1.6  106 psi)(686.65  106 in 4 )

(36 in.) 2
Pcr  8.37 lb 
1636
PROBLEM 10.11
A column of effective length L can be made by gluing together

d identical planks in either of the arrangements shown. Determine
the ratio of the critical load using the arrangement a to the critical
load using the arrangement b.
d/3
(a) (b)
SOLUTION
Arrangement (a).
1 4
Ia  d
12
 2 EI  2 Ed 4
Pcr, a  
L2e 12 L2e
3
1 d 1 d
Arrangement (b). I min  I y    (d 3 )  (d )  
12  3  12 3
1  d  3 19 4
 (d )  d
12  3  324
 2 EI 19 2 Ed 4
Pcr, b  
L2e 324 L2e
Pcr, a 1 324 27 Pcr, a
    1.421 
Pcr,b 12 19 19 Pcr, b
1637
15 mm
PROBLEM 10.12
A compression member of 1.5-m effective length consists of a solid 30-mm-

diameter brass rod. In order to reduce the weight of the member by 25%, the
solid rod is replaced by a hollow rod of the cross section shown. Determine
(a) the percent reduction in the critical load, (b) the value of the critical load for
the hollow rod. Use E  200 GPa.
30 mm 30 mm
SOLUTION
 2 EI
(a) Pcr 
L2
Pcr is proportional to I.
1 
For solid rod, c  d, Is  c4
2 4
1 
c (30)  15 mm Is  (15)4  39.761  103 mm 4  39.761  109 m 4
2 4
1 
For hollow rod, ci  di Ih  (c 4  ci 4 )
2 4
4 4
( Pcr ) h I c 4  ci 4 c  d 
 h  4
1 i  1 i 
( Pcr ) s Is c c d 
4
 15  1 15
1  1 
30
  16 16
1
Percent reduction in Pcr :  100 % 6.25% 
16
15  2 EI s 15  2 (105  109 )(39.761  109 )
(b) Pcr     17.17  103 N
16 L2 16 (1.5) 2
Pcr  17.17 kN 
1638
P PROBLEM 10.13
P Determine the radius of the round strut so that the round and square struts
A have the same cross-sectional area and compute the critical load for each.
Use E  200 GPa.
C
1m
1m
B
25 mm
D
SOLUTION
For square strut, A  252  625 mm 2

1
I  (25) 4  32.552  103 mm 4  32.552  109 m 4
12
1 2
For round strut, d  A
4
4A (4)(625)
d    28.2 mm
 
1
c d  14.10 mm c  14.10 mm 
2

 I  c 4  31.085  103 mm3  31.085  109 m 4 
4
 2 EI
Critical loads: Pcr 
L2
 2 (200  109 )(31.085  109 )
Round strut. Pcr   61.4  103 N
(1) 2
Pcr  61.4 kN 
 2 (200  109 )(32.552  109 )

Square strut. Pcr   64.3  103 N
(1)2
Pcr  64.3 kN 
1639
P PROBLEM 10.14
P Determine (a) the critical load for the square strut, (b) the radius of the round
A strut for which both struts have the same critical load. (c) Express the cross-
sectional area of the square strut as a percentage of the cross-sectional area of
the round strut. Use E  200 GPa.
C
1m
1m
B
25 mm
D
SOLUTION
(a) Square strut. A  (25)2  625 mm 2

1
I (25)4  32.552  103 mm 4  32.552  109 m 4
12
 2 EI  2 (200  109 )(32.552  109 )
Pcr  
L2 (1) 2
 64.3  103 N  64.3 kN 

(b) Round strut. For the same critical load, modulus of elasticity, and length, the moments of inertia
must be equal.

c4  I
4
4I (4)(32.552  103 )
c 4  4  14.27 mm
 
d  2c  28.5 mm 
625
(c) Area. A   c 2  639.58 mm Ratio   0.977  97.7% 
639.58
1640
1
PROBLEM 10.15
in.
2
A column with the cross section shown has a 13.5-ft effective length. Using a
factor of safety equal to 2.8, determine the allowable centric load that can be
1
in. 10 in.
applied to the column. Use E  29  106 psi.
4
1
in.
2
6 in.
SOLUTION
I min  2 I1  I 2
3
 1  1  1 1 
 2   in.  6 in.  10 in.  in. 
3
 12  2  12 4 
 18.0130 in 4
 2 EI
Pcr 
L2e
 2 (29  106 psi)(18.0130 in 4 )

[(13.5 ft)(12 in./ft)]2
 196.451 kips
196.451
Pall  kips
2.8
Pall  70.2 kips 
1641
y PROBLEM 10.16
C x A column is made from half of a W360  216 rolled-steel shape, with

A 5 13.8 3 103 mm2 the geometric properties as shown. Using a factor of safety equal to 2.6,
Ix 5 26.0 3 106 mm4 determine the allowable centric load if the effective length of the
Iy 5 142.0 3 106 mm4 column is 6.5 m. Use E  200 GPa.
SOLUTION
 2 EI
Pcr 
L2e
 2 (200  109 Pa)(26.0  106 m 4 )

  (6.5 m)2
 1214.72 kN
1214.72
Pall  kN
2.6
Pall  467 kN 
1642
y PROBLEM 10.17
A column of 22-ft effective length is to be made by welding two

4.5 in.
9  0.5-in. plates to a W8 35 as shown. Determine the allowable
x centric load if a factor of safety 2.3 is required. Use 29  106 psi.
4.5 in.
SOLUTION
  W8  35: I x  127 in 4 I y  42.6 in 4
b f  8.02 in.
  and : For each plate, A  (0.5)(9.0)  4.5 in 2
1
Ix  (0.5)(9)3  30.375 in 4
12
2
1  8.02 0.5 
Iy  (9)(0.5)3  (4.5)     81.758 in
4
12  2 2 
Total: I x  127  (2)(30.375)  187.75 in 4  I min
I y  42.6  (2)(81.758)  206.12 in 4
L  22 ft  264 in.
 2 EI  2 (29  106 )(187.75)

Pcr    771.0  103 lb  771 kips
L2e 264 2
Pcr 771
Pall   Pall  335 kips 
F .S . 2.3
1643
PROBLEM 10.18
A single compression member of 8.2-m effective length is obtained by

connecting two C200  17.1 steel channels with lacing bars as shown.
Knowing that the factor of safety is 1.85, determine the allowable centric
load for the member. Use E  200 GPa and d  100 mm.
SOLUTION
For C200  17.1 steel channel, A  2170 mm 2

I x  13.5  106 mm 4 , I y  0.545  106 mm 2
x  14.5 mm
For the fabricated column,
I x  2I x  (2)(13.5  106 )  27.0  106 mm 4
 d  
2
I y  2 I y  A   x  
 2  
  100  
2
 2 0.545  106  2170   14.5  
  2  
 19.1455  106 mm 4
I min  I y  19.1455  106 mm 4  19.1455  106 m 4 E  200  109 Pa
 2 EI min  2 (200  109 ) (19.1455  106 )
Pcr    562.04  103 N
L2 (8.2)2
Pcr 562.04  103
Pall    303  103 N
F .S . 1.85
Pall  304 kN 
1644
P PROBLEM 10.19
70⬚
B Knowing that P  5.2 kN, determine the factor of safety for the structure
shown. Use E  200 GPa and consider only buckling in the plane of the
structure.
1.2 m 22-mm diameter
18-mm
diameter
A
C
1.2 m
SOLUTION
Joint B: From force triangle,

FAB FBC 5.2
 
sin 25 sin 20 sin 135
FAB  3.1079 kN (Comp)
FBC  2.5152 kN (Comp)
4 4
 d   18 
Member AB: I AB        5.153  103 mm 4
42 4 2 
 5.153  109 m 4
 2 EI AB  2 (200  109 )(5.153  109 )

FAB ,cr  
L2AB (1.2)2
 7.0636  103 N  7.0636 kN
FAB ,cr 7.0636
F .S .    2.27
FAB 3.1079
4 4
 d   22 
Member BC: I BC      
42 4 2 
 11.499  103 mm 4  11.499  109 m 4

L2BC  1.22  1.22  2.88 m 2
 2 EI BC  2 (200  109 )(11.499  109 )
FBC ,cr  
L2BC 2.88
3
 7.8813  10 N  7.8813 kN
FBC ,cr 7.8813
F .S .    3.13
FBC 2.5152
Smallest F.S. governs. F .S .  2.27 
1645
B
C PROBLEM 10.20
Members AB and CD are 30-mm-diameter steel rods, and members BC

and AD are 22-mm-diameter steel rods. When the turnbuckle is tightened,
the diagonal member AC is put in tension. Knowing that a factor of safety
3.5 m
with respect to buckling of 2.75 is required, determine the largest allowable
tension in AC. Use E  200 GPa and consider only buckling in the plane of
the structure.
A D
2.25 m
SOLUTION
LAC  (3.5)2  (2.25)2  4.1608 m

2.25
Joint C: Fx  0: FBC  TAC  0
4.1608
TAC  1.84926 FBC
3.5
Fy  0: FCD  TAC  0
4.1608
TAC  1.1888 FCD
4 4
  d BC 
  22 
Members BC and AD: I BC        11.499  103 mm 4  11.499  109 m 4
4 2  4 2 
LBC  2.25 m
 2 EI BC  2 (200  109 )(11.499  109 )
FBC ,cr    4.4836  103 N
L2BC (2.25) 2
FBC ,cr
FBC ,all   1.6304  103 N TAC ,all  3.02  103 N
F .S .
4 4
  dCD 
  30 
Members AB and CD: I CD        39.761  103 mm 4  39.761  109 m 4
4 2  4 2 
LCD  3.5 m
 2 EI CD  2 (200  109 )(39.761  109 )
FCD ,cr    6.4069  103 N
LCD2 (3.5)2
FCD, cr
FCD,all   2.3298  103 N TAC,all  2.77  103 N
F .S .
Smaller value for TAC,all governs. TAC,all  2.77 kN 
1646
PROBLEM 10.21
L The uniform brass bar AB has a rectangular cross section and is
supported by pins and brackets as shown. Each end of the bar can rotate
A b freely about a horizontal axis through the pin, but rotation about a
vertical axis is prevented by the brackets. (a) Determine the ratio b/d for
which the factor of safety is the same about the horizontal and vertical
d
axes. (b) Determine the factor of safety if P  1.8 kips, L  7 ft, d  1.5 in.,
B and E  29  106 psi.
P
SOLUTION
1 1 3
Buckling in horizontal plane: Le  L, I  db
2 12
 2 EI 4 2 Edb3
Pcr1   (1)
L2e 12 L2
1
Buckling in vertical plane: Le  L, I  bd 3
12
 2 EI  2 Ebd 3
Pcr2   (2)
L2e 12 L2
4 2 Edb3  2 Ebd 3 1 
(a) Equating, Pcr1  Pcr2  4b 2  d 2 b d
12 L2 12 L2 2
1
(b) b d  0.75 in. L  7 ft  84 in.
2
 2 (15  106 )(0.75)(1.5)3
Using (2), Pcr   4.4257  103 lb  4.426 kips.
(12)(84)2
Pcr 4.4257
F .S .    2.46 
P 1.8
1647
P PROBLEM 10.22
D A 1-in.-square aluminum strut is maintained in the position shown by a pin

LCD support at A and by sets of rollers at B and C that prevent rotation of the strut in
the plane of the figure. Knowing that LAB  3 ft, determine (a) the largest
C
values of LBC and LCD that can be used if the allowable load P is to be as large
as possible, (b) the magnitude of the corresponding allowable load. Consider
LBC only buckling in the plane of the figure and use E  10.4  106 psi.
LAB
SOLUTION
1 3 1
I  bh  (1)(1)3  0.083333 in 4
12 12
(a) Equivalent lengths:
AB: Le  0.7 LAB  2.1 ft  25.2 in.
BC: Le  0.5 LBC
2.1
LBC  LBC  4.20 ft 
0.5
CD: Le  2 LCD
2.1
LCD  LCD  1.050 ft 
2
Pcr  2 EI  2 (10.4  106 )(0.083333)
(b) Pall   
F .S . ( F .S .) L2e (3.2)(25.2)2
 4.21  103 lb
Pall  4.21 kips 
1648
P PROBLEM 10.23
D A 1-in.-square aluminum strut is maintained in the position shown by a pin support at A

LCD and by sets of rollers at B and C that prevent rotation of the strut in the plane of the
figure. Knowing that LAB  3 ft, LBC  4 ft, and LCD  1 ft, determine the allowable
C
load P using a factor of safety with respect to buckling of 3.2. Consider only buckling
in the plane of the figure and use E  10.4  106 psi.
LBC
LAB
SOLUTION
1 3 1
I bh  (1)(1)3  0.083333 in 4
12 12
 2 EI
Pcr  2
Le
( Pcr )min  2 EI
Pall  
F .S . ( F .S .)( Le )2max
Portion AB: Le  0.7 LAB  (0.7)(3)  2.1 ft

Portion BC: Le  0.5LBC  (0.5)(4)  2.0 ft
Portion CD: Le  2 Le  (2)(1)  2.0 ft
( Le ) max  2.1 ft  25.2 in.
 2 (10.4  106 )(0.083333)

Pall   4.21  103 lb Pall  4.21 kips 
(3.2)(25.22 )
1649
z
PROBLEM 10.24
P
Column ABC has a uniform rectangular cross section with b  12 mm
A and d  22 mm. The column is braced in the xz plane at its midpoint C
L and carries a centric load P of magnitude 3.8 kN. Knowing that a factor
of safety of 3.2 is required, determine the largest allowable length L.
Use E  200 GPa.
C
L
d
b y
SOLUTION
Pcr  ( F .S .) P  (3.2)(3.8  103 )  12.16  103 N

 2 EI EI
Pcr  Le  
L2e Pcr
EI
Buckling in xz-plane. L  Le  
Pcr
1 3 1
I db  (22)(12)3  3.168  103 mm 4
12 12
 3.168  109 m 4
(200  109 )(3.168  109 )

L   0.717 m
12.16  103
Le  EI
Buckling in yz-plane. Le  2 L L  
2 2 Pcr
1 3 1
I bd  (12)(22)3  10.648  103 mm 4
12 12
 10.648  109 m 4
 (200  109 )(10.648  109 )
L  0.657 m
2 12.16  103
The smaller length governs. L  0.657 m L  657 mm 
1650
z
PROBLEM 10.25
P
Column ABC has a uniform rectangular cross section and is braced in the xz
A plane at its midpoint C. (a) Determine the ratio b/d for which the factor of
L safety is the same with respect to buckling in the xz and yz planes. (b) Using
the ratio found in part a, design the cross section of the column so that the
factor of safety will be 3.0 when P  4.4 kN, L  1 m, and E  200 GPa.
C
L
d
b y
SOLUTION
db3
Buckling in xz-plane. Le  L, I 
12
 2 EI  2 Edb3
( Pcr )1  
L2e 12 L2
( Pcr )1  2 Edb3
( F .S .)1  
P 12 PL2
bd 3
Buckling in yz-plane. Le  2 L, I 
12
 2 EI  2 Ebd 3
( Pcr )2  
L2e 12(2 L)2
( Pcr )2  2 Ebd 3
( F .S .)2  
P 48 PL2
 2 Edb3  2 Ebd 3
(a) Equating the two factors of safety, 
12 PL2 48 PL2
1
b2  d 2 b/d  1/2 
4
 2 Ed 4
Then ( F .S .) 
96 PL2
96( F .S .) PL2 (96)(3.0)(4.4  103 )(1) 2
d4  
 2E  2 (200  109 )
 641.97  109 m 4
(b) d  28.3  103 m d  28.3 mm 
b  14.15 mm 
1651
z
PROBLEM 10.26
P Column AB carries a centric load P of magnitude 15 kips. Cables BC

B and BD are taut and prevent motion of point B in the xz plane. Using
W10 3 22 Euler’s formula and a factor of safety of 2.2, and neglecting the tension
L
in the cables, determine the maximum allowable length L. Use
E  29  106 psi.
C y
A
D
SOLUTION
W10  22: I x  118 in 4

I y  11.4 in 4
P  15  103 lb
Pcr  ( F .S .) P  (2.2)(15  103 )  33  103 lb
Buckling in xz-plane. Le  0.7L
 2 EI y  EI y
Pcr  2
L
(0.7 L) 0.7 Pcr
 (29  106 )(11.4)

L  449.21 in.
0.7 33  103
Buckling in yz-plane. Le  2 L
 2 EI x
Pcr 
(2 L)2
 EI x  (29  106 )(118)
L   505.83 in.
2 Pcr 2 33  103
Smaller value for L governs. L  449.21 in. L  37.4 ft 
1652
P0 ⫽ 7.5 kN PROBLEM 10.27
P0 P0 P0
P0
Each of the five struts shown consists of a solid
steel rod. (a) Knowing that the strut of Fig. (1) is
of a 20-mm diameter, determine the factor of
safety with respect to buckling for the loading
shown. (b) Determine the diameter of each of
900 mm the other struts for which the factor of safety is
the same as the factor of safety obtained in part a.
Use E  200 GPa.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
SOLUTION
1
Solid circular cross section: c d  10 mm
2
 
I  c4  (10)4  7.854  103 mm 4  7.854  109 m 4
4 4
E  200 GPa  200  109 Pa
EI  (200  109 )(7.854  109 )  1570.8 N  m 2
For strut (1), Le  L  900 mm  0.9 m
 2 EI  2 (1570.8)
Pcr    19,140 N  19.140 kN
L2 (0.9)2
Pcr 19.140 kN
(a) F .S.   F .S.  2.55 
P0 7.5 kN
(b) For the same factor of safety, the struts must have the same critical load.
 2 EI i
Pcr  where i  1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
L2i
Ii I Ii L2
For i  2, 3, 4, and 5, 2
 12 or  2i
Li L1 I1 L1
di4 L2i
Since I is proportional to d 4 , 
d14 L12
di Li
or  , where Li is the effective length.
d1 L1
1653
PROBLEM 10.27 (Continued)
Strut (1): L1  900 mm d1  20 mm
Strut (2): L2  2L1  1800 mm
d2 1800
 d 2  28.3 mm 
20 900
1
Strut (3): L3  L1  450 mm
2
d3 450
 d3  14.14 mm 
20 900
Strut (4): L4  0.669 L1  629.1 mm
d4 629.1
 d 4  16.72 mm 
20 900
Strut (5): L5  L1  900 mm d5  20.0 mm 
1654
m m PROBLEM 10.28
m m
A rigid block of mass m can be
supported in each of the four ways
4m shown. Each column consists of an
aluminum tube that has a 44-mm outer
diameter and a 4-mm wall thickness.
Using E  70 GPa and a factor of safety
of 2.8, determine the allowable load for
(1) (2) (3) (4) each support condition.
SOLUTION

I  [(22 mm) 4  (18 mm)4 ]
4
I  101.54  103 mm 4  101.54  109 m 4
E  70 GPa  70  109 Pa
EI  (70 GPa)(101.54  109 m 4 )  7108 N  m 2
 2 EI  2 (7108 N  m 2 )
Pcr  
L2e L2e
Pcr
Allowable value of P: Pall 
F .S.
 2 (7108 N  m 2 ) 25,055
Pall  
2.8L2e L2e
Equilibrium.  Fy  0: 2 Pall  W  0
W 2P (2)(25,055) 5108
m  all   2
g g 9.81L2e Le
Column length: L1  4 m
Effective lengths for columns.
1655
Allowable capacity:
5108
Case (1): Le  L  4 m m m  319 kg 
(4) 2
5108
Case (2): Le  2L  8 m m m  79.8 kg 
(8)2
5108
Case (3): Le  L  4 m m m  319 kg 
(4) 2
5108
Case (4): Le  0.699L  2.796 m m m  653 kg 
(2.796)2
1656
P
PROBLEM 10.29
4 mm
An axial load P  15 kN is applied at point D that is 4 mm from the geometric

C D axis of the square aluminum bar BC. Using E  70 GPa, determine (a) the
horizontal deflection of end C, (b) the maximum stress in the column.
30 mm 30 mm
0.6 m
SOLUTION
A  (30) 2  900 mm 2
 900  106 m 2
1
I  (30)(30)3  67.5  103 mm 4
12
 67.5  109 m 4
1
c (30)  15 mm  0.015 m e  4  103 m
2
Le  2L  (2)(0.6)  1.2 m
 2EI  2 (70  109 )(67.5  109 )
Pcr  
L2 (1.2)2
 32.385  103 N  38.385 kN
P 15
  0.46318
Pcr 32.385
  P   3    
(a) ym  e sec    1  (4  10 ) sec  0.46318   1
  2 Pcr    2  
 (4  103 ) sec (1.06904)  1  4.3166  103 m ym  4.32 mm 
(b) M max  P(e  ym )  (15  103 )(4  103  4.3166  103 )

 124.75 N  m
P Mc 15  103 (124.75)(0.015)
 max    6

A I 900  10 67.5  109
 44.4  106 Pa  max  44.4 MPa 
1657
e
P PROBLEM 10.30
An axial load P is applied to the 32-mm-diameter steel rod AB as shown. For

A
P  37 kN and e  1.2 mm, determine (a) the deflection at the midpoint C of
32-mm the rod, (b) the maximum stress in the rod. Use E  200 GPa.
diameter
1.2 m C
B
e
P'
SOLUTION
4 4
 d   32  3 4 9 4
I        51.47  10 mm  51.47  10 m
42 4 2 
Le  L  1.2 m
 2 EI  2 (200  109 )(51.47  109 )
Pcr  2
 2
 70.556  103 N
Le (1.2)
3
P 37  10
  0.52440
Pcr 70.556  103
(a) Deflection at C.
  P  
ymax  e sec    1  1.3817e  (1.3817)(1.2)
  2 Pcr  
ymax  1.658 mm 
(b) Maximum normal stress.
M max  P (e  ymax )  (37  103 )(1.2  1.658)(103 )  105.75 N  m
 
A d2  (32)2  804.25 mm 2  804.25  106 m 2 , c  16  103 m
4 4
P Mc 37  103 (105.75)(16  103 )
 max      78.9  106 Pa
A I 804.25  106 51.47  109
 max  78.9 MPa 
1658
y PROBLEM 10.31
e 310 kN
The line of action of the 310-kN axial load is parallel to the geometric axis of
A the column AB and intersects the x axis at x  e. Using E  200 GPa,
determine (a) the eccentricity e when the deflection of the midpoint C of the
x column is 9 mm, (b) the maximum stress in the column.
z
C
6.5 m
W250 ⫻ 58
310 kN
SOLUTION
For W250  58, A  7420 mm 2  7420  106 m 2
I y  18.7  106 mm3  18.7  106 m 4
S y  185  103 mm3  185  106 m3
L  6.5 m Le  6.5 m
 2 EI  2 (200  109 )(18.7  106 )

Pcr    873.7  103 N
L2e (6.5) 2
P 310  103
  0.35483
Pcr 873.7  103
  P  
ymax  e sec    1  0.68558 e
  2 Pcr  
ymax 9  103
(a) e   13.13  103 m  13.13 mm 
0.67990 0.67990
(b) M max  P(e  ymax )  (310  103 )(9  13.13)(103 )  6859.6 N  m
P Mc P M 310  103 6859.6
 max      6

A I A Sy 7420  10 185  106
 41.78  106  37.08  106  78.86  106 Pa  78.9 MPa 
1659
e
P PROBLEM 10.32
A An axial load P is applied to the 1.375-in.-diameter steel rod AB as

shown. When P  21 kips, it is observed that the horizontal
1.375-in. deflection of the midpoint C is 0.03 in. Using E  29  106 psi,
diameter
determine (a) the eccentricity e of the load, (b) the maximum stress in
30 in. C
the rod.
B
e
P'
SOLUTION
1
c d  0.6875 in. A   c 2  1.4849 in 2
2

I  c 4  0.175461 in 4
4
Le  L  30 in.
 2 EI  2 (29  103 )(0.175461)
Pcr    55.800  103 lb
L2e (30) 2
P 21  103
  0.37634
Pcr 55.8  103
(a) Eccentricity of the load.
  P  
ymax  e sec    1  e [sec 0.96363  1]  0.75272e

  2 Pcr  
ymax 0.03
e  e  0.0399 in. 
0.75272 0.75272
M max  P(e  ymax )  (21  103 )(0.0399  0.03)  1.467  103 lb  in.
P M max c 21  103 (1.467  103 )(0.6875)
 max      19.89  103 psi
A I 1.4849 0.175461
 max  19.89 ksi 
1660
P
PROBLEM 10.33
e
An axial load P is applied to the 32-mm-square aluminum bar BC as

C shown. When P  24 kN, the horizontal deflection at end C is 4 mm.
D Using E  70 GPa, determine (a) the eccentricity e of the load, (b) the
maximum stress in the rod.
32 mm 32 mm
0.65 m
SOLUTION
1
I  (32) 4  87.3813  103 mm 4
12
 87.3813  109 m 4
A  (32)2  1.024  103 mm 2
 1.024  103 m 2
Le  2 L  (2)(0.65)  1.30 m
 2 EI  2 (70  109 )(87.3813  109 )
Pcr  
L2e (1.30)2
 35.7215  103 N
 35.7215 kN
P 24
  0.67186
Pcr 35.7215
   P     
(a) ymax  e sec    1  e sec  0.67186   1

  2 Pcr   2  
 e [sec 1.28754  1]  2.5780e
ymax 4
e  e  1.552 mm 
2.5780 2.5780
(b) M max  P(e  ymax )  (24  103 )[1.552  103  4  103 ]
 133.24 N  m
P M max c 24  103 (133.24)(0.016)
 max    3

A I 1.024  10 87.3813  109
 47.8  106 Pa  max  47.8 MPa 
1661
y PROBLEM 10.34
e
The axial load P is applied at a point located on the x axis at a distance e
P
from the geometric axis of the rolled-steel column BC. When P  82 kips,
the horizontal deflection of the top of the column is 0.20 in. Using
C
E  29  106 psi, determine (a) the eccentricity e of the load, (b) the
maximum stress in the column.
z
x
W8 3 31
9.4 ft
SOLUTION
W8  31: A  9.12 in 2 , I y  37.1 in 4 , S y  9.27 in 3

L  9.4 ft  112.8 in. Le  2 L  225.6 in.
 2 EI  2 (29  106 )(37.1)
Pcr    208.63  103
L2e (225.6)2
P 82  103
  0.39304
Pcr 208.63  103
  P  
(a) ymax  e sec    1  0.80811e

  2 Pcr  
ymax 0.20
e   0.247 in. 
0.80811 0.80816
(b) M max  P(e  ymax )  (82  103 )(0.247  0.20)  36.693  103 lb  in.
P Mc P M 82  103 36.693  103

 max        12.95  103 psi
A I A Sy 9.12 9.27
 max  12.95 ksi 
1662
PROBLEM 10.35
0.25 in. P
An axial load P is applied at a point D that is 0.25 in. from the geometric
C
D
axis of the square aluminum bar BC. Using E  10.1  106 psi, determine
(a) the load P for which the horizontal deflection of end C is 0.50 in.,
(b) the corresponding maximum stress in the column.
1.75 in. 1.75 in.

2.5 ft
SOLUTION
1 3 1
I  bh  (1.75)(1.75)3  0.78157 in 4
12 12
1
A  (1.75) 2  3.0625 in 2 c  (1.75)  0.875 in.
2
L  2.5 ft  30 in. Le  2L  60 in.
 2EI  2 (10.1  103 )(0.78157)
Pcr    21.641 kips
L2e (60)2
  P    P  ymax  e  P  e
ymax  e sec    1 , sec    , cos   
  2 Pc   2 Pcr  e 2
 Pcr  ymax  e
2 2
P 2 e  2 0.25 
(a)   arccos    arccos
Pcr  e  ymax   0.25  0.50 
 0.61411 P  0.61411Pcr P  13.29 kips 
(b) M max  P(e  ymax )  (13.29)(0.25  0.50)  9.9675 kip  in.
P Mc 13.29 (9.9675)(0.875)
 max      max  15.50 ksi 
A I 3.0625 0.78157
1663
e
P
PROBLEM 10.36
A
A brass pipe having the cross section shown has an axial load P applied
120 mm 5 mm from its geometric axis. Using E  120 GPa, determine (a) the load P
for which the horizontal deflection at the midpoint C is 5 mm, (b) the
corresponding maximum stress in the column.
C 2.8 m
t 5 6 mm
e
P'
SOLUTION
1
co  d o  60 mm ci  co  t  54 mm
2

I
4
 
co4  ci4  3.5005  106 mm 4  3.5005  106 m 4
L  2.8 m Le  2.8 m
 2EI  2 (120  109 )(3.5005  106 )
Pcr  
L2e (2.8) 2
 528.8  103 N  528.8 kN
  P    P  ymax  e
(a) ymax  e sec    1 sec   
 2
  2 Pcr    Pcr  e
2
 P  e P 2 e 
cos 
     arccos 
2 Pcr  ymax  e Pcr   ymax  e 
2
P 2 5 
  arccos  0.44444 P  0.44444 Pcr P  235 kN 
Pcr   5  5 
(b) M max  P (e  ymax )  (235  103 )(5  5)(103 )  2350 N  m
 
A   co2  ci2   (602  542 )  2.1488  103 mm 2  2.1488  103 m 2
P Mc 235  103 (2350)(60  103 )
 max      149.6  106 Pa  max  149.6 MPa 
A I 2.1488  103 3.5005  106
1664
e
P
PROBLEM 10.37
A
Solve Prob. 10.36, assuming that the axial load P is applied 10 mm from the
120 mm geometric axis of the column.
PROBLEM 10.36 A brass pipe having the cross section shown has an axial
C 2.8 m load P applied 5 mm from its geometric axis. Using E  120 GPa,
determine (a) the load P for which the horizontal deflection at the midpoint C
t 5 6 mm is 5 mm, (b) the corresponding maximum stress in the column.
e
P'
SOLUTION
1
co  d o  60 mm ci  co  t  54 mm
2

I 
4
 
co4  ci4  3.5005  106 mm 4  3.5005  106 m 4
L  2.8 m Le  2.8 m
 2EI  2 (120  109 )(3.5005  106 )
Pcr  
L2e (2.8) 2
 528.8  103 N  528.8 kN
  P    P  y e
(a) ymax  e sec    1 sec    max
  2 Pcr   2
 Pcr  e
2
 P  e P 2 e 
cos 
2     arccos 
 Pcr  ymax  e Pcr  ymax  e
2
P 2 10 
  arccos  0.28670 P  0.28670Pcr P  151.6 kN 
Pcr  5  10 
(b) M max  P (e  ymax )  (151.6  103 )(10  5)(103 )  2274 N  m
 
A   co2  ci2   (602  542 )  2.1488  103 mm 2  2.1488  103 m 2
P Mc 151.6  103 (2274)(60  103 )
 max      109.5  106 Pa  max  109.5 MPa 
A I 2.1488  103 3.5005  106
1665
y PROBLEM 10.38
e
The line of action of the axial load P is parallel to the geometric
P axis of the column AB and intersects the x axis at x  0.8 in. Using
C
E  29  106 psi, determine (a) the load P for which the horizontal
deflection at the end C is 0.5 in., (b) the corresponding maximum
stress in the column.
z
x
W8 3 40
11 ft
B
SOLUTION
L  11 ft
Le  2 L  22 ft  264 in. e  0.8 in.
W8  40: A  11.7 in 2 I y  49.1 in 4

S y  12.2 in 3
E  29,000 ksi ym  0.8 in.
 2EI  2 (29,000)(49.1)
Pcr    201.64 kips
L2e (264)2
  P  
ymax  e sec    1
  2 Pcr  
 P y e
sec  m
2 Pcr e
 P  e 0.8
cos 
2     0.61538
 Pcr  ym  e 0.5  0.8
 P
 0.90792
2 Pcr
2
P  (2)(0.90792) 
   0.33409
Pcr   
1666
(a) P  (0.33409)(201.64)  67.366 P  67.4 kips 

(b) M max  P(e  ym )  (67.4)(0.8  0.5)  87.575 kip  in.
P M max 67.366 87.575
 max      max  12.94 ksi 
A Sy 11.7 12.2
1667
y PROBLEM 10.39
e P
The line of action of the axial load P is parallel to the geometric
A axis of the column and applied at a point located on the x axis at
a distance e  12 mm from the geometric axis of the W310  60
rolled-steel column BC. Assuming that L  7.0 m and using
z E  200 GPa, determine (a) the load P for which the horizontal
x
deflection of the midpoint C of the column is 15 mm, (b) the
C corresponding maximum stress in the column.
L
W310 3 60
B
P'
SOLUTION
W310  60: A  7550 mm 2  7550  106 m 2 I y  18.4  106 mm 4  18.4  106 m 4

S y  180  103 mm3  180  106 m3
Le  7.0 m
Critical load:
 2EI  2 (200  109 )(18.3  106 )
Pcr    741.2  103 N  741.2 kN
L2e (7.0) 2
  P    P  ymax  e
ymax  e sec    1 sec   
  2 Pcr  
2
 Pcr  e
 P  e
cos 
2  
2 2
P 2  e  2  12  
  arccos      arccos     0.49957
Pcr    ymax  e     15  12  
(a) Load P:
P  0.49957Pcr  370.3 kN P  370 kN 
M max  P(e  ymax )  (370.3  103 )(12  15)(103 )  9998 N  m
P Mc P M 370.3  103 9998
 max      6
  104.6  106 Pa
A I A S y 7550  10 180  106
 max  104.6 MPa 
1668
y PROBLEM 10.40
e P
Solve Prob. 10.39, assuming that L is 9.0 m.
A
PROBLEM 10.39 The line of action of the axial load P is parallel to the
geometric axis of the column and applied at a point located on the x axis
z at a distance e  12 mm from the geometric axis of the W310  60 rolled-
x
steel column BC. Assuming that L  7.0 m and using E  200 GPa,
C determine (a) the load P for which the horizontal deflection of the
midpoint C of the column is 15 mm, (b) the corresponding maximum
L stress in the column.
W310 3 60
B
P'
SOLUTION
W310  60: A  7550 mm 2  7550  106 m 2 I y  18.4  106 mm 4  18.4  106 m 4

S y  180  103 mm3  180  106 m3 Le  9.0 m
Critical load:
 2 EI  2 (200  109 )(18.4  106 )
Pcr    448.4  103 N  448.4 kN
L2e (9.0) 2
  P    P  y e
ymax  e sec    1 sec    max
  2 Pcr  
2
 Pcr  e
 P  e
cos 
2  
2 2
P 2  e  2  12  
  arccos      arccos     0.49957
Pcr    ymax  e     15  12  
(a) Load P:
P  0.49957Pcr  224.01 kN P  224 kN 
M max  P(e  ymax )  (224.01  103 )(12  15)(103 )  6048 N  m

P Mc P M 224.01  103 6048
 max        63.3  106 Pa
A I A S y 7550  106 180  106
 max  63.3 MPa 
1669
e 5 0.03 in. PROBLEM 10.41
A
The steel bar AB has a 83  83 -in. square cross section and is held by pins that are a
fixed distance apart and are located at a distance e  0.03 in. from the geometric axis
of the bar. Knowing that at temperature T0 the pins are in contact with the bar and
4 in.
d that the force in the bar is zero, determine the increase in temperature for which the
bar will just make contact with point C if d  0.01 in. Use E  29  106 psi and a
C coefficient of thermal expansion   6.5  106/  F.
4 in.
3 in.
8
B
e 5 0.03 in.
SOLUTION
 3  3 
A      0.140625 in 2
 8  8 
4
1 3
I  1.64795  103 in 4
12  8 
EI  (29  106 )(1.64795  103 )  47,791 lb  in 2
 2EI  2 (47,791)
Pcr    7370 lb
L2 (8)2
Calculate P using the secant formula.
  P    P d
ymax  d  e sec    1 sec 1
  2 Pcr   2 Pcr e
1 1
 P  d  0.01 
 cos 1 1    cos 1 1    cos 1 (0.75)  0.72273
2 Pcr  e  0.03 
2
P 2 
  (0.72273)   0.21170 P  0.21170 Pcr  1560.2 lb
Pcr  
Thermal analysis:
(1) Simple approximation by ignoring eccentricity.
PL
Total elongation   L(T )  0
EA
PL 1 P 1560.2
T    T  58.9F 
EA  L EA (29  10 )(0.140625)(6.5  106 )
6
1670
(2) Analysis with inclusion of eccentricity.

PL dy
Total elongation of centroidal axis   L(T )   2e
EA dx x0
dy
To calculate , differentiate Eq. (10.26).
dx
dy  pL 
 e  p tan cos px  p sin px 
dx  2 
dy pL P  P
At x  0,  ep tan e tan
dx x 0 2 EI 2 Pcr
P  P 
The elongation of the centroidal axis is 2e2 tan  
EI 2 Pcr
 
1560.2
 (2)(0.03)2 tan(0.72273)  286.8  106 in.
47,791
PL dy
 L(T )   2e
EA dx x 0
P 286.8  106 286.8  106

T    58.9   58.9  5.5F
EA L (6.5  106 )(8)
 64.4F
1671
e 5 0.03 in. PROBLEM 10.42
A
For the bar of Prob. 10.41, determine the required distance d for which the bar
will just make contact with point C when the temperature increases by 120°F.
d 4 in.
PROBLEM 10.41 The steel bar AB has a 83  83 -in. square cross section and is
held by pins that are a fixed distance apart and are located at a distance
C e  0.03 in. from the geometric axis of the bar. Knowing that at temperature T0
the pins are in contact with the bar and that the force in the bar is zero, determine
4 in.
3 in. the increase in temperature for which the bar will just make contact with point C
if d  0.01 in. Use E  29  106 psi and a coefficient of thermal expansion
8
  6.5  106/ F.
B
e 5 0.03 in.
SOLUTION
 3  3 
A      0.140625 in 2
 8  8 
4
1 3
I  1.64795  103 in 4
12  8 
EI  (29  106 )(1.64795  103 )  47,791 lb  in 2
 2EI  2 (47,791)
Pcr    7370 lb
L2 (8)2
Calculate P from thermal analysis. To obtain an approximate value, neglect the effect of eccentricity in the
thermal analysis.
PL
Total elongation   L(T )  0
EA
P  EA (T )  (29  106 )(0.140625)(6.5  106 )(120)  3181 lb

Calculate the deflection using the secant formula.
  P     3181  
d  ymax  e sec    1  (0.03) sec    1
  2 Pcr     2 7370  
 (0.03)[sec(1.03197)  1]  (0.03)(0.94883) d  0.0285 in. 

For an improved thermal analysis including eccentricity, see solution of Prob. 10.41.
1672
e
P PROBLEM 10.43
127 mm
A 3.5-m-long steel tube having the cross section and properties shown
A
is used as a column. For the grade of steel used  Y  250 MPa and
127 mm
E  200 GPa. Knowing that a factor of safety of 2.6 with respect to
permanent deformation is required, determine the allowable load P
3.5 m when the eccentricity e is (a) 15 mm, (b) 7.5 mm. (Hint: Since the
factor of safety must be applied to the load P not to the stress, use
A 5 3400 mm2 Fig. 10.24 to determine PY).
I 5 7.93 3 10–6 m4
r 5 48.3 mm
B
e
P⬘
SOLUTION
A  3400  106 m 2 r  48.3  103 m
Le 3.5
Le  3.5 m   72.46
r 48.3  103
127
c  63.5 mm
2
ec (15)(63.5)
(a) e  15 mm. 2
  0.40829
r (48.3)2
Using Fig. 10.23 with Le /r  72.46 and ec /r 2  0.40829,
P /A  144.75 MPa  144.75  106 Pa
P  (144.75  106 )(3400  106 )  492  103 N
492  103
Using factor of safety, Pall   189.0  103 N Pall  189.0 kN 
2.6
ec (7.5)(63.5)
(b) e  7.5 mm. 2
  0.20415
r (48.3)2
Using Fig. 10.23 with Le /r  72.46 and ec /r 2  0.20415,
P /A  175.2 MPa  175.2  106 Pa
P  (175.2  106 )(3400  106 )  596  103 N
596  103
Using factor of safety, Pall   229  103 N Pall  229 kN 
2.6
1673
e
P PROBLEM 10.44
127 mm
Solve Prob. 10.43, assuming that the length of the steel tube is
A
increased to 5 m.
127 mm
PROBLEM 10.43 A 3.5-m-long steel tube having the cross section
3.5 m and properties shown is used as a column. For the grade of steel
used,  Y  250 MPa and E  200 GPa. Knowing that a factor of
A 5 3400 mm2 safety of 2.6 with respect to permanent deformation is required,
I 5 7.93 3 10–6 m4
determine the allowable load P when the eccentricity e is (a) 15 mm,
r 5 48.3 mm
B (b) 7.5 mm. (Hint: Since the factor of safety must be applied to the
load P not to the stress, use Fig. 10.24 to determine PY).
e
P⬘
SOLUTION
A  3400  106 m 2 r  48.3  103 m
Le 5
Le  5 m   103.52
r 48.3  103
127
c  63.5 mm
2
ec (15)(63.5)
(a) e  15 mm. 2
  0.40829
r (48.3)2
Le ec P
Using Fig. 10.23 with  103.52 and 2  0.40829 gives  112.75 MPa  112.75  106 Pa
r r A
P  (112.75  106 )(3400  106 )  383  103 N
383  103
2.6
ec (7.5)(63.5)
(b) e  7.5 mm. 2
  0.20415
r (48.3)2
P
Using Fig. 10.23 gives  133.2 MPa  133.2  106 Pa.
A
P  (133.2  106 )(3400  106 )  453  103 N
453  103
2.6
1674
y PROBLEM 10.45
e
An axial load P is applied to the W8  28 rolled-steel column BC that
P is free at its top C and fixed at its base B. Knowing that the
eccentricity of the load is e  0.6 in. and that for the grade of steel
C
used  Y  36 ksi and E  29  106 psi, determine (a) the magnitude of
P of the allowable load when a factor of safety of 2.5 with respect to
z
permanent deformation is required, (b) the ratio of the load found in
x part a to the magnitude of the allowable centric load for the column.
W8 3 28 (See hint of Prob. 10.43.)
L 5 7.5 ft
B
SOLUTION
(a)  Y  36 ksi W8  28: A  8.24 in 2 , I y  21.7 in 4 , ry  1.62 in.

1
E  29  103 ksi e (6.54 in.)  3.27 in.
2
e  0.60 in. Le  2L  2(6 ft)  12 ft  144 in.
Le 144 in.
  88.9
r 1.62 in.
ec (0.60 in.)(3.27 in.)
  0.748
r2 (1.62 in.)2
From Fig. 10.23, we read P /A  15 ksi
 P  (15 ksi)(8.24 in 2 )
P  123.6 kips
123.6
with F .S .  2.5: Pall 
2.5
Pall  49.4 kips 
 2 EI  (29  103 ksi)(21.7 in 4 )

(b) Pcr    299.52 kips
L2e (144 in.) 2
299.52
Pall  kips  119.808 kips
2.5
49.6 kips
Ratio:  0.413 0.413 
119.808 kips
1675
y PROBLEM 10.46
e
An axial load P of magnitude 50 kips is applied at a point located on
P the x axis at a distance e  0.25 in. from the geometric axis of the
W8  28 rolled-steel column BC. Knowing that the column is free at its
C
top C and fixed at its base B and that  Y  36 ksi and E  29  106 psi,
determine the factor of safety with respect to yield. (See hint of
z
Prob. 10.43.)
x
W8 3 28
L 5 7.5 ft
B
SOLUTION
(a)  Y  36 ksi W8  28: A  8.24 in 2 , I y  21.7 in 4 , ry  1.62 in.

1
E  26  103 ksi C  (6.54 in.)  3.27 in.
2
e  0.60 in. Le  2 L  2(6 ft)  12 ft  144 in.
Le 144 in.
  88.9
r 1.62 in.
ec (0.25 in.)(3.27 in.)
  0.312
r2 (1.62 in.)2
From Fig. 10.23, we read P /A  20 ksi
 Pall  (20 ksi)(8.24 in 2 )
 164.8 kips
For P  50 kips,
164.8 kips
F .S. 
50 kips
F .S.  3.30 
1676
y PROBLEM 10.47
e
A 100-kN axial load P is applied to the W150  18 rolled-steel
P column BC that is free at its top C and fixed at its base B.
C
Knowing that the eccentricity of the load is e  6mm, determine
the largest permissible length L if the allowable stress in the
column is 80 MPa. Use E  200 GPa.
z
x
L
B
SOLUTION
W150  18 : A  2290 mm 2  2290  106 m 2

bf
b f  102 mm c  51 mm
2
I y  1.24  106 mm 4  106 m 4 ry  23.3 mm
 max  80  106 Pa P  100  103 N
P  ec  P  A max ec  P 
 max  1  2 sec     1  2 sec  
A  ry  
2 Pcr   P ry 2 Pcr 
 P  ry2  A max  (23.3)2  (2290  106 )(80  106 ) 

sec 
2     1    1  1.47609
 Pcr  ec  P  (6)(51)  100  103 
 P   P
cos 
2   0.67746  0.82649
 Pcr  2 Pcr
2
P 2 
 (0.82649)   0.27684
Pcr   
P  2 EI
Pcr   2
0.27684 Le
0.27684 2 EI 0.27684 2 (200  109 )(1.29  106 )

L2e   3
 6.7762 m 2
P 100  10
Le  2.6031 m  2 L L  1.302 m 
1677
y PROBLEM 10.48
e
A 26-kip axial load P is applied to a W6  12 rolled-steel column BC that
P is free at its top C and fixed at its base B. Knowing that the eccentricity of
the load is e  0.25 in., determine the largest permissible length L if the
C
allowable stress in the column is 14 ksi. Use E  29 × 106 psi.
z
x
L
B
SOLUTION
Data: P  26 kips, e  0.25 in.

6
E  29  10 psi  29,000 ksi
W6  12: A  3.55 in 2 b f  4.000 in.
bf
c  2.000 in., I y  2.99 in 4 , ry  0.918 in.
2
 max  14 ksi
P ec   P 
 max  1  2 sec  
A  r  2 P  
 cr  
A max ec  P 
 1  2 sec 
P r  2 P 
 cr 
  P  r  A max
2
 (0.918) 2  (3.55)(14) 
sec     1   1  1.53635
 2 P  ec  P 
 (0.25)(2.000) 
 26 
 cr 
 P   P
cos   0.65089  0.86204
 2 P  2 Pcr
 cr 
2
P 2 
  (0.86204)   0.30117
Pcr  
P  EI
2
Pcr  
0.30117 L2e
0.30117 2 EI 0.30117 2 (29,000)(2.99)
L2e    9.913  103 in 2
P 26
Le  99.56 in.  2 L L  49.78 in.  4.15 ft 
1678
y PROBLEM 10.49
e P
Axial loads of magnitude P  135 kips are applied parallel to the
A geometric axis of the W10  54 rolled-steel column AB and intersect the
x axis at a distance e from the geometric axis. Knowing that  all  12 ksi
and E  29  106 psi, determine the largest permissible length L when
z (a) e  0.25 in. , (b) e  0.5 in.
x
B
P⬘
SOLUTION
Data: P  135 kips E  29  103 ksi

bf
W10  54: A  15.8 in 2 , c  5.00 in.
2
I y  103 in 4 ry  2.56 in.
 all   max  12 ksi
P  ec  P 
 max  1  2 sec   
A  r 2 Pcr
  
 1  2 sec  
P r 2 Pcr
 
 P  r 2  A max 
sec 
2     1
 Pcr  ec  P 
 P  (2.56) 2  (15.8)(12) 
(a) e  0.25 in. sec      1  2.1205
2 Pcr
  (0.25)(5.00)  135 
 P   P
cos 
2   0.4716  1.0797
 Pcr  2 Pcr
2
P 2 
 (1.0737)   0.47246
Pcr   
P  2 EI
Pcr   2
0.47246 Le
1679
0.47246  2 EI 0.47246 2 (29  103 )(103)

L2e    103.172  103 in 2
P 135
Le  321.2 in. L  Le  321.2 in. L  26.8 ft 
 P  (2.56)2  (15.8)(12) 
(b) e  0.5 in. sec      1  1.06023
2 Pcr
  (0.5)(5.00)  135 
 P   P
cos 
2   0.94319  0.33868
 Pcr  2 Pcr
2
P 2 
  (0.33868)   0.046488
Pcr   
P  2 EI
Pcr  
0.046488 L2e
0.046488  2 EI 0.046488 2 (29  103 )(103)

L2e    10.152  103 in 2
P 135
Le  100.8 in. L  Le  100.8 in. L  8.40 ft 
1680
y PROBLEM 10.50
e P
Axial loads of magnitude P  84 kN are applied parallel to the geometric
A axis of the W200  22.5 rolled-steel column AB and intersect the x axis at a
distance e from the geometric axis. Knowing that  all  75 MPa and
E  200 GPa, determine the largest permissible length L when (a) e  5 mm,
z (b) e  12 mm.
x
B
P⬘
SOLUTION
Data: P  84  103 N E  200  109 Pa

W200  22.5: A  2860 mm 2  2860  106 m 2
bf
b f  102 mm c   51 mm ry  22.3 mm
2
I y  1.42  106 mm 4  1.42  106 m 4
 all   max  75 MPa  75  106 Pa
P ec  P 
 max  1  2 sec   
A  r 2 Pcr
  
 1  2 sec  
P r 2 Pcr
 
 P  r 2  A max 
sec    1
2 Pcr  ec  P 
 
 P  (22.3)2  (2860  106 )(75  106 ) 
(a) e  5 mm: sec      1  3.0297
2 Pcr 84  103
  (5)(51)  
 P   P
cos 
2   0.33006  1.2344
 Pcr  2 Pcr
2
P 2 
  1.2344    0.61757
Pcr  
1681
P  2 EI
Pcr  
0.61757 L2e
0.61757 2 EI 0.61757 2 (200  109 )(1.42  106 )
L2e   3
 20.61 m 2
P 84  10
Le  4.54 m L  Le  4.54 m 
 P  (22.3) 2  (2860  106 )(75  106 ) 
(b) e  12 mm: sec      1  1.26238
2 Pcr 84  10 3
  (12)(51)  
 P   P
cos 
2   0.79216  0.65646
 Pcr  2 Pcr
2
P 2 
   0.65646    0.17466
Pcr   
P  2 EI
Pcr  
0.17466 L2e
0.17466 2 EI
L2e 
P
0.17466 2 (200  109 )(1.42  106 )

84  103
 5.828 m 2
Le  2.41 m L  Le  2.41 m 
1682
y PROBLEM 10.51
e
An axial load of magnitude P  220 kN is applied at a point located
P on the x axis at a distance e  6 mm from the geometric axis of the
C
wide-flange column BC. Knowing that E  200 GPa, choose the
lightest W200 shape that can be used if  all  120 MPa.
z
x
1.8 m
B
SOLUTION
P  220  103 N L  1.8 m Le  2 L  3.6 m

 2 EI y  2 (200  109 ) I y
Pcr    152.3  109 I y N
L2e 3.62
bf ec eb f
e  6 mm c 
2 r 2 2ry2
P  ec  P 
 max  1  2 sec   
A  r 2 Pcr
  
ec
Shape A(106 m  ) b f (mm) I y (106 m 4 ) ry (mm) Pcr (kN)  max (MPa)
r2
W200  41.7 5320 166 9.03 41.1 137.5 0.2948 56.4
W200  26.6 3390 133 3.32 31.2 505.7 0.4099 117.1 
W200  22.5 2860 102 1.42 22.3 216.3
 max  117.1 MPa < 120 MPa Use W200  26.6. 
1683
y PROBLEM 10.52
e
Solve Prob. 10.51, assuming that the magnitude of the axial load is
P P  345 kN.
C
PROBLEM 10.51 An axial load of magnitude P  220 kN is applied
at a point located on the x axis at a distance e  6 mm from the
z geometric axis of the wide-flange column BC. Knowing that
x E  200 GPa, choose the lightest W200 shape that can be used if
 all  120 MPa.
1.8 m
B
SOLUTION
P  345  103 N L  1.8 m Le  2L  3.6 m

 2 EI y  2 (200  109 ) I y
Pcr    152.3  109 I y N
L2e (3.6)2
bf ec eb f
e  6 mm c  2
2 r2 2ry
P ec  P 
 max  1  2 sec   
A  r 2 Pcr
  
ec
Shape A(106 m  ) b f (mm) I y (106 m 4 ) ry (mm) Pcr (kN)  max (MPa)
r2
W200  41.7 5320 166 9.03 41.1 1375 0.2948 91.9
W200  26.6 3390 133 3.32 31.2 505.7 0.4099 256
W200  35.9 4570 165 7.62 40.9 1161 0.2959 109.6 
W200  31.3 3970 134 4.07 32.0 619.3 0.3926 174.7
 max  109.6 MPa < 120 MPa Use W200  35.9. 
1684
y PROBLEM 10.53
12 kips
C A 12-kip axial load is applied with an eccentricity e  0.375 in. to the

D
circular steel rod BC that is free at its top C and fixed at its base B.
e
x
Knowing that the stock of rods available for use have diameters in
z increments of 18 in. from 1.5 in. to 3.0 in., determine the lightest rod
that can be used if  all  15 ksi. Use E  29  106 psi.
d
4.0 ft
SOLUTION
E  29  106 psi  29,000 ksi d  diameter (in.)

4
  d d4
A d2 I   
4 42 64
1
c d e  0.375 in.
2
L  4.0 ft  48 in.
Le  2 L  96 in.
 2 EI  2 (29,000) d 4
Pcr    1.52449d 4 kips
L2e (64)(96) 2
I d4 4 d2
r2     P  12 kips
A 64  d 2 16
ec (0.375)  2 d  3
1
 
r2 1 2
16
d d
P  ec  P 
 max  1  2 sec   
A  r 2 Pcr
  
d (in.) A (in 2 ) Pcr (kips) ec/r 2  max (ksi)

2.25 3.976 39.07 1.3333 9.26
2.0 3.1416 24.39 1.5 16.49
2.125 3.546 31.09 1.4118 11.90 
 max  11.90 ksi < 15 ksi Use d  2.125 in. 
1685
y PROBLEM 10.54
12 kips
C Solve Prob. 10.53, assuming that the 12-kip axial load will be
D
applied to the rod with an eccentricity e  12 d .
e
x
z PROBLEM 10.53 A 12-kip axial load is applied with an
eccentricity e  0.375 in. to the circular steel rod BC that is free
at its top C and fixed at its base B. Knowing that the stock of rods
d
4.0 ft available for use have diameters in increments of 18 in. from
1.5 in. to 3.0 in., determine the lightest rod that can be used
if  all  15 ksi. Use E  29  106 psi.
B
SOLUTION
E  29  106 psi  29,000 ksi d  diameter (in.)

2
  d 
A d2 I    d4
4 42 64
1 1
c d e d
2 2
L  4 ft  48 in.
Le  2 L  96 in.
 2 EI  2 (29,000)( d 4 )
Pcr    1.52449d 4
L2e (64)(96) 2
I d4 4 1
r2     d2 P  12 kips
A 64  d 2
16
ec  2 d  2 d 
1 1
  4.0
r2 1 2
16
d
P  ec  P  P   P 
 max  1  2 sec     1  4.0 sec   
A  r 2 Pcr
   A  2 Pcr  
d (in.) A (in 2 ) Pcr (kips)  max (ksi)

2.25 3.976 39.07 21.75
3.0 7.068 123.48 9.39
2.5 4.909 59.55 15.28
2.625 5.412 72.38 13.27
 max  13.27 ksi < 15 ksi Use d  2.625 in. 
1686
y PROBLEM 10.55
e P
Axial loads of magnitude P  175 kN are applied parallel to the geometric
A axis of a W250  44.8 rolled-steel column AB and intersect the axis at a
distance e  12 mm from its geometric axis. Knowing that  Y  250 MPa
and E  200 GPa, determine the factor of safety with respect to yield.
z (Hint: Since the factor of safety must be applied to the load P, not to the
x stresses, use Fig. 10.24 to determine PY .)
C
3.8 m
B
P⬘
SOLUTION
For W250  44.8, A  5700 mm 2 ry  34.8 mm

Le  3800 mm L e /r  108.26
bf 148
c   74 mm e  12 mm
2 2
ec (12)(74)
2
  0.73325
r (34.8)2
ec
Using Fig 10.24 with Le /r  108.26 and  0.73325,
r2
PY /A  93 MPa  93  106 N/m 2
PY  APY /A  (5700  106 )(93  106 )  530  103 N  530 kN

P 530
F .S.  Y  F .S.  3.02 
P 175
1687
y PROBLEM 10.56
e P
Solve Prob. 10.55, assuming that e  0.16 mm and P  155 kN.
A
PROBLEM 10.55 Axial loads of magnitude P  175 kN are applied
parallel to the geometric axis of a W250  44.8 rolled-steel column AB and
z intersect the axis at a distance e  12 mm from its geometric axis. Knowing
x that  Y  250 MPa and E  200 GPa, determine the factor of safety with
C respect to yield. (Hint: Since the factor of safety must be applied to the
load P, not to the stresses, use Fig. 10.24 to determine PY .)
3.8 m
B
P⬘
SOLUTION
For W250  44.8, A  5700 mm 2 ry  34.8 mm

Le  3800 mm L e /r  108.26
bf 148
c   74 mm e  16 mm
2 2
ec (16)(74)
2
  0.97767
r (34.8)2
ec
Using Fig 10.24 with Le /r  108.26 and  0.97767,
r2
PY /A  84 MPa  84  106 N/m 2
PY  A( PY /A)  (5700  106 )(84  106 )  479  103 N  479 kN

PY 479
F .S.   F .S.  3.09 
P 155
1688
PROBLEM 10.57
Using allowable stress design determine the allowable centric load for a column of 6-m effective length that is
made from the following rolled-steel shape: (a) W200  35.9 , (b) W200  86. Use  Y  250 MPa and
E  200 GPa. .
SOLUTION
Steel:  Y  250 MPa E  200  103 MPa
E
Transition L/r : 4.71  133.22
Y
(a) W200  35.9: A  4570  106 m 2 ry  40.9  103 m
Le 6
  146.70 > 133.22
ry 40.9  103
 2E  2 (200  103 )
e  2
  91.72 MPa
( Le /ry ) (146.70) 2
 cr (0.877)(91.72)
 all    48.17 MPa
F .S. 1.67
Pall   all A  (48.17  106 )(4570  106 ) Pall  220 kN 
(b) W200  86: A  11,000  106 m 2 ry  53.3  103 m
Le 6
  112.57  133.22
ry 53.3  103
 2E  2 (200  103 )
e    155.77 MPa
( Le /r )2 (112.57) 2
 cr 1
 all   [0.658250/155.77 ](250)  76.47 MPa
F .S . 1.67
Pall   all A  (76.47  106 )(11,000  106 ) Pall  841 kN 
1689
PROBLEM 10.58
A W8  31 rolled-steel shape is used for a column of 21-ft effective length. Using allowable stress design,
determine the allowable centric load if the yield strength of the grade of steel used is (a)  Y  36 ksi,
(b)  Y  50 ksi. Use E  29  106 psi.
SOLUTION
Steel: E  29,000 ksi W8  31: A  9.12 in 2 rmin  2.02 in.

Le  21 ft  252 in. Le /r  124.75
 2E  2 (29,000)
e  2
  18.391 ksi
( Le /r ) (124.75) 2
E
(a)  Y  36 ksi. Transition ( L/r ): 4.71  133.68  124.75
Y
 cr 1
 all   [0.65836 /18.391](36)  9.501 ksi
F .S. 1.67
Pall   all A  (9.501)(9.12) Pall  86.6 kips 
E
(b)  Y  50 ksi. Transition ( L /r ): 4.71  113.43  124.75
Y
 cr (0.877)(18.391)
 all    9.658 ksi
F .S . 1.67
Pall   all A  (9.658)(9.12) Pall  88.1 kips 
1690
127 mm PROBLEM 10.59
A rectangular structural tube having the cross section shown is used as a

column of 5-m effective length. Knowing that  Y  250 MPa and
t 5 8 mm 178 mm E  200 GPa, use allowable stress design to determine the largest centric
load that can be applied to the steel column.
SOLUTION
A  (0.178)(0.127)  (0.162)(0.111)
 4.624  103 m 2
1 
Iy  (0.178) (0.127)3  (0.162) (0.111)3 
12 
 11.9213  106 m 4
Iy 11.9213  106
r   50.775  103 m
A 4.624  103
Le 5
Le  5 m   98.473
r 50.775  103
L 200  109
 4.71  133.219 Eq. (10.38)
r 250  106
 2E  2 (200  109 )
e    203.56 MPa
( L /r ) 2 (98.473) 2
( y /  e ) 
 cr  0.658 
  y
 0.658(250/203.56)  250  106  149.519 MPa
 cr 149.519  106
Pall  A  (4.624  103 )  414 kN  
1.67 1.67
1691
PROBLEM 10.60
A column having a 3.5-m effective length is made of sawn lumber with a 114  140-mm cross section.
Knowing that for the grade of wood used the adjusted allowable stress for compression parallel to the grain is
 C  7.6 MPa and the adjusted modulus is E  2.8 GPa, determine the maximum allowable centric load for
the column.
SOLUTION
Sawn lumber: c  0.8  C  7.6 MPa E  2800 MPa
A  (114)(140)  15,960 mm 2
 15,960  106 m 2
d  114 mm  114  103 m
L/d  3.5 /114  103 = 30.70

0.822 E (0.822)(2800)
 CE    2.442 MPa
( L /d ) 2 (30.70) 2
 CE
 0.32132
C
1   CE / C 1  0.32132
u   0.82583
2c (2)(0.8)
 /
v  CE C  0.40165
c
CP  u  u 2  v  0.29635
 all  CP C  (0.29635)(7.6)  2.252 MPa
Pall   all A  (2.252  106 )(15,960  106 ) Pall  35.9 kN 
1692
PROBLEM 10.61
A sawn lumber column with a 7.5  5.5-in. cross section has an 18-ft effective length. Knowing that for the
grade of wood used the adjusted allowable stress for compression parallel to the grain is  C  1200 psi and
that the adjusted modulus is E  470  103 psi, determine the maximum allowable centric load for the column.
SOLUTION
Sawn lumber: c  0.8  C  1200 psi E  470  103 psi

A  (7.5)(5.5)  41.25 in 2 d  5.5 in. L  18ft  216 in.
L /d  216/5.5  39.273
0.822 E (0.822)(470  103 )
 CE    250.49 psi
( L /d ) 2 (39.273) 2
 CE / C  0.20874
1   CE / C 1.20874
u   0.75546
2c (2)(0.8)
 /
v  CE C  0.26093
c
CP  u  u 2  v  0.19887
 all  CP C  (0.19877)(1200)  238.6 psi
Pall   all A  (238.6)(41.25)  9.84  103 lb Pall  9.84 kips 
1693
P PROBLEM 10.62
Bar AB is free at its end A and fixed at its base B. Determine the allowable
A
centric load P if the aluminum alloy is (a) 6061-T6, (b) 2014-T6.
85 mm
30 mm
10 mm
SOLUTION
A  (30)(10)  300 mm 2  300  106 m 2

1
I min  (30)(10)3  2.50  103 mm 4
12
I 2.50  103
rmin    2.887 mm
A 300
Le
Le  2 L  (2)(85)  170 mm  58.88
rmin
(a) 6061-T6: L /r  66
 all  140  0.874( L /r )  140  (0.874)(58.88)
 88.53 MPa
Pall   all A  (88.53  106 )(300  106 )  26.6  103 N
Allowable centric load. Pall  26.6 kN 

(b) 2014-T6: L /r  55
382  103 382  103

 all    110.15 MPa
(L / r )2 (58.88)2
Pall   all A  (110.15  106 )(300  106 )  33.0  103 N
Allowable centric load. Pall  33.0 kN 
1694
PROBLEM 10.63
t 5 0.375 in. 4.0 in. A compression member has the cross section shown and an effective
length of 5 ft. Knowing that the aluminum alloy used is 2014-T6,
determine the allowable centric load.
4.0 in.
SOLUTION
bo  4.0 in. bi  bo  2t  3.25 in.
A  (4.0)2  (3.25) 2  5.4375 in 2
1
I  [(4.0)4  (3.25)4 ]  12.036 in 4
12
I 12.036
r    1.488 in. Le  5 ft  60 in.
A 5.4375
L 60
  40.33  55 for 2014-T6 aluminum alloy.
r 1.488
 all  30.9  0.229( L /r )  30.9  (0.229)(40.33)  21.66 ksi
1695
4 in. PROBLEM 10.64
0.6 in.
A compression member has the cross section shown and an effective length of
4 in. 0.4 in. 5 ft. Knowing that the aluminum alloy used is 6061-T6, determine the allowable
centric load.
0.6 in.
SOLUTION
1 1 
Ix  (0.4)(2.8)3  2  (4)(0.6)3  (4)(0.6)(1.7) 2 
12 12 
 14.7477 in 4
1 1 
Iy  (2.8)(0.4)3  2  (0.6)  (4)3 
12  12 
 6.4149 in 4  I min
A  (0.4)(2.8)  (2)(4)(0.6)  5.92 in 2
I min 6.4149
r    1.04096 in.
A 5.92
L 60
L  5 ft  60 in.   57.639
r 1.04096
6061-T6 aluminum alloy with L /r  66:
Using Eq. 10.43, we have
 all  20.3  (0.127)(57.634)  12.9799 ksi
1696
PROBLEM 10.65
A compression member of 8.2-ft effective length is obtained by bolting together

two L5  3  12 -in. steel angles as shown. Using allowable stress design, determine the
allowable centric load for the column. Use  Y  36 ksi and E  29  106 psi.
SOLUTION
1
For one 5  3  -in. steel angle, Appendix C gives
2
A  3.75 in 2
I x  9.43 in 4 , rx  1.58 in., y  1.74 in.
I y  2.55 in 4 , ry  0.824 in., x  0.746 in.
For the column made using the two angles as shown,
A  (2)(3.75)  7.50 in 2 , I min  (2)(2.55)  5.10 in 4
L 98.4
r  0.824 in. L  8.2 ft  98.4 in.   119.42
r 0.824
Steel: E  29,000 ksi,  Y  36 ksi
L E 29,000
Transition:  4.71  4.71  133.68
r Y 36
 2E  2 (29,000)
e    20.070 ksi
( L /r ) 2 (119.42)2
Y /  e
 cr  [0.658 ] Y  [0.658(36 / 20.070) ](36)  16.992 ksi
 cr 16.992
 all    10.175 ksi
1.67 1.67
Allowable centric load: Pall   all A
Pall  (10.175)(7.50) Pall  76.3 kips 
1697
PROBLEM 10.66
A compression member of 9-m effective length is obtained by welding two 10-mm-thick

steel plates to a W250  80 rolled-steel shape as shown. Knowing that  Y  345 MPa and
E  200 GPa and using allowable stress design, determine the allowable centric load for the
compression member.
SOLUTION
For W250  80, A  10,200 mm 2 , d  257 mm, b f  254 mm

I x  126  106 mm 4 , I y  42.9  106 mm 4
For one plate, A  (257)(10)  2570 mm 4

1
Ix  (10)(257)3  14.145  106 mm 4
12
2
1  254 10 
Iy  (257)(10)3  (2570)     44.801  106 mm 4
12  2 2
For column, A  10,200  (2)(2570)  15.34  103 mm 2  15.34  103 m 2

I x  126  106  (2)(14.145  106 )  154.29  106 mm 4
I y  42.9  106  (2)(44.801  106 )  132.50  106 mm 4  I min
I min 132.50  106

r   3
 92.938 mm  92.938  103 m
A 15.34  10
Le 9
  96.838
r 92.938  103
E 200  109
Steel: Transition L/r : 4.71  4.71  113.40  96.838
Y 345  106
 2E  2 (200  109 )
e    210.49 MPa
( L /r ) 2 (96.838)2
 cr 1
 all   [0.658345 / 210.49 ](345)  104.03 MPa
F .S. 1.67
Pall   all A  (104.03  106 )(15.34  103 ) Pall  1596 kN 
1698
PROBLEM 10.67
A column of 6.4-m effective length is obtained by connecting

89 mm four L89  89  9.5-mm steel angles with lacing bars as shown.
Using allowable stress design, determine the allowable centric
load for the column. Use  Y  345 MPa and E  200 GPa.
89 mm
SOLUTION
89  89  9.5 mm angle:
AL  1600 mm 2
x  25.4 mm
I x  1.19  106 mm 2
d  100  x  74.2 mm
I  4( Ad 2  I x )  4[(1600)(74.2)2  1.19  106 ]
 39.996  106 mm 4
A  4 AL  6400 mm 2  6400  106 m 2
I
r   79.053 mm  79.053  103 m
A
Le 6.4
  80.958
r 79.053  103
L E 200  109
 4.71  4.71  113.4  80.958
r Y 345  106
 2E  2 (200  109 )
e    301.17 MPa
( L /r ) 2 (80.958)2
 cr  [0.658( Y /  e ) ] Y  [0.658(345/301.17) ](345  106 )  213.59
 cr 213.59
 all    127.9 MPa
1.67 1.67
Pall  A  all  (6.4  103 )(127.9  106 )  819 MPa 
1699
PROBLEM 10.68
A column of 21-ft effective length is obtained by connecting C10  20

steel channels with lacing bars as shown. Using allowable stress design,
determine the allowable centric load for the column. Use  Y  36 ksi and
E  29  106 psi.
7.0 in.
SOLUTION
C10  20: A  5.87 in 2 x  0.606 in.
I x  78.9 in 4 I y  2.80 in 4
d  3.5  x  2.894 in.

For the column, A  (2)(5.87)  11.74 in 2
I x  (2)(78.9)  157.8 in 4
I y  2 [2.81  (5.87)(2.894) 2 ]  103.945 in 4
I min 103.95
r    2.976 in. Le  21 ft  252 in.
A 11.74
Le
 84.69
r
L E 29  106
 4.71  4.71  133.68  84.69
r Y 36  103
 2E  2 (29  103 )
e    39.906
( L /r ) 2 (84.69) 2
 cr  [0.658( Y / e ) ] Y  [0.658 (36/39.906)](36)  24.678 ksi
 cr 24.678
 all    14.7775
1.67 1.67
Pall  A all  (11.74)(14.7775)  173.5 kips 
1700
190 mm
PROBLEM 10.69
38 mm The glued laminated column shown is made from four planks, each of 38  190-mm
38 mm cross section. Knowing that for the grade of wood used the adjusted allowable
38 mm stress for compression parallel to the grain is  C  10 MPa and E  12 GPa,
38 mm
determine the maximum allowable centric load if the effective length of the
column is (a) 7 m, (b) 3 m.
SOLUTION
Glued laminated column. c  0.9, K CE  0.418

 C  10 MPa E  12,000 MPa
4  38  152 mm  d b  190 mm
A  (152)(190)  28.88  103 mm 2  28.88  103 m 2
L
(a) L  7 m  7000 mm  46.053
d
K E (0.418)(12,000)
 CE  CE 2   2.36510 MPa
( L /d ) (46.053) 2
 CE
 0.236510
C
1   CE / C 1.19709
u    0.68695
2c (2)(0.9)
 CE / C
 0.262788
c
CP  u  u 2  v  0.22966
 all   C CP  (10)(0.22966)  2.2966 MPa
Pall   all A  (2.2966  106 )(28.88  103 )  66.3  103 N  66.3 kN 
L
(b) L  3 m  3000 mm  19.7368
d
K E (0.418)(12,000)  CE
 CE  CE 2   12.8766 MPa  1.28766
( L /d ) (19.7368) 2 C
1   CE / C 2.28766  CE / C
u    1.27092 v  1.43074
2c (2)(0.9) c
C p  u u 2  v  0.84138
 all   C CP (10)(0.84138)  8.4138 MPa
Pall   all A  (8.4138  106 )(28.88  103 )  243  103 N  243 kN 
1701
6 mm 8 mm 8 mm 6 mm PROBLEM 10.70
34 mm
An aluminum structural tube is reinforced by bolting two plates to it
8 mm as shown for use as a column of 1.7-m effective length. Knowing
that all material is aluminum alloy 2014-T6, determine the
maximum allowable centric load.
54 mm
8 mm
SOLUTION
bo  6  8  34  8  6  62 mm
bi  34 mm
ho  8  54  8  70 mm
hi  54 mm
A  bo ho  bi hi  (62)(70)  (34)(54)
 2.504  103 mm 2  2.504  103 m 2
1  3 1
Ix   bo ho  bi hi3   [(62)(70)3  (34)(54)3 ]
12 12
 1.32602  106 mm 4
1  3 1
Iy   hobo  hibi3   [(70)(62)3  (54)(34)3 ]  1.21337  106 mm 4  I min
12 12
I min 1.21337  106
r    22.013 mm  22.013  103 m L  1.7 m
A 2.504  103
L 1.7
  77.23  55 (aluminum alloy 2014-T6)
r 22.013  103
382  103 382  103
 all    64.05 MPa
( L /r ) 2 77.232
 Pall   all A  (64.05  106 )(2.504  103 )  160.4  103 N  Pall  160.4 kN 
1702
P PROBLEM 10.71
A
The glued laminated column shown is free at its top A and fixed at its base B.
Using wood that has an adjusted allowable stress for compression parallel to the
grain  C  9.2 MPa and an adjusted modulus of elasticity E  5.7 GPa, determine
the smallest cross section that can support a centric load of 62 kN.
2m
d
d
SOLUTION
Glued laminated column: c  0.9 E  5700 MPa
Le  2 L  (2)(2)  4 m  4000 mm
 C  9.2 MPa
A  d2 Pall  62,000 N
Le /d  4000/d with d in mm
 all   C CP
Assume CP .  all  9.2 CP (MPa)
Pall 62,000 249
d  
 all  all  all
0.822 E (0.822)(5700) 4685
 CE  2
 2
 (MPa)
( L/d ) ( L /d ) ( L /d ) 2
2
1   CE / C  1   CE / C   CE / C
Checking: CP     
2c  2c  c
1703
Calculations are carried out in the following table:
CP (assumed)  all (MPa) d(mm) L/d  CE (MPa)  CE / C CP (calc.) CP
0.5 4.6 116.1 34.45 3.948 0.4291 0.4021 0.0979

0.4 3.68 129.8 30.82 4.932 0.5361 0.4892 0.0892
0.448 4.122 121.7 32.87 4.336 0.4713 0.4373 0.0107
0.443 4.076 123.3 32.44 4.452 0.4839 0.4476 0.0046
0.0046
Using interpolation, CP  0.443  (0.005)  0.4445
0.0153
 all  (0.4445)(9.2)  4.0894 MPa
249
d  123.1 mm d  123.1 mm 
4.0894
1704
P PROBLEM 10.72
An 18-kip centric load is applied to a rectangular sawn lumber column of 22-ft effective
length. Using sawn lumber for which the adjusted allowable stress for compression
parallel to the grain is  C  1050 psi and the adjusted modulus is E  440  103 psi,
determine the smallest cross section that can be used. Use b  2d .
b d
SOLUTION
Sawn lumber: c  0.8 L  22 ft  264 in.

 CE (0.822) E

 C  C ( L /d ) 2
(0.822)(440  103 )d 2

(1050)(264)2
 4.9423  103 d 2
d
Let x
6 in.
where 6 in. is a reference value for d.
 CE
 0.17792 x 2
C
1   CE / C 1  0.17792 x 2
u 
2c 1.6
 /
v  CE C  0.2224 x 2
c
2
1  0.17792 x 2
2  1  0.17792 x 2  2
CP  u  u  v      0.2224 x
1.6  1.6 
Pall   all A  (CP C )(bd )  CP C (2d 2 )

 CP (1050)(72 x 2 )  75,600CP x 2
1705
Determine Pall for various values of x.
x u v CP Pall (lb)
1.0 0.73620 0.22240 0.17087 12,920
1.2 0.78513 0.32026 0.24092 26,227
1.1 0.75955 0.26910 0.20473 18,729
1.09 0.75712 0.26423 0.20124 18,075
1.089 0.75687 0.26374 0.20089 18,011
Pall  18 kips
 18,000 lb
For Pall  18,000 lb x  1.089
d  (1.089)(6 in.) d  6.53 in. 
1706
P PROBLEM 10.73
150 mm A laminated column of 2.1-m effective length is to be made by gluing
A together wood pieces of 25  150-mm cross section. Knowing that for
25 mm
25 mm the grade of wood used the adjusted allowable stress for compression
25 mm parallel to the grain is  C  7.7 MPa and the adjusted modulus is
E  5.4 GPa, determine the number of wood pieces that must be used to
support the concentric load shown when (a) P  52 kN, (b) P  108 kN.
SOLUTION
Glued laminated column: c  0.90
Let n = number of pieces.
A  (150)(25n)  3750n mm 2
 3750  106n m 2
d  25  103n m if n6
3
d  150  10 m if n6
Le  2.1 m
Le 2.1 84
  if n6
d 25  103n n
2.1
  14 if n6
0.15
(0.822)(5400) 4439
 C  7.7 MPa E  5400 MPa  CE  2
 MPa
( L /d ) ( L /d ) 2
2
1   CE / C  1   C / CE   CE / C
CP    
2c  2c  c
 all  CP C Pall   all A
Calculations are carried out in the table below.
L  CE
n d (m1) A(106 m 2 )  CE (MPa) CP  all (MPa) Pall kN
d C
3 0.075 11,250 28 5.662 0.7353 0.6288 4.842 54.5
4 0.100 15,000 21 10.066 1.3073 0.8453 6.509 97.6
5 0.125 18,750 16.8 15.727 2.0421 0.9237 7.112 133.6
(a) For P  52 kN, use n  3. 

(b) For P  108 kN, use n  5. 
1707
P⫽ 55 kips PROBLEM 10.74
For a rod made of the aluminum alloy 2014-T6, select the smallest square cross section that
A may be used if the rod is to carry a 55-kip centric load.
d d
20 in.
SOLUTION
1 4
Square cross section: A  d 2, I  d , L  20 in.
12
I d L 20 12 69.282
r   
A 12 r d d
L
2014-T6 aluminum alloy: Assume  55.
r
L 15.866
 all  30.9  0.229 ksi  30.9  ksi
r d
Pall   all A  30.9d 2  15.866d kips
But P  55 kips: 30.9d 2  15.866d  55
d 2  0.51346d  1.7799  0
0.51346  (0.51346) 2  (4)(1.7799)
d 
2
 0.25673  1.35861 d  1.6153 in.
L 69.282
  43.89  55 as required.
d 1.6153
d  1.615 in. 
1708
P PROBLEM 10.75
A 72-kN centric load must be supported by an aluminum column as shown. Using the
A
aluminum alloy 6061-T6, determine the minimum dimension b that can be used.
0.45 m
2b b
SOLUTION
Rectangular cross section 2b  b : A  2b 2
(2b)b3 b4 I min b
I min   , r   , L  0.45m
12 6 A 12
L 0.45 12 1.5588
 
b b b
L
6061-T6 aluminum alloy: Assume  66
r
 L  (0.874)(1.5588)  6
 all  140  0.874  MPa  140   (10 ) Pa
 r  b 
1.3624  106
 140  106  Pa
b
Pall   all A  280  106 b 2  2.7248  106 b N
But P  72 kN  72  103 N
280  106 b 2  2.7248  106 b  72  103

b 2  0.0097314 b  0.00025714  0
0.0097314 (0.0097314)2  (4)(0.00025714)

b 
2 2
 0.0048658  0.0167575 b  0.02162 m
L 1.5588
  72.09  66 (Assumption is false.)
b 0.02162
1709
354  103 354  103 2

Use  all  MPa  b MPa
( L /r ) 2 (1.5588)2
 145.688  103 MPa  145.688  109 Pa
Pall   all A  (145.688  109 )(2b 2 )  291.375  109b 4 N
But P  72  103 N
291.375  109 b 4  72  103 b  0.0223 m
L 1.5588
  69.9  66 b  22.3 mm 
r 0.0223
1710
120 kN PROBLEM 10.76
An aluminum tube of 90-mm outer diameter is to carry a centric load of

A 120 kN. Knowing that the stock of tubes available for use are made of alloy
2014-T6 and with wall thicknesses in increments of 3 mm from 6 mm to
15 mm, determine the lightest tube that can be used.
2.25 m 90-mm outside

diameter
SOLUTION
L  2250 mm, P  120  103 N ro  45 mm


ri  ro  t 
A   ro2  ri2  I 
4
ro
4
 ri4 
r  I /A
For 2014-T6 aluminum alloy,
 all  213  1.577( L /r ) MPa if L/r < 55
382  103
 all  MPa if L/r > 55
( L /r ) 2
Pall   all A
Calculate Pall for each thickness.
T ri A I R L/r  all Pall

mm mm mm2 106 mm 4 mm MPa kN
6 39 1583 1.404 29.78 75.56 66.91 105.9
 9 36 2290 1.901 28.82 78.08 62.66 143.5 
12 33 2941 2.289 27.90 80.65 58.73 172.7
15 30 3534 2.584 27.04 83.20 55.18 195.0
Since Pall must be greater than 120 kN, use t  9 mm. 
1711
PROBLEM 10.77
A column of 4.6-m effective length must carry a centric load of 525 kN. Knowing that  Y  345 MPa and
E  200 GPa, use allowable stress design to select the wide-flange shape of 200-mm nominal depth that
should be used.
SOLUTION
L E 200  109
Transition : 4.71  4.71  113.40
r Y 345  106
Y A 1.67 P (1.67)(525  103 )

P< A>   2.541  103 m 2  2541 mm 2
1.67 Y 345  10 6
0.877 2 EI min
P<
1.67 L2e
1.67 PL2e (1.67)(525  103 )(4.6)2
I min >   10.72  106 m 4  10.72  106 mm 4
0.877 E
2
0.877 (200  10 )
2 9
Try W200  46.1. A  5880 mm 2 , I min  15.4  106 mm 4 , r  51.3 mm
Le 4.6
  89.67 < 113.40
r 51.1  103
 2E
e   245.50 MPa
( Le /r )2
 cr  (0.658 Y / e ) Y  [0.658345 / 245.50 ](345)  191.589 MPa
 cr A (191.589  106 )(5880  106 )
Pall    675 kN  525 kN
1.67 1.67
All lighter sections fail the minimum moment of inertia criterion. Use W200  46.1. 
1712
PROBLEM 10.78
A column of 22.5-ft effective length must carry a centric load of 288 kips. Using allowable stress design, select
the wide-flange shape of 14-in. nominal depth that should be used. Use  Y  50 ksi and E  29  106 psi.
SOLUTION
Preliminary calculations.
Y A 1.67 P (1.67)(288)
P< A>   9.62 in 2
1.67 Y 50
Le  22.5 ft  270 in. E  29,000 ksi
0.877 2 EI min 1.67 PL2e (1.67)(288)(270)2
P< I min >   139.7 in 4
1.67 L2 0.877 2 E 0.877 2 (29,000)
Le E 29,000
Transition : 4.71  4.71  113.43
r Y 50
Try W14  82. A  24.0 in 2 , I min  148 in 4 , r  2.48 in.

Le 270
  108.87 < 113.43
r 2.48
 2E  2 (29,000)
e    24.148 ksi
( Le /r )2 (108.87) 2
 cr  (0.658 Y / e ) Y  [0.65850/24.148 ](50)  21.018 ksi
 cr A (21.018)(24.1)
Pall    302 kips  288 kips
1.67 1.67
Use W14  82. 
All lighter 14-in. wide-flange shapes fail the minimum moment of inertia criterion.
1713
PROBLEM 10.79
A column of 17-ft effective length must carry a centric load of 235 kips. Using allowable stress design, select
the wide-flange shape of 10-in. nominal depth that should be used. Use  Y  36 ksi and E  29  106 psi.
SOLUTION
Preliminary calculations.
Y A ( F .S .) P (1.67)(235)
P< A>   10.90 in 2
F .S . Y 36
Le  17 ft  204 in.
E  29  106 psi  29,000 ksi
0.877 2 EI ( F .S.)( PLe ) 2 (1.67)(235)(204)2
P< I >   65.1 in 4
( F .S .) L2e 0.877 E 2 2
0.877 (29,000)
E 29,000
Transition Le /r: 4.71  4.71  133.68
Y 36
Try W10  54. A  15.8 in 2 I y  103 in 4 ry  2.56 in.
Le 204
  79.69 < 133.68
r 2.56
 2E  2 (29,000)
e    45.07 ksi
( Le /r )2 (79.69) 2
 cr 1 1
 all   [0.658  Y / e ] Y  [0.65836/45.07 ](36)  15.431 ksi
F .S. 1.67 1.67
Pall   all A  (15.431)(15.8)
Pall  244 kips
Pall  P  235 kips Use W10  54. 
1714
P PROBLEM 10.80
A A centric load P must be supported by the steel bar AB. Using allowable stress design,
determine the smallest dimension d of the cross section that can be used when
(a) P  108 kN, (b) P  166 kN. Use  Y  250 MPa and E  200 GPa.
3d d 1.4 m
SOLUTION
Le E 200  109
Transition : 4.71  4.71  133.22
r Y 250  106
1 1
Le  L  1.4 m A  (3d )(d )  3d 2 I  (3d )(d )3  d 4
12 4
I d
r    0.288675d
A 12
Le
(a) P  108  103 N. Assume  133.22
r
0.877 2 EI (1.67) Pall L2e 1
Pall  I  2
 d4
1.67 0.877 E 4
(4)(1.67) PL2e (4)(1.67)(108  103 )(1.4) 2
d4  2
 2 9
 816  109 m 4
0.877 E (0.877 )(200  10 )
d  30.063  103 m r  8.678  103 m
Le 1.4
  161.32  133.22 d  30.1 mm 
r 8.678  103
Le
(b) P  166  103 N. Assume  133.22
r
(4)(1.67)(166  103 )(1.4)2
d4   1.25548  109 m 4
(0.877 2 )(200  109 )
d  33.474  103 m r  9.663  103 m
Le 1.4
  144.88  133.22 d  33.5 mm 
r 9.633  103
1715
PROBLEM 10.81
6 in. A square steel tube having the cross section shown is used as a column of 26-ft
effective length to carry a centric load of 65 kips. Knowing that the tubes available
for use are made with wall thicknesses ranging from 14 in. to 34 in. in increments of
1
16
in., use allowable stress design to determine the lightest tube that can be used.
6 in. Use  Y  36 ksi and E  29  106 psi.
SOLUTION
bo  6 in. bi  bo  2t A  bo2  bi2

1 4
I (bo  bi4 )
12
Le  26 ft  312 in. P  65 kips
 Y  36 ksi E  29  106 psi  29  103 ksi
Transition Le /r :
E 29,000
4.71  4.71  133.68
Y 36
1
Try t  in.  0.5 in. bi  5.0 in. A  62  5.02  11 in 2
2
1
I  [(6)4  (5.0)4 ]  55.9167 in 4
12
I
r  2.2546 in.
A
Le 312
  138.382 > 133.68
r 2.2546
0.877 2 E (0.877) 2 (29,000)
 cr    13.108 ksi
( Le /r ) 2 (138.382)2
 cr A (13.108)(11)
Pall    86.34 kips
1.67 1.67
Pall is approximately proportional to t.
t 65
 t  0.3765 in.
0.5 86.34
1716
3
Try t  in.  0.375 in. bi  5.25 in. A  8.4375 in 2
8
1
I [(6)4  (5.25)4 ]  44.6924 in 4
12
I
r  2.3015 in.
A
Le 312
  135.564 > 133.68
r 2.3015
0.877 2 E
 cr   13.659 ksi
( Le /r ) 2
 cr A (13.659)(8.4375)
Pall    69.0 kips > 65 kips Use t  3/8 in. 
1.67 1.67
1717
PROBLEM 10.82
Solve Prob. 10.81, assuming that the effective length of the column is decreased to
20 ft.
6 in.
PROBLEM 10.81 A square structural tube having the cross section shown is used as a
column of 26-ft effective length to carry a centric load of 65 kips. Knowing that the
6 in. tubes available for use are made with wall thicknesses ranging from 14 in. to 34 in. in
increments of 161 in., use allowable stress design to determine the lightest tube that can
be used. Use  Y  36 ksi and E  29  106 psi.
SOLUTION
bo  6 in. bi  bo  2t A  bo2  bi2
I 
1 4
12

bo  bi4 
Le  20 ft  240 in. P  65 kips
 Y  36 ksi E  29  106 psi  29  103 ksi
L E
Steel: Transition : 4.71  133.68
r Y
1
Try t  in.  0.5 in. bi  5.0 in. A  62  5.02  11 in 2
2
1
I  [(6) 4  (5.0) 4 ]  55.9167 in 4
12
I
r   2.2546 in.
A
Le 240
  106.449  133.68
r 2.2546
 2E  2 (29  103 )
e    25.262 ksi
( Le /r ) 2 (106.442)2

 cr  0.658
Y /  e
 Y  [0.65836/25.262 ](36)  19.827 ksi
 cr A
(19.827)(11)
Pall    130.60 kips
1.67 1.67
Pall is approximately proportional to t.
t 65
 t  0.249 in.
0.5 130.6
1718
1
Try t  in.  0.25 in. bi  5.5 in. A  5.75 in 2
4
1 I
I  [(6)4  (5.5)4 ]  31.745 in 4 r   2.3496 in.
12 A
Le 240
  102.143  133.68
r 2.3496
 2 (29  103 )
e   27.433 ksi
(102.143)2
 cr  [0.65836/27.433 ](36)  20.786 ksi
(20.786)(5.75)
Pall   71.5 kips  65 kips
1.67
Use t  1/ 4 in. 
1719
PROBLEM 10.83
89 mm 89 mm
Two 89  64-mm angles are bolted together as shown for use as a column of
2.4-m effective length to carry a centric load of 180 kN. Knowing that the
64 mm angles available have thickness of 6.4 mm, 9.5 mm, and 12.7 mm, use
allowable stress design to determine the lightest angles that can be used. Use
 Y  250 MPa and E  200 GPa.
SOLUTION
L E
Transition : 4.71
r Y
200  109
4.71  133.22
250  106
Try L89  64  9.5. A  (2)(1360)  2720 mm 2  2720  106 mm
r  18.2 mm  18.2  103 m (ry in Appendix C )

Le /r  2.4/18.2  10 3  131.9  133.22
 2E  2 (200  109 )
e    113.51 MPa
( Le /r ) 2 (131.9) 2
 cr  (0.658 Y /  e ) Y  [0.658250 /113.51](250)  99.45 MPa
 cr A (99.45  106 )(2720  106 )
Pall    162.0 kN  180 kN
1.67 1.67
Do not use.
Try L89  64  12.7. A  (2)(1770)  3540 mm 2  3540  106 m 2
rx  17.8 mm  17.8  103 m

Le /r  2.4 /17.8  103  134.83  133.22
 2E  2 (200  109 )
e    108.58 MPa
( Le /r ) 2 (134.83)2
 cr  0.877 e  (0.877)(108.58)  95.224 MPa
 cr A (95.224  106 )(3540  106 )
Pall    202 kN  180 kN
1.67 1.67
Use L89  64  12.7. 
1720
64 mm 64 mm PROBLEM 10.84
Two 89  64-mm angles are bolted together as shown for use as a column of 2.4-m
effective length to carry a centric load of 325 kN. Knowing that the angles available
89 mm
have thicknesses of 6.4 mm, 9.5 mm, and 12.7 mm, use allowable stress design to
determine the lightest angles that can be used. Use Y  250 MPa and E  200 GPa.
SOLUTION
L E
Transition : 4.71
r Y
200  109
4.71  133.22
250  106
Try L89  64  9.5. A  (2)(1360)  2720 mm 2  2720  106 m 2
I x  (2)(1.07  106 )  2.14  106 mm 4

I y  (2)[0.463  106  (1360)(16.9)2 ]  1.70285  106 mm 4  I min
I min 1.70285  106

r    25.021 mm  25.021  103 m
A 2720
Le 2.4
  95.919  133.22
r 25.021  103
 2E  2 (200  109 )
e    214.55 MPa
( Le /r ) 2 (95.919)2
 cr  (0.658 Y / e ) Y  [0.658250/214.55 ](250)  153.51 MPa
 cr A (153.51  106 )(2720  106 )
Pall    250 kN  325 kN
1.67 1.67
Do not use.
Try L89  64  12.7. A  (2)(1780)  3560 mm 2  3560  106 m 2
I x  (2)(1.36  106 )  2.72  106 mm 4

I y  (2)[0.581  106  (1780)(18.1)2 ]  2.3283  106 mm 4  I min
I min 2.3283  106

r    25.574 mm  25.574  103 m
A 3560
Le 2.4
  93.846  133.22
r 25.574  103
 2E  2 (200  109 )
e    224.13 MPa
( Le /r )2 (93.846) 2
1721
 cr = [0.658250/224.13 ](250) = 156.74 MPa

 cr A (156.74  106 )(3560  106 )
Pall    334 kN  325 kN
1.67 1.67
Use L89  64  12.7. 
1722
5 in. PROBLEM 10.85*
A rectangular steel tube having the cross section shown is used as a column
of 14.5-ft effective length. Knowing that  Y  36 ksi and E  29  106 psi,
5 7 in.
use load and resistance factor design to determine the largest centric live
t 5 16 in.
load that can be applied if the centric dead load is 54 kips. Use a dead load
factor  D  1.2, a live load factor  L  1.6, and the resistance factor
  0.90.
SOLUTION
Le  14.5 ft  174 in.

 5 3
bo  7 in. bi  7  (2)    6 in.
 16  8
 5 3
ho  5 in. hi  5  (2)    4 in.
 16  8
 3  3 
A  (7)(5)   6  4   7.109375 in 2
 8  8 
1 
3
 3  3 
I  (7)(5)3   6  4    28.42967 in 4
12   8  8  
I
r   1.99972 in.
A
Transition L/r:
E 29,000
4.71  4.71  133.68
Y 36
Le 174
  87.012 < 133.68
r 1.99972
 2E
e   37.804 ksi
( Le /r )2
 cr  [0.658 Y / e ] Y  [0.65836/37.804 ](36)  24.166 ksi
PU  A cr  (7.109375)(24.166)  171.804 kips
 D PD   L PL   PU
(1.2)(54)  (1.6) PL  (0.90)(17.804) PL  56.1 kips 
1723
PROBLEM 10.86*
A column with a 5.8-m effective length supports a centric load, with a ratio of dead to live load equal to 1.35.
The dead load factor is  D  1.2, the live load factor  L  1.6, and the resistance factor   0.90. Use load
and resistance factor design to determine the allowable centric dead and live loads if the column is made of
the following rolled-steel shapes: (a) W250  67, (b) W360  101. Use  Y  345 MPa and E  200 GPa.
SOLUTION
Transition L/r :
E 200  109
4.71  4.71  113.40
Y 345  106
(a) W250  67. A  8580 mm 2  8580  106 m 2 ,

ry  51.1 mm  51.1  103 m
5.8
Le /ry   113.725 > 113.40
51.1  103
0.877 2 E 0.877 2 (200  109 )
 cr    133.85 MPa
( Le /ry ) 2 (113.725) 2
PU  A cr  [8580  106 )(133.85  106 )  1.1484  106 N
PD PD
 D PD   L PL   PU  1.35 PL 
PL 1.35
PD
1.2PD  1.6  (0.9)(1.1484  106 ) PD  433 kN 
1.35
PL  321 kN 
(b) W360  101. A  12,900 mm 2  12,900  106 m 2

ry  62.5 mm  62.5  103 m
5.8
Le /ry   92.652 < 113.40
62.5  103
 2E  2 (200  109 )
e    229.94 MPa
( Le /ry ) 2 (92.652)2
 cr  [0.658 Y / e ] y  [0.658345/229.94 ](345)  184.12 MPa
PU  A cr  (12,900  106 )(184.12  106 )  2.3751  106 N
 D PD   L PL   PU
PD
1.2PD  1.6  (0.90)(2.3751  106 ) PD  896 kN 
1.35
 PL  664 kN 
1724
PROBLEM 10.87
A steel column of 5.5-m effective length must carry a centric dead load of 310 kN and a centric live load of
375 kN. Knowing that  Y  250 MPa and E  200 GPa, use load and resistance factor design to select the
wide-flange shape of 310-mm nominal depth that should be used. The dead load factor is  D  1.2, the live
load factor is  L  1.6, and the resistance factor is   0.90.
SOLUTION
L E 200  109
Transition : 4.71  4.71  133.22
r Y 250  106
Design criterion:  D PD   L PL   PU
 D PD   L PL (1.2)(310)  (1.6)(375)
Required minimum PU : PU    1080 kN
 0.90
Preliminary calculations:
PU 1080  103
PU   Y A A   4.32  103 m 2  4320 mm 2
Y 250  106
0.877 EI y 2
PU 
L2e
PU L2e (1080  103 )(5.5)2
Iy    18.87  106 m 4  18.87  106 mm 4
0.877 2 E 0.877 2 (200  109 )
Try W310  74. A  9420 mm 2 I y  23.4  106 mm 4 ry  49.8 mm
Le 5.5
  110.44  133.22
ry 49.8  103
 2E  2 (200  109 )
e    161.83 MPa
( Le /ry )2 (110.44)2
 cr  [0.658 Y /  e ] Y  [0.658250 /161.83 ](250)  130.96 MPa
PU  A cr  (9420  106 m 2 )(130.96  106 Pa)  1234 kN  1080 kN
(Acceptable)
The next lighter shape, W310  60, with I y  18.3  106 mm 4 , fails the moment of inertia criterion given
above.
Use W310  74. 
1725
PROBLEM 10.88*
The steel tube having the cross section shown is used as a column of 15-ft effective
6 in.
length to carry a centric dead load of 51 kips and a centric live load of 58 kips.
Knowing that the tubes available for use are made with wall thicknesses in increments
of 161 in. from 163 in. to 83 in., use load and resistance factor design to determine the
6 in. lightest tube that can be used. Use  Y  36 ksi and E  29  106 psi. The dead load
factor is  D  1.2, the live load factor is  L  1.6, and the resistance factor is   0.90.
SOLUTION
Transition L/r :
E 29,000
4.71  4.71  133.68
Y 36
Le  15 ft  180 in.
 D PD   L PL   PU
Required:
 D PD   L PL (1.2)(51)  (1.6)(58)
PU  
 0.90
 171.11 kips
Try
1
t  in.  0.25 in. bo  6.0 in. bi  bo  2t  5.5 in.
4
A  bo2  bi2  (6)2  (5.5) 2  5.75 in 2
1 4 1
I  (bo  bi4 )  [(6)4  (5.5)4 ]  31.74 in 4
12 12
I 31.74
r    2.3496 in.
A 5.75
Le 180
  76.61 < 133.68
r 2.3496
 2E  2 (29,000)
e    48.767 ksi
( Le /r )2 (76.61) 2
 cr  [0.658 Y / e ] Y  [0.65836 / 48.767 ](36)  26.431 ksi
PU  A cr  (5.75)(26.431)  151.98 kips  171.11 kips
Thickness is too small.
1726
PROBLEM 10.88* (Continued)
Since PU is approximately proportional to thickness, the required thickness is approximately
treg PU (reg) 171.11

  treg  0.2815 in.
0.25 151.98 151.98
Try
5
t  in.  0.3125 in. bi  5.375 in.
16
A  7.1094 in 2
I  38.44 in 4 r  2.3254 in.
Le
 77.41 < 133.68
r
 2 (29,000)
e   47.764 ksi
(77.41) 2
 cr  [0.65836/47.764 ](36)  26.26 ksi
PU  (7.1094)(26.26)  186.69 kips > 171.11 kips
5
Use t  in. 
16
1727
P PROBLEM 10.89
22 mm
An eccentric load is applied at a point 22 mm from the geometric axis of a
A 60-mm-diameter rod made of a steel for which  Y  250 MPa and
E  200 GPa. Using the allowable-stress method, determine the allowable
load P.
60 mm diameter
1.2 m
SOLUTION
1
For the solid circular cross section, c d  30 mm  0.030 m
2
A   c 2   (0.030) 2  2.8274  103 m 2

 I 1
I  c4 r   c  0.015 m  15 mm
4 A 2
L 1.2
L  1.2 m   80
r 0.015
Steel: E  200  103 MPa,  Y  250 MPa
L E 200  103
transition  4.71  4.71  133.22
r Y 250
 2E  2 (200  103 )
e  2
  308.43 MPa
( L /r ) (80)2
 cr  (0.658 Y /  e )  [0.658250 / 308.43 ](250)  178.07 MPa
 cr
 all   106.63 MPa
1.67
Eccentric loading: M  Pe e  22 mm
P Mc  1 ec  P  ec 
 all    P    1  2 
A I A I  A r 
P (22)(30)  P
 1  2 
 3.9333
A (15)  A
 all A (106.63  106 )(2.8274  103 )
P   76.7  103 N
3.9333 3.9333
Allowable load. P  76.7 kN 
1728
P PROBLEM 10.90
22 mm
Solve Prob. 10.89, assuming that the load is applied at a point 40 mm from the
A geometric axis and that the effective length is 0.9 m.
PROBLEM 10.89 An eccentric load is applied at a point 22 mm from the

60 mm diameter
1.2 m
geometric axis of a 60-mm-diameter rod made of a steel for which
 Y  250 MPa and E  200 GPa. Using the allowable-stress method,
determine the allowable load P.
SOLUTION
1
For the solid circular cross section, c d  30 mm  0.030 m
2
A   c 2   (0.030) 2  2.8274  103 m 2

 I 1
I  c4 r   c  0.015 m  15 mm
4 A 2
L 0.9
L  0.9 m   60
r 0.015
Steel: E  200  103 MPa,  Y  250 MPa
L E 200  103
transition  4.71  4.71  133.22
r Y 250
 2E  2 (200  103 )
e    548.31 MPa
( L /r ) 2 (60)2
 cr  [0.658 Y /  e ]  [0.658(250 / 548.30) ](250)  206.57 MPa
 cr
 all   123.69 MPa  123.69  106 Pa
1.67
Eccentric loading: M  Pe e  40 mm
P Mc  1 ec  P  ec 
 all    P    1  2 
A I A I  A r 
P (40)(30)  P
 1  2 
 6.3333
A (15)  A
 all A (123.69  106 )(2.8274  103 )
P   55.2  103 N
6.3333 6.3333
Allowable load. P  55.2 kN 
1729
z PROBLEM 10.91
P y A sawn-lumber column of 5.0  7.5-in. cross section has an effective
7.5 in. length of 8.5 ft. The grade of wood used has an adjusted allowable
D stress for compression parallel to the grain  C  1180 psi and an
C
adjusted modulus E  440  103 psi. Using the allowable-stress
method, determine the largest eccentric load P that can be applied
e when (a) e  0.5 in., (b) e  1.0 in.
5.0 in. x
SOLUTION
Sawn lumber:
c  0.8
Le  8.5 ft  102 in.
b
b  7.5 in. d  5.0 in. c  3.75 in.
2
1
A  bd  (7.5)(5.0)  37.5 in 2 Ix  (5.0)(7.5)3  175.78 in 4
12
L 102 0.822 E (0.822)(440  103 )
  20.4  CE    869.1 psi
d 5.0 ( L /d ) 2 (20.4)2
 CE / C  869.1/1180  0.73652
2
1   CE / C  (1   CE / C   CE / C
CP       0.5777
2c  2c  c
 all   C CP  (1180)(0.5777)  681.7 psi
Pall Pall ec 1 ec
   all  BPall where B   .
A Ix A Ix
 all
Pall 
B
1 (0.5)(3.75)
(a) e  0.5 in. B   0.037333 in 2
37.5 175.78
681.7
Pall   18,260 lb Pall  18.26 kips 
0.037333
1 (1.0)(3.75)
(b) e  1.0 in. B   0.048000 in 1
37.5 175.78
681.7
Pall   14,202 lb Pall  14.20 kips 
0.048000
1730
PROBLEM 10.92
z
Solve Prob. 10.91 using the interaction method and an allowable

P y stress in bending of 1300 psi.
7.5 in.
C
D PROBLEM 10.91 A sawn-lumber column of 5.0  7.5-in. cross
section has an effective length of 8.5 ft. The grade of wood used has
an adjusted allowable stress for compression parallel to the grain
e  C  1180 psi and an adjusted modulus E  440  103 psi. Using
5.0 in. x
the allowable-stress method, determine the largest eccentric load P
that can be applied when (a) e  0.5 in., (b) e  1.0 in.
SOLUTION
Sawn lumber: c  0.8

Le  8.5 ft  102 in.
b
b  7.5 in. d  5.0 in. c  3.75 in.
2
A  bd  (7.5)(5.0)  37.5 in 2
1
Ix  (5.0)(7.5)3  175.78 in 4
12
L 102
  20.4
d 5.0
0.822 E (0.822)(440  103 )
 CE    869.1 psi
( L/d )2 (20.4)2
 CE / C  869.1/1180  0.73652
2
1   CE / C  1   CE / C   CE / C
CP       0.5777
2c  2c  c
 all, centric   C CP  (1180)(0.5777)  681.7 psi
Pall Pall ec
 1 Pall  B 1 (lb)
A all, centric I x  all, bending
1 ec
where B  (lb 1)
A all, centric I x all, bending
1 (0.5)(3.75)
(a) e  0.5 in. B   47.323  106 lb 1
(37.5)(681.7) (175.78)(1300)
Pall  (47.323  106 ) 1  21,131 lb Pall  21.1 kips 
1 (1.0)(3.75)
(b) e  1.0 in. B   55.528  106 lb 1
(37.5)(681.7) (175.78)(1300)
Pall  (55.528  106 )1  18,009 lb Pall  18.01 kips 
1731
P
PROBLEM 10.93
e
15 mm A column of 5.5-m effective length is made of the aluminum alloy

A
2014-T6, for which the allowable stress in bending is 220 MPa.
Using the interaction method, determine the allowable load P,
152 mm
knowing that the eccentricity is (a) e  0, (b) e  40 mm.
5.5 m
152 mm
SOLUTION
bo  152 mm bi  bo  2t  122 mm
A  bo2  bi2  8220 mm 2  8220  106 m 2
I 
1 4
12
 
bo  bi4  26.02  106 mm 4
I
r   56.26 mm  56.26  103 m
A
L 5.5
  97.76 > 55
r 56.26  103
382  103 382  103
 all, c    39.98 MPa for centric loading
( L /r ) 2 (97.76)2
P Pec
 1
A all, c I  all, b
(a) e  0: P  A all, c  (8220  106 )(39.97  106 )  329  103 N P  329 kN 

1
(b) e  40  103 m: c  (152)  76 mm  76  103 m
2
P P(40  103 )(76  103 )
  3.574  106 P  1
(8220  106 )(39.98  106 ) (26.02  106 )(220  106 )
P  279.8  103 N P  280 kN 
1732
P
PROBLEM 10.94
e
15 mm Solve Prob. 10.93, assuming that the effective length of the column
A
is 3.0 m.
152 mm
PROBLEM 10.93 A column of 5.5-m effective length is made of
5.5 m the aluminum alloy 2014-T6, for which the allowable stress in
bending is 220 MPa. Using the interaction method, determine the
allowable load P, knowing that the eccentricity is (a) e  0,
152 mm
(b) e  40 mm.
B
SOLUTION
bo  152 mm bi  bo  2t  122 mm
A  bo2  bi2  8220 mm 2  8220  106 m 2
I 
1 4
12
 
bo  bi4  26.02  106 mm 4
I
r   56.26 mm  56.26  103 m
A
L 3.0
  53.32 < 55 (2014-T6 aluminum alloy)
r 56.26  103
 all, c  213  1.577( L/r )  213  (1.577)(53.32)  128.91 MPa
P Pec
 1
(a) e  0: P  A all, c  (8220  106 )(128.91  106 )  1060  103 N P  1060 kN 

1
(b) e  40 mm  40  103 m: c  (152)  76 mm  76  103 m
2
P P(40  103 )(76  103 )
  1.4747  106 P  1
(8220  106 )(128.91  106 ) (26.02  106 )(220  106 )
P  678  103 N P  678 kN 
1733
PROBLEM 10.95
e
P
A steel compression member of 9-ft effective length supports an
eccentric load as shown. Using the allowable-stress method,
C
determine the maximum allowable eccentricity e if (a) P  30 kips,
D (b) P  18 kips. Use  Y  36 ksi and E  29  106 psi.
W4 3 13
SOLUTION
W4  13: A  3.83 in 2 , S x  5.46 in 3

ry  1.00 in. Le  9 ft  108 in. Le /ry  108
L E 29  103
 4.71  4.71  133.7  108
r Y 36
 2E  2 (29  103 )
e    24.539
( L /r ) 2 (108)2
 cr = [0.658  Y / e ]  Y  [0.658(36/24.539) ](36)  19.4819 ksi
19.4819  cr
 all  
 11.6658 ksi
1.67 1.67
P Pec P Pe S  P
     all e  x   all  
A Ix A Sx P A
5.46  30 
(a) P  30 kips: e 11.6658    0.698 in. 
30  3.83 
5.46  18 
(b) P  18 kips: e 11.6658    2.11 in. 
18  3.83 
1734
PROBLEM 10.96
e
P Solve Prob. 10.95, assuming that the effective length of the column is
increased to 12 ft and that (a) P  20 kips, (b) P  15 kips.
C
D PROBLEM 10.95 A steel compression member of 9-ft effective length

supports an eccentric load as shown. Using the allowable-stress method,
W4 3 13 determine the maximum allowable eccentricity e if (a) P  30 kips,
(b) P  18 kips. Use  Y  36 ksi and E  29  106 psi.
SOLUTION
W4  13: A  3.83 in 2 , S x  5.46 in 2

ry  1.00 in. Le  12 ft  144 in. Le /r  144
L E 29  103
 4.71  4.71  133.7  144
r Y 36
 2E  2 (29  103 )
e  2
  13.803 ksi
( L /r ) (144)2
 cr  0.877 e  0.877(13.803)  12.105 ksi
 cr
12.105
 all  
 7.2486 ksi
1.67 1.67
P Pec P Pe S  P
     all e  x   all  
A Ix A Sx P A
5.46  20 
(a) P  20 kips: e  7.2486    0.553 in. 
20 3.83 
5.46  15 
(b) P  15 kips: e  7.2486    1.213 in. 
18 3.83 
1735
P PROBLEM 10.97
Two L4  3  83 -in. steel angles are welded together to form the

3
A in.
16
D column AB. An axial load P of magnitude 14 kips is applied at

point D. Using the allowable-stress method, determine the largest
4 in. allowable length L. Assume  Y  36 ksi and E = 29  106 psi.
L
3 in. 3 in.
B
SOLUTION
3
One angle: L4  3  A  2.48 in 2
8
I x  3.94 in 4 , S x  1.44 in 3 , rx  1.26 in., y  1.27 in.
I y  1.89 in 4 , ry  0.873 in., x  0.775 in.
Two angles: A  2(2.48)  4.96 in 2 , I x  2(3.94)  7.88 in 4
rx  1.26 in., y  1.27 in.
I y  2[ I y  Ax ]  2[1.89  (2.48)(0.775) 2 ]
2
 6.7591 in 4
I min 6.7591
rmin    1.1674 in.
A 4.96
3 3
e y  1.27   1.0825 in.
16 16
P  14 kips
P Pe y 14 (14)(1.0825)(1.27)
 all      5.265 ksi
A Ix 4.96 7.88
L E 29,000
 4.71  4.71  133.7
r Y 36
Le
Assume  133.7
r
 cr  2E
 all   0.877  5.265
1.67 1.67( L /r ) 2
L (0.877) 2 (29,000)
  168.96  133.7
r 1.67(5.265)
L  (168.96)(1.1674)  197.2 in.
L  16.44 ft 
1736
P PROBLEM 10.98
3
A 16
in. Solve Prob. 10.97 using the interaction method with P  18 kips
D and an allowable stress in bending of 22 ksi.
4 in. PROBLEM 10.97 Two L4  3  83 -in. steel angles are welded

together to form the column AB. An axial load P of magnitude 14
L
kips is applied at point D. Using the allowable-stress method,
determine the largest allowable length L. Assume  Y  36 ksi
3 in. 3 in.
B
and E = 29  106 psi.
SOLUTION
3
One angle: L4  3  A  2.48 in 2
8
I x  3.94 in 4 , S x  1.44 in 3 , rx  1.26 in., y  1.27 in.
I y  1.89 in 4 , ry  0.873 in., x  0.775 in.
Two angles: A  2(2.48)  4.96 in 2 , I x  2(3.94)  7.88 in 4

rx  1.26 in., y  1.27 in.
I y  2 [ I y  Ax 2 ]  2 [1.89  (2.48)(0.775) 2 ]
 6.7591 in 4
I min 6.7591
rmin    1.16736 in.
A 4.96
3 3
e y  1.27   1.0825 in.
16 16
P  18 kips
P Pey 1 A Pey 
 1  1  
A all, c I x all,b  all,c P I x all,b 
1 4.96  (18)(1.0825)(1.27) 
 1  
 all,c 18  (7.88)(22) 
 all,c  4.2333 ksi
L E 29,000
 4.71  4.71  133.7
r y 36
1737
Le
Assume  133.7
r
 cr  2E
 all   0.877  4.2333
1.67 1.67( L /r )2
L (0.877) 2 (29,000)
  188.43  133.7
r 1.67(4.2333)
L  (188.43)(1.16736)  219.97 in.
L  18.33 ft 
1738
z
P ⫽ 85 kN PROBLEM 10.99
y
A rectangular column is made of a grade of sawn wood that has an
240 mm
D
adjusted allowable stress for compression parallel to the grain
C 25 mm  C  8.3 MPa and a modulus of elasticity E  11.1 GPa. Using
the allowable-stress method, determine the largest allowable effective
x length L that can be used.
180 mm
SOLUTION
E  11,100 MPa d  180 mm  0.180 m b  240 mm  0.240 m
1 3 1
A  bd  43.2  103 m 2 Ix  db  (0.180)(0.240)3  207.36  106 m 4
12 12
b
e  25 mm  0.025 m c   0.120 m
2
P Pec 85  103 (85  103 )(0.025)(0.120)
   all  all    3.1973  106 Pa
A I 43.2  103 207.36  106
 3.1973 MPa
 all 3.1973
Define y and x as Cp    0.38522  y x   CE / C
C 8.3
2
1 x 1  x  x
y      where c  0.8 for sawn lumber.
2c  2c  c
2
1 x 1  x  x
 y    
2c  2c  c
2 2
1  x  1  x  2 1  x  x
   y  y   
 2c   c   2c  c
(1  cy) 1  (0.8)(0.38522)
x y  (0.38522)  0.43350
1 y 1  0.38522
 CE   C (0.43350)  (8.3)(0.43350)  3.598 MPa
KCE E KCE Ed 2
 CE  L2  where K CE  0.300
( L /d ) 2  CE
Largest allowable effective length.
KCE E (0.300)(11,100)
Ld  (0.180) L  5.48 m 
 CE 3.598
1739
z
P ⫽ 85 kN PROBLEM 10.100
y
Solve Prob. 10.99, summing that P  105 kN.
240 mm
D
C 25 mm PROBLEM 10.99 A rectangular column is made of a grade of
sawn wood that has an adjusted allowable stress for compression
x parallel to the grain  C  8.3 MPa and a modulus of elasticity
E  11.1 GPa. Using the allowable-stress method, determine the
180 mm
largest allowable effective length L that can be used.
SOLUTION
E  11,100 MPa d  180 mm  0.180 m b  240 mm  0.240 m
1 3 1
A  bd  43.2  103 m 2 Ix  db  (0.180)(0.240)3  207.36  106 m 4
12 12
b
e  25 mm  0.025 m c   0.120 m
2
P Pec 105  103 (105  103 )(0.025)(0.120)
   all  all  3
 6
 3.9496  106 Pa
A Ix 43.2  10 207.36  10
 3.9496 MPa
 all 3.9496
Define y and x as Cp    0.47586  y x   CE / C
C 8.3
2
1 x 1  x  x
y      where c  0.8 for sawn lumber.
c  2c  c
2
1 x 1  x  x
 y    
2c  2c  c
2 2
1  x  1  x  x
  y    
 2c   2c  c
2 2
1  x  1 x 1  x  x
   y  y2    
 2c  c  2c  c
1  cy 1  (0.8)(0.47586)
x y  (0.47586)  0.56227
1 y 1  0.47586
 CE   C (0.56227)  (8.3)(0.56227)  4.6668 MPa
KCE E KCE Ed 2
 CE  L2  where KCE  0.300.
( L /d )2  CE
Largest allowable effective length.
KCE E (0.300)(11,100)
Ld  0.180 L  4.81 m 
 CE 4.6668
1740
P 5 48 kN PROBLEM 10.101
20 mm
An eccentric load P  48 kN is applied at a point 20 mm from the geometric
A axis of a 50-mm-diameter rod made of the aluminum alloy 6061-T6. Using
the interaction method and an allowable stress in bending of 145 MPa,
determine the largest allowable effective length L that can be used.
50-mm diameter
L
SOLUTION
1
c d  25 mm A   c 2  1.9635  103 mm 2
2
 I
I  c 4  306.8  103 mm 4 r   12.5 mm
4 A
e  20 mm  all,b  145  106 Pa
P Pec
 1
A all,c I  all,b
P Pec
1
A all,c I  all,b
1 A P 
 1  ec 
 all,c P  I  all,b 
1.9635  103  (48  103 )(20  103 )(25  103 ) 

 1  
48  103  (306.8  109 )(145  106 ) 
 18.838  109 Pa 1
 all,c  53.086  106 Pa  53.086 MPa
L 354  103
Assume  66.  all,c 
r ( L /r ) 2
L 354  103 354  103
   81.660  66
r  all,c 53.086
L  81.660r  (81.660)(12.5  103 )

L  1.021 m 
1741
P 5 48 kN PROBLEM 10.102
20 mm
Solve Prob. 10.101, assuming that the aluminum alloy used is 2014-T6 and
A that the allowable stress in bending is 180 MPa.
PROBLEM 10.101 An eccentric load P  48 kN is applied at a point 20 mm

50 mm diameter
from the geometric axis of a 50-mm-diameter rod made of the aluminum alloy
L
6061-T6. Using the interaction method and an allowable stress in bending of
145 MPa, determine the largest allowable effective length L that can be used.
SOLUTION
1
c d  25 mm A   c 2  1.9635  103 mm 2
2
 I
I  c 4  306.8  103 mm 4 r   12.5 mm
4 A
e  20 mm  all,b  180  106 Pa
P Pec
 1
P Pec
1
A all, c I all, b
1 A Pec 
 1  
 all, c P  I all, b 
1.9635  103  (48  103 )(20  103 )(25  103 ) 

 1  
48  103
 (306.8  109 )(180  106 ) 
 23.129  109 Pa 1  all,c  43.237  106 Pa  43.237 MPa
L 382  103
Assume  55.  all, c 
r ( L /r ) 2
L 382  103 382  103
   93.995  55
r  all,c 43.236
L  93.996r  (93.996)(12.5  103 )

L  1.175 m 
1742
P
A compression member made of steel has a 720-mm effective length and must
C D support the 198-kN load P as shown. For the material used,  Y  250 MPa and
E  200 GPa. Using the interaction method with an allowable bending stress equal
to 150 MPa, determine the smallest dimension d of the cross section that can be used.
40 mm
d
SOLUTION
Using dimensions in meters,

A  40  103 d Le  720 mm  0.720 m
1
Ix  (40  103 )d  5.3333  106 d
12
1
Iy  (40  103 )d 3  3.3333  103 d 3
12
d
x  , y  20 mm  0.020 m ex  18 mm  18  103 m
2
L E 200  109
Transition : 4.71  4.71  133.22
r Y 250  106
Assume d  40 mm  40  103 m. Then I min  I x
Ix 5.3333  106d Le
r    11.547  103 m,  62.35  133.22
A 40  103d r
 2E  2 (200  109 )
e    507.76 MPa
( Le /r ) 2 (62.35) 2
 cr 1
 all,centric  (0.658250/507.76 )(250)  121.82 MPa
1.67 1.67
 all,bending  150 MPa
P Pex x
 1
A all, centric I y all,bending
198  103 (198  103 )(18  103 ) 12 d 
 1
(40  103d )(127.82  106 ) (3.3333  103d 3 )(150  106 )
40.634  103 3.5640  103
 1
d d2
d 2  40.634  103d  3.5640  103  0
d 
1
2 
40.634  103  (40.034  103 ) 2  (4)(3.5640  103 ) 
d  83.4  103 m  40  103 m d  83.4 mm ◄
1743
P
Solve Prob. 10.103, assuming that the effective length is 1.62 m and that the
C D
magnitude of P of the eccentric load is 128 kN.
PROBLEM 10.103 A compression member made of steel has a 720-mm effective

40 mm length and must support the 198-kN load P as shown. For the material used,
d
 Y  250 MPa and E  200 GPa. Using the interaction method with an allowable
bending stress equal to 150 MPa, determine the smallest dimension d of the cross
section that can be used.
SOLUTION
Using dimensions in meters,

A  40  103 d Le  1.62 m
1
Ix  (40  103 )3 d  5.3333  106 d
12
1
Iy  (40  103 )d 3  3.3333  103 d 3
12
1
x  d , y  20 mm  20  103 m ex  18 mm  18  103 m
2
L E 200  109
Transition : 4.71  4.71  133.22
r Y 250  106
Assume d  40 mm  40  103 m. Then I min  I x
Ix 5.3333  106d Le
r    11.547  103 m,  140.29  133.22
A 3.3333  103d r
0.877 2 E 0.877 2 (200  109 )
 cr  2
  87.958 MPa
( Le /r ) (140.29) 2
 cr
 all,centric   52.67 MPa
1.67
P Pex x
 all,bending  150 MPa  1
A  all,centric I y  all,bending
128  103 (128  103 )(18  103 )  12 d 

 1
(40  103d )(52.67  106 ) (3.3333  103d 3 )(150  106 )
60.756  103 2.304  103
 1
d d2
d 2  60.756  103d  2.304  103  0
d 
1
260.756  10 3  (60.756  10 3 ) 2  (4)(2.304  10 3 ) 
d  87.2  103 m  40  103 m d  87.2 mm ◄
1744
e 5 20 mm
P PROBLEM 10.105
A A steel tube of 80-mm outer diameter is to carry a 93-kN load P with an

eccentricity of 20 mm. The tubes available for use are made with wall
thicknesses in increments of 3 mm from 6 mm to 15 mm. Using the
80-mm outer allowable-stress method, determine the lightest tube that can be used.
2.2 m diameter Assume E  200 GPa and  Y  250 MPa.
SOLUTION
1
ro  d o  40 mm,
2
ri  ro  t
A   (ro2  ri2 ),

I  (ro4  ri4 )
4
I
r 
A
t (mm) ri (mm) A (mm 2 ) I (106 mm 4 ) r (mm) Le  2.2 m
3 37 726 0.539 27.24
6 34 1395 0.961 26.25 P  93  103 N
9 31 2007 1.285 25.31
12 28 2564 1.528 24.41
15 25 3063 1.704 23.59
E 200  109
Transition L/r : 4.71  4.71  133.22
Y 250  106
Le 2.2
Try t  9 mm.   86.92 < 133.22
r 25.31  103
 2E  2 (200  109 )
e    261.27 MPa
( Le /r )2 (86.92) 2
 cr 1
 all   [0.658250 / 261.27 ](250)  100.30 MPa
1.67 1.67
P Pec 93  103 (93  103 )(20  103 )(40  103 )
  
A I 2007  106 1.285  106
 104.2 MPa >100.3 MPa
(not allowed)
1745
 104.2  2
Approximate required area:   (2007)  2085 mm
 100.3 
Le 2.2
Try t  12 mm.   90.12  133.22
r 24.41  103
 e  243.05 MPa
 all  97.33 MPa
P Pec 93  103 (93  103 )(20  103 )(40  103 )
  
A I 2564  106 1.528  106
 85.0 MPa  97.3 MPa
Use t  12.00 mm. 
1746
e 5 20 mm
P PROBLEM 10.106
A Solve Prob. 10.105, using the interaction method with P  165 kN, e  15 mm,
and an allowable stress in bending of 150 MPa.
80-mm outer PROBLEM 10.105 A steel tube of 80-mm outer diameter is to carry a 93-kN
2.2 m diameter load P with an eccentricity of 20 mm. The tubes available for use are made with
wall thicknesses in increments of 3 mm from 6 mm to 15 mm. Using the
allowable-stress method, determine the lightest tube that can be used. Assume
E  200 GPa and  Y  250 MPa.
B
SOLUTION
1
ro  d o  40 mm
2
ri  ro  t
A   (ro2  ri2 )

I  (ro4  ri4 )
4
I
r 
A
t (mm) ri (mm) A (mm 2 ) I (106 mm 4 ) r (mm) Le  2.2 m
3 37 726 0.539 27.24 P  165  103 N
6 34 1395 0.961 26.25  all, bending  150 MPa
9 31 2007 1.285 25.31
12 28 2564 1.528 24.41
15 25 3063 1.704 23.59
E 200  109
Transition L/r : 4.71  4.71  133.22
Y 250  106
Le 2.2
Try t  9 mm.   86.92 < 133.22
r 25.31  103
 2E  2 (200  109 )
e    261.27 MPa
( Le /r ) 2 (86.92) 2
 cr 1
 all, centric   [0.658250 / 261.27 ](250)  100.30 MPa
1.67 1.67
P Pec 165  103 (165  103 )(15  103 )(40  103 )
  6

A all, centric I  all, bending 6
(2007  10 )(100.3  10 ) (1.285  106 )(150  106 )
 0.820  0.514  1.334  1 (not allowed)
1747
Approximate required area: A  (1.334)(2007)  2677 mm 2
Le 2.2
Try t  12 mm.   90.12 < 133.22
r 24.41  103
 e  243.05 MPa
 all, centric  97.33 MPa
P Pec 165  103

 
A all, centric I  all, bending (2564  106 )(97.33  106 )
(165  103 )(15  103 )(40  103 )

(1.528  106 )(150  106 )
0.661  0.432  1.093 > 1 (not allowed)
Le
Try t  15 mm.  93.26
r
 e  226.95 MPa
 all, centric  94.40 MPa
165  103 (165  103 )(15  103 )(40  103 )

  0.958  1
(3063  106 )(94.40  106 ) (1.704  106 )(150  106 )
Use t  15.00 mm. 
1748
41 kN
PROBLEM 10.107
e 5 80 mm
D A sawn lumber column of rectangular cross section has a 2.2-m effective length and
C supports a 41-kN load as shown. The sizes available for use have b equal to 90 mm,
140 mm, 190 mm, and 240 mm. The grade of wood has an adjusted allowable stress
190 mm for compression parallel to the grain  C  8.1 MPa and E  8.3 GPa. Use the
b allowable-stress method to determine the lightest section that can be used.
SOLUTION
Sawn lumber:  C  8.1 MPa E  8.3 GPa

c  0.8 KCE  0.300
Le  2.2 m
Pall Pallec
   all
A Ix
1
e  80  103 m, c (190)  95 mm  95  103 m
2
1
A  0.190b m 2 Ix  b(0.190)3  571.58  106 b m 4
12
Pall P (80  103 )(95  103 ) 18.56 Pall
 all    all
0.190b 571.58  106 b b
Pall  0.05388 allb
d  0.190 m or b, whichever is smaller.
KCE E (0.300)(8300)
 CE  2
  514.5d 2 MPa
( L /d ) (2.2/d ) 2
514.5d 2
 CE / C   63.51d 2
8.1
2
1   CE / C  1   CE / C   CE / c
Cp     
2c  2c  c
2
1   CE / C  1   CE / C   CE / C
    
1.6  1.6  0.8
 all   C C p  (8.1  106 )C p
Pall  (0.05388b)(8.1  106 )C p  472.47  103 bC p
1749
Calculate Pall for all four values of b. See table below.
b (m) d (m)  CE / C Cp Pall (kN)

0.090 0.090 0.51443 0.44367 18.87
 0.140 0.140 1.24480 0.76081 50.3  P  41 kN
0.190 0.190 2.2927 0.8878 79.7
0.240 0.190 2.2927 0.8878 100.7 Use b  0.140 m.
b  140.0 mm 
1750
41 kN
PROBLEM 10.108
e 5 80 mm
D Solve Prob. 10.107, assuming that e  40 mm.

C
PROBLEM 10.107 A sawn lumber column of rectangular cross section has a 2.2-m
190 mm effective length and supports a 41-kN load as shown. The sizes available for use
b have b equal to 90 mm, 140 mm, 190 mm, and 240 mm. The grade of wood has an
adjusted allowable stress for compression parallel to the grain  C  8.1 MPa and
E  8.3 GPa. Use the allowable-stress method to determine the lightest section
that can be used.
SOLUTION
Sawn lumber:  C  8.1 MPa E  8.3 GPa

c  0.8 KCE  0.300
Le  2.2 m
Pall Pallec
   all
A Ix
1
e  40  103 m, c (190)  95 mm  95  103 m
2
1
A  0.190b m 2 Ix  b(0.190)3  571.58  106 b m 4
12
Pall P (40  103 )(95  103 ) 11.911Pall

 all    all
0.190b 571.58  106 b b
Pall  0.083953 allb
d  0.190 m or b, whichever is smaller.
KCE E (0.300)(8300)
 CE  2
 2
 514.5d 2 MPa
( L /d ) (2.2/d )
514.5d 2
 CE / C   63.51d 2
8.1
2
1   CE / C  1   CE / C   CE / C
Cp     
2c  2 c  c
2
1   CE / C  1   CE / C   CE / C
    
1.6  1.6  0.8
 all   C C p  (8.1  106 )C p

Pall  (0.083953b)(8.1  106 )C p  680.02  103 bC p
1751
Calculate Pall for all four values of b. See table below.
b (m) d (m)  CE / C Cp Pall (kN)

0.090 0.090 0.51443 0.44367 27.2
 0.140 0.140 1.24480 0.76081 72.4  P  41 kN
0.190 0.190 2.2927 0.8878 114.7
0.240 0.190 2.2927 0.8878 144.9 Use b  0.140 m.
b  140.0 mm 
1752
P 5 32 kips PROBLEM 10.109
D
C A compression member of rectangular cross section has an effective length of
36 in. and is made of the aluminum alloy 2014-T6 for which the allowable
e stress in bending is 24 ksi. Using the interaction method, determine the
smallest dimension d of the cross section that can be used when e  0.4 in.
d
2.25 in.
SOLUTION
1
A  2.25d c d e  0.4 in. Le  36 in.
2
 all,b  24 ksi P  32 kips
1 d
Ix  (2.25)d 3 rx 
12 12
Assume rx  rmin , i.e. d  2.25 in.
Le /rmin  12 Le /d
55,400 55,400d 2 55,400 2
Assume Le /rmin  55.  all,c  2
 2
 d  3.56224d 2
( Le /rx ) 12 Le (12)(36)2
P Pec 32 (12)(32)(0.4)  12 d 
   1
 all,c I  all,b (2.25d )(3.56224d 2 ) (2.25d 3 )(24)
3.9925 1.42222 1
 1 Let x  3.9925 x3  1.42222 x 2  1
d3 d2 d
1
Solving for x, x  0.53126 d  1.8823 in.  2.25 in.
x
L /rx   12  (36)/1.894  65.8  55 d  1.882 in. 
1753
C Solve Prob. 10.109, assuming that e  0.2 in.

D
PROBLEM 10.109 A compression member of rectangular cross section has

e
an effective length of 36 in. and is made of the aluminum alloy 2014-T6 for
d
which the allowable stress in bending is 24 ksi. Using the interaction method,
2.25 in. determine the smallest dimension d of the cross section that can be used when
e  0.4 in.
SOLUTION
1
A  2.25d c d e  0.2 in. Le  36 in.
2
 all,b  24 ksi P  32 kips
1 d
Ix  (2.25)d 3 rx 
12 12
Assume rx  rmin , i.e. d  2.25 in.
Le /rmin  12 Le /d
55,400 55,400d 2 55,400d 2
Assume Le /rmin  55.  all,c     3.56224d 2
( Le /rx ) 2 12 L2e (12)(36)2
P Pec 32 (12)(32)(0.2)  12 d 
   1
A all,c I  all,b (2.25d )(3.56224d 2 ) (2.25d 3 )(24)
3.9925 0.71111 1
 1 Let x  3.9925 x3  0.71111x 2  1
d3 d2 d
1
Solving for x, x  0.57623 in 1 d   1.735 in.  2.25 in.
x
Le /rx   12 (36)/1.748  71.4  55 d  1.735 in. 
1754
e 5 0.6 in.
A
An aluminum tube of 3-in. outside diameter is to carry a load of 10 kips having
an eccentricity e  0.6 in. Knowing that the stock of tubes available for use are
made of aluminum alloy 2014-T6 and have wall thicknesses in increments of
1
16
in. up to 12 in., determine the lightest tube that can be used. Use the
allowable-stress method.
3-in. outside
6 ft
diameter
SOLUTION
1
Le  6 ft  72 in. co  d o  1.500 in.  c
2
ci  co  t  1.500  t


A   co2  ci2  I 
4
c 2
o  ci2 
1
Try t  in.  0.25 in. ci  1.250 in.
4
A  2.1598 in 2 I  2.0586 in 4
I
r   0.97629 in.
A
L 72
  73.748  55 (2014-T6 aluminum alloy)
r 0.97629
55,400 55,400
 all  2
  10.186 ksi
( L /r ) (73.748) 2
Pall Mc P P ec  1 (0.6)(1.500) 
  all  all    Pall  0.9002Pall
A I A I  2.1598 2.0586 
 all 10.186
Pall    11.315 kips  10 kips
0.9002 0.9002
Since Pall is nearly proportional to the thickness t,
t 10 3
 t  0.221 in.  in.  0.1875 in.
0.25 11.315 16
3 1
-in. thickness would be too small. Use t  in. 
16 4
1755
e 5 0.6 in.
A
Solve Prob. 10.111, using the interaction method of design with an allowable
stress in bending of 25 ksi.
PROBLEM 10.111 An aluminum tube of 3-in. outside diameter is to carry a

load of 10 kips having an eccentricity e  0.6 in. Knowing that the stock of
3-in. outside
6 ft
diameter tubes available for use are made of aluminum alloy 2014-T6 and have wall
thicknesses in increments of 161 in. up to 12 in., determine the lightest tube that
can be used. Use the allowable-stress method.
SOLUTION
1
Le  6 ft  72 in. co  d o  1.500 in.  c
2
ci  co  t  1.500  t


A   co2  ci2  I 
4
c2
o  ci2 
1
Try t  in.  0.25 in. ci  1.250 in.
4
A  2.1598 in 2 I  2.0586 in 4
I
r   0.97629 in.
A
L 72
  73.748  55. (2014-T6 aluminum alloy)
r 0.97629
55,400 55,400
 all,c  2
  10.186 ksi
( L /r ) (73.748)2
Pall Mc Pall P ec
   all
A all,c I  all,b A all I  all,b
 1 (0.6)(1.500) 
   Pall  0.062943Pall  1
 (2.1598)(10.186) (2.0586)(25) 
1
0.062943
Since Pall is nearly proportional to the thickness t,
t 10 3
 t  0.1574 in. < in.  0.1875 in.
0.25 15.89 16
1756
3
Try t   0.1875 in. ci  1.3125 in.
16
A  1.6567 in 2 , I  1.64537 in 4 , r  0.99658 in.

L
 72.247  55  all,c  10.614 ksi
r
 1 (0.6)(1.500) 
   Pall  0.07875Pall  1
 (1.6567)(10.614) (1.64537)(25) 
1
0.07875
t 10 3
 t  0.1477 in.  in.
0.1875 12.70 16
3
Use t  in. 
16
1757
8 in.
PROBLEM 10.113
P 5 120 kips A steel column having a 24-ft effective length is loaded eccentrically as
shown. Using the allowable-stress method, select the wide-flange shape
C of 14-in. nominal depth that should be used. Use  Y  36 ksi and
D
E  29  106 psi.
SOLUTION
E  29,000 ksi Le  24 ft  288 in.
L E
Transition : 4.71  133.68
r Y
e  8 in.
P Pec P ec 
 <  all or 1  2  <  all
A Ix A rx 
For 14-in. nominal depth, c  7 in., rx  6 in.
ec (8)(7)
1 2
1  2.33
rx (6)2
Y
If the column is short,  all   21.56 ksi
1.67
2.33P (2.33)(120)
A>   12.97 in 2
 all 21.56
0.877 2 EI
If the column is long, 2.33P <
1.67 L2e
(1.67)(2.33) PL2e (1.67)(2.33)(120)(288) 2

I > 2
  154 in 4
0.877 E 0.877 2 (29,000)
1758
Try W14  82. A  24.0 in 2 , S x  123 in 3 , ry  2.48 in.
Le 288  2 (29,000)
  116.13 < 133.66 e   21.221 ksi
ry 2.48 (116.13) 2
 cr 1 
 all   0.65836/21.221  (36)  10.60 ksi
1.67 1.67 
P Pe 120 (120)(8)
    12.80 ksi > 10.60 ksi
A Sx 24.0 123
(not allowed)
Try W14  145. A  42.7 in 2 , S x  232 in 3 , ry  3.98 in.
Le 288  2 (29,000)
  72.36 < 133.68 e   54.664 ksi
ry 3.98 (72.36) 2
 cr
1
 all  [0.65836/54.664 ](36)  16.36 ksi

1.67 1.67
P Pe 120 (120)(8)
    6.95 ksi < 16.36 ksi
A Sx 42.7 232
Use W14  145. 
1759
PROBLEM 10.114
8 in.
P 5 120 kips Solve Prob. 10.113 using the interaction method, assuming that
 Y  50 ksi and the allowable stress in bending is 30 ksi.
C
D
PROBLEM 10.113 A steel column having a 24-ft effective length is
loaded eccentrically as shown. Using the allowable-stress method, select
the wide-flange shape of 14-in. nominal depth that should be used. Use
 Y  36 ksi and E  29  106 psi.
SOLUTION
E  29,000 ksi Le  24 ft  288 in.
L E
Transition : 4.71  113.43
r Y
288
 113.43 ry  2.54 in.
ry
For ry  2.54 in.,
0.877 2 E 5.183Er 2
 all,centric  
1.67( L /r )2 L2e
P Pe
Interaction formula:  1
A all,centric S x all,bending
PL2e Pe
   1
5.183Ery A S x all,bending
2
(120)(288) 2 (120)(8)
   1
(5.183)(29,000) I y S x (30)
66.22 32
   1
Iy Sx
1760
Obviously, I y  66.22 in 4 and S x  32 in 3
Shape ry (in.) Iy (in4) Sx (in3) 

W14  68 is the lightest shape with
W14  82 2.48 148 123 0.708   1.
W14  68 2.46 121 103 0.858  Use W14  68. 
*
W14  53 1.92 57.7
*too small
1761
PROBLEM 10.115
125 mm
P
A steel compression member of 5.8-m effective length is to support a
296-kN eccentric load P. Using the interaction method, select the wide-
C
flange shape of 200-mm nominal depth that should be used. Use
D E  200 GPa,  Y  250 MPa, and  all  150 MPa in bending.
SOLUTION
L E 200  109
Transition : 4.71  4.71  133.22 Le  5.8 m
r Y 250  106
5.8
At transition,  133.22
ry
ry  45.4  103 m  45.4 mm

For 200-mm nominal depth wide-flange sections,
1 ec (125)(104)
c d  104 mm rx  88 mm   1.68
2 rx2 (88) 2
0.877 2 E
For ry  45.4 mm,  all,centric  2
 58.4  106 Pa
(1.67)(133.22)
P Pec
Interaction formula:  1
A all,centric Arx2 all,bending
1.67 ec /rx2  3 1.67 1.68 
A  P    296  10   
  Y  all,bending  6
 250  10 150  106 
 5.29  103 m 2  8380 mm 2

Try W200  59. A  7550 mm 2 , S x  582  103 mm3 , ry  51.8 mm
Le 5.8  2E
  111.97  133.22 e   157.45 MPa
ry 51.8  103 ( Le /r ) 2
 cr 1
 all,centric   [0.658250 /157.45 ](250)  77.02 MPa
1.67 1.67
P Pe 296  103 (296  103 )(125  103 )
  
A all,centric S x all,bending (7550  106 )(77.02  106 ) (582  106 )(150  106 )
 0.5090  0.4238  0.9329  1 (allowed)
1762
Try W200  52. A  6650 mm 2 , S x  511  103 mm3 , ry  51.6 mm
Le
 112.40  e  156.23 MPa  all,centric  76.62 MPa
ry
296  103 (296  103 )(125  103 )
  1.064  1 (not allowed)
(6550  106 )(76.62  106 ) (512  106 )(150  106 )
Use W200  59. 
1763
z
PROBLEM 10.116
P y
ex ⫽ 70 mm A steel column of 7.2-m effective length is to support as 83-kN eccentric
C load P at a point D, located on the x axis as shown. Using the allowable-
stress method, select the wide-flange shape of 250-mm nominal depth that
D
x should be used. Use E  200 GPa and  Y  250 MPa.
SOLUTION
L E
Transition : 4.71  133.22
r Y
7.2
At the transition,  133.22
ry
ry  54.05  103 m  54.05 mm
L
All sections meet  133.22.
ry
 cr 0.877 2 E 0.877 2 (200  109 )

 all     19.9962  109 ry2
1.67 1.67( L /ry ) 2 (1.67)(7.2/ry ) 2
Try W250  49.1. A  6260 mm 2 , I y  15.2  106 mm 4

S y  151  103 mm3 ry  49.3 mm
 all  (19.9962  109 )(49.3  103 )2  48.601 MPa
P Pe 83  103 (83  103 )(70  103 )
    51.736 MPa   all
A Sy 6260  106 151  106
(not allowed)
51.736
Approximate required area: A (6260)  6664 mm 2
48.601
Try W250  58. A  7420 mm 2 , S y  185  103 mm3 , ry  50.3 mm
 all  (19.9962  109 )(50.3  103 ) 2  50.592 MPa

P Pe 83  103 (83  103 )(70  103 )
    42.591 MPa   all
A Sy 7420  106 185  106
Use W250  58. 
1764
P
PROBLEM 10.117
Determine (a) the critical load for the steel strut, (b) the
A
P dimension d for which the aluminum strut will have the same
critical load. (c) Express the weight of the aluminum strut as
a percent of the weight of the steel strut.
4 ft
C
1
2
in. 4 ft
B
d d
Steel
E 5 29 3 106 psi D
g 5 490 lb/ft3
Aluminum
E 5 10.1 3 106 psi
g 5 170 lb/ft3
SOLUTION
Steel: E  29  106 psi   490 lb/ft 3  0.28356 lb/in 3

Aluminum: E  10.1  106 psi   170 lb/ft 3  0.09838 lb/in 3
Length: L  4 ft = 48 in.
4
1 4 1 1
(a) Steel strut: I d s     5.2083  103 in 4
12 12  2 
 2 EI  2 (29  106 )(5.2083  103 )
Pcr   Pcr  647 lb 
L2 (48)2
2
1
Weight: Ws   s Ld s2  (0.28356)(48)    3.4028 lb
2
(b) Aluminum strut:
 2 EI Pcr L2 (647)(48) 2
Pcr  I   14.9546  103 in 4
L2  2E  2 (10.1  106 )
1 4
I d d  4 12 I  4 (12)(14.9546  103 ) d  0.651 in. 
12
 Weight: Wa   a Ld 2  (0.09838)(48)(0.651) 2  2.0004 lb
(c) Weight ratio as a percent:
wa 2.0004
 100%   100% 58.8% 
ws 3.4028
1765
B PROBLEM 10.118
m The rigid rod AB is attached to a hinge at A and to two springs, each of
constant k. If h  450 mm, d  300 mm, and m  200 kg, determine the
range of values of k for which the equilibrium of rod AB is stable in the
position shown. Each spring can act in either tension or compression.
h
k k
SOLUTION
Let  be the angle change of bar AB.

 1  h sin 
 2  d sin 
M A  0:
(2k  2 )(d cos  )  mg 1  0

(2kd 2 cos   mgh)sin   0
mgh
k
2d 2 cos 
Let  be small.
cos   1
For stability,
mgh
k>
2d 2
Data: m  200 kg, g  9.81 m/s 2 , h  0.450 m, d  0.300 m
(200)(9.81)(0.450)
k>  4.905  103 kg/s 2 k > 4.91 kN/m 
(2)(0.300)2
1766
PROBLEM 10.119
A column of 3-m effective length is to be made by welding together two C130  13

rolled-steel channels. Using E  200 GPa, determine for each arrangement shown the
(a) (b) allowable centric load if a factor of safety of 2.4 is required.
SOLUTION
For channel C130  13, A  1700 mm 2 b f  48.0 mm
I x  3.70  106 mm 4 I y  0.260  106 mm 4 x  12.1 mm
Arrangement (a): I x  (2)(3.70  106 )  7.40  106 mm 4
I y  2[0.260  106  (1700)(12.1)2 ]  1.0178  106 mm 2
I min  I y  1.0178  106 mm  1.0178  106 m 4
 2 EI min  2 (200  109 )(1.0178  106 )

Pcr    223  103 N  223 kN
L2e (3.0)2
Pcr 223
Pall   Pall  93.0 kN 
F .S . 2.4
Arrangement (b): I x  (2)(3.70  106 ) mm 4  7.40  106 mm 4
I y  2[0.260  106  (1700)(48  12.1)2 ]  4.902  106 mm 4
I min  I y  4.902  106 mm 4  4.902  106 m 4
 2 EI min  2 (200  109 )(4.902  106 )

Pcr    1075  103 N  1075 kN
L2e (3.0) 2
Pcr 1075
Pall   Pall  448 kN 
F .S . 2.4
1767
3 ft P PROBLEM 10.120
θ
A
B
(a) Considering only buckling in the plane of the structure shown and using
3
-in. diameter 2 ft
Euler’s formula, determine the value of  between 0 and 90 for which the
4
5
-in. diameter
allowable magnitude of the load P is maximum. (b) Determine the
8
corresponding maximum value of P knowing that a factor of safety of 3.2 is
C
required. Use E  29  106 psi.
SOLUTION
Strut AB. L  3 ft  36 in.

1 13
c d     0.375 in.
2 24

I  c 4  15.5316  103 in 4
4
 2 EI  2 (29  106 )(15.5316  103 )
( PAB )cr  
L2 (36) 2
 3.4301  103 lb
15
Strut BC: L  2 ft  24 in., c    0.3125 in., I  7.4901  103 in 4
28
 2 (29  106 )(7.4901  103 )

( PBC )cr   3.7219  103 lb
(24) 2
For structure, P is maximum if both struts buckle simultaneously.
( PBC )cr
(a) tan    1.08507   47.2 
( PAB )cr
2 2
(b) Pcr  ( PAB )cr  ( PBC )cr  5.0614  103 lb  5.0614 kips
5.0614
With F.S.  3.2, P P  1.582 kips 
3.2
1768
PROBLEM 10.121
B
Member AB consists of a single C130  10.4 steel channel of length

␪ 2.5 m. Knowing that the pins at A and B pass through the centroid of the
C A
6.8 kN
cross section of the channel, determine the factor of safety for the load
2.5 m shown with respect to buckling in the plane of the figure when   30.
Use Euler’s formula with E  200 GPa.
SOLUTION
 Geometry:
 Since AB  2.5 m , triangle ABC is isosceles.
Equilibrium of connection at B.
 Fx  0:  FAC cos15  FAB cos 30  0
Total: FAB cos 30
FAC 
cos15
 Fy  0: FAB sin 30  FAC sin15  6.8  0
 sin15 cos 30 
FAB  sin 30    0.26795FAB  6.8
 cos15 
FAB  25.378 kN
Rolled-steel shape C130  10.4:
I min  0.196  106 mm 4  0.196  106 m 4
 2 EI min
Critical load: Pcr 
L2AB
 2 (200  109 )(0.196  106 )

Pcr   61.902  103 N  61.902 kN
(2.5) 2
Pcr 61.902
Factor of safety: F .S.   F .S.  2.44 
FAB 25.378
1769
y PROBLEM 10.122
0.6 in. 75 kips
The line of action of the 75-kip axial load is parallel to the geometric axis
A of the column AB and intersects the x axis at x  0.6 in. Using
E  29  106 psi, determine (a) the horizontal deflection of the midpoint C
of the column, (b) the maximum stress in the column.
z
x
20 ft
W8 ⫻ 35
B
75 kips
SOLUTION
Le  L  20 ft  240 in. e  0.6 in.
2
W8  35: A  10.3 in I y  42.6 in 4
S y  10.6 in 3 E  29,000 ksi
 2EI y  2 (29,000)(42.6)
Pcr    211.68 kips
L2 (240) 2
P 75
  0.35404
Pcr 211.68
  P  
(a) ym  e sec    1
  2 Pcr  
   
 (0.6) sec  0.35404   1
 2  
 (0.6) sec (0.93499)  1
 0.41040 in. ym  0.410 in. 

(b) M max  P ( ym  e)  (75)(0.6  0.41040)  75.780 kip  in.
P M max 75 75.780
 max      max  14.43 ksi 
A Sy 10.3 10.6
1770
PROBLEM 10.123
A
Supports A and B of the pin-ended column shown are at a fixed distance L from each other.
Knowing that at a temperature T0 the force in the column is zero and that buckling occurs
when the temperature is T1  T0  T , express T in terms of b, L, and the coefficient of
b b thermal temperature .
L
SOLUTION
Let P be the compressive force in the column.

PL
L (T )  0 P  EA (T )
EA
 2 EI
Pcr   P  EA (T )
L2
 2 EI  2 Eb 4 /12  2b 2
T   T  
L2 EA L2 Eb 2 12L2
1771
y PROBLEM 10.124
C x A column is made from half of a W360  216 rolled-steel shape, with

A ⫽ 13.75 ⫻ 103 mm2 the geometric properties as shown. Using allowable stress design,
Ix ⫽ 26.0 ⫻ 106 mm4 determine the allowable centric load if the effective length of the
Iy ⫽ 141.0 ⫻ 106 mm4 column is (a) 4.0 m, (b) 6.5 m. Use  Y  345 MPa and E  200 GPa.
SOLUTION
I min 26.0  106

r    43.485 mm
A 13.75  103
 43.485  103 m
A  13.75  103 m 2
E 200  109
Transition L/r: 4.71  4.71  113.4
Y 345  106
Le 4.0
(a) Le  4.0 m.   91.987  113.4
r 43.485  103
 2E  2 (200  109 )
e    233.28 MPa
( Le /r )2 (91.987) 2
1 1
 all   cr  [0.658345 / 233.28 ](345)  111.2 MPa
F .S. 1.67
Pall   all A  (111.2  106 )(13.75  103 ) Pall  1530 kN 
Le 6.5
(b) Le  6.5 m.   149.48  113.4
r 43.485  103
 2E  2 (200  109 )
e    88.3 MPa
( Le /r )2 (149.48)2
1 1
 all   cr  [(0.877)(88.3)]  46.39 MPa
F .S . 1.67
Pall   all A  (46.39  106 )(13.75  103 ) Pall  638 kN 
1772
A rectangular column with a 4.4-m effective length is made of glued

laminated wood. Knowing that for the grade of wood used the adjusted
140 mm allowable stress for compression parallel to the grain is  C  8.3 MPa and
the adjusted modulus is E  4.6 GPa, determine the maximum
allowable centric load for the column.
SOLUTION
Glued laminated column: c  0.9 E  4600 MPa

A  (216)(140)  30,240 mm 2
 30,240  106 m 2
d  140 mm  140  103 m
L  4.4 m
L 4.4
  31.429
d 140  103
0.822 E (0.822)(4600)
 CE    3.8281 MPa
( L/d ) 2 (31.429) 2
 CE 3.8281
  0.46121
C 8.3
1   CE / C 1.46121
u   0.81178
2c (2)(0.9)
 /
v  CE C  0.51246
c
C p  u  u 2  v  0.42908
 all  C p C  (0.42908)(8.3)  3.5614 MPa
Pall   all A  (3.5614  106 )(30,240  106 ) Pall  107.7 kN 
1773
PROBLEM 10.126
A column of 4.5-m effective length must carry a centric load of 900 kN. Knowing that  Y  345 MPa and
E  200 GPa, use allowable-stress design to select the wide-flange shape of 250-mm nominal depth that
should be used.
SOLUTION
L E 200  109
Transition : 4.71  4.71  113.40
r Y 345  106
Y A 1.67 P (1.67)(900  103 )

P< A>   4357  106 m 2  4357 mm 2
1.67 Y 345  106
2
 cr A 0.877 EI min
P< 
1.67 1.67 L2e
1.67 PL2e (1.67)(900  103 )(4.5) 2
I min >   17.58  106 m 4  17.58  106 mm 4
0.877 2 E 0.877 2 (200  109 )
Try W250  58. A  7420 mm 2 , ry  50.3 mm
Le 4.5
  89.46 < 113.40
r 50.3  103
 2E  2 (200  109 )
e    246.64 MPa
( Le /r )2 (89.46) 2
 cr  (0.658 Y / e ) Y  [0.658345/246.64 ](345)  192.11 MPa
 cr A (192.11  106 )(7420  106 )
Pall    854 kN < 900 kN
1.67 1.67
(not acceptable)
Try W250  67. A  8580 mm 2 , ry  51.1 mm
Le 4.5
  88.063 < 113.40
r 51.1  103
 2E  2 (200  109 )
e    254.53 MPa
( Le /r )2 (88.063) 2
 cr  (0.658 Y / e ) Y  [0.658345 / 254.53 ](345)  195.63 MPa
 cr A (195.63  106 )(8580  106 )
Pall    1005 kN > 900 kN
1.67 1.67
(acceptable)
Use W250  67. 
1774
P ⫽ 11 kips PROBLEM 10.127
D An 11-kip vertical load P is applied at the midpoint of one edge of the square cross
A
section of the steel compression member AB, which is free at its top A and fixed at its
base B. Knowing that for the grade of steel used  Y  36 ksi and E  29  106 psi,
and using the allowable-stress method, determine the smallest allowable dimension d.
d d
4.5 ft
SOLUTION
Steel:  Y  36 ksi E  29,000 ksi

L E 29,000
transition  4.71  4.71  133.68
r Y 36
L  0.877 2 E 5.1830E
Assume  133.68 so that  cr  0.877 e and  all  cr  2

r 1.67 1.67( L /r ) ( L /r ) 2
Square cross section: A  d2

1 4
I  d for all axes through the center of the square.
12
I d
r   Le  2 L  (2)(4.5 ft)  9 ft  108 in.
A 12
Allowable stress for centric loading.
(5.1830) E (5.1830)(29,000) 2
 all  2 2
 d  1.07387d 2 ksi
(108) /(d /12) (108) 2 (12)
Eccentric loading: M  Pe P  11 kips
1
ec d when the loading is at point D.
2
Allowable stress method.
P Mc P ec 
 all    1  2 
A I A r 
P  (d/2)(d/2)  4 P 44
 1  d 2 /12   d 2  d 2 ksi
d2  
1775
Equating the two expressions for  all ,
44 44
1.07387d 2  d  4  2.53 in.
d2 1.07387
2.53 Le 108
r   0.730 in.   147.9  133.68
12 r 0.730
Assumption is verified.
Smallest allowable dimension. d  2.53 in. 
1776
e
P PROBLEM 10.128
3
8
in. A column of 14-ft effective length consists of a section of steel tubing
A
having the cross section shown. Using the allowable-stress method,
determine the maximum allowable eccentricity e if (a) P  55 kips,
4 in. (b) P  35 kips. Use  Y  36 ksi and E  29  106 psi.
14 ft
4 in.
SOLUTION
E  29,000 ksi
E
Transition L/r : 4.71  133.68
Y
bo  4.0 in. bi  bo  2t  3.25 in. c  2.0 in.
A  bo2  bi2  5.4375 in 2 I 

12

1 4

bo  bi4  12.036 in 4
I
r   1.4878 in.
A
Le  14 ft  168 in.
Le 168
  112.92  133.68
r 1.4878
 2E  2 (29,000)
e    22.447 ksi
( Le /r )2 (112.92) 2
 cr 1
 all   [0.65836/22.447 ](36)  11.017 ksi
1.67 1.67
Pall Pallec Pallec P I  Pall 
   all   all  all e   all  
A I I A cPall  A 
(a) Pall  55 kips.
12.036  55 
e 11.017  e  0.0987 in. 
(2.0)(55)  5.4375 
(b) Pall  35 kips.
12.036  35 
e 11.017  e  0.787 in. 
(2.0)(35)  5.4375 
1777
PROBLEM 10.C1
A solid steel rod having an effective length of 500 mm is to be used as a compression strut to carry a centric
load P. For the grade of steel used, E  200 GPa and  Y  245 MPa. Knowing that a factor of safety of 2.8
is required and using Euler’s formula, write a computer program and use it to calculate the allowable centric
load Pall for values of the radius of the rod from 6 mm to 24 mm, using 2-mm increments.
SOLUTION
Enter radius rad, effective length Le and factor of safety FS.
Compute radius of gyration.
A   rad 2
1
I   rad 4
4
I
r
A
Determine allowable centric load.
Critical stress:
 2E
 cr 
( Le /r ) 2
Let  equal smaller of  cr and  Y .
A
Pall 
FS
Program Output
Radius Critical Allowable

of Rod Stress Load
m MPa kN
0.006 71.1 2.87
0.008 126.3 9.07
0.010 197.4 22.15
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
0.012 284.2 39.58
0.014 386.9 53.88
0.016 505.3 70.37
0.018 639.6 89.06
0.020 789.6 109.96
0.022 955.4 133.05
0.024 1137.0 158.34
Below the dashed line we have: Critical Stress > Yield Strength.
1778
PROBLEM 10.C2
6 ft An aluminum bar is fixed at end A and supported at end B so that it is free
to rotate about a horizontal axis through the pin. Rotation about a vertical
A
b axis at end B is prevented by the brackets. Knowing that E  10.1  106 psi,
use Euler’s formula with a factor of safety of 2.5 to determine the
1.5 in. allowable centric load P for values of b from 0.75 in. to 1.5 in., using
0.125-in. increments.
B
SOLUTION
Enter E, length L and factor of safety FS for b  0.75 to 1.5 with 0.125 increments.
Compute radius of gyration.

A  1.5b
1 Ix
Ix  b1.53 rx 
12 A
1 Iy
I y  b3 ry 
8 A
Compute critical stresses.
 2E Buckling in yz Plane
( cr ) x 
(0.7L/rx ) 2
 2E
( cr ) y 
(0.5L/ry )2
Let  cr equal smaller stress. Buckling in xz Plane
Compute allowable centric load.
 cr A
Pall 
FS
Program Output
Critical Stress Critical Stress Allowable
b x axis y axis Load
in. ksi ksi kips
0.750 7.358 3.6 1.62
0.875 7.358 4.9 2.58
1.000 7.358 6.4 3.85
1.125 7.358 8.1 4.97
1.250 7.358 10.0 5.52
1.375 7.358 12.1 6.07
1.500 7.358 14.4 6.62
1779
3m 3m PROBLEM 10.C3
B C
The pin-ended members AB and BC consist of sections of aluminum

pipe of 120-mm outer diameter and 10-mm wall thickness. Knowing
4m
that a factor of safety of 3.5 is required, determine the mass m of the
h largest block that can be supported by the cable arrangement shown for
values of h from 4 m to 8 m, using 0.25-m increments. Use E  70 GPa
A and consider only buckling in the plane of the structure.
D
SOLUTION
Compute moment of inertia: Joint D:


I (0.064  0.054 )
4
for h  4 to 8 using 0.25 increments.
Compute allowable loads for members.
 2 EI
( FAB )cr  ;
3.5(4)2  F y  0 yields
 EI
2
Ty 
1
W
( FBC )cr  2
3.5(6) 2 Tx 3
 yields
Ty h
1.5 W
Determine allowable W. Tx 
h
(Wall )1  2 (FAB )cr
h
(Wall )2  (FBC )cr
1.5
Wall equals smaller value.
Compute mass m.
Joint B:
W
m  all
9.81
1780
PROBLEM 10.C3 (Continued)
Program Output
Weight Critical Stress Weight Critical Stress

h AB BC Mass
m kN kN kg
4.00 455.11 269.7 7854.88
4.25 455.11 286.6 8345.80
4.50 455.11 303.4 8836.74
4.75 455.11 320.3 9327.66
5.00 455.11 337.1 9818.59
5.25 455.11 354.0 10,309.52
5.50 455.11 370.8 10,800.45
5.75 455.11 387.7 11,291.38
6.00 455.11 404.5 11,782.31
6.25 455.11 421.4 12,273.24
6.50 455.11 438.3 12,764.17
6.75 455.11 455.1 13,255.10
7.00 455.11 472.0 13,255.10
7.25 455.11 488.8 13,255.10
7.50 455.11 505.7 13,255.10
7.75 455.11 522.5 13,255.10
8.00 455.11 539.4 13,255.10
1781
y PROBLEM 10.C4
e P
An axial load P is applied at a point located on the x axis at a distance
A e  0.5 in. from the geometric axis of the W8  40 rolled-steel
column AB. Using E  29  106 psi, write a computer program and
use it to calculate for values of P from 25 to 75 kips, using 5-kip
z increments, (a) the horizontal deflection at the midpoint C, (b) the
x maximum stress in the column.
C
18.4 ft
W8 ⫻ 40
B
P'
SOLUTION
Enter length L, eccentricity e.

Enter properties A, I y , ry , b f .
Compute critical load:
 2 EI y
Pcr 
L2
for P  25 to 75 kips in increments of 5.
Compute horizontal deflection at C.
  P  
yC  e  sec    1.0 
 2 Pcr 
   
Compute maximum stress.
P  eb f  P 
 max  1  2 sec 
A  2 ry 2 Pcr 

1782
Program Output
Load Maximum Deflection Maximum Stress

kip in. kips
25.0 0.059 3.29
30.0 0.072 3.99
35.0 0.086 4.69
40.0 0.100 5.41
45.0 0.115 6.14
50.0 0.130 6.88
55.0 0.146 7.65
60.0 0.163 8.43
65.0 0.181 9.22
70.0 0.199 10.04
75.0 0.219 10.88
1783
PROBLEM 10.C5
A column of effective length L is made from a rolled-steel shape and carries a centric axial load P. The yield
strength for the grade of steel used is denoted by  Y , the modulus of elasticity by E, the cross-sectional area
of the selected shape by A, and its smallest radius of gyration by r. Using the AISC design formulas for
allowable stress design, write a computer program that can be used with either SI or U.S. customary units to
determine the allowable load P. Use this program to solve (a) Prob. 10.57, (b) Prob. 10.58, (c) Prob. 10.124.
SOLUTION
Enter L, E,  Y .
Enter properties A, ry .
Determine allowable stress.
E
C  4.71
Y
If L /ry C ,
0.877 2 E
 all 
1.67( L /ry )2
If L /ry  C ,
 2E
e 
( L/ry )2
1 
 all  0.658 Y / e   y
1.67 
Calculate allowable load.
Pall   all A
Program Outputs
Problem 10.57a
Effective length  6.00 m
A  4580.0 mm 2
ry  40.8 mm
Yield strength  250.0 MPa
E  200 GPa
----------------------------------------------------------------
Allowable centroid load: P  219.5 kN
1784
Program Outputs (Continued )

Problem 10.57b
Effective length  6.00 m
A  11,000.0 mm 2
ry  53.2 mm
E  200 GPa
-------------------------------------------------------------
Problem 10.58a
Effective length  21.00 ft
A  9.130 in 2
ry  2.020 in.
Yield strength  36.0 ksi
E  29,000 ksi
-------------------------------------------------------------
Allowable centroid load: P  86.7 kips
Problem 10.58b
A  9.130 in 2
ry  2.020 in.
E  29,000 ksi
-------------------------------------------------------------
Allowable centroid load: P  88.2 kips
Problem 10.124a Effective length  4.00 m
A  13.8 mm 2
ry  43.4 mm
E  200 GPa
-------------------------------------------------------------
Allowable centroid load: P  1532 kN
Problem 10.124b Effective length  6.50 m
A  13,800.0 mm 2
ry  43.4 mm
E  200 GPa
-------------------------------------------------------------
1785
z
y
PROBLEM 10.C6
ex
P A column of effective length L is made from a rolled-steel shape and is
loaded eccentrically as shown. The yield strength of the grade of steel
C
D
used is denoted by  Y , the allowable stress in bending by  all , the
modulus of elasticity by E, the cross-sectional area of the selected shape
ey by A, and its smallest radius of gyration by r. Write a computer program
x
that can be used with either SI or U.S. customary units to determine the
allowable load P, using either the allowable-stress method or the
interaction method. Use this program to check the given answer for
(a) Prob. 10.113, (b) Prob. 10.114.
SOLUTION
Enter L, E ,  Y , ( all )bending , ex , e y .

Enter properties A, S x , S y , ry .
Determine allowable stress.
E
C  4.71
Y
If L /ry C ,
0.877 2 E
 all 
1.67( L/ry ) 2
If L /ry  C ,
 2E
e 
( L/ry )2
1
 all  [0.658 Y / e ] Y
1.67
For allowable-stress method:
1 ex e y
coeff.   
A Sx S y
 all
Pall 
coeff.
For interaction method:
1 ( ex /S x )  ( e y /S y )
coeff.  
A all ( all ) bending
1.0
Pall 
coeff.
1786
Program Outputs
Problem 10.113
A  42.700 in 2
ry  3.980 in.
S x  232.00 in 3
E  29  103 ksi
------------------------------------------------------------------
Using allowable-stress method,
Allowable load: P  282.6 kips
------------------------------------------------------------------
Problem 10.114
A  20.000 in 2
ry  2.460 in.
S x  103.00 in 3
E  29  103 ksi
------------------------------------------------------------------
Using interaction method,
Allowable load: P  139.9 kips
------------------------------------------------------------------
1787

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CHAPTER 10

 Let  be the angle change of bar AB.

sin    and cos  1, kL2  PL  0

(kL2  PL)  0 Pcr  kL 

Let x be the lateral deflection of point C.

Fx  0: FAB sin   FCB sin   FC  0

Let  be the deflection of point C.

The steel rod BC is attached to the rigid bar AB and to the

Look at torsion spring BC.

Let  be the small rotation angle.

M A  0: hFD  3hFC  PxB  0

Let yB and yC be the deflections of points B and C, positive upward.

yC   yB FB and FC form a counter clockwise couple.

Let  be the rotation of each L-shaped member.

 2 EI  2 (200  109 )(3.859  106 )

A column of effective length L can be made by gluing together

A compression member of 1.5-m effective length consists of a solid 30-mm-

For square strut, A  252  625 mm 2

 2 (200  109 )(32.552  109 )

(a) Square strut. A  (25)2  625 mm 2

 64.3  103 N  64.3 kN 

C x A column is made from half of a W360  216 rolled-steel shape, with

A column of 22-ft effective length is to be made by welding two

  W8  35: I x  127 in 4 I y  42.6 in 4

  and : For each plate, A  (0.5)(9.0)  4.5 in 2

Total: I x  127  (2)(30.375)  187.75 in 4  I min

I y  42.6  (2)(81.758)  206.12 in 4

 2 EI  2 (29  106 )(187.75)

A single compression member of 8.2-m effective length is obtained by

For C200  17.1 steel channel, A  2170 mm 2

Joint B: From force triangle,

 2 EI AB  2 (200  109 )(5.153  109 )

 11.499  103 mm 4  11.499  109 m 4

Smallest F.S. governs. F .S .  2.27 

Members AB and CD are 30-mm-diameter steel rods, and members BC

LAC  (3.5)2  (2.25)2  4.1608 m

D A 1-in.-square aluminum strut is maintained in the position shown by a pin

BC: Le  0.5 LBC

D A 1-in.-square aluminum strut is maintained in the position shown by a pin support at A

Portion AB: Le  0.7 LAB  (0.7)(3)  2.1 ft

 2 (10.4  106 )(0.083333)

Pcr  ( F .S .) P  (3.2)(3.8  103 )  12.16  103 N

(200  109 )(3.168  109 )

P Column AB carries a centric load P of magnitude 15 kips. Cables BC

W10  22: I x  118 in 4

 (29  106 )(11.4)

Smaller value for L governs. L  449.21 in. L  37.4 ft 

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

E  200 GPa  200  109 Pa

EI  (200  109 )(7.854  109 )  1570.8 N  m 2

For strut (1), Le  L  900 mm  0.9 m

Strut (1): L1  900 mm d1  20 mm

Strut (2): L2  2L1  1800 mm

Effective lengths for columns.

An axial load P  15 kN is applied at point D that is 4 mm from the geometric

 (4  103 ) sec (1.06904)  1  4.3166  103 m ym  4.32 mm 